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{{Short description|City and district in Oxfordshire, England}}{{hatnote|This article is about the city in England. For the university, see University of Oxford. For other uses, see Oxford (disambiguation).}}{{Use British English|date=August 2011}}{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}

factoids
official_name	Oxford | other_name = | nickname = "the City of Dreaming Spires" | settlement_type = City and non-metropolitan district | motto = "Fortis est veritas" "The truth is strong"

2021 United Kingdom census>2021)id=E07000178access-date=5 January 2024}}Ethnic groups in the United Kingdom>Ethnic groups| demographics1_info1 = | demographics_type2 = Religion (2021)| demographics2_footnotes = Religion in England>Religion| demographics2_info1 =

}}Oxford ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|ɒ|k|s|f|ər|d}})BOOK, Clive Upton, Upton, Clive, The Oxford Dictionary of Pronunciation for Current English, 2001, Oxford University Press, Oxford, England, 978-0-19-863156-9, 734, etal, registration,weblink Dictionary.com, "oxford" in Dictionary.com Unabridged. Source location: Random House, Inc.weblink {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120623104138weblink |date=23 June 2012 }}. Available:weblink {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150520140539weblink |date=20 May 2015 }}. Accessed: 4 July 2012. is a city and non-metropolitan district in Oxfordshire, England, of which it is the county town. Founded in the 8th century, it was granted city status in 1542. The city is located at the confluence of the rivers Thames (locally known as the Isis) and Cherwell. It had a population of 162,100 at the 2021 census. It is {{convert|56|mi}} north-west of London, {{convert|64|mi}} south-east of Birmingham and {{convert|61|mi}} north-east of Bristol. The city is home to the University of Oxford, the oldest university in the English-speaking world;{{harvnb|Sager|2005|p=36}}. it has buildings in every style of English architecture since late Anglo-Saxon. Oxford's industries include motor manufacturing, education, publishing, information technology and science.

History

{{For timeline}}File:Myles Birket Foster The High Oxford.jpg|thumb|left|19th-century view of the High Street in Oxford]]The history of Oxford in England dates back to its original settlement in the Saxon period. Originally of strategic significance due to its controlling location on the upper reaches of the River Thames at its junction with the River Cherwell, the town grew in national importance during the early Norman period, and in the late 12th century became home to the fledgling University of Oxford.WEB, A brief history of the University,weblink University of Oxford, 17 August 2012, 2 March 2011,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20110302031633weblink">weblink dead, The city was besieged during The Anarchy in 1142.BOOK, Crouch, D., The Reign of King Stephen: 1135–1154, 2nd, 2013, Routledge, London, 978-1-31789-297-7, 203, The university rose to dominate the town. A heavily ecclesiastical town, Oxford was greatly affected by the changes of the English Reformation, emerging as the seat of a bishopric and a full-fledged city. During the English Civil War, Oxford housed the court of Charles I and stood at the heart of national affairs.BOOK, Hargreaves-Mawdsley, W. N.,weblink Oxford in the Age of John Locke, 1973, Norman, University of Oklahoma Press, 978-0-8061-1038-7, 41, en, The city began to grow industrially during the 19th century, and had an industrial boom in the early 20th century, with major printing and car-manufacturing industries. These declined, along with other British heavy industry, in the 1970s and 1980s, leaving behind a city which had developed far beyond the university town of the past.BOOK, James Stevens, Curl, The Erosion of Oxford, Oxford Illustrated Press Ltd, 1977, 0-902280-40-6,

Geography

Physical

Location

Oxford's latitude and longitude are {{Coord|51|45|N|1|15|W|type:city_region:GB|display=inline,title}}, with Ordnance Survey {{gbmapping|SP513061}} (at Carfax Tower, which is usually considered the centre). Oxford is {{convert|24|mi|km}} north-west of Reading, {{convert|26|mi|km}} north-east of Swindon, {{convert|36|mi|km}} east of Cheltenham, {{convert|43|mi|km}} east of Gloucester, {{convert|29|mi|km}} south-west of Milton Keynes, {{convert|38|mi|km}} south-east of Evesham, {{convert|43|mi|km}} south of Rugby and {{convert|51|mi|km}} west-north-west of London. The rivers Cherwell and Thames (also sometimes known as the Isis locally, supposedly from the Latinised name ) run through Oxford and meet south of the city centre. These rivers and their flood plains constrain the size of the city centre.

Climate

Oxford has a maritime temperate climate (Köppen: Cfb). Precipitation is uniformly distributed throughout the year and is provided mostly by weather systems that arrive from the Atlantic. The lowest temperature ever recorded in Oxford was {{convert|-17.8|°C|1|abbr=on}} on 24 December 1860. The highest temperature ever recorded in Oxford is {{convert|38.1|°C|0|abbr=on}} on 19 July 2022.WEB,weblink Daily Data from the Radcliffe Observatory site in Oxford, 24 June 2020, University of Oxford, 23 June 2020,weblink live, The average conditions below are from the Radcliffe Meteorological Station. It has the longest series of temperature and rainfall records for one site in Britain. These records are continuous from January 1815. Irregular observations of rainfall, cloud cover, and temperature exist since 1767.WEB,weblink Radcliffe Meteorological Station, 17 March 2008,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20080601184328weblink">weblink 1 June 2008, live, The driest year on record was 1788, with {{convert|336.7|mm|in|abbr=on}} of rainfall. The wettest year was 2012, with {{convert|979.5|mm|in|abbr=on}}. The wettest month on record was September 1774, with a total fall of {{convert|223.9|mm|in|abbr=on}}. The warmest month on record is July 1983, with an average of {{convert|21.1|°C|0|abbr=on}} and the coldest is January 1963, with an average of {{convert|-3.0|°C|0|abbr=on}}. The warmest year on record is 2014, with an average of {{convert|11.8|°C|0|abbr=on}} and the coldest is 1879, with a mean temperature of {{convert|7.7|°C|0|abbr=on}}. The sunniest month on record is May 2020, with 331.7 hours and December 1890 is the least sunny, with 5.0 hours. The greatest one-day rainfall occurred on 10 July 1968, with a total of {{convert|87.9|mm|in|abbr=on}}. The greatest known snow depth was {{convert|61.0|cm|in|abbr=on}} in February 1888.WEB,weblink Monthly, Annual and Seasonal Data from the Radcliffe Observatory site in Oxford, 24 June 2020, University of Oxford, 26 June 2020,weblink live, {{Weather box|location = Oxford (RMS),{{efn|Weather station is located {{convert|0.7|mi|1|abbr=out}} from the Oxford city centre.}} elevation: {{convert|61|m|ft|0|abbr=on|order=flip}}, 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1815–2020| collapsed = | metric first = y| single line = y| Jan record high C = 15.9| Feb record high C = 18.8| Mar record high C = 22.1| Apr record high C = 27.6| May record high C = 30.6| Jun record high C = 34.3| Jul record high C = 38.1| Aug record high C = 35.1| Sep record high C = 33.4| Oct record high C = 29.1| Nov record high C = 18.9| Dec record high C = 15.9| Jan high C = 8.0| Feb high C = 8.6| Mar high C = 11.3| Apr high C = 14.4| May high C = 17.7| Jun high C = 20.7| Jul high C = 23.1| Aug high C = 22.5| Sep high C = 19.4| Oct high C = 15.1| Nov high C = 10.9| Dec high C = 8.2| year high C = 15.0| Jan mean C = 5.2| Feb mean C = 5.5| Mar mean C = 7.5| Apr mean C = 9.9| May mean C = 12.9| Jun mean C = 15.9| Jul mean C = 18.1| Aug mean C = 17.8| Sep mean C = 15.0| Oct mean C = 11.5| Nov mean C = 7.9| Dec mean C = 5.4| year mean C = 11.1| Jan low C = 2.4| Feb low C = 2.3| Mar low C = 3.6| Apr low C = 5.3| May low C = 8.2| Jun low C = 11.1| Jul low C = 13.1| Aug low C = 13.0| Sep low C = 10.7| Oct low C = 8.0| Nov low C = 4.9| Dec low C = 2.6| year low C = 7.1| Jan record low C = -16.6| Feb record low C = -16.2| Mar record low C = -12.0| Apr record low C = -5.6| May record low C = -3.4| Jun record low C = 0.4| Jul record low C = 2.4| Aug record low C = 0.2| Sep record low C = -3.3| Oct record low C = -5.7| Nov record low C = -10.1| Dec record low C = -17.8| precipitation colour = green| Jan precipitation mm = 59.6| Feb precipitation mm = 46.8| Mar precipitation mm = 43.2| Apr precipitation mm = 48.7| May precipitation mm = 56.9| Jun precipitation mm = 49.7| Jul precipitation mm = 52.5| Aug precipitation mm = 61.7| Sep precipitation mm = 51.9| Oct precipitation mm = 73.2| Nov precipitation mm = 71.5| Dec precipitation mm = 66.1| year precipitation mm = 681.6| unit precipitation days = 1.0 mm| Jan precipitation days = 12.1| Feb precipitation days = 9.4| Mar precipitation days = 9.1| Apr precipitation days = 8.9| May precipitation days = 9.6| Jun precipitation days = 8.0| Jul precipitation days = 8.3| Aug precipitation days = 9.0| Sep precipitation days = 8.6| Oct precipitation days = 10.9| Nov precipitation days = 11.3| Dec precipitation days = 12.2| year precipitation days = 117.7| Jan sun = 63.4| Feb sun = 81.9| Mar sun = 118.2| Apr sun = 165.6| May sun = 200.3| Jun sun = 197.1| Jul sun = 212.0| Aug sun = 193.3| Sep sun = 145.3| Oct sun = 110.2| Nov sun = 70.8| Dec sun = 57.6| year sun = 1615.5Met OfficeHTTPS://WWW.METOFFICE.GOV.UK/RESEARCH/CLIMATE/MAPS-AND-DATA/UK-CLIMATE-AVERAGES/GCPN7MP10 ACCESS-DATE=1 JANUARY 2022, Met Office, | source 2 = University of OxfordHTTPS://WWW.GEOG.OX.AC.UK/RESEARCH/CLIMATE/RMS/DAILY-DATA.HTML> TITLE = DAILY DATA FROM THE RADCLIFFE OBSERVATORY SITE IN OXFORD PUBLISHER = UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD, }}{{notelist}}(File:Location map United Kingdom Oxford.svg|Map of Oxford|thumb|upright=2.25)

