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{{Short description|Italian Catholic saint (c. 1181–1226)}}{{About|the friar and patron saint}}{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}

factoids

It reportedly was made by himself to be unattractive and uncomfortable,HTTPS://ACADEMIC.OUP.COM/BOOK/6279/CHAPTER-ABSTRACT/149948257?REDIRECTEDFROM=FULLTEXT&LOGIN=FALSE LAST=WOLF DATE=MARCH 2003 PUBLISHER= LAST=GRAVES DATE=22 MAR 2019 ACCESS-DATE=18 DEC 2023, but our habits are comfortable to wear, }} by Philip Fruytiers| titles = Founder of the Franciscan OrderConfessor of the Faith and Stigmatist| birth_name = Giovanni di Pietro di Bernardone| birth_date = 1181| birth_place = Assisi, Duchy of Spoleto, Holy Roman Empire| home_town = | residence = | death_date = 3 October 1226 (aged approximately 44 years)Umbria, Papal States{{sfn>Brady2020}}Catholic ChurchAnglican Communion>Lutheranism|Old Catholic Church}}| beatified_date = | beatified_place = | beatified_by = | canonized_date = 16 July 1228| canonized_place = Assisi, Papal States| canonized_by = Pope Gregory IX| major_shrine = Basilica of San Francesco d'Assisi| feast_day = 4 OctoberReligious habit>Franciscan habit, birds, animals, stigmata, crucifix, book, and a skullFranciscan Order, poor people,PAVIA TITLE=ST FRANCIS OF ASSISI: PATRON SAINT OF THE POOR WEBSITE=THETIMES.CO.UK ACCESS-DATE=29 MAY 2023 ecology, animals, stowaways, merchants, Aguada, Puerto Rico>Aguada, Naga, Cebu, Balamban, Cebu, Dumanjug, Cebu, General Trias, Cavite, and Italy| influences = | influenced = | tradition = | major_works = }}{{Christian mysticism}}{{Eucharistic Adoration}}File:S.Francesco_speco.jpg|thumb|The oldest surviving depiction of St. Francis is a fresco near the entrance of the Benedictine abbey of Subiaco, painted between March 1228 and March 1229. He is depicted without the stigmata, but the image is a Brooke|2006|pp=161–162}}Giovanni di Pietro di Bernardone ({{circa|1181}} – 3 October 1226), known as Francis of Assisi,{{Efn|His mother was French and that may be why he was known as Francesco (Francis), a name with the possible meaning "Frenchman".}} was an Italian mystic, poet and Catholic friar who founded the religious order of the Franciscans. He was inspired to lead a Christian life of poverty as a beggarWEB, Zielinski, Karen, 23 Jan 2019, Begging like St. Francis,weblink Global Sisters Report, and itinerant preacher. One of the most venerated figures in Christianity,{{sfn|Delio|2013}}{{sfn|Brady|Cunningham|2020}} Francis was canonized by Pope Gregory IX on 16 July 1228. He is commonly portrayed wearing a brown habit with a rope tied around his waist, featuring three knots that symbolize the three Franciscan vows of poverty, chastity, and obedience.In 1219, he went to Egypt in an attempt to convert the sultan al-Kamil and put an end to the conflict of the Fifth Crusade.{{sfn|Tolan|2009|p=}} In 1223, he arranged for the first live nativity scene as part of the annual Christmas celebration in Greccio.{{efn|name=Nativity}}{{CathEncy|wstitle=Christmas}}{{CathEncy|wstitle=St. Francis of Assisi}} According to Christian tradition, in 1224 Francis received the stigmata during the apparition of a Seraphic angel in a religious ecstasy.He founded the men's Order of Friars Minor, the women's Order of St. Clare, the Third Order of St. Francis and the Custody of the Holy Land. Once his community was authorized by Pope Innocent III, he withdrew increasingly from external affairs.Francis is associated with patronage of animals and the environment. It became customary for churches to hold ceremonies blessing animals on his feast day of the fourth of October. He is known for devotion to the Eucharist.WEB, St. Francis of Assisi – Franciscan Friars of the Renewal,weblink dead,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20191215105319weblink">weblink 15 December 2019, 24 October 2012, Franciscanfriars.com, Along with Catherine of Siena, he was designated patron saint of Italy. He is also the namesake of the American city of San Francisco.

Names

Francis (; ) was baptized Giovanni by his mother. His surname, di Pietro di Bernardone, comes from his father, Pietro di Bernardone. The latter was in France on business when Francis was born in Assisi, a small town in Italy. Upon his return, Pietro took to calling his son Francesco ("Free man" or "Frenchman"), possibly in honour of his commercial success and enthusiasm for all things French.BOOK, Chesterton, Gilbert Keith, St. Francis of Assisi, Image Books, 1924, 14, Garden City, New York, 158, G. K. Chesterton,

Biography

(File:Pintura Ducarmo Teles 1.jpg|thumb|São Francisco das Chagas, painted by Ducarmo Teles.)

Early life

Francis of Assisi was born {{Circa|1181}},WEB, St. Francis of Assisi,weblink 22 Sep 2023, Catholic Online, JOURNAL, Dagger, Jacob, November–December 2006, Blessing All Creatures, Great and Small,weblink Duke Magazine, 1 December 2019, one of the children of an Italian father, Pietro di Bernardone dei Moriconi, a prosperous silk merchant, and a French mother, Pica di Bourlemont, about whom little is known except that she was a noblewoman originally from Provence.BOOK, Englebert, Omer,weblink The Lives of the Saints, Barnes & Noble, 1951, 978-1-56619-516-4, New York, 529, Indulged by his parents, Francis lived the high-spirited life typical of a wealthy young man.BOOK, The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church, Oxford University Press, 2005, 0199566712, Cross, F. L., New York, Francis of Assisi, As a youth, Francis became a devotee of troubadours and was fascinated with all things Transalpine. He was handsome, witty, gallant, and delighted in fine clothes. {{cn|date=April 2024}} He spent money lavishly. Although many hagiographers remark about his bright clothing, rich friends, and love of pleasures, his displays of disillusionment toward the world that surrounded him came fairly early in his life, as is shown in the "story of the beggar". In this account, he was selling cloth and velvet in the marketplace on behalf of his father when a beggar came to him and asked for alms. At the conclusion of his business deal, Francis abandoned his wares and ran after the beggar. When he found him, Francis gave the man everything he had in his pockets. His friends mocked him for his charity; his father scolded him in rage.Chesterton (1924), pp. 40–41Around 1202, he joined a military expedition against Perugia and was taken as a prisoner at Collestrada. He spent a year as a captive,BOOK, St. Bonaventure, The Life of St. Francis of Assisi (from the Legenda Sancti Francisci), Cardinal Manning, TAN Books & Publishers, 1867, 978-0-89555-343-0, 1988, Rockford, Illinois, 190, Bonaventure, Henry Edward Manning, during which an illness caused him to re-evaluate his life. However, upon his return to Assisi in 1203, Francis returned to his carefree life. In 1205, Francis left for Apulia to enlist in the army of Walter III, Count of Brienne. A strange vision made him return to Assisi and lose interest in worldly life. According to hagiographic accounts, thereafter he began to avoid the sports and feasts of his former companions. A friend asked him whether he was thinking of marrying, to which he answered: "Yes, a fairer bride than any of you have ever seen", meaning his "Lady Poverty".On a pilgrimage to Rome, he joined the poor in begging at St. Peter's Basilica. He spent some time in lonely places, asking God for divine illumination. He said he had a mystical vision of Jesus Christ in the forsaken country chapel of San Damiano, just outside Assisi, in which the Icon of Christ Crucified said to him, "Francis, Francis, go and repair My church which, as you can see, is falling into ruins." He took this to mean the ruined church in which he was presently praying, and so he sold some cloth from his father's store to assist the priest there.Chesterton (1924), pp. 54–56 When the priest refused to accept the ill-gotten gains, an indignant Francis threw the coins on the floor.In order to avoid his father's wrath, Francis hid in a cave near San Damiano for about a month. When he returned to town, hungry and dirty, he was dragged home by his father, beaten, bound, and locked in a small storeroom. Freed by his mother during Bernardone's absence, Francis returned at once to San Damiano, where he found shelter with the officiating priest, but he was soon cited before the city consuls by his father. The latter, not content with having recovered the scattered gold from San Damiano, sought also to force his son to forego his inheritance by way of restitution. In the midst of legal proceedings before the Bishop of Assisi, Francis renounced his father and his patrimony. Some accounts report that he stripped himself naked in token of this renunciation, and the bishop covered him with his own cloak.WEB, de la Riva, Fr. John, 2011, Life of St. Francis,weblink 11 June 2019, St. Francis of Assisi National Shrine, WEB, Kiefer, James E., 1999, Francis of Assisi, Friar,weblink 11 June 2019, Biographical sketches of memorable Christians of the past, For the next couple of months, Francis wandered as a beggar in the hills behind Assisi. He spent some time at a neighbouring monastery working as a (wiktionary:scullion|scullion). He then went to Gubbio, where a friend gave him, as an alms, the cloak, girdle, and staff of a pilgrim. Returning to Assisi, he traversed the city, begging stones for the restoration of St. Damiano. These he carried to the old chapel, set in place himself, and so at length rebuilt it. Over the course of two years, he embraced the life of a penitent, during which he restored several ruined chapels in the countryside around Assisi, among them San Pietro in Spina (in the area of San Petrignano in the valley about a kilometre from Rivotorto, today on private property and once again in ruin); and the Porziuncola, the little chapel of St. Mary of the Angels in the plain just below the town. This later became his favorite abode. By degrees he took to nursing lepers, in the leper colonies near Assisi.File:Casa-de-sao-francisco.jpg|The house where Francis of Assisi lived when youngFile:Sassetta 001.jpg|Saint Francis renounces his earthly father.

