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{{Short description|Nation and ethnic group native to Italy}}{{Redirect|Italian people}}{{About|the ethnic group|the country|Italy|the language|Italian language}}{{EngvarB|date=January 2016}}{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2024}}- the content below is remote from Wikipedia
- it has been imported raw for GetWiki
| factoids | |
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- Italy: 55,551,000WEB,weblink Indicatori demografici Istat (Italian), 14 November 2018,weblink 15 November 2018, live,
- Italian diaspora and ancestry: {{circa|80 million}}WEB,weblink Sono circa 80 milioni gli oriundi italiani nel mondo, 4 February 2020, 10 November 2021, it, 10 November 2021,weblink live, }}
,weblink
, The essence of Italian culture and the challenge of the global age
, Michael
, Barone
, 2 September 2010, Council for Research in Values and philosophy
, 22 September 2012, dead
,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20120922063927weblink">weblink
, 22 September 2012
, BOOK, Issues in Money and Banking, Macesich, George, 2000, Greenwood Publishing Group, United States, 0-275-96777-8, 42,weblink 29 October 2015,weblink 15 September 2015, live, ENCYCLOPEDIA, Related Articles,weblink Italian cuisine, Britannica Online Encyclopedia, Britannica.com, 2 January 2009, 24 April 2010,weblink 16 July 2010, live, BOOK,weblink Watching Vesuvius: A History of Science and Culture in Early Modern Italy, Cocco, Sean, 29 November 2012, University of Chicago Press, 9780226923710, en, 16 September 2019,weblink 23 August 2019, live, BOOK, A History of Italian Cinema, Peter Bondanella, 2009, A&C Black, 9781441160690,weblink 16 September 2019,weblink 1 April 2019, live, Italian people are generally known for their attachment to their family and local communities, expressed in the form of either regionalism or municipalism (in Italian, campanilismo, after the Italian word for bell tower (ita. campanile).BOOK, Regions and regionalism in Europe, Keating, Michael, Michael Keating (political scientist), 2004, Edward Elgar Publishing, Cheltenham, 1-84376-127-0, 378,weblink 12 December 2015,weblink 24 April 2016, live, , The essence of Italian culture and the challenge of the global age
, Michael
, Barone
, 2 September 2010, Council for Research in Values and philosophy
, 22 September 2012, dead
,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20120922063927weblink">weblink
, 22 September 2012
Name
{{further|Name of Italy}}{{wiktionary|Italian|italiano}}Hypotheses for the etymology of the Latin name "Italia" are numerous.Alberto Manco, Italia. Disegno storico-linguistico, 2009, Napoli, L'Orientale, {{ISBN|978-88-95044-62-0}} One is that it was borrowed via Greek from the Oscan VÃteliú 'land of calves' (cf. Lat vitulus "calf", Umb vitlo "calf").J.P. Mallory and D.Q. Adams, Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture (London: Fitzroy and Dearborn, 1997), 24. Greek historian Dionysius of Halicarnassus states this account together with the legend that Italy was named after Italus,Dionysius of Halicarnassus,Roman Antiquities, 1.35 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221215151343weblink |date=15 December 2022 }}, on LacusCurtius mentioned also by AristotleAristotle, Politics, 7.1329b {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150910185719weblink |date=10 September 2015 }}, on Perseus and Thucydides.Thucydides, The Peloponnesian War, 6.2.4 {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924213434weblink |date=24 September 2015 }}, on PerseusThe Latin term Italicus was used to describe "a man of Italy" as opposed to a provincial. For example, Pliny the Elder notably wrote in a letter Italicus es an provincialis? meaning "are you an Italian or a provincial?".Letters 9.23The adjective italianus, from which are derived the Italian (and also French and English) name of the Italians, is medieval and was used alternatively with Italicus during the early modern period.ytaliiens (1265) TLFi {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181029191636weblink |date=29 October 2018 }}After the fall of the Western Roman Empire, which was caused by the invasion of the Ostrogoths, the Kingdom of Italy was created. After the Lombard invasions, "Italia" was retained as the name for their kingdom, and for its successor kingdom within the Holy Roman Empire.{{in lang|it}} Italian "Comuni" {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120318214257weblink |date=2012-03-18 }}History
{{further|History of Italy|Ancient peoples of Italy|List of ancient Italic peoples|Roman people|Italic peoples|Genetic history of Italy}}File:PCA of Italians and European and Mediterranean populations.png|thumb|Genetic principal component analysisprincipal component analysisDue to historic demographic shifts in the Italian peninsula throughout history, its geographical position in the center of the Mediterranean Sea, as well as Italy's regional ethnic diversity since ancient times, modern Italians are genetically diverse...."L'Italia è, dal punto di vista genetico, un mosaico di gruppi etnici ben differenziati." Alberto Piazza, I profili genetici degli italiani {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190510214025weblink |date=10 May 2019 }}, Accademia delle Scienze di TorinoWEB,weblink Un ritratto genetico degli italiani, Alessandro, Raveane, Francesco, Montinaro, Cristian, Capelli, 2019, Scienza in rete, 4 November 2019,weblink 2 November 2019, live, The Iron Age tribes of Italy are pre-Indo-European-speaking peoples, such as the Etruscans, Rhaetians, Camuni, Nuragics, Sicani, Elymians and the Ligures,BOOK, Pina Polo, Francisco, 2009, Deportation of Indigenous Population as a Strategy for Roman Dominion in Hispania, Morillo, Ãngel, Hanel, Norbert, MartÃn, Esperanza, Limes XX – 20th International Congress of Roman Frontier Studies, Leon 2006, 1, Anejos de Gladius; 13.1, Madrid, Ediciones Polifemo, 9788400088545, 281–8,weblink 3 December 2017,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20171019115818weblink">weblink 19 October 2017, live, and pre-Roman Indo-European-speaking peoples, like the Celts (Gauls and Lepontii) mainly in Northern Italy, and Iapygians,WEB, Gaul {{!, ancient region, Europe {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Gaul-ancient-region-Europe |access-date=2022-05-27 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en |archive-date=26 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220526111447weblink |url-status=live }}WEB, Senigallia {{!, Italy {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Senigallia |access-date=2022-05-27 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en |archive-date=4 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220604230620weblink |url-status=live }} the Italic peoples throughout the peninsula (such as the Latino-Faliscans, the Osco-Umbrians, the Sicels and the Veneti), and a significant number of Greeks in Southern Italy (the so-called "Magna Graecia"). Sicilians were also influenced by the Normans, specially during the Kingdom of Sicily.Italians originate mostly from these primary elements and, like the rest of Romance-speaking Southern Europe, share a common Latin heritage and history. There are also elements like the Bronze and Iron Age Middle Eastern admixture, characterized by high frequencies of Iranian and Anatolian Neolithic ancestries, including several other ancient signatures derived ultimately from the Caucasus, with a lower incidence in Northern Italy compared to Central and Southern Italy.JOURNAL, Raveane, Alessandro, Molinaro, Ludovica, Aneli, Serena, Capodiferro, Marco Rosario, Ongaro, Linda, Migliore, Nicola Rambaldi, Soffiati, Sara, Scarano, Teodoro, Torroni, Antonio, Achilli, Alessandro, Ventura, Mario, 2022-03-01, Assessing temporal and geographic contacts across the Adriatic Sea through the analysis of genome-wide data from Southern Italy,weblink en, 2022.02.26.482072, 10.1101/2022.02.26.482072, 247231413, 11 April 2022, 24 April 2022,weblink live, Ancient and Medieval Southern Mediterranean admixture is also found in mainland Southern Italy and Sardinia.JOURNAL, Sarno, S, Boattini, A, Carta, M, Ferri, G, Alù, M, Yao, DY, Ciani, G, Pettener, D, Luiselli, D, An Ancient Mediterranean Melting Pot: Investigating the Uniparental Genetic Structure and Population History of Sicily and Southern Italy, PLOS ONE, 9, 4, e96074, 10.1371/journal.pone.0096074, 4005757, 24788788, 2014, 2014PLoSO...996074S, free, (File:CC-BY_icon.svg|50x50px) This article contains quotations from this source, which is available under a (creativecommons:by/4.0/|Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) license).JOURNAL, Capelli, Cristian, Onofri, Valerio, Brisighelli, Francesca, Boschi, Ilaria, Scarnicci, Francesca, Masullo, Mara, Ferri, Gianmarco, Tofanelli, Sergio, Tagliabracci, Adriano, Gusmao, Leonor, Amorim, Antonio, June 2009, Moors and Saracens in Europe: estimating the medieval North African male legacy in southern Europe, European Journal of Human Genetics, 17, 6, 848–852, 10.1038/ejhg.2008.258, 1018-4813, 2947089, 19156170, JOURNAL, Fiorito, Giovanni, Di Gaetano, Cornelia, Guarrera, Simonetta, Rosa, Fabio, Feldman, Marcus W., Piazza, Alberto, Matullo, Giuseppe, July 2016, The Italian genome reflects the history of Europe and the Mediterranean basin, European Journal of Human Genetics, en, 24, 7, 1056–1062, 10.1038/ejhg.2015.233, 26554880, 5070887, 6621338, 1476-5438, Marcus JH, Posth C, Ringbauer H, Lai L, Skeates R, Sidore C, et al. (February 2020). "Genetic history from the Middle Neolithic to present on the Mediterranean island of Sardinia". Nature Communications. 11 (1): 939. Bibcode:2020NatCo..11..939M. doi:10.1038/s41467-020-14523-6. PMC 7039977. PMID 32094358JOURNAL, Raveane, A., Aneli, S., Montinaro, F., Athanasiadis, G., Barlera, S., Birolo, G., Boncoraglio, G., Di Blasio, A. M., Di Gaetano, C., Pagani, L., Parolo, S., 2019-09-06, Population structure of modern-day Italians reveals patterns of ancient and archaic ancestries in Southern Europe, Science Advances, en, 5, 9, eaaw3492, 10.1126/sciadv.aaw3492, 2375-2548, 6726452, 31517044, 2019SciA....5.3492R, JOURNAL, Sarno, Stefania, Boattini, Alessio, Pagani, Luca, Sazzini, Marco, De Fanti, Sara, Quagliariello, Andrea, Gnecchi Ruscone, Guido Alberto, Guichard, Etienne, Ciani, Graziella, Bortolini, Eugenio, Barbieri, Chiara, 2017-05-16, Ancient and recent admixture layers in Sicily and Southern Italy trace multiple migration routes along the Mediterranean, Scientific Reports, en, 7, 1, 1984, 10.1038/s41598-017-01802-4, 28512355, 5434004, 2017NatSR...7.1984S, 2045-2322, In their admixtures, Sicilians and Southern Italians are closest to modern Greeks (as the historical region of Magna Graecia, "Greater Greece", bears witness to),«Sicily and Southern Italy were heavily colonized by Greeks beginning in the eight to ninth century B.C.. The demographic development of the Greek colonies in Southern Italy was remarkable, and in classical times this region was called Magna Graecia (Great Greece) because it probably surpassed in numbers the Greek population of the motherland.» BOOK, Cavalli-Sforza L, Menozzi P, Piazza A, 1994,weblink The History and Geography of Human Genes, 978-0-691-08750-4, 278, Princeton University Press, 2 June 2021, 27 October 2023,weblink live, while Northern Italians are closest to the Spaniards and southern French.Haak W, Lazaridis I, Patterson N, Rohland N, Mallick S, Llamas B, et al. (June 2015). "Massive migration from the steppe was a source for Indo-European languages in Europe". Nature. 522 (7555): 207–11. arXiv:1502.02783. Bibcode:2015Natur.522..207H. doi:10.1038/nature14317. PMC 5048219. PMID 25731166.Di Gaetano C, Voglino F, Guarrera S, Fiorito G, Rosa F, Di Blasio AM, et al. (2012). "An overview of the genetic structure within the Italian population from genome-wide data". PLOS ONE. 7 (9): e43759. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...743759D. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0043759. PMC 3440425. PMID 22984441JOURNAL, Price AL, Butler J, Patterson N, Capelli C, Pascali VL, Scarnicci F, Ruiz-Linares A, Groop L, Saetta AA, Korkolopoulou P, Seligsohn U, Waliszewska A, Schirmer C, Ardlie K, Ramos A, Nemesh J, Arbeitman L, Goldstein DB, Reich D, Hirschhorn JN, 6, Discerning the ancestry of European Americans in genetic association studies, PLOS Genetics, 4, 1, e236, January 2008, 18208327, 2211542, 10.1371/journal.pgen.0030236, free, Paschou P, Drineas P, Yannaki E, Razou A, Kanaki K, Tsetsos F, et al. (June 2014). "Maritime route of colonization of Europe". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 111 (25): 9211–6. Bibcode:2014PNAS..111.9211P. doi:10.1073/pnas.1320811111. PMC 4078858. PMID 24927591Prehistory
{{Further|Prehistoric Italy}}File:Urna cineraria Allumiere (RM) .JPG|thumb|left|upright|Proto-Villanovan cinerary urn from AllumiereAllumiereItalians, like most Europeans, largely descend from three distinct lineages: Mesolithic hunter-gatherers, descended from populations associated with the Paleolithic Epigravettian culture;JOURNAL, Posth, C., Yu, H., Ghalichi, A., Palaeogenomics of Upper Palaeolithic to Neolithic European hunter-gatherers, Nature (journal), Nature, 2023, 615, 2 March 2023, 117–126, 10.1038/s41586-023-05726-0, 36859578, 9977688, 2023Natur.615..117P, Neolithic Early European Farmers who migrated from Anatolia during the Neolithic Revolution 9,000 years ago;JOURNAL, Gibbons, Ann, Thousands of horsemen may have swept into Bronze Age Europe, transforming the local population, Science, 21 February 2017,weblink 25 March 2023, 25 September 2022,weblink live, and Yamnaya Steppe pastoralists who expanded into Europe from the Pontic–Caspian steppe of Ukraine and southern Russia in the context of Indo-European migrations 5,000 years ago.JOURNAL, Haak, Wolfgang, Lazaridis, Iosif, Patterson, Nick, Rohland, Nadin, Mallick, Swapan, Llamas, Bastien, Brandt, Guido, Nordenfelt, Susanne, Harney, Eadaoin, Stewardson, Kristin, Fu, Qiaomei, 11 June 2015, Massive migration from the steppe was a source for Indo-European languages in Europe, Nature (journal), Nature, 522, 7555, 207–211, 10.1038/nature14317, 0028-0836, 5048219, 25731166, 2015Natur.522..207H, 1502.02783, The earliest modern humans inhabiting Italy are believed to have been Paleolithic peoples that may have arrived in the Italian Peninsula as early as 35,000 to 40,000 years ago. Italy is believed to have been a major Ice Age refuge from which Paleolithic humans later colonized Europe.The Neolithic colonization of Europe from Western Asia and the Middle East beginning around 10,000 years ago reached Italy, as most of the rest of the continent although, according to the demic diffusion model, its impact was most in the southern and eastern regions of the European continent.JOURNAL, Dupanloup I, Bertorelle G, Chikhi L, Barbujani G, Estimating the impact of prehistoric admixture on the genome of Europeans