Districts

The city centre

The city centre is relatively small and is centred on Carfax, a crossroads which forms the junction of Cornmarket Street (pedestrianised), Queen Street (mainly pedestrianised), St Aldate's and the High Street ("the High"; blocked for through traffic). Cornmarket Street and Queen Street are home to Oxford's chain stores, as well as a small number of independent retailers, one of the longest established of which was Boswell's, founded in 1738.WEB, About Boswells,weblinkmall/infopageviewer.cfm/Boswells/AboutUs, dead, https:web.archive.org/web/20071123112907weblink 23 November 2007, 10 January 2010, Boswells-online.co.uk, The store closed in 2020.NEWS, Ffrench, Andrew, 29 February 2020, Everything must go now at Boswells in closing down sale, Oxford Mail,weblink live, 29 March 2020,weblink 29 March 2020, St Aldate's has few shops but several local government buildings, including the town hall, the city police station and local council offices. The High (the word street is traditionally omitted) is the longest of the four streets and has a number of independent and high-end chain stores, but mostly university and college buildings. The historic buildings mean the area is often used by film and TV crews.

Suburbs

Aside from the city centre, there are several suburbs and neighbourhoods within the borders of the city of Oxford, including:{{div col|colwidth=20em}}

• Barton
• Blackbird Leys
• Cowley
  • Temple Cowley
• Iffley
  • Littlemore
  • Rose Hill
• Cutteslowe
• Headington
  • New Marston
• Jericho
• North Oxford
  • Park Town
  • Norham Manor
  • Walton Manor
• Osney
• Risinghurst
• Summertown
  • Sunnymead
  • Waterways
• Wolvercote

{{div col end}}

Green belt

(File:Oxford_Malmaison_Hotel.jpg|right|thumb|Oxford Malmaison Hotel)Oxford is at the centre of the Oxford Green Belt, which is an environmental and planning policy that regulates the rural space in Oxfordshire surrounding the city, aiming to prevent urban sprawl and minimize convergence with nearby settlements.WEB, The Oxford Green Belt: Key Facts,weblink CPRE Oxfordshire, 15 February 2018,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20180215083708weblink">weblink 15 February 2018, dead, The policy has been blamed for the large rise in house prices in Oxford, making it the least affordable city in the United Kingdom outside of London, with estate agents calling for brownfield land inside the green belt to be released for new housing.WEB,weblink Estate agents call for building on Green Belt to ease house price crisis, Oxford Mail, 4 March 2017, 30 May 2019,weblink Andy, Ffrench, 26 April 2019, live, NEWS,weblink Loosen Britain's green belt. It is stunting our young people, Jonn, Elledge, 22 September 2017, 30 May 2019, The Guardian,weblink 27 May 2019, live, The Guardian, NEWS,weblink Welcome to Britain's most unaffordable spot – it's not London, Anna, White, 26 February 2015, 30 May 2019, The Telegraph,weblink 26 April 2019, live, The vast majority of the area covered is outside of the city, but there are some green spaces within that which are covered by the designation, such as much of the Thames and river Cherwell flood-meadows, and the village of Binsey, along with several smaller portions on the fringes. Other landscape features and places of interest covered include Cutteslowe Park and the mini railway attraction, the University Parks, Hogacre Common Eco Park, numerous sports grounds, Aston's Eyot, St Margaret's Church and well, and Wolvercote Common and community orchard.WEB, Oxford Green Belt Study Final Report Prepared by LUC, October 2015,weblink Oxfordshire County Council, 15 February 2018,weblink 15 February 2018, live, {{Geographic Location|title = Destinations from OxfordWorcester, England>Worcester|North = Banbury|Northeast = Bicester, Milton Keynes|West = Witney, Cheltenham|Centre = Oxford|East = High Wycombe, Aylesbury|Southwest = Wantage, SwindonAbingdon-on-Thames>Abingdon, Didcot, Newbury, Berkshire, Reading, Berkshire>ReadingSlough, Windsor, Berkshire>Windsor}}

Governance

File:Museum of Oxford (5652685943).jpg|thumb|Town Hall, St Aldate's ]]There are two tiers of local government covering Oxford, at district and county level: Oxford City Council and Oxfordshire County Council. From 1889 to 1974 the city of Oxford was a county borough, independent from the county council.LEGISLATION UK, act, Local Government Act 1972, 1972, 70, 25 April 2023, Oxford City Council meets at the Town Hall on the street called St Aldate's in the city centre. The current building was completed in 1897, on a site which had been occupied by Oxford's guildhall since the 13th century.{{NHLE|num=1047153|desc=Town Hall, Municipal Buildings and Library|grade=II*|accessdate=25 April 2023}}Most of Oxford is an unparished area, but there are four civil parishes within the city's boundaries: Blackbird Leys, Littlemore, Old Marston, and Risinghurst and Sandhills.WEB, Parish council contact details,weblink Oxford City Council, 25 April 2023,

Economy

Oxford's economy includes manufacturing, publishing and science-based industries as well as education, sports, entertainment, breweries, research and tourism.

Car production

Oxford has been an important centre of motor manufacturing since Morris Motors was established in the city in 1910. The principal production site for Mini cars, owned by BMW since 2000, is in the Oxford suburb of Cowley. The plant, which survived the turbulent years of British Leyland in the 1970s and was threatened with closure in the early 1990s, also produced cars under the Austin and Rover brands following the demise of the Morris brand in 1984, although the last Morris-badged car was produced there in 1982.

Publishing

Oxford University Press, a department of the University of Oxford, is based in the city, although it no longer operates its own paper mill and printing house. The city is also home to the UK operations of Wiley-Blackwell, ElsevierWEB,weblink Elsevier, The Publishers Association, 23 June 2023, and several smaller publishing houses.

Science and technology

The presence of the university has given rise to many science and technology based businesses, including Oxford Instruments, Research Machines and Sophos. The university established Isis Innovation in 1987 to promote technology transfer. The Oxford Science Park was established in 1990, and the Begbroke Science Park, owned by the university, lies north of the city. Oxford increasingly has a reputation for being a centre of digital innovation, as epitomized by Digital Oxford.WEB, Home – Digital Oxford,weblink Digital Oxford, 3 June 2015,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20150509055659weblink">weblink 9 May 2015, live, Several startups including Passle,WEB, Passle – become a thought leader,weblink Passle: Don't have time to blog?, 3 June 2015, 28 July 2020,weblink live, Brainomix,WEB, Brainomix,weblink Brainomix, 5 June 2015,weblink 8 July 2015, live, Labstep,WEB, Labstep,weblink angel.co, 3 June 2015,weblink 3 June 2015, live, and more, are based in Oxford.

Education

File:Divinity_School_Interior_2,_Bodleian_Library,_Oxford,_UK_-_Diliff.jpg|right|thumb|The Divinity School at the Bodleian LibraryBodleian LibraryFile:Wellington Square Oxford 1.jpg|thumb|right|Wellington Square, the name of which has become synonymous with the university's central administration]]The presence of the university has also led to Oxford becoming a centre for the education industry. Companies often draw their teaching staff from the pool of Oxford University students and graduates, and, especially for EFL education, use their Oxford location as a selling point.WEB,weblink Learn English in Oxford, oxford-royale.co.uk, 25 May 2014,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20140523195641weblink">weblink 23 May 2014, live,

Tourism

(File:St_Mary%27s_Church,_Radcliffe_Sq,_Oxford,_UK_-_Diliff.jpg|right|thumb|The University Church of St Mary the Virgin)File:Carfaxtower fromcornmarket.jpg|right|thumb|Carfax Tower at Carfax, the junction of the High Street, Queen Street, Cornmarket and St Aldate's streets at what is considered by many to be the centre of the city]]Oxford has numerous major tourist attractions, many belonging to the university and colleges. As well as several famous institutions, the town centre is home to Carfax Tower and the University Church of St Mary the Virgin, both of which offer views over the spires of the city. Many tourists shop at the historic Covered Market. In the summer, punting on the Thames/Isis and the Cherwell is a common practice. As well as being a major draw for tourists (9.1 million in 2008, similar in 2009),WEB, Hearn, Dan, 19 August 2009, Oxford tourism suffers triple whammy,weblink live,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20090821150917weblink">weblink 21 August 2009, 1 March 2010, Oxford Mail, Oxford city centre has many shops, several theatres and an ice rink.

