14 recent turned up (20 or fewer displayed):
- SOHOdb
SOHOdb (related to
GetWiki) is a
cross-platform, enterprise-class ...
- Wiki
Wiki (pronounced
"weekee" or "wikee"), originally
WikiWiki, ...
- Bloki
A Bloki
(wikiblog, or
bliki, for those favouring
wikis), is combination of the two basic
approaches of Blogging and
Wikiing. ...
- PHP
PHP (PHP:Hypertext Preprocessor) is a
reflective programming
language originally designed for
producing dynamic web pages. ...
- Atom (standard)
A browser "feed" icon, used in
Firefox, for example, and
the Atom website icon, used with
valid feeds
The name
Atom applies to a pair of
related standards. ...
- Ibiblio
ibiblio (formerly
SunSITE and
MetaLab) is a digital library and archive
project run jointly by the University of
North Carolina at Chapel Hill and the Center
for the Public Domain. It is a "collection of
collections", and hosts a diverse range of
publicly available information and open source software. It also
offers streaming audio radio stations.
Unless otherwise specified, all material on
ibiblio is assumed to be in the public
domain.
History:
What
is now ibiblio was founded in 1992 by the
University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill as
SunSITE. SunSITE was to be an archive and an
information sharing project for the public,
and was funded by grants from Sun
Microsystems, thus the name. The relationship
with Sun came to an amicable end, according
to the ibiblio FAQ,
and the name was changed to MetaLab. ...
- Web Syndication
Web syndication is a
form of syndication in which
a section of a website
is made available for other sites to use.
This could be simply by licensing the content so
that other people can use it; however, in
general, web syndication refers to
making Web feeds available from
a site in order to provide other people with
a summary of the website's recently added
content (for example, the latest news or blog
posts).
What are Web
Feeds?:
Web feeds are used, for
example by the weblog community, to share
the latest entries' headlines or their full
text, and even attached multimedia files.
(See podcasting, vodcasting, broadcasting, screencasting, Vloging, and MP3
Blogs.) ...
- IRC
Internet Relay Chat (IRC)
is a form of real-time InternetInternet or synchronous
conferencing. It is mainly designed for group
(many-to-many) communication in
discussion forums called channels,
but also allows one-to-one communication and
data transfers via IM (private message).
IRC
was created by Jarkko Oikarinen in late
August 1988 to replace a program called MUT (MultiUser talk) on a BBS
called OuluBox in Finland. Oikarinen found
inspiration in a chat system known as Bitnet Relay, which
operated on the BITNET.
IRC gained
prominence when it was used to report on the
Soviet coup attempt of 1991 throughout a
media blackout. It was previously used in a
similar fashion by Kuwaitis during the Iraq
invasion. Relevant logs are available from ibiblio archive.
Some content adapted from the Pseudopedia article
"Internet_Relay_Chat" under the GNU
Free Documentation License. ...
- XHTML
__NOTOC__
XHTMLXHTMLXHTMLXHTMLXHTMLXHTMLXHTMLXHTMLXHTML
Extensible Hypertext
Markup Language
(XHTML), or simply
XTML, is an SGML markup language that has the
same expressive possibilites as HTML, but conforms to the XML standard which is more
strict. XHTML has been recommended by the World Wide
Web Consortium (W3C) since January 26, 2000.
XHTML, in any of its own versions, is the
current version of HTML recommended for
development. The need for a more strict
version of HTML was felt primarily as web
content needed delivery to many other devices
(like mobile devices)
apart from traditional computers with forgiving
browsers, and where extra resources cannot be
devoted to support the generosities (or
inconsistencies) of HTML, such as support for
both upper-case and lower-case elements,
among others. The XHTML DTD is defined
within the XML DTD to enforce the strict
rules of XML.
Very few web browsers have any problem
with XHTML, and render it properly, as it is
simply well-formed HTML in that respect. ...