Founding of the Franciscan Orders

Friars Minor

One morning in February 1208, Francis was taking part in a Mass in the chapel of St. Mary of the Angels, near which he had by then built himself a hut. The Gospel of the day was the "Commissioning of the Twelve" from the Book of Matthew. The disciples were to go and proclaim that the Kingdom of God is at hand. Francis was inspired to devote himself to a life of poverty. Having obtained a coarse woollen tunic, the dress then worn by the poorest Umbrian peasants, he tied it around himself with a knotted rope and went about exhorting the people of the countryside to penance, brotherly love, and peace. Francis's preaching to ordinary people was unusual as he had no license to do so.{{sfn|Brady|Cunningham|2020}} His example attracted others. Within a year Francis had eleven followers. The brothers lived a simple life in the deserted leper colony of Rivo Torto near Assisi; but they spent much of their time wandering through the mountainous districts of Umbria, making a deep impression upon their hearers by their earnest exhortations.File:Legend of St. Francis by Giotto.jpg|thumb|left|Pope Innocent III approving the statutes of the Order of the Franciscans, by GiottoGiottoIn 1209 he composed a simple rule for his followers ("friars"), the Regula primitiva or "Primitive Rule", which came from verses in the Bible. The rule was "to follow the teachings of our Lord Jesus Christ and to walk in his footsteps." He then led eleven followers to Rome to seek permission from Pope Innocent III to found a new religious order.Chesterton (1924), pp. 107–108 Upon entry to Rome, the brothers encountered Bishop Guido of Assisi, who had in his company Giovanni di San Paolo, the Cardinal Bishop of Sabina. The Cardinal, who was the confessor of Pope Innocent III, was immediately sympathetic to Francis and agreed to represent Francis to the pope. After several days, the pope agreed to admit the group informally, adding that when God increased the group in grace and number, they could return for an official audience. The group was tonsured.Galli (2002), pp. 74–80 This was important in part because it recognized Church authority and prevented his following from accusations of heresy, as had happened to the Waldensians decades earlier. Though a number of the pope's counsellors considered the mode of life proposed by Francis to be unsafe and impractical, following a dream in which he saw Francis holding up the Lateran Basilica, he decided to endorse Francis's order. This occurred, according to tradition, on 16 April 1210, and constituted the official founding of the Franciscan Order.{{sfn|Brady|Cunningham|2020}} The group, then the "Lesser Brothers" (Order of Friars Minor also known as the Franciscan Order or the Seraphic Order), were centred in the Porziuncola and preached first in Umbria, before expanding throughout Italy.{{sfn|Brady|Cunningham|2020}} Francis was later ordained a deacon, but not a priest.

Poor Clares and Third Order

From then on, the new order grew quickly. Hearing Francis preaching in the church of San Rufino in Assisi in 1211, the young noblewoman Clare of Assisi sought to live like them. Her cousin Rufino also sought to join. On the night of Palm Sunday, 28 March 1212, Clare clandestinely left her family's palace. Francis received her at the Porziuncola and thereby established the Order of Poor Clares.Chesterton (1924), pp. 110–111 He gave Clare a religious habit, a garment similar to his own, before lodging her, her younger sister Caterina, and other young women in a nearby monastery of Benedictine nuns until he could provide a suitable monastery. Later he transferred them to San Damiano,{{sfn|Brady|Cunningham|2020}} to a few small huts or cells. This became the first monastery of the Second Franciscan Order, now known as Poor Clares.For those who could not leave their affairs, Francis later formed the Third Order of Brothers and Sisters of Penance, a fraternity composed of either laity or clergy whose members neither withdrew from the world nor took religious vows. Instead, they observed the principles of Franciscan life in their daily lives.{{sfn|Brady|Cunningham|2020}} Before long, the Third Order – now titled the Secular Franciscan Order – grew beyond Italy.WEB, Secular Franciscan Order,weblink January 13, 2021, Secular Franciscan Order US,