, Molecular Biology and Evolution
, 21
, 7
, 1361–72
, July 2004
, 15044595
, 10.1093/molbev/msh135
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,
Starting in the early Bronze Age, the first wave of migrations into Italy of Indo-European-speaking peoples occurred from Central Europe, with the appearance of the Bell Beaker culture. These were later (from the 14th century BC) followed by others that can be identified as Italo-Celts, with the appearance of the Celtic-speaking Canegrate cultureVenceslas Kruta: La grande storia dei celti. La nascita, l'affermazione e la decadenza, Newton & Compton, 2003, {{ISBN|88-8289-851-2}}, {{ISBN|978-88-8289-851-9}} and the Italic-speaking Proto-Villanovan culture,BOOK, Marzatico, Franco, Francesco, Menotti, Living on the Lake in Prehistoric Europe: 150 Years of Lake-Dwelling Research,weblink 19 August 2004, Routledge, 978-1-134-37181-5, 83–84, 10 July 2016,weblink 10 December 2016, live, both deriving from the Proto-Italo-Celtic Urnfield culture. Recent DNA studies confirmed the arrival of Steppe-related ancestry in Northern Italy to at least 2000 BCE and in Central Italy by 1600 BCE, with this ancestry component increasing through time.JOURNAL, Saupe, Tina, Montinaro, Francesco, Scaggion, Cinzia, Carrara, Nicola, Kivisild, Toomas, D'Atanasio, Eugenia, Hui, Ruoyun, Solnik, Anu, Lebrasseur, Ophélie, Larson, Greger, Alessandri, Luca, 2021-06-21, Ancient genomes reveal structural shifts after the arrival of Steppe-related ancestry in the Italian Peninsula, Current Biology, English, 31, 12, 2576–2591.e12, 10.1016/j.cub.2021.04.022, 0960-9822, 33974848, 234471370, free, 2021CBio...31E2576S, 11585/827581, free, JOURNAL, Aneli, Serena, Caldon, Matteo, Saupe, Tina, Montinaro, Francesco, Pagani, Luca, 2021-10-01, Through 40,000 years of human presence in Southern Europe: the Italian case study,weblink Human Genetics, en, 140, 10, 1417–1431, 10.1007/s00439-021-02328-6, 1432-1203, 8460580, 34410492, 12 January 2022, 27 October 2023,weblink live, {{harvnb|Saupe et al.|2021}} "The results suggest that the Steppe-related ancestry component could have first arrived through Late N/Bell Beaker groups from Central Europe."In the Iron Age and late Bronze Age, Celtic-speaking La Tène and Hallstatt cultures spread over a large part of Italy,BOOK, Kruta, Venceslas, The Celts, 1991, Thames and Hudson, 89–102, BOOK, Stifter, David, Old Celtic Languages - Addenda, 2008, 25, WEB, Home - Ryan Setliff Online,weblink 2022-03-20, www.ryansetliff.online, en, 8 April 2022,weblink dead, JOURNAL,weblink Manufatti in ferro di tipo La Tène in area italiana : le potenzialità non-sfruttate, 1996, 10.3406/mefr.1996.1954, Vitali, Daniele, Mélanges de l'École Française de Rome. Antiquité, 108, 2, 575–605, 10 April 2022, 24 September 2015,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20150924203631weblink">weblink live, with related archeological artifacts found as far south as Apulia.BOOK, Prichard, James Cowles, James Cowles Prichard, Researches Into the Physical History of Mankind: In Two Volumes,weblink 3 July 2016, 1826, John and Arthur Arch, Cornhill, 60,weblink 10 December 2016, live, BOOK, McNair, Raymond F., Key to Northwest European Origins, 22 March 2012, Author House, 978-1-4685-4600-2, 81, BOOK, Hazlitt, William, William Hazlitt (registrar), The Classical Gazetteer: A Dictionary of Ancient Geography, Sacred and Profane,weblink 3 July 2016, 1851, Whittaker, 297, WEB, A spasso nel tempo: passeggiando tra le millenarie vestigia di Canusium,weblink 2022-03-20, iltaccodibacco.it, it-IT, 23 March 2023,weblink live, Nicholas Hammond, Howard Scullard. Dizionario di antichità classiche. Milano, Edizioni San Paolo, 1995, p.1836-1836. {{ISBN|88-215-3024-8}}.WEB, Elmo Celtico,weblink 2022-03-20, Archeologia Gallia Cisalpina, it-IT, 1 February 2023,weblink live, Italics occupied northeastern, southern and central Italy: the "West Italic" group (including the Latins) were the first wave. They had cremation burials and possessed advanced metallurgical techniques. Major tribes included the Latins and Falisci in Lazio; the Oenotrians and Italii in Calabria; the Ausones, Aurunci and Opici in Campania; and perhaps the Veneti in Veneto and the Sicels in Sicily. They were followed, and largely displaced by the East Italic (Osco-Umbrians) group.Cornell, T. J. (1995): The Beginning of Rome. p43, Molecular Biology and Evolution
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Pre-Roman
File:Iron Age Italy.svg|thumb|Ethnolinguistic map of Italy in the Iron Age, before the Roman expansion and conquest of Italy ]]By the beginning of the Iron Age the Etruscans emerged as the dominant civilization on the Italian peninsula. The Etruscans, whose primary home was in Etruria, expanded over a large part of Italy, covering a territory, at its greatest extent, of roughly what is now Tuscany, western Umbria, and northern Lazio,BOOK, Goring, Elizabeth, 2004, Treasures from Tuscany: the Etruscan legacy, en, Edinburgh, National Museums Scotland Enterprises Limited, 13, 978-1901663907, BOOK, Leighton, Robert, 2004, Tarquinia. An Etruscan City, Duckworth Archaeological Histories Series, en, London, Duckworth Press, 32, 0-7156-3162-4, as well as what are now the Po Valley, Emilia-Romagna, south-eastern Lombardy, southern Veneto, and western Campania.BOOK, Hartmann, Thomas Michael, 2001, Camporeale, Giovannangelo, Giovannangelo Camporeale, The Etruscans Outside Etruria, en, Los Angeles, Getty Trust Publications, 2004, WEB,weblink Etruria campana, 23 December 2021, 14 December 2021,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20211214214230weblink">weblink live, Strabo, Geographica, V (Italia), 4.3.BOOK, Storia di Nocera. Monumenti, personaggi, leggende, Francesco Belsito, Angri, Gaia, 2013, Samuel Edward Finer, The History of Government from the Earliest Times, Oxford University Press, 1999, p. 398 On the origins of the Etruscans, the ancient authors report several hypotheses, one of which claims that the Etruscans come from the Aegean Sea. Modern archaeological and genetic research concluded that the Etruscans were autochthonous and they had a genetic profile similar to their Latin neighbors. Both Etruscans and Latins joined firmly the European cluster lacking recent admixture with Anatolia or the Eastern Mediterranean.JOURNAL, 3566088, 10.1371/journal.pone.0055519, PLOS ONE, Origins and Evolution of the Etruscans' mtDNA, 2013, 23405165, 8, 2, e55519, Ghirotto S, Tassi F, Fumagalli E, Colonna V, Sandionigi A, Lari M, et al, etal, 2013PLoSO...855519G, free, JOURNAL, 10.1002/ajpa.22319, American Journal of Physical Anthropology, Genetic evidence does not support an Etruscan origin in Anatolia., 2013, 23900768, 152, 1, 11–18, Tassi F, Ghirotto S, Caramelli D, Barbujani G, etal, JOURNAL, Leonardi, Michela, Sandionigi, Anna, Conzato, Annalisa, Lari, Martina, Tassi, Francesca, 2018, The female ancestor's tale: Long-term matrilineal continuity in a nonisolated region of Tuscany, American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 167, 3, 497–506, 10.1002/ajpa.23679, 30187463, 52161000, WEB,weblink Were the Etruscans after all native Italians?, For what they were... we are – Prehistory, Anthropology and Genetics, 8 February 2013, 25 April 2015,weblink 13 July 2015, live, JOURNAL, Antonio, Margaret L., Gao, Ziyue, M. Moots, Hannah, 2019, Ancient Rome: A genetic crossroads of Europe and the Mediterranean, Science, en, Washington D.C., American Association for the Advancement of Science, November 8, 2019, 366, 6466, 708–714, 10.1126/science.aay6826, 31699931, 7093155, 2019Sci...366..708A, Interestingly, although Iron Age individuals were sampled from both Etruscan (n=3) and Latin (n=6) contexts, we did not detect any significant differences between the two groups with f4 statistics in the form of f4(RMPR_Etruscan, RMPR_Latin; test population, Onge), suggesting shared origins or extensive genetic exchange between them., 2318/1715466, free, JOURNAL, Posth, Cosimo, Zaro, Valentina, Spyrou, Maria A., September 24, 2021, The origin and legacy of the Etruscans through a 2000-year archeogenomic time transect, Science Advances, English, Washington DC, American Association for the Advancement of Science, 7, 39, eabi7673, 10.1126/sciadv.abi7673, 34559560, 8462907, 2021SciA....7.7673P, The Ligures are said to have been one of the oldest populations in Italy and Western Europe,BOOK, 9780415155809, Léon, Homo, Léon Homo, Primitive Italy, Routledge, 1996, 45, possibly of Pre-Indo-European origin.Karl Viktor Müllenhoff, Deutsche Alterthurnskunde, I volume. According to Strabo they were not Celts, but later became influenced by the Celtic culture of their neighbours, and thus are sometimes referred to as Celticized Ligurians or Celto-Ligurians. Their language had affinities with both Italic (Latin and the Osco-Umbrian languages) and Celtic (Gaulish).Dominique François Louis Roget de Belloguet, Ethnogénie gauloise, ou Mémoires critiques sur l'origine et la parenté des Cimmériens, des Cimbres, des Ombres, des Belges, des Ligures et des anciens Celtes. Troisiéme partie: Preuves intellectuelles. Le génie gaulois, Paris 1868.Gilberto Oneto Paesaggio e architettura delle regioni padano-alpine dalle origini alla fine del primo millennio, Priuli e Verlucc, editori 2002, pp. 34–36, 49.See, in particular BOOK, Colin, McEvedy, The Penguin Atlas of Ancient History by Colin McEvedy, 1967, 29, They primarily inhabited the regions of Liguria, Piedmont, northern Tuscany, western Lombardy, western Emilia-Romagna and northern Sardinia, but are believed to have once occupied an even larger portion of ancient Italy as far south as Sicily.Leonard Robert Palmer, The Latin Language, London: Faber and Faber, 1954, p. 54BOOK, Sciarretta
, Antonio
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, They were also settled in Corsica and in the Provence region along the southern coast of modern France.
During the Iron Age, prior to Roman rule, the peoples living in the area of modern Italy and the islands were: , Antonio
, Toponomastica d'Italia. Nomi di luoghi, storie di popoli antichi
, 2010
, Mursia
, Milano
, 978-88-425-4017-5
, 174–194
, They were also settled in Corsica and in the Provence region along the southern coast of modern France.
- Etruscans (Camunni, Lepontii, Raeti);
- Sicani;
- Elymians;
- Ligures (Apuani, Bagienni, Briniates, Corsi, Friniates, Garuli, Hercates, Ilvates, Insubres, Orobii, Laevi, Lapicini, Marici, Statielli, Taurini);
- Italics (Latins, Falisci, Marsi, Umbri, Volsci, Marrucini, Osci, Aurunci, Ausones, Campanians, Paeligni, Sabines, Bruttii, Frentani, Lucani, Samnites, Pentri, Caraceni, Caudini, Hirpini, Aequi, Fidenates, Hernici, Picentes, Vestini, Morgeti, Sicels, Veneti);
- Iapygians (Messapians, Daunians, Peucetians);
- Celts (Allobroges, Ausones, Boii, Carni, Cenomani, Ceutrones, Graioceli, Lepontii, Lingones, Segusini, Senones, Salassi, Veragri, Vertamocorii);
- Greeks of Magna Graecia;
- Sardinians (Nuragic tribes), in Sardinia;
,weblink
, The Ancient People of Italy
, The Saylor Foundation
, Saylor.org
, 19 September 2015
,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20151106114301weblink">weblink
, 6 November 2015
, live
, WEB
,weblink
, Urban Planning in the Greek Colonies in Sicily and Magna Graecia
, Olivia E.
, Hayden
, Tufts University, 2013
, 23 September 2015
,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20150925122740weblink">weblink
, 25 September 2015
, live
, According to Beloch the number of Greek citizens in south Italy at its greatest extent reached only 80,000–90,000, while the local people subjected by the Greeks were between 400,000 and 600,000.P. A. Brunt, Italian manpower, 225 B.C.-A.D. 14, Oxford University Press, 1971, p. 52La popolazione del Mondo Greco-Romano, Karl Julius Beloch By the 4th and 3rd century BC, Greek power in Italy was challenged and began to decline, and many Greeks were pushed out of peninsular Italy by the native Oscan, Brutti and Lucani tribes.Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography, Vol. 1, Boston: Little, Brown, and Company. 1854. p. 4
The Gauls crossed the Alps and invaded northern Italy in the 4th and 3rd centuries BC, settling in the area that became known as Cisalpine Gaul ("Gaul on this side of the Alps"). Although named after the Gauls, the region was mostly inhabited by indigenous tribes, namely the Ligures, Etruscans, Veneti and Euganei. Estimates by Beloch and Brunt suggest that in the 3rd century BC the Gaulish settlers of north Italy numbered between 130,000 and 140,000 out of a total population of about 1.4 million.Luuk De Ligt, Peasants, Citizens and Soldiers: Studies in the Demographic History of Roman Italy 225 BC – AD 100. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press, 2012. p. 43-44 The Northern half of Cisalpine Gaul was already inhabited by the Celtic Lepontii since the Bronze Age. Speaking about the Alpine region, the Greek historian Strabo, wrote:{{blockquote|The Alps are inhabited by numerous nations, but all Keltic with the exception of the Ligurians, and these, though of a different race, closely resemble them in their manner of life.Strabo, Geography, book 2, chapter 5, section 28.}}According to Pliny and Livy, after the invasion of the Gauls, some of the Etruscans living in the Po Valley sought refuge in the Alps and became known as the Raeti.Pliny the Elder III.20Livy V.33 The Raeti inhabited the region of Trentino-Alto Adige, as well as eastern Switzerland and Tyrol in western Austria. The Ladins of north-eastern Italy and the Romansh people of Switzerland are said to be descended from the Raeti.Cambridge Anthropology, Vol. 6, 1980, p. 60, The Ancient People of Italy
, The Saylor Foundation
, Saylor.org
, 19 September 2015
,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20151106114301weblink">weblink
, 6 November 2015
, live
, WEB
,weblink
, Urban Planning in the Greek Colonies in Sicily and Magna Graecia
, Olivia E.