Retail

(File:High Street in Oxford by Night 2009 LL.jpg|right|thumb|Night view of High Street with Christmas lights – one of Oxford's main streets)There are two small shopping malls in the city centre: the Clarendon CentreWEB, Clarendon Shopping Centre,weblink live,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20100328140642weblink">weblink 28 March 2010, 10 January 2010, Clarendoncentre.co.uk, and the Westgate Centre.WEB, 18 May 2009, Visit Oxford's premier shopping centre â€“ the Westgate Shopping Centre,weblink dead,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20090202190628weblink">weblink 2 February 2009, 10 January 2010, Oxfordcity.co.uk, The Westgate Centre is named for the original West Gate in the city wall, and is at the west end of Queen Street. A major redevelopment and expansion to {{convert|750000|sqft|m2|abbr=on}}, with a new {{convert|230000|sqft|m2|abbr=on}} John Lewis department store and a number of new homes, was completed in October 2017. Blackwell's Bookshop is a bookshop which claims the largest single room devoted to book sales in the whole of Europe, the Norrington Room (10,000 sq ft).WEB, Blackwell's Books, Oxford,weblink live,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20140525232350weblink">weblink 25 May 2014, 25 May 2014, britainexpress.com,

Brewing

There is a long history of brewing in Oxford. Several of the colleges had private breweries, one of which, at Brasenose, survived until 1889. In the 16th century brewing and malting appear to have been the most popular trades in the city. There were breweries in Brewer Street and Paradise Street, near the Castle Mill Stream. The rapid expansion of Oxford and the development of its railway links after the 1840s facilitated expansion of the brewing trade.JOURNAL, Woolley, Liz, 2010, Industrial Architecture in Oxford, 1870 to 1914, Oxoniensia, LXXV, 78, Oxfordshire Architectural and Historical Society, 0308-5562, As well as expanding the market for Oxford's brewers, railways enabled brewers further from the city to compete for a share of its market. By 1874 there were nine breweries in Oxford and 13 brewers' agents in Oxford shipping beer in from elsewhere. The nine breweries were: Flowers & Co in Cowley Road, Hall's St Giles Brewery, Hall's Swan Brewery (see below), Hanley's City Brewery in Queen Street, Le Mills's Brewery in St. Ebbes, Morrell's Lion Brewery in St Thomas Street (see below), Simonds's Brewery in Queen Street, Weaving's Eagle Brewery (by 1869 the Eagle Steam Brewery) in Park End Street and Wootten and Cole's St. Clement's Brewery.The Swan's Nest Brewery, later the Swan Brewery, was established by the early 18th century in Paradise Street, and in 1795 was acquired by William Hall.BOOK, Page, William, William Page (historian), Victoria County History, A History of the County of Oxford, Volume 2: Industries: Malting and Brewing, 1907, Archibald Constable & Co, 225–277,weblink 5 February 2011,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20120316074332weblink">weblink 16 March 2012, live, The brewery became known as Hall's Oxford Brewery, which acquired other local breweries. Hall's Brewery was acquired by Samuel Allsopp & Sons in 1926, after which it ceased brewing in Oxford.BOOK, Richmond, Lesley, Turton, Alison, 1990, The Brewing industry: a guide to historical records, 978-0-7190-3032-1, 165, Manchester University Press,weblink 27 June 2015,weblink 21 September 2015, live, Morrell's was founded in 1743 by Richard Tawney. He formed a partnership in 1782 with Mark and James Morrell, who eventually became the owners.WEB,weblink History of Headington, Oxford, Headington.org.uk, 19 April 2009, 17 April 2010,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20100323033009weblink">weblink 23 March 2010, live, After an acrimonious family dispute this much-loved brewery was closed in 1998,WEB,weblink Morrells Brewery up for sale, Archive.thisisoxfordshire.co.uk, 17 April 2010, dead,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20081201232227weblink">weblink 1 December 2008, the beer brand names being taken over by the Thomas Hardy Burtonwood brewery,WEB, www.quaffale.org.uk,weblink Morrells Brewery Ltd, Quaffale.org.uk, 22 September 2001, 17 April 2010,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20081122013846weblink">weblink 22 November 2008, live, while the 132 tied pubs were bought by Michael Cannon, owner of the American hamburger chain Fuddruckers, through a new company, Morrells of Oxford.WEB,weblink Jericho Echo, Pstalker.com, 17 April 2010,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20100808010233weblink">weblink 8 August 2010, live, The new owners sold most of the pubs on to Greene King in 2002.NEWS,weblink England | Brewer buys pub chain for £67m, BBC News, 18 June 2002, 17 April 2010,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20090112044544weblink">weblink 12 January 2009, live, The Lion Brewery was converted into luxury apartments in 2002.WEB,weblink Brewery site plan nears final hurdle, Archive.thisisoxfordshire.co.uk, 19 February 2001, 17 April 2010, dead,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20081225022552weblink">weblink 25 December 2008, Oxford's first legal distillery, the Oxford Artisan Distillery, was established in 2017 in historic farm buildings at the top of South Park.NEWS,weblink 27 July 2017, Grab a glass: The Oxford Artisan Distillery opens in South Park today, Marc, Evans, Oxford Mail,

Bellfounding

The Taylor family of Loughborough had a bell-foundry in Oxford between 1786 and 1854.WEB,weblink Bell Founders, Dove's Guide for Church Bell Ringers, 8 March 2011,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20150904010159weblink">weblink 4 September 2015, live, {{Wide image|Oxford Skyline Panorama from St Mary's Church - Oct 2006.jpg|800px|The spires of Oxford facing Christ Church to the south (Christ Church Cathedral on the left and Tom Tower on the right)}}

Buildings

File:Christ_Church_Cathedral_Interior_2,_Oxford,_UK_-_Diliff.jpg|right|thumb|Christ Church Cathedral, OxfordChrist Church Cathedral, OxfordFile:Oxford_Botanic_Garden_in_Autumn_2004.jpg|right|thumb|Oxford Botanic GardenOxford Botanic GardenThis is a small selection of the many notable buildings in Oxford.{{div col|colwidth=20em}}

• Christ Church Cathedral, Oxford
• The Headington Shark
• Oxford University Press
• Oxford Botanic Garden
• Sheldonian Theatre
• St. Mary the Virgin Church
• Radcliffe Camera
• Radcliffe Observatory
• Oxford Oratory
• Malmaison Hotel, in a converted prison in part of the medieval Oxford Castle

{{div col end}}

Parks and nature walks

Oxford is a very green city, with several parks and nature walks within the ring road, as well as several sites just outside the ring road. In total, 28 nature reserves exist within or just outside the ring road, including:{{div col|colwidth=20em}}

• University Parks
• Mesopotamia
• Rock Edge Nature Reserve
• Lye Valley
• South Park
• C. S. Lewis Nature Reserve
• Shotover Nature Reserve
• Port Meadow
• Cutteslowe Park

{{div col end}}

Demography

(File:Oxford population pyramid.svg|thumb|Population pyramid of Oxford in 2021)(File:UK and foreign born population pyramid of Oxford in 2021.svg|thumb|UK and foreign born population pyramid of Oxford in 2021)

Ethnicity{| class"wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"

! rowspan="2" |Ethnic Group! colspan="2" |1981 estimatesJOURNAL, 1985, Ethnic minorities in Britain: statistical information on the pattern of settlement,weblink Commission for Racial Equality, English, Table 2.2, Equality, Commission for Racial, ! colspan="2" |1991Data is taken from United Kingdom Casweb Data services of the United Kingdom 1991 Census on Ethnic Data for England, Scotland and Wales (Table 6)! colspan="2" |2001WEB, Office of National Statistics; 2001 Census Key Statistics,weblink" title="webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ukgwa/20160105160709weblink">weblink 2021-09-07, webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk, ! colspan="2" |2011WEB, 2011 Census: Ethnic Group, local authorities in England and Wales,weblink" title="webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ukgwa/20160105160709weblink">weblink 2021-12-15, webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk, ! colspan="2" |2021WEB, Ethnic group, census2021 (TS021),weblink 2022-11-29, webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk, !Number!%!Number!%!Number!%!Number!%!Number!%||||||||||!White: Total!83,762!93%!99,935!90.8%!116,948!87.1%!117,957!77.7%!120,509!70.7%White British>British|–|–|–|–|103,041|76.8%|96,633|63.6%|86,672|53.5%White Irish>Irish|–|–|–|–|2,898||2,431||2,351|White Gypsy or Irish Traveller>Gypsy or Irish Traveller|–|–|–|–|–|–|92||62||White: Roma|–|–|–|–|–|–|–|–|501|Other White>Other|–|–|–|–|11,009|8.2%|18,801|12.4%|24,975|15.4%!Asian or Asian British: Total!–!–!5,808!5.3%!8,931!6.7%!18,827!12.4%!24,991!15.4%British Indians>Indian|–|–|1,560|1.4%|2,323|1.7%|4,449|2.9%|6,005|3.7%British Pakistanis>Pakistani|–|–|2042|1.9%|2,625|2.0%|4,825|3.2%|6,619|4.1%British Bangladeshis>Bangladeshi|–|–|510|0.5%|878|0.7%|1,791|1.2%|2,025|1.3%British Chinese>Chinese|–|–|859|0.8%|2,460|1.8%|3,559|2.3%|4,479|2.8%|Asian or Asian British: Other Asian|–|–|837|0.8%|645|0.5%|4,203|2.8%|5,863|3.6%!Black or Black British: Total!–!–!3,055!2.8%!3,368!2.5%!7,028!4.6%!7,535!4.7%British African-Caribbean people>Caribbean|–|–|1745||1,664||1,874||1,629|British African-Caribbean people>African|–|–|593||1,408||4,456||5,060|Classification of ethnicity in the United Kingdom>Other Black|–|–|717||296||698||846|!Mixed or British Mixed: Total!–!–!–!–!3,239!2.4%!6,035!4%!9,005!5.6%|Mixed: White and Black Caribbean|–|–|–|–|1,030||1,721||1,916||Mixed: White and Black African|–|–|–|–|380||703||1,072||Mixed: White and Asian|–|–|–|–|974||2,008||3,197||Mixed: Other Mixed|–|–|–|–|855||1,603||2,820|!Other: Total!–!–!1,305!1.2%!1,762!1.3%!2,059!1.4%!5,948!3.7%|Other: Arab|–|–|–|–|–|–|922|0.6%|1,449|0.9%|Other: Any other ethnic group|–|–|1,305|1.2%|1,762|1.3%|1,137|0.7%|4,499|2.8%!Ethnic minority: Total!6,265!7%!10,168!9.2%!17,300!12.9%!33,949!22.3%!47,479!29.3%|||||||||!Total!90,027!100%!110,103!100%!134,248!100%!151,906!100%!162,040!100%">