Travels

Determined to bring the Gospel to all peoples and let God convert them, Francis sought on several occasions to take his message out of Italy. In approximately 1211, a captain of the Medrano family held the lordship of the castle and town of Agoncillo, situated near the city of Logroño, in the region of La Rioja, Spain. Medrano's son was suffering from a mysterious and untreatable ailment. In 1211, Saint Francis of Assisi roamed those very paths of Agoncillo. In a saintly manner, he visited Medrano's Agoncillo castle, placed his mystical hands upon the ailing Medrano boy, and miraculously healed him, securing the Medrano lineage in Agoncillo. As a result, the Medrano family are distinguished by their devotion to Saint Francis of Assisi.Recoge esta historia, entre otros, D. Cesáreo Goicoechea en "Castillos de la Rioja, Logroño, 1949, y Fray Domingo Hernáez de Torres en "Primera parte de la Crónica ·[franciscana] de la Provincia de Burgos". Madrid, 1772. The Medrano family generously donated some land, including a tower, situated close to the Ebro River within the city of Logroño as a gift to Saint Francis, where he established the first Spanish convent of his Order there. Unfortunately, despite its centuries-long legacy of glory and sanctity, the convent met its demise in the 19th century. Today, the remnants of its walls still remain.BOOK,weblink Revista Hidalguía número 9. Año 1955, Ediciones Hidalguia, 181-182, es, WEB, Rioja, El Día de la, 2024-02-19, Un convento de armas tomar,weblink 2024-04-28, El Día de la Rioja, spanish, In the late spring of 1212, he set out for Jerusalem, but was shipwrecked by a storm on the Dalmatian coast, forcing him to return to Italy. On 8 May 1213, he was given the use of the mountain of La Verna (Alverna) as a gift from Count Orlando di Chiusi, who described it as "eminently suitable for whoever wishes to do penance in a place remote from mankind".Fioretti quoted in: St. Francis, The Little Flowers, Legends, and Lauds, trans. N. Wydenbruck, ed. Otto Karrer (London: Sheed and Ward, 1979) 244. The mountain would become one of his favourite retreats for prayer.Chesterton (1924), p. 130In the same year, Francis sailed for Morocco, but an illness forced him to break off his journey while in Spain.In 1219, accompanied by Friar Illuminatus of Arce and hoping to convert the Sultan of Egypt or be martyred in the attempt, Francis went to Egypt during the Fifth Crusade where a Crusader army had been encamped for over a year besieging the walled city of Damietta. The Sultan, al-Kamil, a nephew of Saladin, had succeeded his father as Sultan of Egypt in 1218 and was encamped upstream of Damietta. A bloody and futile attack on the city was launched by the Christians on 29 August 1219, following which both sides agreed to a ceasefire that lasted four weeks.Runciman, Steven. History of the Crusades, vol. 3: The Kingdom of Acre and the Later Crusades, Cambridge University Press (1951, paperback 1987), pp. 151–161. Probably during this interlude Francis and his companion crossed the Muslims' lines and were brought before the Sultan, remaining in his camp for a few days.{{sfn|Tolan|2009|pp=4–}} Reports give no information about what transpired during the encounter beyond noting that the Sultan received Francis graciously and that Francis preached to the Muslims. He returned unharmed.{{efn|e.g., Jacques de Vitry, Letter 6 February or March 1220 and Historia orientalis (c. 1223–1225) cap. XXII; Tommaso da Celano, Vita prima (1228), §57: the relevant passages are quoted in an English translation in {{harvnb|Tolan|2009|pp=19–}} and {{harvnb|Tolan|2009|p=54}} respectively.}} No known Arab sources mention the visit.{{sfn|Tolan|2009|p=5}}(File:Leprosy in La Franceschina.jpg|thumb|Francis and others treating victims of leprosy or smallpox)Such an incident is alluded to in a scene in the late 13th-century fresco cycle, attributed to Giotto, in the upper basilica at Assisi.{{efn|e.g., Chesterton, Saint Francis, Hodder & Stoughton (1924) chapter 8. {{harvnb|Tolan|2009|p=126}} discusses the incident as recounted by Bonaventure, an incident which does not extend to a fire actually being lit.}}According to some late sources, the Sultan gave Francis permission to visit the sacred places in the Holy Land and even to preach there. All that can safely be asserted is that Francis and his companion left the Crusader camp for Acre, from where they embarked for Italy in the latter half of 1220. Drawing on a 1267 sermon by Bonaventure, later sources report that the Sultan secretly converted or accepted a death-bed baptism as a result of meeting Francis.{{efn|For grants of various permissions and privileges to Francis as attributed by later sources, see, e.g., {{harvnb|Tolan|2009|pp=258–263}}. The first mention of the Sultan's conversion occurs in a sermon delivered by Bonaventure on 4 October 1267. See {{harvnb|Tolan|2009|p=168}} }}Due to these events in Jerusalem,{{Citation needed|reason=No events in Jerusalem are mentioned above or in the cited source nor is there a causal connection provided|date=February 2024}} Franciscans have been present in the Holy Land almost uninterruptedly since 1217. They received concessions from the Mameluke Sultan in 1333 with regard to certain Holy Places in Jerusalem and Bethlehem, and (so far as concerns the Catholic Church) jurisdictional privileges from Pope Clement VI in 1342.Bulla Gratias agimus, commemorated by Pope John Paul II in a Letter dated 30 November 1992. See also {{harvnb|Tolan|2009|p=258}}. On the Franciscan presence, including a historical overview, see, generally the official website at Custodia and Custodian of the Holy Land

Reorganization of the Franciscan Order

File:Francis preaching the birds.fresco. master of st francis. Assisi.jpg|thumb|left|St. Francis preaching to the birds outside of Bevagna (by Master of St. Francis).]] The growing order of friars was divided into provinces; groups were sent to France, Germany, Hungary, and Spain and to the East. Upon receiving a report of the martyrdom of five brothers in Morocco, Francis returned to Italy via Venice.Bonaventure (1867), p. 162 Cardinal Ugolino di Conti was then nominated by the pope as the protector of the order. Another reason for Francis' return to Italy was that the Franciscan Order had grown at an unprecedented rate compared to previous religious orders, but its organizational sophistication had not kept up with this growth and had little more to govern it than Francis' example and simple rule. To address this problem, Francis prepared a new and more detailed Rule, the "First Rule" or "Rule Without a Papal Bull" (Regula prima, Regula non bullata), which again asserted devotion to poverty and the apostolic life. However, it also introduced a greater institutional structure, though this was never officially endorsed by the pope.{{sfn|Brady|Cunningham|2020}}On 29 September 1220, Francis handed over the governance of the order to Brother Peter Catani at the Porziuncola, but Peter died only five months later.Brother Peter was succeeded by Brother Elias as Vicar of Francis. Two years later, Francis modified the "First Rule", creating the "Second Rule" or "Rule With a Bull", which was approved by Pope Honorius III on 29 November 1223. As the order's official rule, it called on the friars "to observe the Holy Gospel of our Lord Jesus Christ, living in obedience without anything of our own and in chastity". In addition, it set regulations for discipline, preaching, and entering the order. Once the rule was endorsed by the pope, Francis withdrew increasingly from external affairs.{{sfn|Brady|Cunningham|2020}} During 1221 and 1222, he crossed Italy, first as far south as Catania in Sicily and afterwards as far north as Bologna.BOOK, Ruggeri, Francesco Rocco, Sicilian Visitors Volume 2, 2018, Lulu.com, 978-1-387-97789-5,

Stigmata, final days, and sainthood

File:Cigoli, san francesco.jpg|thumb|Francis considered his stigmata part of the Imitation of Christ.Le Goff, Jacques. Saint Francis of Assisi, 2003 {{ISBN|0-415-28473-2}} p. 44Miles, Margaret Ruth. The Word made flesh: a history of Christian thought, 2004 {{ISBN|978-1-4051-0846-1}} pp. 160–161 by CigoliCigoliWhile he was praying on the mountain of Verna, during a forty-day fast in preparation for Michaelmas (29 September), Francis is said to have had a vision on or about 13 September 1224, the Feast of the Exaltation of the Cross, as a result of which he received the stigmata. Brother Leo, who had been with Francis at the time, left a clear and simple account of the event, the first definite account of the phenomenon of stigmata. "Suddenly he saw a vision of a seraph, a six-winged angel on a cross. This angel gave him the gift of the five wounds of Christ."Chesterton (1924), p. 131 Suffering from these stigmata and from trachoma, Francis received care in several cities (Siena, Cortona, Nocera) to no avail. In the end, he was brought back to a hut next to the Porziuncola. Here he spent his last days dictating his spiritual testament. He died on the evening of Saturday, 3 October 1226, singing Psalm 141, "Voce mea ad Dominum".On 16 July 1228, he was declared a saint by Pope Gregory IX (the former cardinal Ugolino di Conti, a friend of Francis and Cardinal Protector of the Order). The next day, the pope laid the foundation stone for the Basilica of St. Francis in Assisi. Francis was buried on 25 May 1230, under the Lower Basilica, but his tomb was soon hidden on orders of Brother Elias, in order to protect it from Saracen invaders. His burial place remained unknown until it was rediscovered in 1818. Pasquale Belli then constructed a crypt for the remains in the Lower Basilica. It was refashioned between 1927 and 1930 into its present form by Ugo Tarchi. In 1978, the remains of Francis were examined and confirmed by a commission of scholars appointed by Pope Paul VI, and put into a glass urn in the ancient stone tomb.WEB, Key to Umbria: Assisi,weblink 2021-05-09, www.keytoumbria.com,