, Hayden
, Tufts University, 2013
, 23 September 2015
,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20150925122740weblink">weblink
, 25 September 2015
, live
, According to Beloch the number of Greek citizens in south Italy at its greatest extent reached only 80,000–90,000, while the local people subjected by the Greeks were between 400,000 and 600,000.P. A. Brunt, Italian manpower, 225 B.C.-A.D. 14, Oxford University Press, 1971, p. 52La popolazione del Mondo Greco-Romano, Karl Julius Beloch By the 4th and 3rd century BC, Greek power in Italy was challenged and began to decline, and many Greeks were pushed out of peninsular Italy by the native Oscan, Brutti and Lucani tribes.Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography, Vol. 1, Boston: Little, Brown, and Company. 1854. p. 4
Roman times through Middle Ages
File:Augustus of Prima Porta (inv. 2290).jpg|thumb|upright|left|Augustus, who created for the first time an administrative region called Italia with inhabitants called "Italicus populus"; for this reason historians called him Father of Italians.]]The Romans—who according to legend originally consisted of three ancient tribes: Latins, Sabines and EtruscansA Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, Vol. 3, London. John Murray: printed by Spottiswoode and Co., New-Street Square and Parliament Streetp. 661—would go on to conquer the whole Italian peninsula. During the Roman period hundreds of cities and colonies were established throughout Italy, including Florence, Turin, Como, Pavia, Padua, Verona, Vicenza, Trieste and many others. Initially many of these cities were colonized by Latins, but later also included colonists belonging to the other Italic tribes who had become Latinized and joined to Rome. After the Roman conquest of Italy "the whole of Italy had become Latinized".M. Rostovtzeff, A History of the Ancient World: Rome, Vol. II, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1927, p. 171After the Roman conquest of Cisalpine Gaul and the widespread confiscations of Gallic territory, some of the Gaulish population was either killed or expelled.Alfred S. Bradford, With Arrow, Sword, and Spear: A History of Warfare in the Ancient World, Praeger Publishers, 2001, p. 191Strabo, Geography, book 5, chapter 10 Many colonies were established by the Romans in the former Gallic territory of Cisalpine Gaul, which was then settled by Roman and Italic people. These colonies included Bologna, Modena, Reggio Emilia, Parma, Piacenza, Cremona and Forlì. According to Strabo:{{blockquote|The Cispadane peoples occupy all that country which is encircled by the Apennine Mountains towards the Alps as far as Genua and Sabata. The greater part of the country used to be occupied by the Boii, Ligures, Senones, and Gaesatae; but since the Boii have been driven out, and since both the Gaesatae and the Senones have been annihilated, only the Ligurian tribes and the Roman colonies are left.}}The Boii, the most powerful and numerous of the Gallic tribes, were expelled by the Romans after 191 BC and settled in Bohemia, while the Insubres still lived in Mediolanum in the 1st century BC.Strabo, Geography, book 5, chapter 6Augustus created for the first time an administrative region called Italia with inhabitants called "Italicus populus", stretching from the Alps to Sicily: for this reason historians like Emilio Gentile called him Father of Italians.WEB,weblink LaGrandeBiblioteca.com is available at DomainMarket.com, LaGrandeBiblioteca.com is available at DomainMarket.com, 29 January 2020,weblink 2 February 2020, live, Population movement and exchange among people from different regions was not uncommon during the Roman period. Latin colonies were founded at Ariminum in 268 and at Firmum in 264,ENCYCLOPEDIA, ES
, Staveley
, Rome and Italy in the Early Third Century
, Frank William
, Walbank
, The Cambridge Ancient History
, VII: the Hellenistic World: Part 2: The Rise of Rome to 220 BC
, Cambridge
, Cambridge University Press
, 1989
, 425
, Certainly, steps designed to consolidate her hold in the north-east followed this incident in quick succession: the foundation in 268 of the Latin colony of Ariminum .... the annexation of the whole Picentine land save for … Ancona and … Asculum; the transportation of large numbers of Picentes to the ager Picentinus on the west coast, and finally in 264 the planting of a second large Latin colony on the coast at Firmum.
, while large numbers of Picentes, who previously inhabited the region, were moved to Paestum and settled along the river Silarus in Campania. Between 180 and 179 BC, 47,000 Ligures belonging to the Apuani tribe were removed from their home along the modern Ligurian-Tuscan border and deported to Samnium, an area corresponding to inland Campania, while Latin colonies were established in their place at Pisa, Lucca and Luni.Ettore Pais, Ancient Italy: Historical and Geographical Investigations in Central Italy, Magna Graecia, Sicily, and Sardinia, The University of Chicago Press, 1908 Such population movements contributed to the rapid Romanization and Latinization of Italy.Patrick Bruun, Studies in the romanization of Etruria, Vol. 1–7, p. 101
File:Coin of Odoacer at the British Museum (obverse).png|thumb|upright|Odoacer, the first King of ItalyKing of ItalyA large Germanic confederation of Sciri, Heruli, Turcilingi and Rugians, led by Odoacer, invaded and settled Italy in 476.Jordanes, Getica 243 They were preceded by Alemanni, including 30,000 warriors with their families, who settled in the Po Valley in 371,Ammianus Marcellinus, Res Gestae 28,5,15 and by Burgundians who settled between Northwestern Italy and Southern France in 443. The Germanic tribe of the Ostrogoths led by Theoderic the Great conquered Italy and presented themselves as upholders of Latin culture, mixing Roman culture together with Gothic culture, in order to legitimize their rule amongst Roman subjects who had a long-held belief in the superiority of Roman culture over foreign "barbarian" Germanic culture.BOOK
, Staveley
, Rome and Italy in the Early Third Century
, Frank William
, Walbank
, The Cambridge Ancient History
, VII: the Hellenistic World: Part 2: The Rise of Rome to 220 BC
, Cambridge
, Cambridge University Press
, 1989
, 425
, Certainly, steps designed to consolidate her hold in the north-east followed this incident in quick succession: the foundation in 268 of the Latin colony of Ariminum .... the annexation of the whole Picentine land save for … Ancona and … Asculum; the transportation of large numbers of Picentes to the ager Picentinus on the west coast, and finally in 264 the planting of a second large Latin colony on the coast at Firmum.
, while large numbers of Picentes, who previously inhabited the region, were moved to Paestum and settled along the river Silarus in Campania. Between 180 and 179 BC, 47,000 Ligures belonging to the Apuani tribe were removed from their home along the modern Ligurian-Tuscan border and deported to Samnium, an area corresponding to inland Campania, while Latin colonies were established in their place at Pisa, Lucca and Luni.Ettore Pais, Ancient Italy: Historical and Geographical Investigations in Central Italy, Magna Graecia, Sicily, and Sardinia, The University of Chicago Press, 1908 Such population movements contributed to the rapid Romanization and Latinization of Italy.Patrick Bruun, Studies in the romanization of Etruria, Vol. 1–7, p. 101
, The Fall of Rome: And the End of Civilization
, Ward-Perkins
, Bryan
, Bryan Ward-Perkins
, 2006
, Oxford University Press
, Oxford
, 31
, 978-0-19-280564-5
,weblink
, registration
, Since Italy had a population of several million, the Goths did not constitute a significant addition to the local population.Frank N. Magill, The Middle Ages: Dictionary of World Biography, Volume 2, Salem Press, Inc. 1998, p. 895. At the height of their power, there were several thousand Ostrogoths in a population of 6 or 7 million.BOOK, Paul, Vauthier Adams, Experiencing World History, 3 August 2000, NYU Press, William A. Sumruld, Augustine and the Arians: The Bishop of Hippo's Encounters with Ulfilan Arianism, Associated Press University Presses 1994, p. 23. Before them, Radagaisus led tens of thousands of Goths in Italy in 406, though figures may be too high as ancient sources routinely inflated the numbers of tribal invaders.BOOK, Delbr_ck, Hans, The barbarian invasions, 1990, U of Nebraska Press, 286, After the Gothic War, which devastated the local population, the Ostrogoths were defeated. Nevertheless, according to Roman historian Procopius of Caesarea, the Ostrogothic population was allowed to live peacefully in Italy with their Rugian allies under Roman sovereignty.De Bello Gothico IV 32, pp. 241–245; this reference stems from the pen of the Byzantine historian, Procopius, who accompanied Justinian's leading general, Belisarius, on his exploits between 527 and 540. This included the campaigns against the Ostrogoths, which is the subject of De Bello Gothico.
But in the sixth century, another Germanic tribe known as the Longobards invaded Italy, which in the meantime had been reconquered by the East Roman or Byzantine Empire. The Longobards were a small minority compared to the roughly four million people in Italy at the time.Antonio Santosuosso, Barbarians, Marauders, and Infidels: The Ways of Medieval Warfare, Westview Press 2004, p. 44. They were later followed by the Bavarians and the Franks, who conquered and ruled most of Italy. Some groups of Slavs settled in parts of the northern Italian peninsula between the 7th and the 8th centuries,BOOK, Diaconis, Paulus, Paul the Deacon, Historia Langobardorum, 787, Monte Cassino, Italy,weblink true, Book V chapter 29, dead,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20080517112407weblink">weblink 17 May 2008, BOOK, Corbanese, G. G., Il Friuli, Trieste e l'Istria: dalla Preistoria alla caduta del Patriarcato d'Aquileia, 1983, Del Bianco, Udine, Grande Atlante Cronologico, BOOK, Barbina, G., Codroipo, 1981, Il ponte, while Bulgars led by Alcek settled in Sepino, Bojano and Isernia. These Bulgars preserved their speech and identity until the late 8th century.BOOK, Golden, Peter B.,weblink An Introduction to the History of the Turkic Peoples, Otto Harrassowitz, 1992, 9783447032742, Wiesbaden, 245, 5 December 2022, 15 October 2022,weblink live, Following Roman rule, Sicily, Corsica and Sardinia were conquered by the Vandals, then by the Ostrogoths, and finally by the Byzantines. At one point, Sardinia grew increasingly autonomous from the Byzantine rule to the point of organizing itself into four sovereign Kingdoms, known as "Judicates", that would last until the Aragonese conquest in the 15th century. Corsica came under the influence of the Kingdom of the Lombards and later under the maritime Republics of Pisa and Genoa. In 687, Sicily became the Byzantine Theme of Sicily; during the course of the Arab–Byzantine wars, Sicily gradually became the Emirate of Sicily (831–1072). Later, a series of conflicts with the Normans would bring about the establishment of the County of Sicily, and eventually the Kingdom of Sicily. An enormous Norman migration that lasted more than a century completely changed the Sicilian population with native peoples from Normandy, Great Britain and Scandinavia. The Lombards of Sicily (not to be confused with the Longobards), coming from Northern Italy, settled in the central and eastern part of Sicily. After the marriage between the Norman Roger I of Sicily and Adelaide del Vasto, descendant of the Aleramici family, groups of people from Northern Italy (known collectively as Lombards) left their homeland, in the Aleramici's possessions in Piedmont and Liguria (then known as Lombardy), to settle on the island of Sicily.JOURNAL,weblink Following the marriage to his third wife, Adelaide, from the Aleramici clan in Piedmont, many northern Italians (the sources refer to them as lombardi, as opposed to the longobardi from southern Italy) settled on the island of Sicily from the late Eleventh century onwards., G. A., Loud, Alex, Metcalfe, The Society of Norman Italy, Brill, Leiden, 2002, 323, 9004125418, 12 December 2015,weblink 10 June 2016, live, These Lombard colonisers were natives from Northern Italy and should not be confused with the Lombard Germanic tribe, who were referred to as Longobardi to distinguish them from the locals of the region who were known as Lombardi.Before them, other Normans arrived in Sicily, with an expedition departed in 1038, led by the Byzantine commander George Maniakes,Jules Gay, L'Italie meridionale et l'empire Byzantin, Parigi 1904, vol. II, p. 450-453. which for a very short time managed to snatch Messina and Syracuse from Arab rule. The Lombards who arrived with the Byzantines settled in Maniace, Randazzo and Troina, while a group of Genoese and other Lombards from Liguria settled in Caltagirone.David Abulafia, Le due Italie: relazioni economiche fra il regno normanno di Sicilia e i comuni settentrionali, Cambridge University Press 1977 (trad. it. Guida Editori, Napoli 1991), p. 114., Ward-Perkins
, Bryan
, Bryan Ward-Perkins
, 2006
, Oxford University Press
, Oxford
, 31
, 978-0-19-280564-5
,weblink
, registration
, Since Italy had a population of several million, the Goths did not constitute a significant addition to the local population.Frank N. Magill, The Middle Ages: Dictionary of World Biography, Volume 2, Salem Press, Inc. 1998, p. 895. At the height of their power, there were several thousand Ostrogoths in a population of 6 or 7 million.BOOK, Paul, Vauthier Adams, Experiencing World History, 3 August 2000, NYU Press, William A. Sumruld, Augustine and the Arians: The Bishop of Hippo's Encounters with Ulfilan Arianism, Associated Press University Presses 1994, p. 23. Before them, Radagaisus led tens of thousands of Goths in Italy in 406, though figures may be too high as ancient sources routinely inflated the numbers of tribal invaders.BOOK, Delbr_ck, Hans, The barbarian invasions, 1990, U of Nebraska Press, 286, After the Gothic War, which devastated the local population, the Ostrogoths were defeated. Nevertheless, according to Roman historian Procopius of Caesarea, the Ostrogothic population was allowed to live peacefully in Italy with their Rugian allies under Roman sovereignty.De Bello Gothico IV 32, pp. 241–245; this reference stems from the pen of the Byzantine historian, Procopius, who accompanied Justinian's leading general, Belisarius, on his exploits between 527 and 540. This included the campaigns against the Ostrogoths, which is the subject of De Bello Gothico.