Religion{|class"wikitable sortable" style"text-align:right"

!rowspan="2"|Religion!colspan="2"|2001WEB,weblink KS007 - Religion, 30 January 2016, !colspan="2"|2011WEB,weblink 2011 census – theme tables, 8 January 2016, 4 March 2016,weblink live, !colspan="2"|2021WEB,weblink Religion - Office for National Statistics, !Number!%!Number!%!Number!% Irreligion >| 39.0 Christianity >| 38.1 Religion not stated 11,725 8.7 12,611 8.3 16,1109.9 Islam>|8.7 Hinduism >| 1.6 Other religion 656 0.5 796 0.5 1,447 0.9 Buddhist >| 0.7 Judaism >| 0.7 Sikhism >| 0.4 style="font-weight:bold;" Total 134,248 100.0% 151,906 100.0% 162,040 100.0%

Transport

Air

In addition to the larger airports in the region, Oxford is served by nearby Oxford Airport, in Kidlington. The airport is also home to CAE Oxford Aviation Academy and Airways AviationWEB,weblink New Global Headquarters for Airways Aviation, Richard, Hikins, 4 March 2016, oxfordairport.co.uk, Oxford Airport, 18 October 2020, 28 October 2020,weblink live, airline pilot flight training centres, and several private jet companies. The airport is also home to Airbus Helicopters UK headquarters.WEB,weblink Airbus Helicopters celebrates 40 years as the all-in-one solution for UK helicopter industry, 15 July 2014, Helicopters, Airbus, 18 October 2020, 28 November 2020,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20201128043043weblink">weblink live,

Rail–airport links

Direct trains run from Oxford station to {{rws|London Paddington}} where there is an interchange with the Heathrow Express train links serving Heathrow Airport. Passengers can change at Reading for connecting trains to Gatwick Airport. Some CrossCountry trains run direct services to Birmingham International, as well as to Southampton Airport Parkway further afield.

Buses

File:Wright StreetDeck SK66 HTY Oxford StGiles.jpg|alt=|thumb|Oxford Bus Company hybrid bus on a park & ridepark & rideFile:Oxford Bus Company 604 on Route U1, Oxford Station (14966079163).jpg|thumb|Oxford Bus Company flywheel energy storageflywheel energy storageBus services in Oxford and its suburbs are run by the Oxford Bus Company and Stagecoach West as well as other operators including Arriva Shires & Essex and Thames Travel. Oxford has one of the largest urban park and ride networks in the United Kingdom. Its five sites, at Pear Tree, Redbridge, Seacourt, Thornhill, Water Eaton and Oxford Parkway have a combined capacity of 4,930 car parking spaces,WEB, Park and ride car parks,weblink dead,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20150925095850weblink">weblink 25 September 2015, 24 September 2015, Roads and transport, Oxfordshire County Council, served by 20 Oxford Bus Company double decker buses with a combined capacity of 1,695 seats.WEB, August 2015, Oxford Bus Company Fleet List,weblink live,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20150925091420weblink">weblink 25 September 2015, 24 September 2015, Oxford Bus Company, Hybrid buses began to be used in Oxford in 2010, and their usage has been expanded.NEWS, Little, Reg, 15 July 2010, Transport revolution, 1–2, The Oxford Times, Newsquest (Oxfordshire) Ltd, Oxford,weblink live, 15 July 2010,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20110726195919weblink">weblink 26 July 2011, In 2014 Oxford Bus introduced a fleet of 20 new buses with flywheel energy storage on the services it operates under contract for Oxford Brookes University.NEWS, Holley, Mel, 10 September 2014, Gyrodrive debuts in Oxford, RouteOne, Diversified Communications,weblink, dead, 24 September 2015, https:web.archive.org/web/20160131202053weblink 31 January 2016, Most buses in the city now use a smartcard to pay for journeysWEB,weblink Smart ticketing, Sustainability, Go-Ahead Group, dead,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20150206134929weblink">weblink 6 February 2015, and have free WiFi installed.WEB,weblink Free Wi-Fi on city buses and buildings as Oxford gets Super Connected, Newsroom, Oxford City Council, 13 October 2014,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20150421085613weblink">weblink 21 April 2015, live, WEB,weblink Free Wi-Fi on buses announced as Oxford gets Super Connected!, Oxford Bus Company, WordPress, 4 November 2014,weblink 25 May 2015, live, WEB,weblink Oxford bus users to get free wifi, News, ITV,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20150525140741weblink">weblink 25 May 2015, live,

Coach

The Oxford to London coach route offers a frequent coach service to London. The Oxford Tube is operated by Stagecoach West and the Oxford Bus Company runs the Airline services to Heathrow and Gatwick airports. There is a bus station at Gloucester Green, used mainly by the London and airport buses, National Express coaches and other long-distance buses including route X5 to Milton Keynes and Bedford and Stagecoach Gold route S6.

Cycling

Among British cities, Oxford has the second highest percentage of people cycling to work.WEB,weblink 2011 Census Analysis – Cycling to Work, ONS, 26 March 2014, 23 August 2014,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20140825060052weblink">weblink 25 August 2014, live,

Rail

File:Oxford Railway Station at dusk Nov 2011.jpg|alt=|thumb|Oxford railway stationOxford railway stationFile:Oxford Parkway 3rd November2015 14.JPG|alt=|thumb|Oxford Parkway Station, on the outskirts near KidlingtonKidlingtonOxford railway station is half a mile (about 1 km) west of the city centre. The station is served by CrossCountry services to Bournemouth and Manchester Piccadilly; Great Western Railway (who manage the station) services to London Paddington, Banbury and Hereford; and Chiltern Railways services to London Marylebone. Oxford has had three main railway stations. The first was opened at Grandpont in 1844,{{sfn|MacDermot|1927|pp=180–181}} but this was a terminus, inconvenient for routes to the north;{{sfn|MacDermot|1927|p=300}} it was replaced by the present station on Park End Street in 1852 with the opening of the Birmingham route.{{sfn|MacDermot|1927|p=327}} Another terminus, at Rewley Road, was opened in 1851 to serve the Bletchley route;{{sfn|Mitchell|Smith|2005|loc=Historical Background}} this station closed in 1951.{{sfn|Mitchell|Smith|2005|loc=fig. 8}} There have also been a number of local railway stations, all of which are now closed. A fourth station, {{rws|Oxford Parkway}}, is just outside the city, at the park and ride site near Kidlington. The present railway station opened in 1852.Oxford is the junction for a short branch line to Bicester, a remnant of the former Varsity line to Cambridge. This Oxford–Bicester line was upgraded to {{convert|100|mph|0|abbr=on}} running during an 18-month closure in 2014/2015 – and is scheduled to be extended to form the planned East West Rail line to Milton Keynes.WEB,weblink Welcome to, East West Rail, 18 August 2014, 23 August 2014,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20140807025346weblink">weblink 7 August 2014, dead, East West Rail is proposed to continue through {{rws|Bletchley}} (for {{rws|Milton Keynes Central}}) to Bedford,WEB,weblink Western Section, East West Rail, 18 August 2014, 23 August 2014,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20140807030413weblink">weblink 7 August 2014, live, Cambridge,WEB,weblink Central Section, East West Rail, 18 August 2014, 23 August 2014,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20140807032336weblink">weblink 7 August 2014, live, and ultimately Ipswich and Norwich,WEB,weblink Eastern Section, East West Rail, 18 August 2014, 23 August 2014,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20140807025204weblink">weblink 7 August 2014, dead, thus providing alternative route to East Anglia without needing to travel via, and connect between, the London mainline terminals.Chiltern Railways operates from Oxford to London Marylebone via {{rws|Bicester Village}}, having sponsored the building of about 400 metres of new track between Bicester Village and the Chiltern Main Line southwards in 2014. The route serves High Wycombe and London Marylebone, avoiding London Paddington and Didcot Parkway.In 1844, the Great Western Railway linked Oxford with London Paddington via {{stnlnk|Didcot}} and {{stnlnk|Reading}};{{sfn|Simpson|1997|p=59}}{{sfn|Simpson|2001|p=9}} in 1851, the London & North Western Railway opened its own route from Oxford to London Euston, via Bicester, {{stnlnk|Bletchley}} and Watford;{{sfn|Simpson|1997|p=101}} and in 1864 a third route, also to Paddington, running via {{stnlnk|Thame}}, {{stnlnk|High Wycombe}} and {{stnlnk|Maidenhead}}, was provided;{{sfn|Simpson|2001|p=57}} this was shortened in 1906 by the opening of a direct route between High Wycombe and London Paddington by way of {{stnlnk|Denham}}.{{sfn|MacDermot|1931|p=432}} The distance from Oxford to London was {{convert|78|mi|km|1}} via Bletchley; {{convert|63.5|mi|km|1}} via Didcot and Reading; {{convert|63.25|mi|km|1}} via Thame and Maidenhead;{{sfn|Cooke|1960|p=70}} and {{convert|55.75|mi|km|1}} via Denham.{{sfn|MacDermot|1931|p=432}}Only the original ({{rws|Didcot}}) route is still in use for its full length, portions of the others remain. There were also routes to the north and west. The line to {{stnlnk|Banbury}} was opened in 1850,{{sfn|MacDermot|1927|p=300}} and was extended to Birmingham Snow Hill in 1852;{{sfn|MacDermot|1927|p=327}} a route to Worcester opened in 1853.{{sfn|MacDermot|1927|p=498}} A branch to Witney was opened in 1862,{{sfn|MacDermot|1927|p=551}} which was extended to {{stnlnk|Fairford}} in 1873.{{sfn|MacDermot|1931|p=27}} The line to Witney and Fairford closed in 1962, but the others remain open.