Character and legacy

(File:Sacro Monte Orta - Kapelle 13 Karneval 1.jpg|thumb|Francis led semi-naked for humility)Francis set out to imitate Christ and literally carry out his work. This is important in understanding Francis' character, his affinity for the Eucharist and his respect for the priests who carried out the sacrament.{{sfn|Brady|Cunningham|2020}} He preached: "Your God is of your flesh, He lives in your nearest neighbour, in every man."BOOK, Eimerl, Sarel,weblink The World of Giotto: c. 1267–1337, Time-Life Books, et al, 1967, 0-900658-15-0, 15, registration, He and his followers celebrated and even venerated poverty, which was so central to his character that in his last written work, the Testament, he said that absolute personal and corporate poverty was the essential lifestyle for the members of his order.{{sfn|Brady|Cunningham|2020}}He believed that nature itself was the mirror of God. He called all creatures his "brothers" and "sisters", and even preached to the birdsBOOK, Ugolino, Brunforte, Ugolino Brunforte,weblink The Little Flowers of St. Francis of Assisi, Christian Classics Ethereal Library, CCEL, 1958, 978-1-61025212-6, Calvin College, and supposedly persuaded a wolf in Gubbio to stop attacking some locals if they agreed to feed the wolf. His deep sense of brotherhood under God embraced others, and he declared that "he considered himself no friend of Christ if he did not cherish those for whom Christ died".{{sfn|Brady|Cunningham|2020}}Francis's visit to Egypt and attempted rapprochement with the Muslim world had far-reaching consequences, long past his own death, since after the fall of the Crusader Kingdom, it would be the Franciscans, of all Catholics, who would be allowed to stay on in the Holy Land and be recognized as "Custodians of the Holy Land" on behalf of the Catholic Church.WEB, Custody of the Holy Land,weblink 2021-05-09, terrasanta.edu.jo, 28 September 2021,weblink dead, At Greccio near Assisi, around 1220, Francis celebrated Christmas by setting up the first known presepio or crèche (Nativity scene).Bonaventure (1867), p. 178 His nativity imagery reflected the scene in traditional paintings. He used real animals to create a living scene so that the worshipers could contemplate the birth of the child Jesus in a direct way, making use of the senses, especially sight. Both Thomas of Celano and Bonaventure, biographers of Francis, tell how he used only a straw-filled manger (feeding trough) set between a real ox and donkey. According to Thomas, it was beautiful in its simplicity, with the manger acting as the altar for the Christmas Mass.{{citation needed|date=June 2020}}

Nature and the environment

{{See also|Wolf of Gubbio}}(File:St Francis Statue 2.JPG|thumb|left|A garden statue of Francis of Assisi with birds)Francis preached the Christian doctrine that the world was created good and beautiful by God but suffers a need for redemption because of human sin. As someone who saw God reflected in nature, "St. Francis was a great lover of God's creation ..."JOURNAL, Warner OFM, Keith, April 2010, St. Francis: Patron of ecology,weblink U.S. Catholic, 75, 4, 25, In the Canticle of the Sun he gives God thanks for Brother Sun, Sister Moon, Brother Wind, Water, Fire, and Earth, all of which he sees as rendering praise to God.BOOK, Doyle, Eric, St. Francis and the Song of Brotherhood and Sisterhood, 1996, Franciscan Institute, 978-1576590034, Many of the stories that surround the life of Francis say that he had a great love for animals and the environment.Bonaventure (1867), pp. 78–85 The Fioretti ("Little Flowers") is a collection of legends and folklore that sprang up after his death. One account describes how one day, while Francis was travelling with some companions, they happened upon a place in the road where birds filled the trees on either side. Francis told his companions to "wait for me while I go to preach to my sisters the birds." The birds surrounded him, intrigued by the power of his voice, and not one of them flew away. He is often portrayed with a bird, typically in his hand.Another legend from the Fioretti tells that in the city of Gubbio, where Francis lived for some time, was a wolf "terrifying and ferocious, who devoured men as well as animals". Francis went up into the hills and when he found the wolf, he made the sign of the cross and commanded the wolf to come to him and hurt no one. Then Francis led the wolf into the town, and surrounded by startled citizens made a pact between them and the wolf. Because the wolf had "done evil out of hunger", the townsfolk were to feed the wolf regularly. In return, the wolf would no longer prey upon them or their flocks. In this manner Gubbio was freed from the menace of the predator.BOOK,weblink The Little Flowers of Saint Francis, 1926, Hudleston, Roger, 19 September 2014, 5 July 2019,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20190705232048weblink">weblink dead, On 29 November 1979, Pope John Paul II declared Francis the patron saint of ecology.WEB, Pope John Paul II, Pope John Paul II, 29 November 1979, Inter Sanctos (Apostolic Letter AAS 71),weblink dead,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20140809222858weblink">weblink 9 August 2014, 7 August 2014, On 28 March 1982, John Paul II said that Francis' love and care for creation was a challenge for contemporary Catholics and a reminder "not to behave like dissident predators where nature is concerned, but to assume responsibility for it, taking all care so that everything stays healthy and integrated, so as to offer a welcoming and friendly environment even to those who succeed us."WEB, Pope John Paul II, 28 March 1982, Angelus,weblink 9 June 2020, The same Pope wrote on the occasion of the World Day of Peace, 1 January 1990, that Francis "invited all of creation – animals, plants, natural forces, even Brother Sun and Sister Moon – to give honour and praise to the Lord. The poor man of Assisi gives us striking witness that when we are at peace with God we are better able to devote ourselves to building up that peace with all creation which is inseparable from peace among all peoples."WEB, Pope John Paul II, Pope John Paul II, 8 December 1989, World Day of Peace 1990,weblink 24 October 2012, In 2015, Pope Francis published his encyclical letter Laudato Si' about the ecological crisis and "care for our common home, which takes its name from the Canticle of the Sun, which Francis of Assisi composed. It presents Francis as "the example par excellence of care for the vulnerable and of an integral ecology lived out joyfully and authentically".Pope Francis, "Laudato Si': On care for our common home", Libreria Editrice Vaticana. This inspired the birth of the Laudato Si' Movement, a global network of nearly 1000 organizations promoting the Laudato Si' message and the Franciscan approach to ecology."Global Catholic climate group rebrands as Laudato Si' Movement", National Catholic Reporter, August 2, 2021.It is a popular practice on his feast day, 4 October, for people to bring their pets and other animals to church for a blessing.Pappas, William. "The Patron Saint of Animals and Ecology", Earthday.org, October 6, 2016