Renaissance to the modern era
{{further|Italian city-states|Italian language#Origins}}File:Leonardo self.jpg|thumb|upright|Leonardo da Vinci, a polymath of the High Renaissance who was active as a painter, draughtsman, engineer, scientist, theorist, sculptor, and architectENCYCLOPEDIA, Kemp, Martin, Martin Kemp (art historian), 2003, Leonardo da Vinci, Grove Art Online, (Oxford University Press]], Oxford, 10.1093/gao/9781884446054.article.T050401, 978-1-884446-05-4, subscription,weblink 26 May 2022, 11 March 2021,weblink live, {{Grove Art subscription}})File:Justus Sustermans - Portrait of Galileo Galilei, 1636.jpg|thumb|upright|Galileo Galilei, an astronomer, physicist, engineer, and polymath, played a major role in the Scientific Revolution. He is considered the "father" of observational astronomy,JOURNAL, A Short History of Science to the Nineteenth Century, C., Singer, 1941, Clarendon Press,weblink 217, 22 March 2023, 26 March 2023,weblink live, modern physics,BOOK, Whitehouse, D., 2009, Renaissance Genius: Galileo Galilei & His Legacy to Modern Science, Sterling Publishing, 978-1-4027-6977-1, 219,weblink the scientific method,Thomas Hobbes: Critical Assessments, Volume 1. Preston King. 1993. p. 59 and modern sciencemodern scienceFrom the 11th century on, Italian cities began to grow rapidly in independence and importance. They became centres of political life, banking, and foreign trade. Some became wealthy, and many, including Florence, Rome, Genoa, Milan, Pisa, Siena and Venice, grew into nearly independent city-states and maritime republics. Each had its own foreign policy and political life. They all resisted, with varying degrees of success, the efforts of noblemen, emperors, and larger foreign powers to control them.During the subsequent Swabian rule under the Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II, who spent most of his life as king of Sicily in his court in Palermo, Moors were progressively eradicated until the massive deportation of the last Muslims of Sicily.BOOK, Mediterranean encounters, economic, religious, political, 1100–1550, Abulafia, David, David Abulafia, 2000, Ashgate Publishing, 0-86078-841-5, 236,weblink 12 December 2015,weblink 4 May 2016, live, As a result of the Arab expulsion, many towns across Sicily were left depopulated. By the 12th century, Swabian kings granted immigrants from northern Italy (particularly Piedmont, Lombardy and Liguria), Latium and Tuscany in central Italy, and French regions of Normandy, Provence and Brittany.WEB,weblink Archivio Storico Siciliano, Società Siciliana per la Storia Patria. Archivio Storico Siciliano, 12 December 1876, Palermo, 12 December 2017, Internet Archive, BOOK, Francesco
, Barone
, IslÄm in Sicilia nel XII e XIII secolo: ortoprassi, scienze religiose e tasawwuf
, L'Islam in Europa tra passato e futuro
, Saverio
, Di Bella
, Dario
, Tomasello
, Pellegrini Editore
, Cosenza
, 2003
, 104
, 88-8101-159-X
, settlement into Sicily, re-establishing the Latin element into the island, a legacy which can be seen in the many Gallo-Italic dialects and towns found in the interior and western parts of Sicily, brought by these settlers.WEB
,weblink
, History and etymology of Aidone and Morgantina
, Italy This Way
, 22 September 2012,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20121105070045weblink">weblink
, 5 November 2012, live
, It is believed that the Lombard immigrants in Sicily over a couple of centuries were a total of about 200,000.According to the most credible hypothesis this settlement dates back to a period between the eleventh century and the thirteenth century. Cfr. BOOK
, Fiorenzo
, Toso
, Le minoranze linguistiche in Italia
, Il Mulino
, Bologna
, 2008
, 137
, 978-88-15-12677-1
, WEB, Bartalotta, Enrica, Minoranze etniche di Sicilia: i Lombardi,weblink siciliafan.it, 21 April 2017,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20170420122203weblink">weblink 20 April 2017, live, WEB, Lanza, Manfredu, Le colonie 'lombarde' si insediano in Sicilia,weblink casalenews.it, 21 April 2017,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20170525033638weblink">weblink 25 May 2017, live, An estimated 20,000 Swabians and 40,000 Normans settled in the southern half of Italy during this period.BOOK, Musca, Giosuè, Terra e uomini nel Mezzogiorno normanno-svevo: atti delle settime Giornate normanno-sveve, 15–17 October 1985, EDIZIONI DEDALO, Bari, Additional Tuscan migrants settled in Sicily after the Florentine conquest of Pisa in 1406.BOOK
, B. Fanucci
, Giovanni
, Orazione accademica sull'istoria militare Pisana
, Prosperi
, 1788
, 100
,
The emergence of identifiable Italian dialects from Vulgar Latin, and as such the possibility of a specifically "Italian" ethnic identity, has no clear-cut date, but began in roughly the 12th century. Modern standard Italian derives from the written vernacular of Tuscan writers of the 12th century. The recognition of Italian vernaculars as literary languages in their own right began with De vulgari eloquentia, an essay written by Dante Alighieri at the beginning of the 14th century.During the 14th and 15th centuries, some Italian city-states ranked among the most important powers of Europe. Venice, in particular, had become a major maritime power, and the city-states as a group acted as a conduit for goods from the Byzantine and Islamic empires. In this capacity, they provided great impetus to the developing Renaissance, began in Florence in the 14th century,BOOK, Peter, Burke, The European Renaissance: Centers and Peripheries,weblink 1998, Wiley, 978-0-631-19845-1, 12 December 2015,weblink 30 April 2016, live, and led to an unparalleled flourishing of the arts, literature, music, and science.Substantial migrations of Lombards to Naples, Rome and Palermo, continued in the 16th and 17th centuries, driven by the constant overcrowding in the north.WEB,weblink Storiamediterranea.it, 12 December 2017, L'EMIGRAZIONE ALLA ROVESCIA. DAL LAGO DI COMO ALLA SICILIA,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20170525033243weblink">weblink 25 May 2017, live, WEB,weblink Storiamediterranea.it, 12 December 2017, L'EMIGRAZIONE ALLA ROVESCIA: TRA VALCHIAVENNA E SICILIA,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20170525033248weblink">weblink 25 May 2017, live, Beside that, minor but significant settlements of Slavs (the so-called Schiavoni) and Arbereshe in Italy have been recorded, while Scottish soldiers - the Garde Ecossaise - who served the French King, Francis I, settled in the mountains of Piedmont.NEWS, 2017-08-10, The Italian highlanders who may have Scottish roots, en-GB, BBC News,weblink 2022-12-02, 2 December 2022,weblink live, WEB, 2019-01-20, Gurro: il villaggio scozzese nelle montagne del Piemonte tra kilt, cornamuse e antiche storie di clan,weblink 2022-12-02, Guida Torino, it-IT, 2 December 2022,weblink live, The geographical and cultural proximity with Southern Italy pushed Albanians to cross the Strait of Otranto, especially after Skanderbeg's death and the conquest of the Balkans by the Ottomans. In defense of the Christian religion and in search of soldiers loyal to the Spanish crown, Alfonso V of Aragon, also king of Naples, invited Arbereshe soldiers to move to Italy with their families. In return the king guaranteed to Albanians lots of land and a favourable taxation.Arbereshe and Schiavoni were used to repopulate abandoned villages or villages whose population had died in earthquakes, plagues and other catastrophes. Albanian soldiers were also used to quell rebellions in Calabria. Slavic colonies were established in eastern Friuli,WEB,weblink Picmediofriuli.it, 12 December 2017, Il popolamento slavo (PDF),weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20170525033649weblink">weblink 25 May 2017, live, SicilyWEB,weblink Europaorientalis.it, 12 December 2017, UN INSEDIAMENTO SLAVO PRESSO SIRACUSA NEL PRIMO MILLENNIO D.C.,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20170525033242weblink">weblink 25 May 2017, live, and Molise (Molise Croats).WEB,weblink Uni-konstanz.de, 12 December 2017, LE COLONIE SERBOCROATE DELL'ITALIA MERIDIONALE,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20170525033638weblink">weblink 25 May 2017, live, Between the Late Middle Ages and the early modern period, there were several waves of immigration of Albanians into Italy, in addition to another in the 20th century.WEB,weblink Arbitalia.it, PDF, 12 December 2017, LE MIGRAZIONI DEGLI ARBERESHE,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20170525033637weblink">weblink 25 May 2017, live, The descendants of these Albanian emigrants, many still retaining the Albanian language, the Arbëresh dialect, have survived throughout southern Italy, numbering about 260,000 people,Ethnobotany in the New Europe: People, Health and Wild Plant Resources, vol. 14, Manuel Pardo de Santayana, Andrea Pieroni, Rajindra K. Puri, Berghahn Books, 2010 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160205065444weblink |date=5 February 2016 }}, {{ISBN|1-84545-814-1}}, p. 18. with roughly 80,000 to 100,000 speaking the Albanian language.Handbook of ethnotherapies, Christine E. Gottschalk-Batschkus, Joy C. Green, BoD – Books on Demand, 2002 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405004420weblink |date=5 April 2023 }}, {{ISBN|3-8311-4184-3}}, p. 110.WEB,weblink*EDITION*, Albanian, Arbëreshë, Ethnologue.com, 12 December 2017,weblink*EDITION*, 13 September 2019, live, , Barone
, IslÄm in Sicilia nel XII e XIII secolo: ortoprassi, scienze religiose e tasawwuf
, L'Islam in Europa tra passato e futuro
, Saverio
, Di Bella
, Dario
, Tomasello
, Pellegrini Editore
, Cosenza
, 2003
, 104
, 88-8101-159-X
, settlement into Sicily, re-establishing the Latin element into the island, a legacy which can be seen in the many Gallo-Italic dialects and towns found in the interior and western parts of Sicily, brought by these settlers.WEB
,weblink
, History and etymology of Aidone and Morgantina
, Italy This Way
, 22 September 2012,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20121105070045weblink">weblink
, 5 November 2012, live
, It is believed that the Lombard immigrants in Sicily over a couple of centuries were a total of about 200,000.According to the most credible hypothesis this settlement dates back to a period between the eleventh century and the thirteenth century. Cfr. BOOK
, Fiorenzo
, Toso
, Le minoranze linguistiche in Italia
, Il Mulino
, Bologna
, 2008
, 137
, 978-88-15-12677-1
, WEB, Bartalotta, Enrica, Minoranze etniche di Sicilia: i Lombardi,weblink siciliafan.it, 21 April 2017,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20170420122203weblink">weblink 20 April 2017, live, WEB, Lanza, Manfredu, Le colonie 'lombarde' si insediano in Sicilia,weblink casalenews.it, 21 April 2017,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20170525033638weblink">weblink 25 May 2017, live, An estimated 20,000 Swabians and 40,000 Normans settled in the southern half of Italy during this period.BOOK, Musca, Giosuè, Terra e uomini nel Mezzogiorno normanno-svevo: atti delle settime Giornate normanno-sveve, 15–17 October 1985, EDIZIONI DEDALO, Bari, Additional Tuscan migrants settled in Sicily after the Florentine conquest of Pisa in 1406.BOOK
, B. Fanucci
, Giovanni
, Orazione accademica sull'istoria militare Pisana
, Prosperi
, 1788
, 100
,
Culture
File:The Pantheon.jpg|thumb|left|The Pantheon and the alt=Italy is considered one of the birthplaces of Western civilizationMarvin Perry, Myrna Chase, James Jacob, Margaret Jacob, Theodore H. Von Laue (1 January 2012). Western Civilization: Since 1400. Cengage Learning. p. XXIX. {{ISBN|978-1-111-83169-1}}. and a cultural superpower.Italy has been described as a "cultural superpower" by Arab news {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303224259weblink |date=3 March 2016 }}, the Washington Post {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170819103449weblink |date=19 August 2017 }}, The Australian {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20141226233723weblink |date=2014-12-26 }}, the Italian consul general in San Francisco {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151127074301weblink |date=27 November 2015 }}, the former Foreign Affairs Minister Giulio Terzi {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170819103449weblink |date=19 August 2017 }} and the U.S. President Barack Obama {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141226231012weblink |date=26 December 2014 }}. Italian culture is the culture of the Italians and is incredibly diverse spanning the entirety of the Italian peninsula and the islands of Sardinia and Sicily. Italy has been the starting point of phenomena of international impact such as the Roman Republic, Roman Empire, the Roman Catholic Church, the Maritime republics, Romanesque art, Scholasticism, the Renaissance, the Age of Discovery, Mannerism, the Scientific revolution,Cohen, I. Bernard (1965). "Reviewed work: The Scientific Renaissance, 1450-1630, Marie Boas". Isis. 56 (2): 240–42. doi:10.1086/349987. JSTOR 227945 the Baroque, Neoclassicism, the Risorgimento, Fascism,Peter Davies; Derek Lynch (2002). The Routledge Companion to Fascism and the Far Right. Routledge. pp. 1–5. and European integration.File:Archiginnasio-bologna02.png|thumb|Bologna University, established in AD 1088, is the world's oldest university in continuous operation.]]Italy also became a seat of great formal learning in 1088 with the establishment of the University of Bologna, the oldest university in continuous operation, and the first university in the sense of a higher-learning and degree-awarding institute, as the word universitas was coined at its foundation. Top Universities {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090117202932weblink |date=17 January 2009 }} World University Rankings Retrieved 6 January 2010BOOK,weblink The Challenge of Bologna, Paul L. Gaston, 2010, 18, Stylus, 978-1-57922-366-3, 7 July 2016, 27 October 2023,weblink live, Hunt Janin: "The university in medieval life, 1179–1499", McFarland, 2008, {{ISBN|0-7864-3462-7}}, p. 55f.de Ridder-Symoens, Hilde: A History of the University in Europe: Volume 1, Universities in the Middle Ages {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231027023310weblink |date=27 October 2023 }}, Cambridge University Press, 1992, {{ISBN|0-521-36105-2}}, pp. 47–55 Many other Italian universities soon followed. For example, the Schola Medica Salernitana, in southern Italy, was the first medical school in Europe.BOOK, Women in Medicine: An Encyclopedia
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, These great centres of learning presaged the Rinascimento: the European Renaissance began in Italy and was fueled throughout Europe by Italian painters, sculptors, architects, scientists, literature masters and music composers. Italy continued its leading cultural role through the Baroque period and into the Romantic period, when its dominance in painting and sculpture diminished but the Italians re-established a strong presence in music.File:Vittoriano Altare della Patria 2013-09-16.jpg|thumb|The Victor Emmanuel II Monument in Rome, a national symbol of Italy celebrating the first king of the unified country, and resting place of the Italian Unknown Soldier since the end of World War I. It was inaugurated in 1911, on the occasion of the 50th Anniversary of the Unification of ItalyAnniversary of the Unification of ItalyDue to comparatively late national unification, and the historical autonomy of the regions that comprise the Italian peninsula, many traditions and customs of the Italians can be identified by their regions of origin. Despite the political and social isolation of these regions, Italy's contributions to the cultural and historical heritage of the Western world remain immense. Famous elements of Italian culture are its opera and music, its iconic gastronomy and food, which are commonly regarded as amongst the most popular in the world,BOOK
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, its cinema (with filmmakers such as Federico Fellini, Michelangelo Antonioni, Mario Monicelli, Sergio Leone, etc.), its collections of priceless works of art and its fashion (Milan and Florence are regarded as some of the few fashion capitals of the world).
Traditions of Italy are sets of traditions, beliefs, values, and customs that belongs within the culture of Italian people. These traditions have influenced life in Italy for centuries, and are still practiced in modern times. Italian traditions are directly connected to Italy's ancestors, which says even more about Italian history. Folklore of Italy refers to the folklore and urban legends of Italy. Within the Italian territory, various peoples have followed one another over time, each of which has left its mark on current culture. Some tales also come from Christianization, especially those concerning demons, which are sometimes recognized by Christian demonology. Italian folklore also includes Italian folk dance, Italian folk music and folk heroes.File:Espaguetis carbonara.jpg|right|thumb| alla carbonara]]Italian cuisine is a Mediterranean cuisineBOOK, Elizabeth, David, Elizabeth David, A Book of Mediterranean Food, A Book of Mediterranean Food, Dorling Kindersley [John Lehmann], 1950, 1988, 978-0140273281, 101–103, consisting of the ingredients, recipes and cooking techniques developed across the Italian Peninsula since antiquity, and later spread around the world together with waves of Italian diaspora.WEB,weblink Italian Food, Life in Italy, 15 May 2017, 8 May 2017,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20170508201127weblink">weblink dead, WEB,weblink The History of Italian Cuisine I, 30 October 2019, Life in Italy, 16 April 2020, 5 December 2019,weblink live, WEB,weblink From Migrant Food to Lifestyle Cooking: The Career of Italian Cuisine in Europe Italian Cuisine, Thoms, Ulrike, EGO weblink en, 17 April 2020, 29 November 2021,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20211129140615weblink">weblink live, Italian cuisine includes deeply rooted traditions common to the whole country, as well as all the regional gastronomies, different from each other, especially between the north, the centre and the south of Italy, which are in continuous exchange.ENCYCLOPEDIA, Related Articles,weblink Italian cuisine, Britannica Online Encyclopedia, Britannica.com, 2 January 2009, 24 April 2010, 16 July 2010,weblink live, WEB,weblink Italian Food – Italy's Regional Dishes & Cuisine, Indigo Guide, 24 April 2010, dead,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20110102020059weblink">weblink 2 January 2011, WEB,weblink Regional Italian Cuisine, Rusticocooking.com, 24 April 2010, 10 April 2010,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20100410072851weblink">weblink live, Many dishes that were once regional have proliferated with variations throughout the country.WEB,weblink Cronistoria della cucina italiana, 13 November 2021, it, 31 October 2021,weblink live, WEB,weblink Piatti regionali a diffusione nazionale, 13 November 2021, it, 29 October 2021,weblink live, The cuisine has influenced several other cuisines around the world, chiefly that of the United States in the form of Italian-American cuisine.WEB, Freeman, Nancy,weblink American Food, Cuisine, Sallybernstein.com, 2 March 2007, 24 April 2010, 18 April 2010,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20100418064119weblink">weblink live, The most popular dishes and recipes, over the centuries, have often been created by ordinary people more so than by chefs, which is why many Italian recipes are suitable for home and daily cooking, respecting regional specificities, privileging only raw materials and ingredients from the region of origin of the dish and preserving its seasonality.WEB,weblink Individualità territoriale e stagionalità nella cucina italiana, 5 January 2020, it, 29 October 2021,weblink live, WEB,weblink Regole e stagionalità della cucina italiana, 2 December 2016, 5 January 2020, it, 31 October 2021,weblink live, WEB,weblink Nonne come chef, 5 January 2020, it, 31 October 2021,weblink live, , Mariani
, John F.