- Apache
The Apache HTTP Server
is an open source HTTP web
server for Unix platforms
(BSDi, Linux, and
Mac OS X systems), Microsoft
Windows, and other platforms. ...
- Metadata
Metadata (Greek: meta-+ Latin: data "information"),
literally "data about data", ...
- HTML
Hypertext Markup
Language (HTML) is a markup language designed for
creating web pages, that is,
information presented on the World Wide Web. ...
- CSS
Cascading Style Sheets
(CSS) is a language that is used to
describe the stylistic presentation of a structured
document written in HTML or XML. The CSS specification is
maintained by the World Wide
Web Consortium (W3C).
Overview:
CSS is predominantly used by
web page authors to define colors, fonts, layout, and other document
characteristics. It is designed primarily to
enable the separation of document
structure (written in
HTML or a related language) from document presentation
(written in CSS). This separation provides a
number of benefits, including improved
content accessibility,
greater flexibility and control in the
specification of presentational
characteristics, and reduced complexity of the
structural content. CSS is capable of
specifying auditory characteristics and other
alternative rendering methods, in addition to
its visual formatting
capabilities.
Advantages of using CSS
include:
* Presentation
information for an entire website
or collection of pages resides in one place,
and can be updated quickly and easily
*
Different users can have different style sheets: large print and text
readers for example. Web
browsers allow users to specify their own
local style sheet to apply to a remote
site.
* The HTML code is reduced in size and
complexity, since it does not need to contain
any presentational markup
CSS has a syntax that is relatively
simpler than that of HTML, and uses a number
of English keywords to specify the names of
various style properties. Here is a simple
example of what CSS code looks like:
p {
font-size: 110%; font-family: Garamond,
serif; }
h2 { color: red; background:
white; }
.highlight { color: red;
background: yellow; font-weight: bold;
}
Here, the HTML elements p
(paragraph) and h2 (level two
heading) are being assigned stylistic
attributes. The paragraph element will be
rendered in a font size ten per cent larger
than its parent, in the Garamond font or, if Garamond is
unavailable, a generic serif
font. The level two heading element will
be rendered in red, on a white background.
The third descriptor shown here defines a CSS
class, which can be assigned to any
HTML element by using the class
attribute. For
example:
:c27738debfee20f6ec
ed18bdf81bb1c4
The CSS descriptors given
above can be included within the HTML
document, or imported separately. This
capability gives CSS much of its flexibility
and power. Additionally, CSS can be used with
XHTML, XML, or in fact
any structured document format which is
properly implemented in an associated user agent or browser.
History of
CSS:
Style sheets have been around in
one form or another since the beginnings of
HTML in the early 1990s.
Various browsers included their own style language
which could be used to customize the appearance of web
documents. Originally, style sheets were
targeted towards the end-user; early
revisions of HTML did not provide many
facilities for presentational attributes, so
it was often up to the user to decide how web
documents would appear.
As the HTML
language grew, however, it came to encompass
a wider variety of stylistic capabilities to
meet the demands of web developers. With these
capabilities, style sheets became less
important, and an external language for the
purposes of defining style attributes was not
widely accepted until the development of
CSS.
The concept of Cascading Style Sheets
was originally proposed in 1994 by Håkon Wium Lie. Bert
Bos was at the time working on a browser
called Argo which used its own
style sheets; the two decided to work
together to develop CSS.
A number of other
style sheet languages had already been
proposed, but CSS was the first to
incorporate the idea of "cascading" -- the capability for a
document's style to be inherited from more
than one "style sheet." This permitted a
user's preferred style to override the site
author's specified style in some areas, while
inheriting, or
"cascading" the author's style in other
areas. The capability to cascade in this way
permits both users and site authors added
flexibility and control; it permitted a
mixture of stylistic preferences.