River and canal

Oxford was historically an important port on the River Thames, with this section of the river being called the Isis; the Oxford-Burcot Commission in the 17th century attempted to improve navigation to Oxford.BOOK, The Thames Highway: Volume II Locks and Weirs, Thacker, Fred. S., Newton Abbot, David and Charles, 1920, 1968, Iffley Lock and Osney Lock lie within the bounds of the city. In the 18th century the Oxford Canal was built to connect Oxford with the Midlands.BOOK, The Oxford Canal, Hugh J., Compton, Newton Abbot, David & Charles, 1976, 978-0-7153-7238-8, Commercial traffic has given way to recreational use of the river and canal. Oxford was the original base of Salters Steamers (founded in 1858), which was a leading racing-boatbuilder that played an important role in popularising pleasure boating on the Upper Thames. The firm runs a regular service from Folly Bridge downstream to Abingdon and beyond.

Roads

File:M40 in Warwickshire Crop.jpg|thumb|The M40 extension]]Oxford's central location on several transport routes means that it has long been a (wikt:crossroads|crossroads) city with many coaching inns, although road traffic is now strongly discouraged, and largely prevented, from using the city centre. The Oxford Ring Road or A4142 (southern part) surrounds the city centre and close suburbs Marston, Iffley, Cowley and Headington; it consists of the A34 to the west, a 330-yard section of the A44, the A40 north and north-east, A4142/A423 to the east. It is a dual carriageway, except for a 330-yard section of the A40 where two residential service roads adjoin, and was completed in 1966.

A roads

The main roads to/from Oxford are:

• A34 – a trunk route connecting the North and Midlands to the port of Southampton. It leaves J9 of the M40 north of Oxford, passes west of Oxford to Newbury and Winchester to the south and joins the M3 {{convert|12.7|mi}} north of Southampton. Since the completion of the Newbury bypass in 1998, this section of the A34 has been an entirely grade separated dual carriageway. Historically the A34 led to Bicester, Banbury, Stratford-upon-Avon, Birmingham and Manchester, but since the completion of the M40 it disappears at J9 and re-emerges {{convert|50|mi|km}} north at Solihull.
• A40 – leading east dualled to J8 of the M40 motorway, then an alternative route to High Wycombe and London; leading west part-dualled to Witney then bisecting Cheltenham, Gloucester, Monmouth, Abergavenny, passing Brecon, Llandovery, Carmarthen and Haverfordwest to reach Fishguard.
• A44 – which begins in Oxford, leading past Evesham to Worcester, Hereford and Aberystwyth.
• A420 – which also begins in Oxford and leads to Bristol, passing Swindon and Chippenham.

Zero Emission Zone

On 28 February 2022 a zero-emission pilot area became operational in Oxford City Centre. Zero emission vehicles can be used without incurring a charge but all petrol and diesel vehicles (including hybrids) incur a daily charge if they are driven in the zone between 7am and 7pm.WEB,weblink About Oxford's Zero Emission Zone, A consultation on the introduction of a wider Zero Emission Zone is expected in the future, at a date to be confirmed.

Bus gates

Oxford has eight bus gates, short sections of road where only buses and other authorised vehicles can pass.WEB, Bus lanes and bus gates,weblink Oxfordshire County Council, 16 November 2022, Six further bus gates are currently proposed. A council-led consultation on the traffic filters ended on 13 October 2022. On 29 November 2022, Oxfordshire County Council cabinet approved the introduction on a trial basis, for a minimum period of six months.NEWS, Colivicchi, Anna, Plans for six traffic filters in Oxford approved by council,weblink 4 December 2022, Oxford Mail, The trial will begin after improvement works to Oxford railway station are complete, which is expected to be by October 2024.WEB, Consultation on trial traffic filters 2022,weblink 6 December 2022, Oxford Mail, The additional bus gates have been controversial; Oxford University and Oxford Bus Company support the proposals but more than 3,700 people have signed an online petition opposing the new traffic filters for Marston Ferry Road and Hollow Way, and hotelier Jeremy Mogford has argued they would be a mistake.WEB, Oxford University and Oxford Bus Company back traffic filters,weblink BBC News, 4 November 2022, 16 November 2022, NEWS, Opinion: Why six new bus gates will be a mistake for Oxford says top hotelier,weblink Oxford Mail, Andrew, Ffrench, 25 October 2022, 16 November 2022, In November 2022, Mogford announced that his hospitality group The Oxford Collection had joined up with Oxford Business Action Group (OBAG), Oxford High Street Association (OHSA), ROX (Backing Oxford Business), Reconnecting Oxford, Jericho Traders, and Summertown traders to launch a legal challenge to the new bus gates.NEWS, Legal challenge to bus gates is 'last resort' says Jeremy Mogford,weblink Oxford Mail, Andrew, Ffrench, 25 November 2022, 6 December 2022,

Motorway

The city is served by the M40 motorway, which connects London to Birmingham. The M40 approached Oxford in 1974, leading from London to Waterstock, where the A40 continued to Oxford. When the M40 extension to Birmingham was completed in January 1991, it curved sharply north, and a mile of the old motorway became a spur. The M40 comes no closer than {{convert|6|mi|km|0}} away from the city centre, curving to pass to the east of Otmoor. The M40 meets the A34 to the north of Oxford.

Education

Schools

Universities and colleges

{{Panorama|image = 1 oxford aerial panorama 2016.jpg|height= 300px|caption = Scrollable image. Aerial panorama of the university.}}File:Sheldonian Theatre 2009 LL.jpg|right|thumb|Sheldonian TheatreSheldonian TheatreThere are two universities in Oxford, the University of Oxford and Oxford Brookes University, as well as the specialist further and higher education institution Ruskin College that is an Affiliate of the University of Oxford. The Islamic Azad University also has a campus near Oxford. The University of Oxford is the oldest university in the English-speaking world,WEB, Introduction and history,weblink live,weblink 20 September 2016, 22 September 2016, University of Oxford, and one of the most prestigious higher education institutions of the world, averaging nine applications to every available place, and attracting 40% of its academic staff and 17% of undergraduates from overseas.WEB, International students,weblink live,weblink 20 September 2016, 22 September 2016, University of Oxford, In September 2016, it was ranked as the world's number one university, according to the Times Higher Education World University Rankings.MAGAZINE, September 2016, World University Rankings 2016–2017,weblink live, Times Higher Education,weblink 31 December 2016, 22 September 2016, Oxford is renowned for its tutorial-based method of teaching.

The Bodleian Library

{{See also|Category: Libraries of the University of Oxford}}The University of Oxford maintains the largest university library system in the United Kingdom,WEB, Libraries,weblink dead,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20121125090133weblink">weblink 25 November 2012, University of Oxford, dmy-all, and, with over 11 million volumes housed on {{convert|120|mi|km}} of shelving, the Bodleian group is the second-largest library in the United Kingdom, after the British Library. The Bodleian Library is a legal deposit library, which means that it is entitled to request a free copy of every book published in the United Kingdom. As such, its collection is growing at a rate of over three miles (five kilometres) of shelving every year.WEB, 22 September 2005, A University Library for the Twenty-first Century,weblink live,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20070902222824weblink">weblink 2 September 2007, 9 October 2007, University of Oxford,

Media

As well as the BBC national radio stations, Oxford and the surrounding area has several local stations, including BBC Radio Oxford, Heart South, Destiny 105, Jack FM, Jack 2 Hits and Jack 3 & Chill, along with Oxide: Oxford Student RadioWEB,weblink Oxford Student Radio, oxideradio.co.uk, 9 October 2010,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20100608114135weblink">weblink 8 June 2010, live, (which went on terrestrial radio at 87.7 MHz FM in late May 2005). A local TV station, Six TV: The Oxford Channel, was also availableWEB,weblink Milestone Group, Milestone Group, 17 April 2010, {{dead link|date=May 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}} but closed in April 2009; a service operated by That's TV, originally called That's Oxford (now That's Oxfordshire), took to the airwaves in 2015.WEB,weblink That's Oxfordshire, media.info, 11 June 2018,weblink 12 June 2018, live, NEWS,weblink Andrew, Ffrench, New Oxfordshire community TV channel 'just weeks from launch', Oxford Mail, 7 April 2015, 11 June 2018,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20180612140615weblink">weblink 12 June 2018, live, The city is home to a BBC Television newsroom which produces an opt-out from the main South Today programme broadcast from Southampton.Local papers include The Oxford Times (compact; weekly), its sister papers the Oxford Mail (tabloid; daily) and the Oxford Star (tabloid; free and delivered), and Oxford Journal (tabloid; weekly free pick-up). Oxford is also home to several advertising agencies. Daily Information (known locally as "Daily Info") is an event information and advertising news sheet which has been published since 1964 and now provides a connected website. Nightshift is a monthly local free magazine that has covered the Oxford music scene since 1991."Preview: Nightshift night {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120105092333weblink |date=5 January 2012 }}", "Oxford Mail", 6 July 2000