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, its cinema (with filmmakers such as Federico Fellini, Michelangelo Antonioni, Mario Monicelli, Sergio Leone, etc.), its collections of priceless works of art and its fashion (Milan and Florence are regarded as some of the few fashion capitals of the world).
Philosophy
File:Portrait of Niccolò Machiavelli by Santi di Tito.jpg|thumb|upright|left|Niccolò MachiavelliNiccolò MachiavelliOver the ages, Italian literature had a vast influence on Western philosophy, beginning with the Greeks and Romans, and going onto Renaissance, The Enlightenment and modern philosophy.Italian Medieval philosophy was mainly Christian, and included several important philosophers and theologians such as St Thomas Aquinas. Aquinas was the student of Albert the Great, a brilliant Dominican experimentalist, much like the Franciscan, Roger Bacon of Oxford in the 13th century. Aquinas reintroduced Aristotelian philosophy to Christianity. He believed that there was no contradiction between faith and secular reason. He believed that Aristotle had achieved the pinnacle in the human striving for truth and thus adopted Aristotle's philosophy as a framework in constructing his theological and philosophical outlook. He was a professor at the prestigious University of Paris.Italy was also affected by the Enlightenment, a movement which was a consequence of the Renaissance and changed the road of Italian philosophy.WEB,weblink The Enlightenment throughout Europe, history-world.org, 12 December 2017,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20130123082708weblink">weblink 23 January 2013, usurped, Followers of the group often met to discuss in private salons and coffeehouses, notably in the cities of Milan, Rome and Venice. Cities with important universities such as Padua, Bologna and Naples, however, also remained great centres of scholarship and the intellect, with several philosophers such as Giambattista Vico (1668–1744) (who is widely regarded as being the founder of modern Italian philosophy)WEB,weblink History of Philosophy 70, maritain.nd.edu, 12 December 2017,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20170525033238weblink">weblink 25 May 2017, live, and Antonio Genovesi. Italian society also dramatically changed during the Enlightenment, with rulers such as Leopold II of Tuscany abolishing the death penalty. The church's power was significantly reduced, and it was a period of great thought and invention, with scientists such as Alessandro Volta and Luigi Galvani discovering new things and greatly contributing to Western science. Cesare Beccaria was also one of the greatest Italian Enlightenment writers and is now considered one of the fathers of classical criminal theory as well as modern penology.BOOK, Hostettler, John, Cesare Beccaria: The Genius of 'On Crimes and Punishments', 2011, Waterside Press, Hampshire, 978-1904380634, 160, Beccaria is famous for his masterpiece On Crimes and Punishments (1764), a treatise (later translated into 22 languages) that served as one of the earliest prominent condemnations of torture and the death penalty and thus a landmark work in anti-death penalty philosophy.File:Idealisti italiani.png|thumb|315px|Benedetto Croce (left) and Giovanni Gentile (right), the two greatest exponents of the Italian idealismItalian idealismSome of the most prominent philosophies and ideologies in Italy during the late 19th and 20th centuries include anarchism, communism, socialism, futurism, fascism, and Christian democracy. Antonio Rosmini, instead, was the founder of Italian idealism. Both futurism and fascism (in its original form, now often distinguished as Italian fascism) were developed in Italy at this time. From the 1920s to the 1940s, Italian Fascism was the official philosophy and ideology of the Italian government led by Benito Mussolini. Giovanni Gentile was one of the most significant 20th-century Idealist/Fascist philosophers. Meanwhile, anarchism, communism, and socialism, though not originating in Italy, took significant hold in Italy during the early 20th century, with the country producing numerous significant Italian anarchists, socialists, and communists. In addition, anarcho-communism first fully formed into its modern strain within the Italian section of the First International.Nunzio Pernicone, Italian Anarchism 1864–1892, pp. 111–113, AK Press 2009. Antonio Gramsci remains an important philosopher within Marxist and communist theory, credited with creating the theory of cultural hegemony.Early Italian feminists include Sibilla Aleramo, Alaide Gualberta Beccari, and Anna Maria Mozzoni, though proto-feminist philosophies had previously been touched upon by earlier Italian writers such as Christine de Pizan, Moderata Fonte, and Lucrezia Marinella. Italian physician and educator Maria Montessori is credited with the creation of the philosophy of education that bears her name, an educational philosophy now practiced throughout the world.WEB, Introduction to Montessori Method, American Montessori Society,weblink 18 November 2022, 10 February 2019,weblink live, Giuseppe Peano was one of the founders of analytic philosophy and contemporary philosophy of mathematics. Recent analytic philosophers include Carlo Penco, Gloria Origgi, Pieranna Garavaso and Luciano Floridi.BOOK,weblink History of Italian Philosophy, Garin, Eugenio, 2008, VIBS, 9789042023215, 18 November 2022, 27 October 2023,weblink live,Literature
File:Dante03.jpg|thumb|upright|Dante Alighieri, one of the greatest poets of the Middle Ages. His epic poem The Divine Comedy ranks among the finest works of world literature.BOOK, Bloom, Harold, Harold Bloom, The Western Canon,weblink registration, 1994, Harcourt Brace, 9780151957477, See also Western canonWestern canonFormal Latin literature began in 240 BC, when the first stage play was performed in Rome.Duckworth, George Eckel. The nature of Roman comedy: a study in popular entertainment. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200804104234weblink |date=4 August 2020 }} University of Oklahoma Press, 1994. p. 3. Web. 15 October 2011. Latin literature was, and still is, highly influential in the world, with numerous writers, poets, philosophers, and historians, such as Pliny the Elder, Pliny the Younger, Virgil, Horace, Propertius, Ovid and Livy. The Romans were also famous for their oral tradition, poetry, drama and epigrams.BOOK, Poetry and Drama: Literary Terms and Concepts., The Rosen Publishing Group, 2011,weblink 18 October 2011, 978-1-61530-490-5, 27 October 2023,weblink live, In early years of the 13th century, St. Francis of Assisi was considered the first Italian poet by literary critics, with his religious song Canticle of the Sun.BOOK, 2 – Poetry. Francis of Assisi (pp. 5ff.), {{Google books, 3uq0bObScHMC, PA5, yes, | title=The Cambridge History of Italian Literature | url={{Google books|3uq0bObScHMC|page=|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}} | editor1-first=Peter | editor1-last=Brand | editor2-first=Lino | editor2-last=Pertile | editor2-link=Lino Pertile | year=1999 | publisher=Cambridge University Press | isbn=978-0-521-66622-0 | access-date=31 December 2015 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160610172548weblink | archive-date=10 June 2016 | df=dmy-all }}Italian literature may be unearthed back to the Middle Ages, with the most significant poets of the period being Dante Alighieri, Petrarch, and Giovanni Boccaccio. During the Renaissance, humanists such as Leonardo Bruni, Coluccio Salutati and Niccolò Machiavelli were great collectors of antique manuscripts. Many worked for the organized Church and were in holy orders (like Petrarch), while others were lawyers and chancellors of Italian cities, like Petrarch's disciple, Salutati, the Chancellor of Florence, and thus had access to book copying workshops.File:Francesco Hayez - Ritratto di Alessandro Manzoni.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Alessandro Manzoni is famous for the novel The Betrothed (1827), generally ranked among the masterpieces of world literatureworld literatureIn the 18th century, the political condition of the Italian states began to improve, and philosophers disseminated their writings and ideas throughout Europe during the Age of Enlightenment. Apostolo Zeno and Metastasio are two of the notable figures of the age. Carlo Goldoni, a Venetian playwright and librettist, created the comedy of character. The leading figure of the 18th-century Italian literary revival was Giuseppe Parini.One of the most remarkable poets of the early 19th and 20th century writers was Giacomo Leopardi, who is widely acknowledged to be one of the most radical and challenging thinkers of the 19th century.The Least Known Masterpiece of European Literature {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170822050017weblink |date=22 August 2017 }}, New RepublicThe Zibaldone project {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150523011333weblink |date=23 May 2015 }}, University of Birmingham The main instigator of the reform was the Italian poet and novelist Alessandro Manzoni, notable for being the author of the historical novel I promessi sposi (The Betrothed, 1827–1842). Italo Svevo, the author of La coscienza di Zeno (1923), and Luigi Pirandello (winner of the 1934 Nobel Prize in Literature), who explored the shifting nature of reality in his prose fiction and such plays as Sei personaggi in cerca d'autore (Six Characters in Search of an Author, 1921). Federigo Tozzi and Giuseppe Ungaretti were well-known novelists, critically appreciated only in recent years, and regarded one of the forerunners of existentialism in the European novel.Modern literary figures and Nobel laureates are Gabriele D'Annunzio from 1889 to 1910, nationalist poet Giosuè Carducci in 1906, realist writer Grazia Deledda in 1926, modern theatre author Luigi Pirandello in 1936, short stories writer Italo Calvino in 1960, poets Salvatore Quasimodo in 1959 and Eugenio Montale in 1975, Umberto Eco in 1980, and satirist and theatre author Dario Fo in 1997.WEB,weblink All Nobel Prizes in Literature, Nobelprize.org, 30 May 2011, live,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20110529091551weblink">weblink 29 May 2011,Theatre
File:Alessandro Longhi - Ritratto di Carlo Goldoni (c 1757) Ca Goldoni Venezia.jpg|thumb|upright|Carlo GoldoniCarlo GoldoniItalian theatre originates from the Middle Ages, with its background dating back to the times of the ancient Greek colonies of Magna Graecia, in Southern Italy,WEB,weblink Storia del Teatro nelle città d'Italia, 27 July 2022, it, 26 October 2022,weblink live, the theatre of the Italic peoplesWEB,weblink Storia del teatro: lo spazio scenico in Toscana, 28 July 2022, it, 28 July 2022,weblink live, and the theatre of ancient Rome. It can therefore be assumed that there were two main lines of which the ancient Italian theatre developed in the Middle Ages. The first, consisting of the dramatization of Catholic liturgies and of which more documentation is retained, and the second, formed by pagan forms of spectacle such as the staging for city festivals, the court preparations of the jesters and the songs of the troubadours.Of this second root Dario Fo he speaks of a true alternative culture to the official one: although widespread as an idea, some scholars such as {{ill|Giovanni Antonucci|it}} do not agree in considering it as such. In this regard, see BOOK, Giovanni, Antonucci, Storia del teatro italiano, 1995, Newton Compton Editori, 10–14, 978-8879839747, it, The Renaissance theatre marked the beginning of the modern theatre due to the rediscovery and study of the classics, the ancient theatrical texts were recovered and translated, which were soon staged at the court and in the curtensi halls, and then moved to real theatre. In this way the idea of theatre came close to that of today: a performance in a designated place in which the public participates. In the late 15th century two cities were important centers for the rediscovery and renewal of theatrical art: Ferrara and Rome. The first, vital center of art in the second half of the fifteenth century, saw the staging of some of the most famous Latin works by Plautus, rigorously translated into Italian.BOOK, Giovanni, Antonucci, Storia del teatro italiano, 1995, Newton Compton Editori, 18, 978-8879839747, it, File:Dario.fo.writer.jpg|thumb|upright|left|Dario Fo, one of the most widely performed playwrights in modern theatre, received international acclaim for his highly improvisational style.BOOK, Tony, Mitchell, Dario Fo: People's Court Jester (Updated and Expanded), London, Methuen Publishing, Methuen,weblink 1999, 0-413-73320-3, BOOK, Antonio, Scuderi, Dario Fo: Framing, Festival, and the Folkloric Imagination, Lanham (Md.): Lexington Books, 2011, 9780739151112, He was awarded the (Nobel Prize for Literature]] in 1997.NEWS, The Nobel Prize in Literature 1997,weblink 12 July 2022, www.nobelprize.org, 5 February 2022,weblink live, )During the 16th century and on into the 18th century, Commedia dell'arte was a form of improvisational theatre, and it is still performed today. Travelling troupes of players would set up an outdoor stage and provide amusement in the form of juggling, acrobatics and, more typically, humorous plays based on a repertoire of established characters with a rough storyline, called canovaccio. Plays did not originate from written drama but from scenarios called lazzi, which were loose frameworks that provided the situations, complications, and outcome of the action, around which the actors would improvise. The characters of the commedia usually represent fixed social types and stock characters, each of which has a distinct costume, such as foolish old men, devious servants, or military officers full of false bravado. The main categories of these characters include servants, old men, lovers, and captains.BOOK, The Routledge Companion to Commedia Dell'Arte, Chaffee, Judith, Crick, Olly, Rutledge Taylor and Francis Group, 2015, 978-0-415-74506-2, London and New York, 1, The Ballet dance genre also originated in Italy. It began during the Italian Renaissance court as an outgrowth of court pageantry,WEB,weblink The Ballet, metmuseum.org, 13 December 2022, 9 December 2022,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20221209161716weblink">weblink live, where aristocratic weddings were lavish celebrations. Court musicians and dancers collaborated to provide elaborate entertainment for them.WEB,weblink Andros on Ballet – Catherine Medici De, michaelminn.net, dead,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20080209205503weblink">weblink 9 February 2008, At first, ballets were woven in to the midst of an opera to allow the audience a moment of relief from the dramatic intensity. By the mid-seventeenth century, Italian ballets in their entirety were performed in between the acts of an opera. Over time, Italian ballets became part of theatrical life: ballet companies in Italy's major opera houses employed an average of four to twelve dancers; in 1815 many companies employed anywhere from eighty to one hundred dancers.BOOK, Kathleen, Kuzmick Hansell, 1980, Opera and Ballet at the Regio Ducal Teatro of Milan, 1771-1776: A Musical and Social History, University of California, I, 200, {{No ISBN}}Noteworthy Italian theater actors and playwrights are Jacopone da Todi, Angelo Beolco, Isabella Andreini, Carlo Goldoni, Eduardo Scarpetta, Ettore PetroliniEleonora Duse, Eduardo De Filippo, Carmelo Bene and Giorgio Strehler.{{clear}}Cuisine