Feast day

File:Tomb of Saint Francis - Basilica di San Francesco - Assisi 2016.jpg|thumb|Francis' last resting place at AssisiAssisiFrancis' feast day is observed on 4 October. A secondary feast in honour of the stigmata received by Francis, celebrated on 17 September, was inserted in the General Roman Calendar in 1585 (later than the Tridentine calendar) and suppressed in 1604, but was restored in 1615. In the New Roman Missal of 1969, it was removed again from the General Calendar, as something of a duplication of the main feast on 4 October, and left to the calendars of certain localities and of the Franciscan Order.Calendarium Romanum (Libreria Editrice Vaticana), p. 139 Wherever the Tridentine Missal is used, however, the feast of the Stigmata remains in the General Calendar.WEB, The Stigmata of Saint Francis, Appearing and Disappearing in the Liturgy,weblink 2021-05-09, Francis is honoured with a Lesser Festival in the Church of England,WEB, The Calendar,weblink 2021-04-09, The Church of England, the Anglican Church of Canada, the Episcopal Church USA, the Old Catholic Churches, the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America, and other churches and religious communities on 4 October.WEB, St. Francis of Assisi,weblink 2021-02-02, St. Francis of Tejas Church, BOOK, Robinson, Michael, St. Francis of Assisi: The Legend and the Life, A&C Black, 1999, 0-225-66736-3, Great Britain, 267,

Papal name

On 13 March 2013, upon his election as Pope, Archbishop and Cardinal Jorge Mario Bergoglio of Argentina chose Francis as his papal name in honor of Francis of Assisi, becoming Pope Francis.WEB, Pope Francis, Pope Francis, 16 March 2013, Audience to Representatives of the Communications Media,weblink 9 August 2014, BOOK, Marotta, Giulia, Handbook of Global Contemporary Christianity: Movements, Institutions, and Allegiance, Brill Publishers, 2016, 978-90-04-26539-4, Hunt, Stephen J., Stephen J. Hunt, Brill Handbooks on Contemporary Religion, 12, Leiden, 165–184, Revolutionary Monasticism?: Franciscanism and Ecclesiastical Hierarchy as a Hermeneutic Dilemma of Contemporary Catholicism, 10.1163/9789004310780_009, 1874-6691, At his first audience on 16 March 2013, Pope Francis told journalists that he had chosen the name in honor of Francis of Assisi, and had done so because he was especially concerned for the well-being of the poor.NEWS, 16 March 2013, Pope Francis explains decision to take St Francis of Assisi's name, The Guardian, London,weblink live,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20130317092441weblink">weblink 17 March 2013, WEB, 14 March 2013, New Pope Francis visits St. Mary Major, collects suitcases and pays bill at hotel,weblink live,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20130317025225weblink">weblink 17 March 2013, 4 January 2017, News.va, Michael Martínez, CNN Vatican analyst: Pope Francis' name choice 'precedent shattering', CNN (13 March 2013). Retrieved 13 March 2013. The pontiff recounted that Cardinal Cláudio Hummes had told him, "Don't forget the poor", right after the election; that made Bergoglio think of Francis.Laura Smith-Spark et al. : weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20130317035923weblink">Pope Francis explains name, calls for church 'for the poor' CNN,16 March 2013NEWS, 16 March 2013, Pope Francis wants 'poor Church for the poor', BBC News,weblink 16 March 2013, It is the first time a pope has taken the name.{{efn|On the day of his election, the Vatican clarified that his official papal name was "Francis", not "Francis I". A Vatican spokesman said that the name would become Francis I if and when there is a Francis II.NEWS, Alpert, Emily, 13 March 2013, Vatican: It's Pope Francis, not Pope Francis I, Los Angeles Times,weblink dead, 4 January 2017,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20130315094438weblink">weblink 15 March 2013, }}

Patronage

File:Our Lady of Perpetual Help Catholic Church (Grove City, Ohio) - St. Francis of Assisi relic.jpg|thumb|right|250px|A relicrelicOn 18 June 1939, Pope Pius XII named Francis a joint patron saint of Italy along with Catherine of Siena with the apostolic letter "Licet Commissa".Pope Pius XII (18 June 1939). "Licet Commissa" (Apostolic Letter AAS 31, pp. 256–257) Pope Pius also mentioned the two saints in the laudative discourse he pronounced on 5 May 1949, in the Church of Santa Maria sopra Minerva.{{citation needed|date=June 2020}}Francis is the patron of animals and ecology. As such, he is the patron saint of the Laudato Si' Movement, a network that promotes the Franciscan ecological paradigm as outlined in the encyclical Laudato Si'.Laudato Si' Movement, "Who we are", retrieved March 2, 2023He is also considered the patron against dying alone; against fire; patron of the Franciscan Order and Catholic Action;"Feast of St. Francis of Assisi", Catholic News Service, October 4, 2018 of families, peace, and needleworkers."Saint Francis of Assisi", Newman Connection and a number of religious congregations.He is the patron of many churches and other locations around the world, including: Italy; San Pawl il-Baħar, Malta; Freising, Germany; Lancaster, England; Kottapuram, India; General Trias, Philippines; San Francisco; Santa Fe, New Mexico; Colorado; Salina, Kansas; Metuchen, New Jersey; and Quibdó, Colombia.

Outside Catholicism

Anglicanism

One of the results of the Oxford Movement in the Anglican Church during the 19th century was the re-establishment of religious orders, including some of Franciscan inspiration. The principal Anglican communities in the Franciscan tradition are the Community of St. Francis (women, founded 1905), the Poor Clares of Reparation (P.C.R.), the Society of St. Francis (men, founded 1934), and the Community of St. Clare (women, enclosed).WEB, Society of St Francis,weblink 25 January 2024, anglicanfranciscans.org, {{citation needed|date=June 2020}}A U.S.-founded order within the Anglican world communion is the Seattle-founded order of Clares in Seattle (Diocese of Olympia), The Little Sisters of St. Clare.WEB, The Little Sisters of St. Clare,weblink dead,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20100902173451weblink">weblink 2 September 2010, 16 April 2019, The Anglican church retained the Catholic tradition of blessing animals on or near Francis' feast day of 4 October, and more recently Lutheran and other Protestant churches have adopted the practice.NEWS, Bliss, Peggy Ann, 3 October 2019, Animals to be blessed Saturday at Episcopal Cathedral, 20, The San Juan Daily Star,weblink dead, 6 October 2019,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20191007024646weblink">weblink 7 October 2019,

Protestantism

Several Protestant groups have emerged since the 19th century that strive to adhere to the teachings of St. Francis.JOURNAL, Heimann, Mary, May 2017, The secularisation of St Francis of Assisi, British Catholic History, 33, 3, 401–420, 10.1017/bch.2017.4, 2055-7973, free, There are also some small Franciscan communities within European Protestantism and the Old Catholic Church. There are some Franciscan orders in Lutheran Churches,WEB, Order of Lutheran Franciscans,weblink 20 June 2015, Lutheranfranciscans.org, including the Order of Lutheran Franciscans, the Evangelical Sisterhood of Mary, and the Evangelische Kanaan Franziskus-Bruderschaft (Kanaan Franciscan Brothers).BOOK, Robson, Michael J. P., The Cambridge Companion to Francis of Assisi, Cambridge University Press, 2011, 9780511978128,

Orthodox churches

Francis is not officially recognized as a saint by any Orthodox Church and stigmata are considered foreign to the faith.WEB,weblink Manifestations - Questions & Answers, Orthodox Saint, bishop, and theologian Ignatius Brianchaninov referred to a particular vision of Francis of Assisi as a delusion:"'When Francis was caught up to heaven,' says a writer of his life, 'God the Father, on seeing him, was for a moment in doubt to as [sic] to whom to give the preference, to His Son by nature, or to His son by grace-Francis.' What can be more frightful or madder than this blasphemy, what can be sadder than this delusion?".Chapter 11 from "The Arena" by Ignatius Brianchaninov. However, this specific vision is not mentioned in the official biography of Francis, the Omnibus of Sources, and appears to be apocryphal. Francis' feast is celebrated at New Skete, an Orthodox Christian monastic community in Cambridge, New York founded by Catholic Franciscans in the 20th century.WEB, Events, New Skete Monastery,weblink newskete.org, 21 December 2019, 19 November 2021,weblink dead, The 13th-century Greek Orthodox Church known as Panagia Kera has icons of Francis of Assisiweblink The Georgian Orthodox Church maintained communion with Rome at least until the 1230s and 1240s, and they received Franciscan missionaries (including one of Francis' spiritual children, Giacomo da Rosan), who were on friendly terms with the Georgians, and adopted the Byzantine typicon. These missionaries were sent to evangelize pagans and Muslimsweblink There have been posthumous miracles of Francis of Assisi appearing and converting individuals to the Orthodox Christian faithweblink Francis of Assisi lived at a time when the East-West schism was not fully complete, and died when Rome was still in visible communion with a number of Orthodox Sees, including Patriarch Nicholas I of Alexandria.