Culture

Museums and galleries

{{See also|Category:Museums of the University of Oxford}}Oxford is home to many museums, galleries, and collections, most of which are free of admission charges and are major tourist attractions. The majority are departments of the University of Oxford. The first of these to be established was the Ashmolean Museum, the world's first university museum,BOOK, MacGregor, A., 2001, The Ashmolean Museum: A brief history of the museum and its collections, Ashmolean Museum/Jonathan Horne Publications, and the oldest museum in the UK.WEB, Support Us,weblink dead,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20070503032502weblink">weblink 3 May 2007, 10 October 2007, The Ashmolean, dmy-all, Its first building was erected in 1678–1683 to house a cabinet of curiosities given to the University of Oxford in 1677. The museum reopened in 2009 after a major redevelopment. It holds significant collections of art and archaeology, including works by Michelangelo, Leonardo da Vinci, Turner, and Picasso, as well as treasures such as the Scorpion Macehead, the Parian Marble and the Alfred Jewel. It also contains "The Messiah", a pristine Stradivarius violin, regarded by some as one of the finest examples in existence.WEB, Ashmolean Museum website, What's in the Ashmolean,weblink live,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20160318080943weblink">weblink 18 March 2016, 18 February 2016, Ashmolean Museum, Oxford University Ashmolean Museum, The University Museum of Natural History holds the university's zoological, entomological and geological specimens. It is housed in a large neo-Gothic building on Parks Road, in the university's Science Area.WEB, Oxford University Museum of Natural History Homepage,weblink live,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20071027090448weblink">weblink 27 October 2007, 4 November 2007, Oxford University Museum of Natural History, Among its collection are the skeletons of a Tyrannosaurus rex and Triceratops, and the most complete remains of a dodo found anywhere in the world. It also hosts the Simonyi Professorship of the Public Understanding of Science, currently held by Marcus du Sautoy. Adjoining the Museum of Natural History is the Pitt Rivers Museum, founded in 1884, which displays the university's archaeological and anthropological collections, currently holding over 500,000 items. It recently built a new research annexe; its staff have been involved with the teaching of anthropology at Oxford since its foundation, when as part of his donation General Augustus Pitt Rivers stipulated that the university establish a lectureship in anthropology.WEB, Pitt Rivers Museum Website, About Augustus Pitt Rivers,weblink dead,weblink 17 April 2016, 18 February 2016, University of Oxford Pitt Rivers Museum, The Museum of the History of Science is housed on Broad Street in the world's oldest-surviving purpose-built museum building.WEB, About the Museum,weblink dead,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20070911135646weblink">weblink 11 September 2007, 9 October 2007, Museum of the History of Science, It contains 15,000 artefacts, from antiquity to the 20th century, representing almost all aspects of the history of science. In the university's Faculty of Music on St Aldate's is the Bate Collection of Musical Instruments, a collection mostly of instruments from Western classical music, from the medieval period onwards. Christ Church Picture Gallery holds a collection of over 200 old master paintings. The university also has an archive at the Oxford University Press Museum.WEB, Visiting museums, libraries & places of interest – University of Oxford website,weblink live,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20160121012410weblink">weblink 21 January 2016, 22 January 2016, Other museums and galleries in Oxford include Modern Art Oxford, the Museum of Oxford, the Oxford Castle, Science Oxford and The Story Museum.WEB, Museums and Galleries – Experience Oxfordshire website,weblink live,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20160128020922weblink">weblink 28 January 2016, 22 January 2016,

Art

Art galleries in Oxford include the Ashmolean Museum, the Christ Church Picture Gallery, and Modern Art Oxford. William Turner (aka "Turner of Oxford", 1789–1862), was a watercolourist who painted landscapes in the Oxford area. The Oxford Art Society was established in 1891. The later watercolourist and draughtsman Ken Messer (1931–2018) has been dubbed "The Oxford Artist" by some, with his architectural paintings around the city.NEWS,weblink Obituary: Oxford artist Ken Messer, Oxford Mail, UK, 7 June 2018, 18 October 2020, 14 April 2021,weblink live, In 2018, The Oxford Art Book featured many contemporary local artists and their depictions of Oxford scenes.BOOK, The Oxford Art Book: The City Through the Eyes of its Artists, Emma, Bennett, UIT Cambridge, 2018, 978-1-906-860-84-4, The annual Oxfordshire Artweeks is well-represented by artists in Oxford itself.WEB,weblink Artweeks 2020, Oxford, Oxfordshire Artweeks, 2020, 18 October 2020, 19 October 2020,weblink live,

Music

Holywell Music Room is said to be the oldest purpose-built music room in Europe, and hence Britain's first concert hall.BOOK, Oxford: An architectural guide, Tyack, Geoffrey, 1998, Oxford University Press, 187–188, 978-0-14-071045-8, Tradition has it that George Frideric Handel performed there, though there is little evidence.WEB,weblink Exploring Wadham's Holywell Music Room, Wadham College, 21 February 2017, 1 December 2018,weblink 13 January 2019, live, Joseph Haydn was awarded an honorary doctorate by Oxford University in 1791, an event commemorated by three concerts of his music at the Sheldonian Theatre, directed by the composer and from which his Symphony No. 92 earned the nickname of the "Oxford" Symphony.WEB,weblink Haydn in England, Oxford University Department for Continuing Education, 2018, 1 December 2018,weblink 1 December 2018, dead, Victorian composer Sir John Stainer was organist at Magdalen College and later Professor of Music at the university, and is buried in Holywell Cemetery.WEB,weblink Notable people buried in Oxford, Oxford City Council, 1 December 2018,weblink 1 December 2018, live, Oxford, and its surrounding towns and villages, have produced many successful bands and musicians in the field of popular music. The most notable Oxford act is Radiohead, who all met at nearby Abingdon School, though other well known local bands include Supergrass, Ride, Mr Big, Swervedriver, Lab 4, Talulah Gosh, the Candyskins, Medal, the Egg, Unbelievable Truth, Hurricane No. 1, Crackout, Goldrush and more recently, Young Knives, Foals, Glass Animals, Dive Dive and Stornoway. These and many other bands from over 30 years of the Oxford music scene's history feature in the documentary film Anyone Can Play Guitar?. In 1997, Oxford played host to Radio 1's Sound City, with acts such as Travis, Bentley Rhythm Ace, Embrace, Spiritualized and DJ Shadow playing in various venues around the city including Oxford Brookes University.WEB,weblink Discography for NME Compilation Cassette for Oxford Sound City, Discogs, 1997, 10 October 2010,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20100729022109weblink">weblink 29 July 2010, live, It is also home to several brass bands, notably the City of Oxford Silver Band, founded in 1887.

Theatres and cinemas

{{div col|colwidth=20em}}

• Burton Taylor Studio, Gloucester Street
• Curzon Cinema, Westgate, Bonn Square
• Michael Pilch Studio, Jowett Walk
• New Theatre, George Street
• North Wall Arts Centre, South Parade
• Odeon Cinema, George Street
• Odeon Cinema, Magdalen Street
• Old Fire Station Theatre, George Street
• O'Reilly Theatre, Blackhall Road
• Oxford Playhouse, Beaumont Street
• Pegasus Theatre,WEB,weblink Pegasus Theatre, pegasustheatre.org.uk, UK, 12 February 2013, 8 February 2013,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20130208160948weblink">weblink dead, , UK. Magdalen Road
• Phoenix Picturehouse, Walton Street
• Ultimate Picture Palace, Cowley Road
• Vue Cinema, Grenoble Road

Theatre company

• Creation Theatre Company

{{div col end}}

Literature and film

{{Annotated image }}Well-known Oxford-based authors include:

• Brian Aldiss (1925–2017), science fiction novelist, lived in Oxford.WEB,weblink Oxford authors Colin Dexter and Brian Aldiss added to biography dictionary, 14 January 2021,
• Vera Brittain (1893–1970), undergraduate at Somerville.
• John Buchan, 1st Baron Tweedsmuir (1875–1940), attended Brasenose College, best known for The Thirty-nine Steps.
• A.S. Byatt (born 1936), Booker Prize winner, undergraduate at Somerville.
• Lewis Carroll (real name Charles Lutwidge Dodgson), (1832–1898), author of Alice's Adventures in Wonderland was a student and Mathematical Lecturer of Christ Church.
• Susan Cooper (born 1935), undergraduate at Somerville, best known for her The Dark Is Rising sequence.
• Sir William Davenant (1606–1668), poet and playwright.EB1911, Davenant, Sir William, 7, Gosse, Edmund William, Edmund William Gosse, 851–852, 1,
• Colin Dexter (1930–2017), wrote and set his Inspector Morse detective novels in Oxford.
• John Donaldson ({{Circa|1921}}–1989), a poet resident in Oxford in later life.
• Siobhan Dowd (1960–2007), Oxford resident, undergraduate at Lady Margaret Hall.
• Victoria Glendinning (born 1937), undergraduate at Somerville.
• Kenneth Grahame (1859–1932), educated at St Edward's School, wrote The Wind in the Willows.
• Michael Innes (J. I. M. Stewart) (1906–1994), Scottish novelist and academic, Student of Christ Church
• P. D. James (1920–2014), born and died in Oxford; wrote about Adam Dalgliesh
• C. S. Lewis (1898–1963), student at University College and Fellow of Magdalen.
• T. E. Lawrence (1888–1935), "Lawrence of Arabia", Oxford resident, undergraduate at Jesus, postgraduate at Magdalen.
• Iris Murdoch (1919–1999), undergraduate at Somerville and fellow of St Anne's.
• Carola Oman (1897–1978), novelist and biographer, born and brought up in the city.
• Iain Pears (born 1955), undergraduate at Wadham and Oxford resident, wrote An Instance of the Fingerpost.
• Philip Pullman (born 1946), undergraduate at Exeter, teacher and resident in the city.
• Dorothy L. Sayers (1893–1957), undergraduate at Somerville, wrote about Lord Peter Wimsey.
• J. R. R. Tolkien (1892–1973), undergraduate at Exeter and later professor of English at Merton
• John Wain (1925–1994), undergraduate at St John's and later Professor of Poetry at Oxford University 1973–78.
• Oscar Wilde (1854–1900), 19th-century poet and author who attended Oxford from 1874 to 1878.EB1911, Wilde, Oscar O'Flahertie Wills, 28, Chisholm, Hugh, Hugh Chisholm, 632–633, 1,
• Athol Williams (born 1970), South African poet, postgraduate at Hertford and Regent's Park from 2015 to 2020.
• Charles Williams (1886–1945), editor at Oxford University Press.

Oxford appears in the following works:{{citation needed|date=March 2014}}

• the poems The Scholar Gypsy and Thyrsis by Matthew Arnold.WEB,weblink Poems, Poetry Foundation, 18 October 2020, 17 October 2020,weblink live, Thyrsis includes the lines: "And that sweet city with her dreaming spires, She needs not June for beauty's heightening,..."
• The Scarlet Pimpernel
• "Harry Potter" (all the films to date)
• The Chronicles of the Imaginarium Geographica by James A. Owen
• Jude the Obscure (1895) by Thomas Hardy (in which Oxford is thinly disguised as "Christminster")WEB,weblink 'Only a thickness of wall': Empire and Oxford in Thomas Hardy's Jude the Obscure (1895), John, Gray, Oxford and Empire Network, University of Oxford, n.d., 24 January 2023,
• Zuleika Dobson (1911) by Max Beerbohm
• Gaudy Night (1935) by Dorothy L. Sayers
• Brideshead Revisited (1945) by Evelyn Waugh
• A Question of Upbringing (1951 ) by Anthony Powell
• Alice in Wonderland (1951 ) by Walt Disney
• Second Generation (1964) by Raymond Williams
• Young Sherlock Holmes (1985) by Steven Spielberg
• Inspector Morse (1987–2000)
• Where the Rivers Meet (1988) trilogy set in Oxford by John Wain
• All Souls (1989) by Javier Marías
• The Children of Men (1992) by P. D. James
• Doomsday Book (1992) by Connie Willis
• His Dark Materials trilogy (1995 onwards) by Philip Pullman
• Tomorrow Never Dies (1997)WEB,weblink James Bond: Every Oxfordshire filming location in No Time To Die, Spectre and more, Sofia, Della Sala, 28 September 2021, Oxfordshire Live, 23 June 2023,
• The Saint (1997)
• 102 Dalmatians (2000)
• Endymion Spring (2006) by Matthew Skelton
• Lewis (2006–15)
• The Oxford Murders (2008)
• Mr. Nice (1996), autobiography of Howard Marks, subsequently a 2010 film
• A Discovery of Witches (2011) by Deborah Harkness
• (X-Men: First Class) (2011)
• Endeavour (2012 onwards)
• The Reluctant Cannibals (2013) by Ian Flitcroft
• Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again (2018)
• The Late Scholar by Jill Paton Walsh, part of the continuation of the Lord Peter Wimsey books of Dorothy L. Sayers

Sport

{{More citations needed section|date=October 2022}}

Football

File:East stand, Kassam Stadium, Oxford United - geograph.org.uk - 1705831.jpg|thumb|Kassam StadiumKassam StadiumFile:London Road, Manor Ground, Oxford.jpg|thumb|left|The Manor Ground off London Road in Headington.]]The city's leading football club, Oxford United, are currently in League One, the third tier of league football. They play at the Kassam Stadium (named after former chairman Firoz Kassam), which is near the Blackbird Leys housing estate and has been their home since relocation from the Manor Ground in 2001.Oxford City F.C. is a semi-professional football club, separate from Oxford United, they play in the National League, the fifth tier, one level below the Football League in the pyramid.Oxford City Nomads F.C. was a semi-professional football club that ground-shared with Oxford City and played in the Hellenic league.

Rowing

Oxford University Boat Club compete in the world-famous Boat Race. Since 2007 the club has been based at a training facility and boathouse in Wallingford,WEB,weblink Contact Us, Oxford University Boat Club, 2 August 2018,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20180802162646weblink">weblink 2 August 2018, live, south of Oxford, after the original boathouse burnt down in 1999. Oxford Brookes University also has an elite rowing club,WEB,weblink Oxford Brookes University opens elite rowing facilities, 4 June 2013, BBC News, 13 September 2022, and there are public clubs near Donnington Bridge, namely the City of Oxford Rowing Club,WEB,weblink About Us, City of Oxford Rowing Club, 13 September 2022, Falcon Boat ClubWEB,weblink About Falcon, Falcon Boat Club, 13 September 2022, and Oxford Academicals Rowing Club.WEB,weblink Find Us, Oxford Academicals Rowing Club, 13 September 2022, 7 March 2023,weblink dead,

Cricket

Oxford University Cricket Club is Oxford's most famous club with more than 300 Oxford players gaining international honours, including Colin Cowdrey, Douglas Jardine and Imran Khan.WEB,weblink International Players, Oxford University Cricket in the Parks, 21 September 2015,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20150930143746weblink">weblink 30 September 2015, live, Oxfordshire County Cricket Club play in the Minor Counties League.

Athletics

Headington Road Runners are based at the OXSRAD sports facility in Marsh Lane (next to Oxford City F.C.) is Oxford's only road running club with an average annual membership exceeding 300. It was the club at which double Olympian Mara Yamauchi started her running career.

Rugby league

In 2013, Oxford Rugby League entered rugby league's semi-professional Championship 1, the third tier of British rugby league. Oxford Cavaliers, who were formed in 1996, compete at the next level, the Conference League South. Oxford University (The Blues)WEB,weblink Welcome to OURLFC, Oxford University Rugby League, 28 October 2015,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20151011060650weblink">weblink 11 October 2015, live, and Oxford Brookes University (The Bulls)WEB,weblink Oxford Brookes University Rugby League, Facebook, 27 October 2015,weblink 1 January 2016, live, both compete in the rugby league BUCS university League.

Rugby union

Oxford Harlequins RFC is the city's main Rugby Union team and currently plays in the South West Division. Oxford R.F.C is the oldest city team and currently plays in the Berks, Bucks and Oxon Championship. Their most famous player was arguably Michael James Parsons known as Jim Parsons who was capped by England.WEB,weblink Rugby Union, ESPN, 21 September 2015,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20151016021134weblink">weblink 16 October 2015, live, Oxford University RFC are the most famous club with more than 300 Oxford players gaining International honours; including Phil de Glanville, Joe Roff, Tyrone Howe, Anton Oliver, Simon Halliday, David Kirk and Rob Egerton.WEB,weblink International Players, Oxford University Rugby Club, 21 September 2015,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20151016021134weblink">weblink 16 October 2015, live, London Welsh RFC moved to the Kassam Stadium in 2012 to fulfil their Premiership entry criteria regarding stadium capacity. At the end of the 2015 season, following relegation, the club left Oxford.NEWS,weblink RUGBY UNION: London Welsh quit Oxford's Kassam Stadium – but could be back, Oxford Mail, Michael, Knox, 27 June 2015, 11 March 2017,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20170312055529weblink">weblink 12 March 2017, live,

Hockey

There are several field hockey clubs based in Oxford. The Oxford Hockey Club (formed after a merger of City of Oxford HC and Rover Oxford HC in 2011) plays most of its home games on the pitch at Oxford Brookes University, Headington Campus and also uses the pitches at Headington Girls' School and Iffley Road. Oxford Hawks has two astroturf pitches at Banbury Road North, by Cutteslowe Park to the north of the city.