File:Scappi.jpg|thumb|upright|Bartolomeo ScappiBartolomeo ScappiItalian cuisine is a Mediterranean cuisine consisting of the ingredients, recipes and cooking techniques developed in Italy since Roman times, and later spread around the world together with waves of Italian diaspora. Italian cuisine includes deeply rooted traditions common to the whole country, as well as all the regional gastronomies, different from each other, especially between the north, the centre and the south of Italy, which are in continuous exchange. Many dishes that were once regional have proliferated with variations throughout the country. Italian cuisine offers an abundance of taste, and has influenced several other cuisines around the world, chiefly that of the United States. Italian cuisine has developed through centuries of social and political changes, it has its roots in ancient Rome.Creasy, Rosalind. The edible Italian garden. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405004417weblink |date=5 April 2023 }} Periplus, 1999. p. 57. Web. 27 November 2013.One of the main characteristics of Italian cuisine is its simplicity, with many dishes made up of few ingredients, and therefore Italian cooks often rely on the quality of the ingredients, rather than the complexity of preparation.WEB,weblink Intervista esclusiva allo chef Carlo Cracco: "La cucina è cultura", 5 January 2020, it, 31 October 2021,weblink live, WEB,weblink Storia della cucina italiana: le tappe della nostra cultura culinaria, 25 May 2019, 5 January 2020, it, 29 October 2021,weblink live, The most popular dishes and recipes, over the centuries, have often been created by ordinary people more so than by chefs, which is why many Italian recipes are suitable for home and daily cooking, respecting regional specificities, privileging only raw materials and ingredients from the region of origin of the dish and preserving its seasonality.Noteworthy Italian chefs are Bartolomeo Scappi, Gualtiero Marchesi, Lidia Bastianich, Antonio Carluccio, Cesare Casella, Carlo Cracco, Antonino Cannavacciuolo, Gino D'Acampo, Gianfranco Chiarini, Massimiliano Alajmo, Massimo Bottura and Bruno Barbieri.Visual art
File:Michelangelo Daniele da Volterra (dettaglio).jpg|thumb|upright|left|MichelangeloMichelangeloThe history of Italian visual arts is significant to the history of Western painting. Roman art was influenced by Greece and can in part be taken as a descendant of ancient Greek painting. Roman painting does have its own unique characteristics. The only surviving Roman paintings are wall paintings, many from villas in Campania, in Southern Italy. Such paintings can be grouped into four main "styles" or periodsWEB,weblink Roman Painting, art-and-archaeology.com, live,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20130726163006weblink">weblink 26 July 2013, and may contain the first examples of trompe-l'œil, pseudo-perspective, and pure landscape.WEB,weblink Roman Wall Painting, accd.edu, dead,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20070319123717weblink">weblink 19 March 2007, Panel painting becomes more common during the Romanesque period, under the heavy influence of Byzantine icons. Towards the middle of the 13th century, Medieval art and Gothic painting became more realistic, with the beginnings of interest in the depiction of volume and perspective in Italy with Cimabue and then his pupil Giotto. From Giotto onwards, the treatment of composition in painting became much more free and innovative.File:Bild-Ottavio Leoni, Caravaggio.jpg|thumb|upright|CaravaggioCaravaggioThe Italian Renaissance is said by many to be the golden age of painting; roughly spanning the 14th through the mid-17th centuries with a significant influence also out of the borders of modern Italy. In Italy artists like Paolo Uccello, Fra Angelico, Masaccio, Piero della Francesca, Andrea Mantegna, Filippo Lippi, Giorgione, Tintoretto, Sandro Botticelli, Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, Raphael, Giovanni Bellini, and Titian took painting to a higher level through the use of perspective, the study of human anatomy and proportion, and through their development of refined drawing and painting techniques. Michelangelo was active as a sculptor from about 1500 to 1520; works include his David, Pietà , Moses. Other Renaissance sculptors include Lorenzo Ghiberti, Luca Della Robbia, Donatello, Filippo Brunelleschi and Andrea del Verrocchio.File:Antonio Canova Selfportrait 1792.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Antonio CanovaAntonio CanovaIn the 15th and 16th centuries, the High Renaissance gave rise to a stylised art known as Mannerism. In place of the balanced compositions and rational approach to perspective that characterised art at the dawn of the 16th century, the Mannerists sought instability, artifice, and doubt. The unperturbed faces and gestures of Piero della Francesca and the calm Virgins of Raphael are replaced by the troubled expressions of Pontormo and the emotional intensity of El Greco.In the 17th century, among the greatest painters of Italian Baroque are Caravaggio, Annibale Carracci, Artemisia Gentileschi, Mattia Preti, Carlo Saraceni and Bartolomeo Manfredi. Subsequently, in the 18th century, Italian Rococo was mainly inspired by French Rococo, since France was the founding nation of that particular style, with artists such as Giovanni Battista Tiepolo and Canaletto. Italian Neoclassical sculpture focused, with Antonio Canova's nudes, on the idealist aspect of the movement.In the 19th century, major Italian Romantic painters were Francesco Hayez, Giuseppe Bezzuoli and Francesco Podesti. Impressionism was brought from France to Italy by the Macchiaioli, led by Giovanni Fattori, and Giovanni Boldini; Realism by Gioacchino Toma and Giuseppe Pellizza da Volpedo. In the 20th century, with Futurism, primarily through the works of Umberto Boccioni and Giacomo Balla, Italy rose again as a seminal country for artistic evolution in painting and sculpture. Futurism was succeeded by the metaphysical paintings of Giorgio de Chirico, who exerted a strong influence on the Surrealists and generations of artists to follow like Bruno Caruso and Renato Guttuso.{{clear}}Architecture
{{see also|List of World Heritage Sites in Italy}}File:Andrea Palladio2.jpeg|thumb|Andrea PalladioAndrea PalladioItalians are known for their significant architectural achievements,Architecture in Italy {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120115053940weblink |date=15 January 2012 }}, ItalyTravel.com such as the construction of arches, domes and similar structures during ancient Rome, the founding of the Renaissance architectural movement in the late-14th to 16th centuries, and being the homeland of Palladianism, a style of construction which inspired movements such as that of Neoclassical architecture, and influenced the designs which noblemen built their country houses all over the world, notably in the UK, Australia and the US during the late 17th to early 20th centuries. Several of the finest works in Western architecture, such as the Colosseum, the Milan Cathedral and Florence cathedral, the Leaning Tower of Pisa and the building designs of Venice are found in Italy.Italian architecture has also widely influenced the architecture of the world. British architect Inigo Jones, inspired by the designs of Italian buildings and cities, brought back the ideas of Italian Renaissance architecture to 17th-century England, being inspired by Andrea Palladio.WEB,weblink
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, 1 January 1970, 12 March 2013,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20130821112543weblink">weblink
, 21 August 2013, live
, Additionally, Italianate architecture, popular abroad since the 19th century, was used to describe foreign architecture which was built in an Italian style, especially modelled on Renaissance architecture.Italian modern and contemporary architecture refers to architecture in Italy during 20th and 21st centuries. During the Fascist period the so-called "Novecento movement" flourished, with figures such as Gio Ponti, Peter Aschieri, Giovanni Muzio. This movement was based on the rediscovery of imperial Rome. Marcello Piacentini, who was responsible for the urban transformations of several cities in Italy, and remembered for the disputed Via della Conciliazione in Rome, devised a form of "simplified Neoclassicism".The fascist architecture (shown perfectly in the EUR buildings) was followed by the Neoliberty style (seen in earlier works of Vittorio Gregotti) and Brutalist architecture (Torre Velasca in Milan group BBPR, a residential building via Piagentina in Florence, Leonardo Savioli and works by Giancarlo De Carlo)., History – Historic Figures: Inigo Jones (1573–1652)
, BBC
, 1 January 1970, 12 March 2013,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20130821112543weblink">weblink
, 21 August 2013, live
Music
File:BartolomeoCristofori.jpg|thumb|upright|Bartolomeo Cristofori, the inventor of the pianopianoFrom folk music to classical, music has always played an important role in Italian culture. Instruments associated with classical music, including the piano and violin, were invented in Italy, and many of the prevailing classical music forms, such as the symphony, concerto, and sonata, can trace their roots back to innovations of 16th- and 17th-century Italian music.Italians invented many of the musical instruments, including the piano and violin.Most notable Italians composers include the Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina, Claudio Monteverdi, the Baroque composers Scarlatti, Corelli and Vivaldi, the Classical composers Paganini and Rossini, and the Romantic composers Verdi and Puccini, whose operas, including La bohème, Tosca, Madama Butterfly, and Turandot, are among the most frequently worldwide performed in the standard repertoire.WEB,weblink
, Quick Opera Facts 2007
, OPERA America
, 2007
, 23 April 2007,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20061001054025weblink">weblink
, 1 October 2006
, WEB
, Quick Opera Facts 2007
, OPERA America
, 2007
, 23 April 2007,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20061001054025weblink">weblink
, 1 October 2006
,weblink
, An Operatic Survey
, Opera Glass
, Alain P.
, Dornic
, 1995
, 23 April 2007,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20070914030020weblink">weblink
, 14 September 2007, live
, Modern Italian composers such as Berio and Nono proved significant in the development of experimental and electronic music. While the classical music tradition still holds strong in Italy, as evidenced by the fame of its innumerable opera houses, such as La Scala of Milan and San Carlo of Naples, and performers such as the pianist Maurizio Pollini and the late tenor Luciano Pavarotti, Italians have been no less appreciative of their thriving contemporary music scene.File:Luciano Pavarotti in Saint Petersburg.jpg|thumb|left|Luciano Pavarotti, considered one of the finest tenors of the 20th century and the "King of the High Cs"NEWS,weblink Obituary: Luciano Pavarotti, The TimesThe TimesItalians are amply known as the mothers of opera.BOOK
, An Operatic Survey
, Opera Glass
, Alain P.
, Dornic
, 1995
, 23 April 2007,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20070914030020weblink">weblink
, 14 September 2007, live
,weblink
, Italian Opera
, 29 April 1994
, 20 December 2009
, 978-0-521-46643-1
, Kimbell, David R. B
, Cambridge University Press
, 27 October 2023
,weblink
, live
, Italian opera was believed to have been founded in the early 17th century, in Italian cities such as Mantua and Venice. Later, works and pieces composed by native Italian composers of the 19th and early 20th centuries, such as Rossini, Bellini, Donizetti, Verdi and Puccini, are among the most famous operas ever written and today are performed in opera houses across the world. La Scala operahouse in Milan is also renowned as one of the best in the world. Famous Italian opera singers include Enrico Caruso and Alessandro Bonci.File:Giorgio Moroder Melt! 2015 02 (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|Giorgio Moroder, pioneer of Italo disco and electronic dance music, is known as the "Father of disco"."This record was a collaboration between Philip Oakey, the big-voiced lead singer of the techno-pop band the Human League, and Giorgio Moroder, the Italian-born father of disco who spent the '80s writing synth-based pop and film music." WEB, {{AllMusic, album, r59464, yes, , Italian Opera
, 29 April 1994
, 20 December 2009
, 978-0-521-46643-1
, Kimbell, David R. B
, Cambridge University Press
, 27 October 2023
,weblink
, live
Cinema
File:Federico Fellini NYWTS 2.jpg|thumb|left|Federico Fellini, considered one of the most influential and widely revered (Filmmaking|filmmakers]] in the history of cinemaWEB,weblink Federico Fellini, i 10 migliori film per conoscere il grande regista, 20 January 2022, 10 September 2022, it, 10 September 2022,weblink live, )Since the development of the Italian film industry in the early 1900s, Italian filmmakers and performers have, at times, experienced both domestic and international success, and have influenced film movements throughout the world.BOOK, A History of Italian Cinema, Peter, Bondanella, 2009, A&C Black,weblink 9781441160690, 21 January 2021, 27 October 2023,weblink live, BOOK,weblink A Cinema of Poetry: Aesthetics of the Italian Art Film, 9781421419848, Luzzi, Joseph, 30 March 2016, JHU Press, 21 January 2021, 27 October 2023,weblink live, The history of Italian cinema began a few months after the Lumière brothers began motion picture exhibitions.WEB,weblink L'œuvre cinématographique des frères Lumière - Pays: Italie, fr, 1 January 2022, dead,weblink 20 March 2018, WEB,weblink Il Cinema Ritrovato - Italia 1896 - Grand Tour Italiano, 1 January 2022, dead,weblink 21 March 2018, it, The first Italian director is considered to be Vittorio Calcina, a collaborator of the Lumière Brothers, who filmed Pope Leo XIII in 1896.WEB,weblink 26 febbraio 1896 - Papa Leone XIII filmato Fratelli Lumière, 1 January 2022, it, 1 January 2022,weblink live, In the 1910s the Italian film industry developed rapidly.{{Citation|year=1970|title=Cinematografia|encyclopedia=Dizionario enciclopedico italiano|volume=III|page=226|publisher=Treccani|language=it}} Cabiria, a 1914 Italian epic film directed by Giovanni Pastrone, is considered the most famous Italian silent film.BOOK, Andrea Fioravanti, Morlacchi Editore, 2006, 121, La "storia" senza storia. Racconti del passato tra letteratura, cinema e televisione, 978-88-6074-066-3, it, It was also the first film in history to be shown in the White House.BOOK, Robert K. Klepper, McFarland, 1999, 78, Silent Films, 1877-1996: A Critical Guide to 646 Movies, 978-0-7864-0595-4, BOOK, Patrick Robertson, Abbeville Press, 1991, 217, Guinness Book of Movie Facts and Feats, 978-1-55859-236-0, BOOK, John Alberti, Routledge, 2014, 45, Screen Ages: A Survey of American Cinema, 978-1-317-65028-7, The oldest European avant-garde cinema movement, Italian futurism, took place in the late 1910s.WEB,weblink Il cinema delle avanguardie, 30 September 2017, 13 November 2022, it, 13 November 2022,weblink live, After a period of decline in the 1920s, the Italian film industry was revitalized in the 1930s with the arrival of sound film. A popular Italian genre during this period, the Telefoni Bianchi, consisted of comedies with glamorous backgrounds.{{Citation|author=Ephraim Katz|year=2001|title=Italy|encyclopedia=The Film Encyclopedia|pages=682–685|publisher=HarperResource}} Calligrafismo was instead in a sharp contrast to Telefoni Bianchi-American style comedies and is rather artistic, highly formalistic, expressive in complexity and deals mainly with contemporary literary material.BOOK, Gian Piero, Brunetta, Einaudi, 2002, III, 357–359, Storia del cinema mondiale, 978-88-06-14528-6, it, {{multiple image| align = right| total_width = 320| image1 = S Kragujevic, Vittorio De Sica, 1959.JPG| alt1 =, Lino Aulenti
, Storia del cinema italiano
, 2011
, libreriauniversitaria, 2011
, 978-8862921084
, The Spaghetti Western achieved popularity in the mid-1960s, peaking with Sergio Leone's Dollars Trilogy, which featured enigmatic scores by composer Ennio Morricone. Erotic Italian thrillers, or Giallos, produced by directors such as Mario Bava and Dario Argento in the 1970s, influenced the horror genre worldwide. In recent years, directors such as Ermanno Olmi, Bernardo Bertolucci, Giuseppe Tornatore, Gabriele Salvatores, Roberto Benigni, Matteo Garrone, Paolo Sorrentino and Luca Guadagnino brought critical acclaim back to Italian cinema.