Other religions

Outside of Christianity, other individuals and movements are influenced by the example and teachings of Francis. These include the popular philosopher Eckhart Tolle, who has made videos on the spirituality of Francis.WEB, St Francis of Assisi – What is Perfect Joy!,weblink 26 June 2019, Eckhart Tolle Now, The interreligious spiritual community of Skanda Vale in Wales also takes inspiration from the example of Francis, and models itself as an interfaith Franciscan order.WEB, Skanda Vale – Frequently asked questions,weblink 14 November 2018, Skanda Vale,

Main writings

(File:Lucas wadding, francisci assisiatis opuscula, per balthasar moretus, anversa 1623 (coll. rpiv.).jpg|thumb|300px|Francisci Assisiatis opuscula, Antverpiae, apud Balthasarem Moretum, 1623)

• Canticum Fratris Solis or Laudes Creaturarum; Canticle of the Sun, 1224
• Oratio ante Crucifixum, Prayer before the Crucifix, 1205 (extant in the original Umbrian dialect as well as in a contemporary Latin translation)
• Regula non bullata, the Earlier Rule, 1221
• Regula bullata, the Later Rule, 1223
• Testament, 1226
• Admonitions, 1205 to 1209WEB,weblink Essay about St. Francis and the Franciscan Admonitions &124; Bartleby,

For a complete list, see The Franciscan Experience.WEB, Writings of St. Francis – Part 2,weblink dead,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20130128093924weblink">weblink 28 January 2013, 17 January 2013, Francis is considered the first Italian poet by some literary critics.BOOK,weblink The Cambridge History of Italian Literature, Cambridge University Press, 1999, 978-0-52166622-0, Brand, Peter, 2 – Poetry. Francis of Assisi (pp. 5ff.), 31 December 2015, Pertile, Lino, Lino Pertile,weblink He believed commoners should be able to pray to God in their own language, and he wrote often in the dialect of Umbria instead of Latin.BOOK, Chesterton, G.K.,weblink St. Francis, Image, 1987, 0-385-02900-4, 160 p,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20130812043401weblink">weblink 12 August 2013, dead, The anonymous 20th-century prayer "Make Me an Instrument of Your Peace" is widely attributed to Francis, but there is no evidence for it.BOOK, Renoux, Christian, La prière pour la paix attribuée à saint François: une énigme à résoudre, Editions franciscaines, 2001, 2-85020-096-4, Paris, WEB, Renoux, Christian, The Origin of the Peace Prayer of St. Francis,weblink 9 August 2014, {{Clear}}

In art

The Franciscan Order promoted devotion to the life of Francis from his canonization onwards, and Francis appeared in European art soon after his death.BOOK, Zutshi, Patrick, Images of Franciscans and Dominicans in a manuscript of Alexander Nequam's Florilegium (Cambridge University Library, MS Gg.6.42), 2018-07-10, The Franciscan order in the medieval English province and beyond, 51–66, Zutshi, Patrick, Amsterdam University Press, 10.1017/9789048537754.004, 978-90-485-3775-4, 240379755, Robson, Michael, The order commissioned many works for Franciscan churches, either showing him with sacred figures or episodes from his life. There are large early fresco cycles in the Basilica of San Francesco d'Assisi, parts of which are shown above.There are countless seventeenth- and eighteenth-century depictions of Saint Francis of Assisi and a musical angel in churches and museums throughout western Europe. The titles of these depictions vary widely, at times describing Francis as "consoled", "comforted", in "ecstasy" or in "rapture"; the presence of the musical angel may or may not be mentioned.JOURNAL, Roberts, Holly, The Musical Rapture of Saint Francis of Assisi: Hagiographic Adaptations and Iconographic Influences, Music in Art: International Journal for Music Iconography, 45, 1–2, 2020, 72–86, 1522-7464, File:Master of the bardi saint francis . St. Francis and scenes from his life 13 cent Santa croce.jpg|St. Francis and scenes from his life, 13th century, in Santa Croce, Florence.File:Saint Francis of Assisi Receiving the Stigmata.jpg|Saint Francis of Assisi Receiving the Stigmata, Jan van Eyck, c. 1430–1432, Turin versionFile:Domenico Veneziano - The Stigmatization of St Francis (predella 1) - WGA06432.jpg|The Stigmatization of St Francis, Domenico Veneziano, 1445File:Giovanni Bellini - Saint Francis in the Desert - Google Art Project.jpg|Saint Francis in the Desert Giovanni Bellini, c. 1480File:Carlo Crivelli - Saint Francis Collecting the Blood of Christ - Google Art Project.jpg|Saint Francis with the Blood of Christ, Carlo Crivelli, c. 1500File:El Greco - Saint Francis Receiving the Stigmata - Google Art Project.jpg|Saint Francis Receiving the Stigmata, Studio of El Greco, 1585–1590File:Ribalta-san francisco-prado.jpg|Francis of Assisi with angel music, Francisco Ribalta, c. 1620File:Francisco de Zurbarán 053.jpg|Saint Francis in Meditation, Francisco de Zurbarán, 1639File:Saint Francis of Assisi by Jusepe de Ribera.jpg|Saint Francis of Assisi in Ecstasy, Jusepe de Ribera, 1639File:Saint Francis of Assisi in Ecstasy-Caravaggio (c.1595).jpg|Saint Francis of Assisi in Ecstasy, Caravaggio, c. 1595File:Josep Benlliure Gil19.jpg|Francis of Assisi visiting his convent while far away, in a chariot of fire, José Benlliure y Gil (1855–1937)File:The Ecstasy of st Francis--Sassetta--Bernson collecton--Settignano.jpg|The Ecstasy of St. Francis, Stefano di Giovanni, 1444File:Nazario Gerardi as St. Francis in Francesco, giullare di Dio 2.jpg|Nazario Gerardi as Francis in The Flowers of St. Francis, 1950File:Statue in Cloisters said to have the cure for toothache. You can see teeth as votive offerings at the foot of the statue!.jpg|Statue in Askeaton Abbey, Ireland, claimed to cure toothache, 14th–15th centuryFile:Late 15th - Early 16th century depiction of Saint Francis of Assisi, by Tiberio of Assisi.jpg|St Francis, Tiberio d'Assisi, 1470 - 1524

Media

(File:Assisi San Francesco BW 2.JPG|thumb|Basilica of St. Francis, Assisi)File:Chania - Katholische Kirche - Innenhof.jpg|thumb|Statue of St. Francis in front of the Catholic church of ChaniaChania