Håkon's
proposal was presented at the "Mosaic and the
Web" conference in Chicago in 1994, and
again with Bert Bos in 1995. Around
this time, the World Wide Web Consortium was
being established; the W3C took an interest
in the development of CSS, and organized a
workshop toward that end. Håkon and Bert were
the primary technical staff on the project,
with additional members, including Thomas
Reardon of Microsoft,
participating as well. By the end of 1996,
CSS was nearly ready to become official. The
CSS level 1 Recommendation was published in
December 1996.
Early in 1997, CSS
was assigned its own working group within the
W3C, chaired by Chris Lilley. The group began
tackling issues that had not been addressed
with CSS level 1, resulting in the creation
of CSS level 2, which was published as an
official Recommendation in May 1998. CSS
level 3 is still under development as of 2004.
Difficulty with
adoption:
Although the CSS1 specification was
completed in 1996, it
would be more than three years before any web
browser achieved full implementation of
the specification. Microsoft
Internet Explorer 5.0 for the Macintosh shipped
in March of 2000, the
first browser to have full (better than 99
per cent) CSS1 support. Other browsers
followed soon afterwards, and many of them
additionally implemented parts of CSS2,
though as of 2004, no
browser has achieved full implementation of
CSS2.
Even the browsers that did achieve
full implementation often did so with a
degree of difficulty; many implementations of
CSS are fraught with inconsistencies, bugs
and other quirks. Authors
have commonly had to utilize hacks and workarounds in order
to obtain consistent results across browsers and platforms. One of the
most well-known CSS bugs is the Internet
Explorer box model bug; box widths are
interpreted incorrectly in several versions
of the browser, resulting in blocks which
appear as expected in most browsers, but are
too narrow when viewed in Internet Explorer.
The bug can be avoided, but not without some
cost in terms of functionality.
This is
just one of hundreds of other CSS bugs that
have been documented in various versions of
Internet Explorer, Netscape, Mozilla,
and Opera, many of which have
severe detrimental effects on the legibility of the
document; the proliferation of
such bugs in CSS implementations has made it
difficult for designers to achieve a
consistent appearance across
platforms. However, currently, Mozilla's Gecko layout
engine is the best at rendering CSS,
while Internet Explorer remains the worst at
rendering CSS by standards set down by World Wide
Web Consortium.
Usage of
CSS:
CSS is designed primarily to
separate presentation from content. Authors who use
CSS commonly do so towards this end. Prior to
CSS, nearly all of the presentational
attributes of an HTML document were contained
within the HTML code; all font colors,
background styles, alignment specification,
boxes, borders, and sizes had to be
explicitly described, often repeatedly, in
the midst of the HTML code. CSS allows
authors to extract much of that information,
resulting in considerably simpler HTML code,
supplemented by an auxiliary style sheet
written in the language of CSS. The structure
and semantic markup is restricted to the HTML
code, while the presentational markup is
restricted to the CSS code.
For example,
the HTML element h2 specifies
that the text contained within it is a level
two heading. It has a lower level of
importance than h1 headings, but
a higher level of importance than
h3 headings. This aspect of the
h2 element is
structural.
Customarily, headings are rendered in
decreasing order of size, with
h1 as the largest, because
larger headings are usually interpreted to
have greater importance than smaller ones.
Headings are also typically rendered in a
bold font in order to give them additional
emphasis. The h2 element may be
rendered in bold face, and in a font larger
than h3 but smaller than
h1. This aspect of the
h2 element is
presentational.
Prior to CSS,
document authors who wanted to assign a
specific color, font, size, or other
characteristic to all h2
headings had to utilize the HTML
font element, or other
presentational markup, in addition to the
h2 element, since
h2 is strictly a structural
element. A heading to be rendered in an
italic red font on a white background might
be
written:
:1ea27fe8db9cc7a2e9
85150d59de129f
The additional
presentational markup in the HTML made
documents more complex, and generally more
difficult to maintain; if all level two
headings were to be rendered in this style,
the markup had to be used for each one
separately. Furthermore, a person reading the
page with a web browser loses control over
the display of the text; if they would rather
see the heading in blue, they cannot easily
do so, as the site author has explicitly
defined the heading color to be used.