The Venice International Film Festival, awarding the "Golden Lion" and held annually since 1932, is the oldest film festival in the world and one of the "Big Three" alongside Cannes and Berlin.WEB,weblink Venice: David Gordon Green's 'Manglehorn,' Abel Ferrara's 'Pasolini' in Competition Lineup, The Hollywood Reporter, Anderson, Ariston, 24 July 2014, live,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20160218220740weblink">weblink 18 February 2016, NEWS,weblink Addio, Lido: Last Postcards from the Venice Film Festival, Time, live,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20140920162423weblink">weblink 20 September 2014, The country is also famed for its prestigious David di Donatello. Italy is the most awarded country at the Academy Awards for Best Foreign Language Film, with 14 awards won, 3 Special Awards and 28 nominations.WEB,weblink Oscar 2022: Paolo Sorrentino e gli altri candidati come miglior film internazionale, 26 October 2021, 1 January 2022, it, 1 January 2022,weblink live, {{as of|2016}}, Italian films have also won 12 Palmes d'Or (the second-most of any country),WEB,weblink 10 film italiani che hanno fatto la storia del Festival di Cannes, 13 May 2014, 1 January 2022, it, 1 January 2022,weblink live, 11 Golden LionsWEB,weblink I film italiani vincitori del Leone d'Oro al Festival di Venezia, 28 August 2018, 1 January 2022, it, 1 January 2022,weblink live, and 7 Golden Bears.WEB,weblink Film italiani vincitori Orso d'Oro di Berlino, 1 January 2022, it, 1 January 2022,weblink live, The list of the 100 Italian films to be saved was created with the aim to report "100 films that have changed the collective memory of the country between 1942 and 1978".WEB,weblink Alberto Sordi: "La grande guerra", 22 June 2023, it, 22 June 2023,weblink live, , Storia del cinema italiano
, 2011
, libreriauniversitaria, 2011
, 978-8862921084
, The Spaghetti Western achieved popularity in the mid-1960s, peaking with Sergio Leone's Dollars Trilogy, which featured enigmatic scores by composer Ennio Morricone. Erotic Italian thrillers, or Giallos, produced by directors such as Mario Bava and Dario Argento in the 1970s, influenced the horror genre worldwide. In recent years, directors such as Ermanno Olmi, Bernardo Bertolucci, Giuseppe Tornatore, Gabriele Salvatores, Roberto Benigni, Matteo Garrone, Paolo Sorrentino and Luca Guadagnino brought critical acclaim back to Italian cinema.
Fashion and design
File:Guccio Gucci c.1940.JPG|thumb|left|upright|Guccio GucciGuccio GucciItalian fashion has a long tradition. Milan, Florence and Rome are Italy's main fashion capitals. According to Top Global Fashion Capital Rankings 2013 by Global Language Monitor, Rome ranked sixth worldwide when Milan was twelfth. Previously, in 2009, Milan was declared as the "fashion capital of the world" by Global Language Monitor itself.WEB,weblink New York Takes Top Global Fashion Capital Title from London, edging past Paris, Languagemonitor.com, 25 February 2014, dead,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20140222011026weblink">weblink 22 February 2014, Currently, Milan and Rome, annually compete with other major international centres, such as Paris, New York, London, and Tokyo.The Italian fashion industry is one of the country's most important manufacturing sectors. The majority of the older Italian couturiers are based in Rome. However, Milan is seen as the fashion capital of Italy because many well-known designers are based there and it is the venue for the Italian designer collections. Major Italian fashion labels, such as Gucci, Armani, Prada, Versace, Valentino, Dolce & Gabbana, Missoni, Fendi, Moschino, Max Mara, Trussardi, Benetton, and Ferragamo, to name a few, are regarded as among the finest fashion houses in the world. File:Dolce e Gabbana (26441884825).jpg|thumb|Stefano Gabbana (left) and Domenico DolceDomenico DolceAccessory and jewelry labels, such as Bulgari, Luxottica, Buccellati have been founded in Italy and are internationally acclaimed, and Luxottica is the world's largest eyewear company. Also, the fashion magazine Vogue Italia, is considered one of the most prestigious fashion magazines in the world.BOOK,weblink Your Modeling Career: You Don't Have to Be a Superstar to Succeed, 978-1-58115-045-2, Debbie, Press, 2000, Allworth Press, 20 November 2022, 27 October 2023,weblink live, The talent of young, creative fashion is also promoted, as in the ITS young fashion designer competition in Trieste.WEB,weblink Get to Know the Young Winners of the 2020 International Talent Support Awards, Tiziana, Cardini, Vogue, 28 October 2020, 20 November 2022, 1 November 2020,weblink live, Italy is also prominent in the field of design, notably interior design, architectural design, industrial design, and urban design. The country has produced some well-known furniture designers, such as Gio Ponti and Ettore Sottsass, and Italian phrases such as Bel Disegno and Linea Italiana have entered the vocabulary of furniture design.Miller (2005) p. 486. Web. 26 September 2011. Examples of classic pieces of Italian white goods and pieces of furniture include Zanussi's washing machines and fridges,Insight Guides (2004) p. 220. 26 September 2011. the "New Tone" sofas by Atrium, and the post-modern bookcase by Ettore Sottsass, inspired by Bob Dylan's song "Stuck Inside of Mobile with the Memphis Blues Again".Italy is recognized as being a worldwide trendsetter and leader in design.Insight Guides (2004) p.220 Italy today still exerts a vast influence on urban design, industrial design, interior design, and fashion design worldwide. Today, Milan and Turin are the nation's leaders in architectural design and industrial design. The city of Milan hosts the FieraMilano, Europe's biggest design fair.WEB,weblink Wiley: Design City Milan - Cecilia Bolognesi, Wiley.com, 20 August 2017, 6 December 2010,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20101206052654weblink">weblink live, Milan also hosts major design and architecture-related events and venues, such as the Fuori Salone and the Salone del Mobile, and has been home to the designers Bruno Munari, Lucio Fontana, Enrico Castellani, and Piero Manzoni.WEB,weblinkweblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20100110123141weblink">weblink dead, 10 January 2010, Frieze Magazine - Archive - Milan and Turin, 10 January 2010, Frieze.com, 20 August 2017, Notable Italian fashion designers are Guccio Gucci, Salvatore Ferragamo, Giorgio Armani, Gianni Versace, Valentino, Ottavio Missoni, Nicola Trussardi, Mariuccia Mandelli, Rocco Barocco, Roberto Cavalli, Renato Balestra, Laura Biagiotti, Stefano Gabbana and Domenico Dolce.Nobel Prizes
File:Ernesto Teodoro Moneta.jpg|thumb|Ernesto Teodoro Moneta was awarded the Nobel Prize for Peace in 1907. He adopted the motto In varietate unitas! which later inspired Motto of the European UnionMotto of the European UnionFile:Luigi Pirandello 1932.jpg|thumb|Luigi Pirandello. He was awarded the 1934 Nobel Prize in Literature. Pirandello's tragic farces are often seen as forerunners of the Theatre of the AbsurdTheatre of the AbsurdFile:Guglielmo Marconi.jpg|thumb|Guglielmo Marconi, inventor and electrical engineer, known for his creation of a practical radio wave-based wireless telegraph system.BOOK, 10.1109/EUMA.1995.337090, Guglielmo Marconi – The father of long distance radio communication – An engineer's tribute, 25th European Microwave Conference, 1995, 1995, Bondyopadhyay, Prebir K., 879, 6928472, This led to Marconi being credited as the inventor of radio,BOOK,weblinkweblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20140819090610weblink">weblink 2014-08-19, live, Hong, Hong, Sungook, Wireless: From Marconi's Black-Box to the Audion, Cambridge, Mass., MIT Press, 2001, 0-262-08298-5, 1, and he won the 1909 Nobel Prize in Physics "in recognition of their contributions to the development of wireless telegraphy"."Guglielmo Marconi: The Nobel Prize in Physics 1909". nobelprize.orgJOURNAL, 10.1109/5.658778, Sir J.C. Bose diode detector received Marconi's first transatlantic wireless signal of December 1901 (the 'Italian Navy Coherer' Scandal Revisited), 1998, Bondyopadhyay, P.K., Proceedings of the IEEE, 86, 259,weblink NEWS, Amit, Roy,weblinkweblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20090123050302weblink">weblink dead, 23 January 2009, The Telegraph, KolkotaKolkotaFile:Enrico Fermi 1943-49.jpg|thumb|Enrico Fermi, creator of the world's first nuclear reactor. He has been called the "architect of the nuclear age"NEWS,weblink Enrico Fermi, architect of the nuclear age, dies, Autumn 1954, 2 November 2015,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20151117014820weblink">weblink 17 November 2015, dead, and the "architect of the atomic bomb".NEWS, 29 November 1954, Enrico Fermi Dead at 53; Architect of Atomic Bomb, (The New York Times]],weblink dead, 21 January 2013,weblink 14 March 2019, ){| class="wikitable"! Year !! Winner !! Branch !! ContributionItalian surnames
{{Culture of Italy}}Most of Italy's surnames (cognomi), with the exception of a few areas marked by linguistic minorities, derive from Italian and arose from an individual's peculiar (physical, etc.) qualities (e.g. Rossi, Bianchi, Quattrocchi, Mancini, Grasso, etc.), occupation (Ferrari, Auditore, Sartori, Tagliabue, etc.), relation of fatherhood or lack thereof (De Pretis, Orfanelli, Esposito, Trovato, etc.), and geographic location (Padovano, Pisano, Leccese, Lucchese, etc.). Some of them also indicate a remote foreign origin (Greco, Tedesco, Moro, Albanese, etc.).{| role="presentation" class="wikitable mw-collapsible"Italian diaspora
File:Map of the Italian Diaspora in the World.svg|thumb|upright=2.0|{{Legend|#000000|Italy}}{{Legend|#2e5e00|+ 10,000,000}}{{Legend|#6abc00|+ 1,000,000}}{{Legend|#85ff36|+ 100,000}}{{Legend|#c6fca2|+ 10,000}}}} Italian migration outside Italy took place, in different migrating cycles, for centuries.BOOK, Cohen, Robin, The Cambridge Survey of World Migration, 1995, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 9780521444057, 143, Robin Cohen, A diaspora in high numbers took place after Italy's unification in 1861 and continued through 1914 with the beginning of the First World War. This rapid outflow and migration of Italian people across the globe can be attributed to factors such as the internal economic slump that emerged alongside Italy's unification, family, and the industrial boom that occurred in the world surrounding Italy.BOOK, Italy's Many Diasporas,weblink registration, Gabaccia, Donna, 2000, New York: Routledge, 58–80, University of Washington Press, 9780295979182, JOURNAL, Moretti, Enrico, 1 January 1999, Social Networks and Migrations: Italy 1876-1913, 2547529, The International Migration Review, 33, 3, 640–657, 10.2307/2547529, Italy after its unification did not seek nationalism but sought work instead. However, a unified state did not automatically constitute a sound economy. The global economic expansion, ranging from Britain's Industrial Revolution in the late 18th and through mid 19th century, to the use of slave labor in the Americas did not hit Italy until much later (with the exception of the "industrial triangle" between Milan, Genoa and Turin) This lag resulted in a deficit of work available in Italy and the need to look for work elsewhere. The mass industrialization and urbanization globally resulted in higher labor mobility and the need for Italians to stay anchored to the land for economic support declined.Moreover, better opportunities for work were not the only incentive to move; family played a major role and the dispersion of Italians globally. Italians were more likely to migrate to countries where they had family established beforehand. These ties are shown to be stronger in many cases than the monetary incentive for migration, taking into account a familial base and possibly an Italian migrant community, greater connections to find opportunities for work, housing etc. Thus, thousands of Italian men and women left Italy and dispersed around the world and this trend only increased as the First World War approached.Notably, it was not as if Italians had never migrated before; internal migration between North and Southern Italy before unification was common. Northern Italy caught on to industrialization sooner than Southern Italy, therefore it was considered more modern technologically, and tended to be inhabited by the bourgeoisie.BOOK, The View from Vesuvius Italian Culture and the Southern Question How did Southern Italy Become "The South"?,weblink limited, Moe, Nelson, University of California Press, 2002, 1–9, 9780520226524, Alternatively, rural and agro-intensive Southern Italy was seen as economically backward and was mainly populated by lower class peasantry. Given these disparities, prior to unification (and arguably after) the two sections of Italy, North and South were essentially seen by Italians and other nations as separate countries. So, migrating from one part of Italy to next could be seen as though they were indeed migrating to another country or even continent.Furthermore, large-scale migrations phenomena did not recede until the late 1920s, well into the Fascist regime, and a subsequent wave can be observed after the end of the Second World War. Another wave is currently happening due to the ongoing debt crisis.Over 80 million people of full or part Italian descent live outside Europe, with about 50 million living in South America (mostly in Brazil, which has the largest number of Italian descendants outside Italy, and Argentina, where over 62.5% of the population have at least one Italian ancestor), about 23 million living in North America (United States and Canada) and 1 million in Oceania (Australia and New Zealand). Others live in other parts of Europe (primarily the United Kingdom, Germany, France and Switzerland).File:Map of regions with Little Italys.svg|thumb|upright=2.0|World map of first level subdivisions (states, counties, provinces, etc.) that are home to Little ItalyLittle ItalyA historical Italian community has also existed in Gibraltar since the 16th century. To a lesser extent, people of full or partial Italian descent are also found in Africa (most notably in the former Italian colonies of Eritrea, which has 100,000 descendants,The Italian Ambassador stated at the 2008 Film Festival in Asmara weblink {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120218200229weblink|date=2012-02-18}} that nearly 100,000 Eritreans in 2008 have Italian blood, because they have at least one grandfather or great-grandfather from Italy.Descendants of Italians in Eritrea (in Italian)Descendants of Italians in Eritrea{{Dead link|date=July 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Somalia, Libya, Ethiopia, and in others countries such as South Africa, with 77,400 descendants, Tunisia and Egypt), in the Middle East (in recent years the United Arab Emirates has maintained a desirable destination for Italian immigrants, with currently 10,000 Italian immigrants), and Asia (Singapore is home to a sizeable Italian community).Regarding the diaspora, there are many individuals of Italian descent who are possibly eligible for Italian citizenship by method of jus sanguinis, which is from the Latin meaning "by blood". However, just having Italian ancestry is not enough to qualify for Italian citizenship. To qualify, one must have at least one Italian-born citizen ancestor who, after emigrating from Italy to another country, had passed citizenship onto their children before they naturalized as citizens of their newly adopted country. The Italian government does not have a rule regarding on how many generations born outside of Italy can claim Italian nationality.WEB,weblink Citizenship by descent, conssanfrancisco.esteri.it, en-gb, 15 October 2018,weblink 15 October 2018, live,Geographic distribution of Italian speakers