Films

• The Flowers of St. Francis, a 1950 film directed by Roberto Rossellini and co-written by Federico Fellini. Francis was played by Nazario Gerardi, a Franciscan friar from the monastery Nocera Inferiore.
• Francis of Assisi, a 1961 film directed by Michael Curtiz, based on the novel The Joyful Beggar by Louis de Wohl, starring Bradford Dillman as Francis. Dolores Hart, who plays Clare, later became a Benedictine nun.
• Francesco di Assisi, a 1966 made-for-television film directed by Liliana Cavani, starring Lou Castel as Francis.
• The Hawks and the Sparrows, a 1966 film directed by Pier Paolo Pasolini
• Brother Sun, Sister Moon, a 1972 film by Franco Zeffirelli, starring Graham Faulkner as Francis.
• Francesco, a 1989 film by Liliana Cavani, contemplatively paced, follows Francis of Assisi's evolution from a rich man's son to a religious humanitarian, and eventually to a full-fledged self-tortured saint. Francis is played by Mickey Rourke.
• St. Francis, a 2002 film directed by Michele Soavi, starring Raoul Bova as Francis.
• Clare and Francis, a 2007 film directed by Fabrizio Costa, starring Mary Petruolo and Ettore Bassi
• Pranchiyettan and the Saint, a 2010 satirical Indian Malayalam film
• Finding St. Francis, a 2014 film directed by Paul Alexander
• L'ami – François d'Assise et ses frères (The friend – Francis of Assisi and his brothers),WEB, L'ami (2016),weblink 2023-11-25, 2016, imdb.com, The movie follows from 1209 to 1226 Elia da Cortona, one of the most faithful followers of S. Francis., a 2016 film directed by Renaud Fely and Arnaud Louvet starring Elio Germano
• The Sultan and the Saint,{{Citation |title=St. Francis of Assisi: Sign of Contradiction |url=https://wildgoose.tv/programs/st-francis-of-assisi-sign-of-contradiction-46401f |access-date=2023-09-12 }} a 2016 film directed by Alexander Kronemer, starring Alexander McPherson
• Sign of Contradiction, a 2018 documentary film featuring commentary by Fr. Dave Pivonka, Cardinal Raniero Cantalamessa, and others, focusing on a revealing of the true St. Francis to modern audiences.
• In Search of St. Francis of Assisi,In Search of Saint Francis of Assisi, Green Apple Entertainment. Retrieved 20 December 2019. documentary featuring Franciscan friars and others
• (The Letter: A Message for our Earth), a 2022 film on YouTube Originals by Nicolas Brown, telling the story of Saint Francis and the encyclical 'Laudato Si'.WEB, 2022-10-04, Pope Francis YouTube Doc 'The Letter: A Message For Our Earth' Launches From Vatican City – Trailer,weblink 2022-11-25, Variety,

Music

{{For|musical settings of the prayer incorrectly attributed to Francis|Prayer of Saint Francis#Musical settings}}

• Franz Liszt:
  • Cantico del sol di Francesco d'Assisi, S.4 (sacred choral work, 1862, 1880–81; versions of the Prelude for piano, S. 498c, 499, 499a; version of the Prelude for organ, S. 665, 760; version of the Hosannah for organ and bass trombone, S.677)
  • St. François d'Assise: La Prédication aux oiseaux, No. 1 of Deux Légendes, S.175 (piano, 1862–63)
• Gabriel Pierné: Saint François d'Assise (oratorio, 1912)
• William Henry Draper: All Creatures of Our God and King (hymn paraphrase of Canticle of the Sun, published 1919)
• Mario Castelnuovo-Tedesco: Fioretti (voice and orchestra, 1920)
• Gian Francesco Malipiero: San Francesco d'Assisi (soloists, chorus and orchestra, 1920–21)
• Hermann Suter: Le Laudi (The Praises) or Le Laudi di San Francesco d'Assisi, based on the Canticle of the Sun, (oratorio, 1923)
• Amy Beach: Canticle of the Sun (soloists, chorus and orchestra, 1928)
• Paul Hindemith: Nobilissima Visione (ballet 1938)
• Leo Sowerby: Canticle of the Sun (cantata for mixed voices with accompaniment for piano or orchestra, 1944)
• Francis Poulenc: Quatre petites prières de saint François d'Assise (men's chorus, 1948)
• Seth Bingham: The Canticle of the Sun (cantata for chorus of mixed voices with soli ad lib. and accompaniment for organ or orchestra, 1949)
• William Walton: Cantico del sol (chorus, 1973–74)
• Olivier Messiaen: St. François d'Assise (opera, 1975–83)
• {{interlanguage link|Juliusz Łuciuk|pl}}: ÅšwiÄ™ty Franciszek z Asyżu (oratorio for soprano, tenor, baritone, mixed chorus and orchestra, 1976)
• Peter Janssens: Franz von Assisi, Musikspiel (Musical play, text: Wilhelm Wilms, 1978)
• Michele Paulicelli: {{interlanguage link|Forza venite gente|it}} (musical theater, 1981)
• John Michael Talbot: Troubador of the Great King (1981), double-LP composed in honor of the 800th birthday of St. Francis of Assisi.
• Karlheinz Stockhausen: (Samstag aus LichtScene 4: Luzifers Abschied|Luzifers Abschied) (1982), scene 4 of the opera Samstag aus Licht
• Libby Larsen: I Will Sing and Raise a Psalm (SATB chorus and organ, 1995)
• Sofia Gubaidulina: Sonnengesang (solo cello, chamber choir and percussion, 1997)
• {{interlanguage link|Juventude Franciscana|pt|Juventude Franciscana}}: Balada de Francisco (voices accompanied by guitar, 1999)
• Angelo Branduardi: L'infinitamente piccolo (album, 2000)
• Lewis Nielson: St. Francis Preaches to the Birds (chamber concerto for violin, 2005)
• Peter Reulein (composer) / Helmut Schlegel (libretto): Laudato si' (oratorio, 2016)
• Daniel Dorff: Flowers of St. Francis (solo for Bass Clarinet, 2013)
• Mel Hornyak & Elliot Valentine Lee: Litany of the Martyrs, appears in Adamandi (musical number, 2022)

Selected biographical books

Hundreds of books have been written about him. The following suggestions are from Franciscan friar Conrad Harkins (1935–2020), director of the Franciscan Institute at St. Bonaventure University.WEB, Harkins, Conrad, 1994, Francis of Assisi: Recommended Resources,weblink live,weblink 11 April 2021, Christianity Today, 11 April 2021,

• Paul Sabatier, Life of St. Francis of Assisi (Scribner's, 1905).
• Johannes Jurgensen, St. Francis of Assisi: A Biography (translated by T. O’Conor Sloane; Longmans, 1912).
• Arnaldo Fortini, Francis of Assisi (translated by Helen Moak, Crossroad, 1981).
• Nikos Kazantzakis, Saint Francis (Ο Φτωχούλης του Θεού, in Greek; 1954)
• John Moorman, St. Francis of Assisi (SPCK, 1963)
• John Moorman, "The Spirituality of St. Francis of Assisi" (Our Sunday Visitor, 1977).
• Erik Doyle, St. Francis and the Song of Brotherhood (Seabury, 1981).
• Raoul Manselli, St. Francis of Assisi (translated by Paul Duggan; Franciscan, 1988).