Ice hockey

Oxford City Stars is the local Ice Hockey Team which plays at Oxford Ice Rink. There is a senior/adults' teamWEB,weblink oxfordstars.com, 28 October 2009,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20091010220325weblink">weblink 10 October 2009, live, and a junior/children's team.WEB,weblinkweblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20110417031750weblink">weblink dead, 17 April 2011, oxfordjuniorstars.co.uk, oxfordstars.co.uk, The Oxford University Ice Hockey Club was formed as an official University sports club in 1921, and traces its history back to a match played against Cambridge in St Moritz, Switzerland in 1885.WEB,weblink OUIHC, oxforduniversityicehockey.com, 13 February 2018,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20180218210231weblink">weblink 18 February 2018, dead, The club currently competes in Checking Division 1 of the British Universities Ice Hockey Association.WEB,weblink OUIHC BUIHA, buiha.org.uk, 13 February 2018,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20180214081619weblink">weblink 14 February 2018, live,

Speedway and greyhound racing

(File:Speedway racing, Cowley (1980).JPG|thumb|Speedway racing at Cowley in 1980)Oxford Cheetahs motorcycle speedway team has raced at Oxford Stadium in Cowley on and off since 1939. The Cheetahs competed in the Elite League and then the Conference League until 2007. They were Britain's most successful club in the late 1980s, becoming British League champions in 1985, 1986 and 1989. Four-times world champion Hans Nielsen was the club's most successful rider. Greyhound racing took place at the Oxford Stadium from 1939 until 2012 and hosted some of the sport's leading events such as the Pall Mall Stakes, The Cesarewitch and Trafalgar Cup. The stadium remains intact but unused after closing in 2012.

American football

Oxford Saints is Oxford's senior American Football team. One of the longest-running American football clubs in the UK, the Saints were founded in 1983 and have competed for over 30 years against other British teams across the country.

Gaelic football

Éire Óg Oxford is Oxford's local Gaelic Football team. Originally founded as a hurling club by Irish immigrants in 1959,WEB,weblink Éire Óg Oxford: Sixty Years, online booklet, 2019, Éire Óg Oxford, 6 December 2022, the club plays within the Hertfordshire league and championship,WEB,weblink About Us, Eire Óg Oxford, 6 December 2022, being the only Gaelic Football club within Oxfordshire. Hurling is no longer played by the club; however, Éire Óg do contribute players to the Hertfordshire-wide amalgamated club, St Declans. Several well-known Irishmen have played for Éire Óg, including Darragh Ennis of ITV's The Chase, and Stephen Molumphy, former member of the Waterford county hurling team.{{citation needed|date=December 2022}}

Religion

(File:Christ Church cathedral.jpg|thumb|right|Christ Church Cathedral)(File:Christ Church Cathedral Interior 1, Oxford, UK - Diliff.jpg|thumb|right|Choir and organ of Christ Church Cathedral)

• Christ Church Cathedral, Oxford
• St. Mary the Virgin Church

International relations

{{See also|List of twin towns and sister cities in England}}Oxford is twinned with:WEB,weblink Oxford's International Twin Towns, 24 January 2015, Oxford City Council,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20150109003504weblink">weblink 9 January 2015, {{div col|colwidth=20em}}

• Bonn, North Rhine-Westphalia, GermanyWEB,weblink City Twinnings, 1 August 2013, Stadt Bonn,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20130410070837weblink">weblink 10 April 2013,
• Grenoble, Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes, FranceWEB, Jérôme Steffenino, Marguerite Masson,weblink Ville de Grenoble – Coopérations et villes jumelles, Grenoble.fr, 29 October 2009,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20071014074034weblink">weblink 14 October 2007,
• Leiden, South Holland, Netherlands
• Manizales, Caldas Department, ColombiaWEB,weblink The Oxford – Manizales connection of "town versus gown", Alexander, Bragg, 21 October 2016, The City Paper, 18 October 2020,
• León, León Department, Nicaragua
• Perm, Perm Krai, Russia (suspended in 2022 after the Russian invasion of Ukraine)NEWS,weblink Oxford City Council ends unpopular Perm twin link in U-turn, Tim, Hughes, 4 March 2022, Oxford Mail, 6 March 2022, WEB,weblink Оксфорд разорвал отношения с Пермью из-за спецоперации на Украине, Ura.news, 2022-03-08,
• Ramallah, West Bank, PalestineWEB,weblink Historic moment as Oxford and Ramallah in Palestine become twin cities, Oxford City, Council, www.oxford.gov.uk, 30 May 2019, 28 July 2020,weblink live,
• WrocÅ‚aw, Lower Silesia, Poland
• Padua, Veneto, ItalyWEB,weblink Oxford, Padua, Ramallah – twin cities recognised, Oxford City Council, 4 November 2019, 18 October 2020, 26 November 2020,weblink live,

{{div col end}}

Freedom of the City

The following people and military units have received the Freedom of the City of Oxford.

Individuals

{{div col|colwidth=25em}}

• Vice Admiral Lord Nelson: 22 July 1802.
• Lord Valentia: 6 December 1900.
• Admiral of the Fleet Sir Reginald Tyrwhitt: 3 February 1919.
• Admiral of the Fleet Lord Beatty: 25 June 1919.
• Field Marshal Lord Haig: 25 June 1919.
• Sir Michael Sadler: 18 May 1931.
• Benjamin R. Jones: 4 September 1942.
• Lord Nuffield: 15 January 1951.
• Sir Robert Menzies: 6 June 1953.
• Alic Halford Smith: 10 February 1955.
• Lord Bicester: 1 March 1955.
• Lord Attlee: 16 January 1956.
• Sir Basil Blackwell: 12 January 1970.
• Olive Gibbs: 17 June 1982.
• Nelson Mandela: 23 June 1997.
• Aung San Suu Kyi: 15 December 1997 (Revoked by Oxford City Council on 27 November 2017).
• Colin Dexter: 26 February 2001.
• Professor Sir Richard Doll: 16 September 2002.
• Sir Roger Bannister: 12 May 2004.
• Sir Philip Pullman: 24 January 2007.
• Professor Christopher Brown: 2 July 2014.
• Benny Wenda: 17 July 2019.NEWS,weblink Benny Wenda: West Papua leader receives freedom of Oxford, BBC News, 17 July 2019, 14 September 2019,weblink 11 August 2019, live,

{{div col end}}WEB,weblink Freedom of the City, 11 August 2019,weblink 11 August 2019, live,

Military units

• Oxfordshire and Buckinghamshire Light Infantry: 1 October 1945.
• 1st Green Jackets (43rd and 52nd): 7 November 1958.
• Royal Green Jackets: 1 January 1966.
• The Rifles: 1 February 2007.NEWS,weblink Regiment to exercise 'Freedom of the City', 21 May 2015, Andrew, Ffrench, Oxford Mail, 14 September 2019,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20180627062454weblink">weblink 27 June 2018, live,

See also

{{div col|colwidth=30em}}

• Bishop of Oxford
• Earl of Oxford
• List of attractions in Oxford
• List of Oxford architects
• Mayors of Oxford
• Oxfam
• Oxford bags
• The Oxfordian Age – a subdivision of the Jurassic Period named for Oxford

{{div col end}}

References

Citations

{{reflist}}

Sources

• MAGAZINE, B.W.C., Cooke, January 1960, The Why and the Wherefore: Distances from London to Oxford, The Railway Magazine, 106, 705, Tothill Press, Westminster,
• BOOK, MacDermot, E.T., History of the Great Western Railway, vol. I: 1833–1863, 1927, Great Western Railway, Paddington,
• BOOK, MacDermot, E.T., History of the Great Western Railway, vol. II: 1863–1921, 1931, Great Western Railway, Paddington,
• BOOK, Mitchell, Vic, Smith, Keith, Country Railway Routes, Oxford to Bletchley, Middleton Press, July 2005, 1-904474-57-8,
• BOOK, Sager, Peter, Oxford & Cambridge: An Uncommon History, 2005, Thames & Hudson, 0-500-51249-3,
• JOURNAL, Saint, Andrew, 1970, Three Oxford Architects, Oxoniensia, Oxfordshire Architectural and Historical Society, XXXV,weblink 22 January 2019,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20070928030922weblink">weblink 28 September 2007, dead,
• BOOK, Simpson, Bill, A History of the Railways of Oxfordshire, Part 1: The North, 1997, Lamplight, Banbury and Witney, 1-899246-02-9,
• BOOK, Simpson, Bill, A History of the Railways of Oxfordshire, Part 2: The South, 2001, Lamplight, Banbury and Witney, 1-899246-06-1,

Further reading

• BOOK, Aston, Michael, Mick Aston, Bond, James, The Landscape of Towns, Archaeology in the Field Series, 1976, J.M. Dent & Sons Ltd, London, 0-460-04194-0,
• BOOK, Attlee, James, Isolarion: A Different Oxford Journey, 2007, University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 978-0-226-03093-7,
• BOOK, Curl, James Stevens, The Erosion of Oxford, 1977, Oxford Illustrated Press Ltd, 0-902280-40-6,
• BOOK, Dale, Lawrence, Towards a Plan for Oxford City, 1944, Faber and Faber, London,
• NEWS,weblink History, learning, beauty reign over Oxford, Anne, Gordon, The Boston Globe, 22 June 2008, 23 June 2008, 3 November 2012,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20121103215601weblink">weblink live,
• BOOK, Morris, Jan, Jan Morris, Oxford, 2001, Oxford Paperbacks, Oxford, 978-0-19-280136-4,
• BOOK, Sharp, Thomas, Thomas Wilfred Sharp, Oxford Replanned, 1948, The Architectural Press, London,
• BOOK, Tyack, Geoffrey, Oxford An Architectural Guide, 1998, Oxford University Press, Oxford; New York, 0-19-817423-3,
• BOOK, A. R., Woolley, The Clarendon Guide to Oxford, Oxford University Press, 3rd, 1975, 0-19-951047-4,

External links

{{wikivoyage|Oxford}}{{Commons}}

• EB1911, Oxford, 20, 405–414, Osbert John Radcliffe, Howarth, 1,
• Oxford City Council official website
• Thames Valley Guide – Oxford

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