{{see also|Italian language|Regional Italian|Languages of Italy}}File:Suisse italiene.png|thumb|left|Italian language in Switzerland ]]The majority of Italian nationals are native speakers of the country's official language, Italian, or a variety thereof, that is regional Italian. However, many of them also speak a regional or minority language native to Italy, the existence of which predates the national language. Although there is disagreement on the total number, according to UNESCO, there are approximately 30 languages native to Italy, although many are often misleadingly referred to as "Italian dialects".Italian is an official language of Italy and San Marino and is spoken fluently by the majority of the countries' populations. Italian is the third most spoken language in Switzerland (after German and French; see Swiss Italian), though its use there has moderately declined since the 1970s.WEB,weblink Recensement Fédéral de la Population 2000 — Le Paysage Linguistique en Suisse, 5 January 2006, Lüdi, Georges, Werlen, Iwar, April 2005, Office fédéral de la statistique, Neuchâtel, fr, de, it, dead,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20071129182415weblink">weblink 29 November 2007, It is official both on the national level and on regional level in two cantons: Ticino and Grisons. In the latter canton, however, it is only spoken by a small minority, in the Italian Grisons.{{efn|Italian is the main language of the valleys of Calanca, Mesolcina, Bregaglia and val Poschiavo. In the village of Maloja, it is spoken by about half the population. It is also spoken by a minority in the village of Bivio.}} Ticino, which includes Lugano, the largest Italian-speaking city outside Italy, is the only canton where Italian is predominant.Marc-Christian Riebe, Retail Market Study 2015, p. 36. "the largest city in Ticino, and the largest Italian-speaking city outside of Italy." Italian is also used in administration and official documents in Vatican City.The Vatican City State appendix to the Acta Apostolicae Sedis is entirely in Italian.Italian is also spoken by a minority in Monaco and France, especially in the southeastern part of the country.WEB, Society,weblink Monaco-IQ Business Intelligence, Lydia Porter, 28 June 2013, 2007–2013,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20130815074527weblink">weblink 2013-08-15, live, WEB, France,weblink Ethnologue, SIL International, 28 June 2013, 2013,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20130129222634weblink">weblink 2013-01-29, live, Italian was the official language in Savoy and in Nice until 1860, when they were both annexed by France under the Treaty of Turin, a development that triggered the "Niçard exodus", or the emigration of a quarter of the Niçard Italians to Italy,WEB,weblink "Un nizzardo su quattro prese la via dell'esilio" in seguito all'unità d'Italia, dice lo scrittore Casalino Pierluigi, 28 August 2017, 14 May 2021, it, and the Niçard Vespers. Italian was the official language of Corsica until 1859.Abalain, Hervé, (2007) Le français et les langues historiques de la France, Éditions Jean-Paul Gisserot, p.113 Italian is generally understood in Corsica by the population resident therein who speak Corsican, which is an Italo-Romance idiom similar to Tuscan.WEB, Sardinian language, Encyclopædia Britannica,weblink Italian was the official language in Monaco until 1860, when it was replaced by the French.WEB,weblink Il monegasco, una lingua che si studia a scuola ed è obbligatoria, 15 September 2014, 6 June 2022, it, This was due to the annexation of the surrounding County of Nice to France following the Treaty of Turin (1860).File:Istria-Italians-1991.gif|thumb|Percent of inhabitants with Italian native tongue in Croatia's and Slovenia's IstriaIstriaIt formerly had official status in Montenegro (because of the Venetian Albania), parts of Slovenia and Croatia (because of the Venetian Istria and Venetian Dalmatia), parts of Greece (because of the Venetian rule in the Ionian Islands and by the Kingdom of Italy in the Dodecanese). Italian is widely spoken in Malta, where nearly two-thirds of the population can speak it fluently (see Maltese Italian).WEB, Europeans and their Languages,weblink European Commission: Directorate General for Education and Culture and Directorate General Press and Communication, 28 June 2013, February 2006,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20080803015530weblink">weblink 2008-08-03, live, Italian served as Malta's official language until 1934, when it was abolished by the British colonial administration amid strong local opposition.Hull, Geoffrey, The Malta Language Question: A Case Study in Cultural Imperialism, Valletta: Said International, 1993. Italian language in Slovenia is an officially recognized minority language in the country.WEB,weblink La tutela delle minoranze linguistiche in Slovenia, 22 April 2020, 5 June 2022, it, 15 August 2022,weblink dead, The official census, carried out in 2002, reported 2,258 ethnic Italians (Istrian Italians) in Slovenia (0.11% of the total population).WEB,weblink Popis 2002, 10 June 2017, Italian language in Croatia is an official minority language in the country, with many schools and public announcements published in both languages. The 2001 census in Croatia reported 19,636 ethnic Italians (Istrian Italians and Dalmatian Italians) in the country (some 0.42% of the total population).WEB,weblink Državni Zavod za Statistiku, hr, 10 June 2017, Their numbers dropped dramatically after World War II following the Istrian–Dalmatian exodus, which caused the emigration of between 230,000 and 350,000 Istrian Italians and Dalmatian Italians.BOOK,weblink Istria, 11, Thammy Evans, Rudolf Abraham, 2013, Bradt Travel Guides, 9781841624457, amp, NEWS,weblink Election Opens Old Wounds in Trieste, James M. Markham, 6 June 1987, The New York Times, 9 June 2016, Italian was the official language of the Republic of Ragusa from 1492 to 1807.BOOK, Lodge, R. Anthony, Pugh, Stefan, Language contact and minority languages on the littorals of Europe, Logos Verlag, 9783832516444,weblink 2007, 235–238, File:Italian empire 1940.PNG|thumb|upright=1.4|right|Italy and its colonial possessions in 1940]]It formerly had official status in Albania due to the annexation of the country to the Kingdom of Italy (1939–1943). Albania has a large population of non-native speakers, with over half of the population having some knowledge of the Italian language.Zonova, Tatiana. "The Italian language: soft power or dolce potere?." Rivista di Studi Politici Internazionali (2013): 227–231. The Albanian government has pushed to make Italian a compulsory second language in schools.WEB,weblink Albanian government makes Italian an obligatory language in professional schools, balkaneu.com, February 2014, 2018-11-08,weblinkalbanian-government-italian-obligatory-language-professional-schools/, 2018-08-09, live, The Italian language is well-known and studied in Albania,JOURNAL, Longo, Maurizio, La lingua italiana in Albania, Education et Sociétés Plurilingues, 2007, 22, 51–56, http:www.cebip.com/download.asp?file=/elementi/www/esp022_07_longo.pdf, 28 July 2014, it, Today, even though for political reasons English is the most widely taught foreign language in Albanian schools, Italian is anyway the most widespread foreign language.,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20150923201418weblink">weblink 2015-09-23, live, due to its historical ties and geographical proximity to Italy and to the diffusion of Italian television in the country.JOURNAL, Longo, Maurizio, Ademi, Esmeralda, Bulija, Mirjana, Una quantificazione della penetrazione della lingua italiana in Albania tramite la televisione (III), Education et Sociétés Plurilingues, June 2010, 28, 53–63,weblink 28 July 2014, A quantification of the diffusion of the Italian language in Albania via television, it, PDF,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20140808202851weblink">weblink 2014-08-08, live, Due to heavy Italian influence during the Italian colonial period, Italian is still understood by some in former colonies. Although it was the primary language in Libya since colonial rule, Italian greatly declined under the rule of Muammar Gaddafi, who expelled the Italian Libyan population and made Arabic the sole official language of the country.weblink {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081217024247weblink|date=17 December 2008}} A few hundred Italian settlers returned to Libya in the 2000s.Italian was the official language of Eritrea during Italian colonisation. Italian is today used in commerce, and it is still spoken especially among elders; besides that, Italian words are incorporated as loan words in the main language spoken in the country (Tigrinya). The capital city of Eritrea, Asmara, still has several Italian schools, established during the colonial period. In the early 19th century, Eritrea was the country with the highest number of Italians abroad, and the Italian Eritreans grew from 4,000 during World War I to nearly 100,000 at the beginning of World War II.WEB,weblink L'emigrazione italiana in Africa orientale, Gian Luca, Podestà , 2022-02-10, In Asmara there are two Italian schools, the Italian School of Asmara (Italian primary school with a Montessori department) and the Liceo Sperimentale "G. Marconi" (Italian international senior high school).Italian was also introduced to Somalia through colonialism and was the sole official language of administration and education during the colonial period but fell out of use after government, educational and economic infrastructure were destroyed in the Somali Civil War.File:Italian USC2000 PHS.svg|thumb|upright=2|Italian language in the United StatesItalian language in the United StatesItalian is also spoken by large immigrant and expatriate communities in the Americas and Australia. Although over 17 million Americans are of Italian descent, only a little over one million people in the United States speak Italian at home.WEB,weblinkweblink" title="archive.today/20200212212514weblink">weblink dead, 12 February 2020, Language Spoken at Home: 2000, United States Bureau of the Census, 8 August 2012, Nevertheless, an Italian language media market does exist in the country.WEB,weblink Newsletter, Netcapricorn.com, 22 October 2015, In Canada, Italian is the second most spoken non-official language when varieties of Chinese are not grouped together, with 375,645 claiming Italian as their mother tongue in 2016.WEB,weblink Data tables, 2016 Census, Statistics Canada, 2 August 2017, 2017-10-26,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20171011045848weblink">weblink 2017-10-11, live, Italian immigrants to South America have also brought a presence of the language to that continent. According to some sources, Italian is the second most spoken language in ArgentinaWEB,weblink Los segundos idiomas más hablados de Sudamérica | AméricaEconomÃa – El sitio de los negocios globales de América Latina, Americaeconomia.com, 16 July 2015, 22 October 2015, after the official language of Spanish, although its number of speakers, mainly of the older generation, is decreasing. Italian bilingual speakers can be found in the Southeast of Brazil as well as in the South, corresponding to 2.07% of the total population of the country.NEWS,weblink Brazil, Ethnologue, 2018-06-06, en,weblink 2018-07-17, live, In Venezuela, Italian is the most spoken language after Spanish and Portuguese, with around 200,000 speakers.JOURNAL, Bernasconi, Giulia, L'Italiano in Venezuela, Italiano LinguaDue, 3, 2012, 2, 20, 10.13130/2037-3597/1921,weblink 22 January 2017, Università degli Studi di Milano, it, L'italiano come lingua acquisita o riacquisita è largamente diffuso in Venezuela: recenti studi stimano circa 200.000 studenti di italiano nel Paese,weblink 2017-02-02, live, In Uruguay, people who speak Italian as their home language are 1.1% of the total population of the country.WEB, 2019, Encuesta Telefónica de Idiomas (ETI) 2019,weblink live,weblink 28 October 2020, Instituto Nacional de EstadÃstica Instituto Nacional de EstadÃstica – Uruguay, In Australia, Italian is the second most spoken foreign language after Chinese, with 1.4% of the population speaking it as their home language.WEB,weblink 2011 Census QuickStats: Australia, Censusdata.abs.gov.au, 2015-10-22,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20151106221006weblink">weblink 2015-11-06, live, The main Italian-language newspapers published outside Italy are the L'Osservatore Romano (Vatican City), the L'Informazione di San Marino (San Marino), the Corriere del Ticino and the laRegione Ticino (Switzerland), the La Voce del Popolo (Croatia), the Corriere d'Italia (Germany), the L'italoeuropeo (United Kingdom), the Passaparola (Luxembourg), the (United States), the Corriere Canadese and the Corriere Italiano (Canada), the Il punto d'incontro (Mexico), the L'Italia del Popolo (Argentina), the Fanfulla (Brazil), the Gente d'Italia (Uruguay), the La Voce d'Italia (Venezuela), the (Australia) and the La gazzetta del Sud Africa (South Africa).WEB,weblink Quotidiani Italiani All'Estero, 6 June 2022, it, WEB,weblink Come si informano gli italiani all'estero, 6 June 2022, it, WEB,weblink Il giornale italo-brasiliano (Fanfulla), 6 June 2022, it,Education
File:ItalSchoolRijeka.jpg|thumb|Italian Secondary School in Rijeka/Fiume, CroatiaCroatiaItalian is widely taught in many schools around the world, but rarely as the first foreign language. In the 21st century, technology also allows for the continual spread of the Italian language, as people have new ways to learn how to speak, read, and write languages at their own pace and at any given time. For example, the free website and application Duolingo has 4.94 million English speakers learning the Italian language.WEB,weblink duolingo, duolingo, 18 July 2017, According to the Italian Ministry of Foreign Affairs, every year there are more than 200,000 foreign students who study the Italian language; they are distributed among the 90 Institutes of Italian Culture that are located around the world, in the 179 Italian schools located abroad, or in the 111 Italian lecturer sections belonging to foreign schools where Italian is taught as a language of culture.WEB,weblink Dati e statistiche, Esteri.it, 28 September 2007, 22 October 2015, 7 August 2011,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20110807061658weblink">weblink dead, {{as of|2022}}, Australia had the highest number of students learning Italian in the world. This occurred because of support by the Italian community in Australia and the Italian Government and also because of successful educational reform efforts led by local governments in Australia.JOURNAL, Hajek, John, Aliani, Renata, Slaughter, Yvette, From the Periphery to the Center Stage: The Mainstreaming of Italian in the Australian Education System (1960s to 1990s), History of Education Quarterly, November 2022, 62, 4, 475–97, 10.1017/heq.2022.30, 253447737, free,Influence and derived languages
{{See also|Italian diaspora}}File:Talian.svg|right|thumb|Municipalities where Talian is co-official in Rio Grande do SulRio Grande do SulFile:Placard piemontèis a San Fransesch an Argentin-a.jpg|thumb|Trilingual sign in San Francisco, Argentina, in Spanish, Italian and Piedmontese.]]From the late 19th to the mid-20th century, thousands of Italians settled in Argentina, Uruguay, Southern Brazil and Venezuela, as well as in Canada and the United States, where they formed a physical and cultural presence.In some cases, colonies were established where variants of regional languages of Italy were used, and some continue to use this regional language. Examples are Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, where Talian is used, and the town of Chipilo near Puebla, Mexico; each continues to use a derived form of Venetian dating back to the nineteenth century. Another example is Cocoliche, an Italian–Spanish pidgin once spoken in Argentina and especially in Buenos Aires, and Lunfardo.Lingua franca
{{See also|Mediterranean Lingua Franca}}Starting in late medieval times in much of Europe and the Mediterranean, Latin was replaced as the primary commercial language by Italian language variants (especially Tuscan and Venetian). These variants were consolidated during the Renaissance with the strength of Italy and the rise of humanism and the arts.During that period, Italy held artistic sway over the rest of Europe. It was the norm for all educated gentlemen to make the Grand Tour, visiting Italy to see its great historical monuments and works of art. It thus became expected to learn at least some Italian. In England, while the classical languages Latin and Greek were the first to be learned, Italian became the second most common modern language after French, a position it held until the late 18th century when it tended to be replaced by German. John Milton, for instance, wrote some of his early poetry in Italian.Within the Catholic Church, Italian is known by a large part of the ecclesiastical hierarchy and is used in substitution for Latin in some official documents.BOOK, The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church, Cross, Frank Leslie, Livingstone, Elizabeth A., Oxford University Press, 2005, 9780192802903, 961, en, The Second Vatican Council declared that the use of Latin was to be maintained in the liturgy, though permission was granted for some use of the vernacular; in the outcome, the use of the vernacular has almost entirely triumphed, although the official books continue to be published in Latin., Italian loanwords continue to be used in most languages in matters of art and music (especially classical music including opera), in the design and fashion industries, in some sports like footballWEB,weblink Italian Language, ilsonline.it, 7 October 2016, and especially in culinary terms.See also
- Demographics of Italy
- Sicilians
- Sardinians
- Ladins
- List of Italians
- List of Sardinians
- List of Sicilians
- Sammarinese
Notes
{{notelist}}References
{{Reflist}}Sources
- JOURNAL, Saupe, Tina, Montinaro, Francesco, Scaggion, Cinzia, Carrara, Nicola, Kivisild, Toomas, D'Atanasio, Eugenia, Hui, Ruoyun, Solnik, Anu, Lebrasseur, Ophélie, Larson, Greger, Alessandri, Luca, 1, 2021-06-21, Ancient genomes reveal structural shifts after the arrival of Steppe-related ancestry in the Italian Peninsula, Current Biology, English, 31, 12, 2576–2591.e12, 10.1016/j.cub.2021.04.022, 0960-9822, 33974848, 234471370, {{harvid, Saupe et al., 2021, |doi-access=free|bibcode=2021CBio...31E2576S |hdl=11585/827581|hdl-access=free}}
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