Other

• In Rubén Darío's poem "Los Motivos del Lobo{{-"}} ("The Reasons of the Wolf") St. Francis tames a terrible wolf only to discover that the human heart harbours darker desires than those of the beast.
• In Fyodor Dostoevsky's The Brothers Karamazov, Ivan Karamazov invokes the name of "Pater Seraphicus", an epithet applied to St. Francis, to describe Alyosha's spiritual guide Zosima. The reference is found in Goethe's Faust, Part 2, Act 5, lines 11,918–25.JOURNAL, Медведев, Александр, 2015, "Сердце милующее": образы праведников в творчестве Ф. Ðœ. Достоевского и св. Франциск Ассизский,weblink Известия Уральского федерального университета. Серия 2: Гуманитарные науки., 2, 139, 222–233, 11 July 2019, www.academia.edu,
• In Mont Saint Michel and Chartres, Henry Adams' chapter on the "Mystics" discusses Francis extensively.
• Francesco's Friendly World was a 1996–97 direct-to-video Christian animated series produced by Lyrick Studios that was about Francesco and his talking animal friends as they rebuild the Church of San Damiano.WEB, Mark Bernthal, Video,weblink www.markbernthal.com,
• Rich Mullins co-wrote Canticle of the Plains, a musical, with Mitch McVicker. Released in 1997, it was based on the life of St. Francis of Assisi, but told as a Western story.
• Bernard Malamud's novel The Assistant (1957) features a protagonist, Frank Alpine, who exemplifies the life of St. Francis in mid-20th-century Brooklyn, New York City.{{citation needed|date=October 2022|reason=Novel's article does not mention St. Francis}}
• G. K. Chesterton's book St. Francis of Assisi, a biographical and philosophical explanation of St. FrancisWEB,weblink St. Francis of Assisi by G. K. Chesterton, 1923,

See also

• Feast of Saint Francis
• St. François d'Assise, an opera by Olivier Messiaen
• Blessing of animals
• Fraticelli
• List of places named after St. Francis
• Pardon of Assisi
• (Portal:Catholicism/Patron Archive/October 4|St. Francis of Assisi, patron saint archive)
• Society of St. Francis
• St. Benedict's Cave, which contains a portrait of Francis made during his lifetime
• St. Juniper, one of Francis' original followers
• Wolf of Gubbio

Prayers

• Canticle of the Sun, a prayer by Francis
• Little Office of the Passion, composed by Francis
• Prayer of St. Francis, a prayer often misattributed to Francis

Notes

{{Notelist|refs={{efn|name=Nativity|The Christmas scenes made by Saint Francis at the time were not inanimate objects, but live ones, later commercialised into inanimate representations of the Blessed Lord and His parents.}}}}

References

General references

• WEB, Brady, Ignatius Charles, Cunningham, Lawrence, September 29, 2020, St. Francis of Assisi,weblink 5 October 2020, Encyclopædia Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.,
• BOOK, Brooke, Rosalind B., The Image of St Francis: Responses to Sainthood in the Thirteenth Century, 2006, University Press, Cambridge,
• NEWS, Delio, Ilia, 20 March 2013, Francis of Assisi, nature's mystic, The Washington Post,weblink .
• Scripta Leonis, Rufini et Angeli Sociorum S. Francisci: The Writings of Leo, Rufino and Angelo Companions of St. Francis, original manuscript, 1246, compiled by Brother Leo and other companions (1970, 1990, reprinted with corrections), Oxford: Oxford University Press, edited by Rosalind B. Brooke, in Latin and English, {{ISBN|0-19-822214-9}}, containing testimony recorded by intimate, longtime companions of St. Francis.
• Francis of Assisi, The Little Flowers (Fioretti), London, 2012. limovia.net {{ISBN|978-1-78336-013-0}}.
• Bonaventure; Cardinal Manning (1867). The Life of St. Francis of Assisi (from the Legenda Sancti Francisci) (1988 ed.). Rockford, Illinois: TAN Books & Publishers {{ISBN|978-0-89555-343-0}}.
• Chesterton, Gilbert Keith (1924). St. Francis of Assisi (14th ed.). Garden City, New York: Image Books.
• Englebert, Omer (1951). The Lives of the Saints. New York: Barnes & Noble.
• Karrer, Otto, ed., St. Francis, The Little Flowers, Legends, and Lauds, trans. N. Wydenbruck (London: Sheed and Ward, 1979).
• BOOK, Tolan, John V.,weblink Saint Francis and the Sultan: The Curious History of a Christian-Muslim Encounter, University Press, 2009, 978-0-19-923972-6, Oxford, John V. Tolan,

Further reading

• MAGAZINE, Acocella, Joan, 14 January 2013, Rich Man, Poor Man: The Radical Visions of St. Francis, 88, 72–77, The New Yorker, 43,weblink 23 January 2015, .
• BOOK, Little Flowers of St. Francis of Assisi,weblink Bonaventure, Saint Cardinal, 1910, Bonaventure, J.M. Dent; New York: E.P. Dutton,
• BOOK, Brady, Kathleen, Francis and Clare: The Struggles of the Saints of Assisi, 2021,weblink Lodwin Press, New York, 978-1737549826,
• The Little Flowers [Fioretti] of Saint Francis (Translated by Raphael Brown), Doubleday, 1998. {{ISBN|978-0-385-07544-2}}.
• Valerie Martin, Salvation: Scenes from the Life of St. Francis, New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2001. {{ISBN|0-375-40983-1}}.
• Giovanni Morello and Laurence B. Kanter, eds., The Treasury of Saint Francis of Assisi, Electa, Milan, 1999. Catalog of exhibition at the Metropolitan Museum of Art, March 16 – June 27, 1999.
• BOOK, s:Beautiful pearls of Catholic truth/Sayings of Brother Giles, one of the First Disciples of St. Francis of Assisi., Sayings of Brother Giles, one of the First Disciples of St. Francis of Assisi.]], Beautiful pearls of Catholic truth, 1897, Henry Sphar & Co., Bernard, O'Reilly,
• Paul Moses, The Saint and the Sultan: The Crusades, Islam, and Francis of Assisi's Mission of Peace, New York: Doubleday, 2009.
• Donald Spoto, Reluctant Saint: The Life of Francis of Assisi, New York: Viking Compass, 2002. {{ISBN|0-670-03128-3}}.
• Augustine Thompson, O.P., Francis of Assisi: A New Biography, Cornell University Press, 2012.{{ISBN|978-0-80145070-9}}.
• André Vauchez, Francis of Assisi: The Life and Afterlife of a Medieval Saint, Yale University Press, 2012. {{ISBN|978-0-30017894-4}}.

External links

{{Sister project links|d=Q676555}}

• "St. Francis of Assisi", Encyclopædia Britannica online
• "St. Francis of Assisium, Confessor", Butler's Lives of the Saints
• The Franciscan Archive
• St. Francis of Assisi – Catholic Saints & Angels
• Here Followeth the Life of St. Francis from Caxton's translation of the Golden Legend
• Colonnade Statue in St. Peter's Square
• Founder Statue in St. Peter's Basilica
• WEB, The Poor Man of Assisi,weblink live,weblink 23 March 2018, Invisible Monastery of charity and fraternity – Christian prayer group,
• {{Internet Archive author |sname=Francis of Assisi}}
• {{Librivox author |id=9777}}
• Saint Francis of Assisi Exhibition at the National Gallery, London, May 6 – July 30, 2023. Review: Julian Bell, "Opulence and Humility", The New York Review of Books, August 17, 2023. Review: Mary Wellesley "St Francis of Assisi", London Review of Books, 27 July 2023.

{{Francis of Assisi}}{{Franciscans}}{{History of Christianity}}{{Catholic saints}}{{History of the Catholic Church|collapsed}}{{History of Catholic theology|collapsed}}{{Authority control}}