With
CSS, the h2 element can be used
to give the text structure, while the style
sheet gives the text its presentational
characteristics. The above might be
written:
:69405d14fbe1aa6d85
87670177f2712c
With an accompanying
style sheet to define the red italic style
and white background:
:h2 { color:
red; background: white; font-style: italic;
}
Thus, presentation is separated
from content. (It is because of the
advantages offered by CSS that the W3C now
considers many of the presentational elements
and attributes in HTML to be deprecated). The HTML
describes only structural aspects, and the
CSS describes all presentational aspects. CSS
can define color, font, text alignment, size,
and also non-visual formatting such as the
speed with which a page is read out loud in
text readers.
CSS style information can be
either attached as a separate document or
embedded in the HTML document. Multiple style
sheets can be imported, and alternative style
sheets can be specified so that the user can
choose between them. Different styles can be
applied depending on what media is being
used. For example, the screen version may be
quite different from the printed version.
This allows authors to tailor the
presentation appropriately for each kind of
media. Also, one of the goals of CSS is to
allow users a greater degree of control over
presentation; users who find the red italic
headings difficult to read may apply their
own style sheet to the document, and the
presentational characteristics will be
"cascaded"; the user may override just the
red italic heading style, and the remaining
attributes will stay the way they are.
Recommendations:
The first CSS
specification to become an official W3C
Recommendation is CSS level 1, published in
December 1996. Among
its capabilities are:
* Font
properties
* Color and background
properties
* Text properties
** word-spacing
** text-wrapping
**
alignment
* Box
properties
** Margin
** Border
**
Padding
** Float
* Classification
properties
** 'display'
** lists
The W3C maintains
the CSS1
Recommendation.
CSS level 2 was
developed by the W3C and published as a
Recommendation in May 1998. A
superset of CSS1, CSS2 includes a number of
new capabilities, among them the absolute,
relative, and fixed positioning of
elements, the concept of media types, support
for aural style sheets and bidirectional
text, and new font properties such as
shadows. The W3C maintains the CSS2
Recommendation.
CSS level 3 is
currently under development. The W3C
maintains a CSS3
progress report.
References:
*
Jeffrey Zeldman: Forward
Compatibility: Designing and Building with
Web Standards., New Riders, ISBN
0735712018 (paperback) (book's
companion site)
* Eric
A. Meyer: Cascading Style Sheets: The
Definitive Guide, 2nd Edition, O'Reilly
& Associates, ISBN 0596005253
* Eric A.
Meyer: Cascading Style Sheets 2.0
Programmer's Reference, McGraw-Hill
Osborne Media, ISBN 0072131780
External links:
* Cascading Style
Sheets at the W3C
* W3C
CSS Validation Service
* A List Apart
Magazine - Online magazine promoting the
use of CSS and other web standards.
* css/edge - An amazing collection of examples
showing what can be done with CSS.
* CSS2
tests by Peter-Paul Koch
*
CSS Panic Guide - a fast resource
* CSS-discuss
wiki - A wiki dedicated to CSS
* css Zen
Garden - A demonstration of what can be
accomplished visually through CSS–based
design.
* XML.com
** Tutorial
s
** Software
Hacks and
workarounds:
* Box model hack
* Another box model workaround
*
Commented backslash
hack
Cascading Style Sheets
CSS
Hojas De Estilo En
Cascada
Cascading style sheets
Cascading Style Sheets
Cascading Style Sheets
Cascading Style Sheet
CSS
Some content adapted from the Wikinfo article "Cascading Style Sheets" under
the GNU
Free Documentation License. ...
- Blog
Weblog Weblog blog WeblogWeblog Weblog Blog 블로그
A blog
or weblog is a website
of periodic posts in a common webspace. ...
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