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Croatia
please note:
- the content below is remote from Wikipedia
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{{short description|Country in Central and Southeast Europe}}{{other uses}}{{pp|small=yes}}{{pp-move|small=yes}}{{Use British English|date=January 2022}}{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2021}}- the content below is remote from Wikipedia
- it has been imported raw for GetWiki
| factoids |
|---|
* :* :* :* :* :* :* :* :* :* {edih}| image_flag = Flag of Croatia.svg| image_coat = Coat of arms of Croatia.svg| coa_size = 70
- 87.4% Christianity
- 79.0% Catholicism
- 3.3% Orthodoxy
- 5.1% other Christian
Etymology
Croatia’s non-native name derives from Medieval Latin , itself a derivation of North-West Slavic , by liquid metathesis from Common Slavic period *Xorvat, from proposed Proto-Slavic (wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/xÑŠrvatÑŠ|*XÑŠrvátÑŠ) which possibly comes from the 3rd-century Scytho-Sarmatian form attested in the Tanais Tablets as (’, alternate forms comprise and ’).BOOK, Alemko, Gluhak, Hrvatski etimoloÅ¡ki rjeÄnik, Croatian Etymological Dictionary, hr, August Cesarec, 1993, 953-162-000-8, The origin of the ethnonym is uncertain, but most probably is from Proto-Ossetian / Alanian *xurvæt- or *xurvÄt-, in the meaning of “one who guards” (“guardian, protector“).{{citation |first=Ranko |last=Matasović |author-link=Ranko Matasović |title=Ime Hrvata |trans-title=The Name of Croats |journal=Jezik (Croatian Philological Society) |location=Zagreb |year=2019 |volume=66 |issue=3 |pages=81–97 |url=https://hrcak.srce.hr/228825?lang=en |language=hr}}The oldest preserved record of the Croatian ethnonym’s native variation *xÑŠrvatÑŠ is of the variable stem, attested in the BaÅ¡ka tablet in style zvÑŠnÑŠmirÑŠ kralÑŠ xrÑŠvatÑŠskÑŠ (“Zvonimir, Croatian king“),JOURNAL,hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=clanak&id_clanak_jezik=21348, Branko, FuÄić, Branko FuÄić, Najstariji hrvatski glagoljski natpisi, The Oldest Croatian Glagolitic Inscriptions, Slovo (journal), Slovo, Old Church Slavonic Institute, 21, September 1971, hr, 227–254, 14 October 2011, while the Latin variation Croatorum is archaeologically confirmed on a church inscription found in Bijaći near Trogir dated to the end of the 8th or early 9th century.JOURNAL, Kulturna kronika: Dvanaest hrvatskih stoljeća,www.matica.hr/vijenac/291/hrvatski-nacionalni-dan-na-expou-u-japanu-9037/, Vijenac, Matica hrvatska, Zagreb, 291, 28 April 2005, 10 June 2019, hr, The presumably oldest stone inscription with fully preserved ethnonym is the 9th-century Branimir inscription found near Benkovac, where Duke Branimir is styled Dux Cruatorvm, likely dated between 879 and 892, during his rule.{{sfn|Mužić|2007|p=|pp=195–198}} The Latin term is attributed to a charter of Duke Trpimir I of Croatia, dated to 852 in a 1568 copy of a lost original, but it is not certain if the original was indeed older than the Branimir inscription.{{sfn|Mužić|2007|p=27}}{{Sfn|Mužić|2007|p=171}}History
Prehistory
{{multiple image| align = right| total_width = 230| direction = horizontal| image1 = ZGvucdove.jpg| alt1 = Ceramic sculpture| image2 = Croatian_Apoxyomenos_Louvre_n04.jpg| alt2 = Stone SculptureAntiquity
{{further|Dalmatia (Roman province)|Pannonia (Roman province)}}The region of modern-day Croatia was settled by Illyrians and Liburnians, while the first Greek colonies were established on the islands of Hvar,BOOK,books.google.com/books?id=4Nv6SPRKqs8C, John, Wilkes, The Illyrians, 1995, Wiley-Blackwell, Oxford, UK, 978-0-631-19807-9, 114, ... in the early history of the colony settled in 385 BC on the island Pharos (Hvar) from the Aegean island Paros, famed for its marble. In traditional fashion they accepted the guidance of an oracle, ..., 15 October 2011, KorÄula, and Vis.BOOK,www.scribd.com/doc/15826619/John-Wilkes-The-Illyrians, John, Wilkes, The Illyrians, 1995, Wiley-Blackwell, Oxford, UK, 978-0-631-19807-9, 115, The third Greek colony known in this central sector of the Dalmatian coast was Issa, on the north side of the island Vis., 3 April 2012, In 9 AD, the territory of today’s Croatia became part of the Roman Empire. Emperor Diocletian was native to the region. He had a large palace built in Split, to which he retired after abdicating in AD 305.BOOK, Edward, Gibbon, John Bagnell Bury, John Bagnell Bury, Daniel J. Boorstin, Daniel J., Boorstin, The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, Modern Library, 1995, New York, 335, 978-0-679-60148-7,books.google.com/books?id=bdKLyie1M50C, 27 October 2011, Edward Gibbon,Middle Ages
File:Balkans925.png|thumb|left|upright=1.1|Kingdom of Croatia c. 925, during the reign of King TomislavKing TomislavDuring the 5th century, the last de jure Western Roman Emperor Julius Nepos ruled a small realm from the palace after fleeing Italy in 475.BOOK,archive.org/details/historyoflaterro01buryuoft, J. B. Bury, History of the later Roman empire from the death of Theodosius I. to the death of Justinian, 408, Macmillan Publishers, 1923, 15 October 2011, J. B. Bury, The period ends with Avar and Croat invasions in the late 6th and first half of the 7th century and the destruction of almost all Roman towns. Roman survivors retreated to more favourable sites on the coast, islands, and mountains. The city of Dubrovnik was founded by such survivors from Epidaurum.BOOK,archive.org/details/bub_gb_E_NBAAAAYAAJ, Researches on the Danube and the Adriatic, Andrew Archibald Paton, 1861, 218–219, Trübner, 15 October 2011, The ethnogenesis of Croats is uncertain. The most accepted theory, the Slavic theory, proposes migration of White Croats from White Croatia during the Migration Period. Conversely, the Iranian theory proposes Iranian origin, based on Tanais Tablets containing Ancient Greek inscriptions of given names ΧοÏοÏαθος, ΧοÏοάθος, and ΧοÏόαθος (Khoroúathos, Khoroáthos, and Khoróathos) and their interpretation as anthroponyms of Croatian people.JOURNAL, Migracijske i EtniÄke Teme, 1333-2546, Institute for Migration and Ethnic Studies, September 2007, 23, 3, 251–268, Emil, HerÅ¡ak, Boris, NikÅ¡ić, hr, Hrvatska etnogeneza: pregled komponentnih etapa i interpretacija (s naglaskom na euroazijske/nomadske sadržaje), Croatian Ethnogenesis: A Review of Component Stages and Interpretations (with Emphasis on Eurasian/Nomadic Elements),hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=clanak&id_clanak_jezik=28729&lang=en, According to the work De Administrando Imperio written by 10th-century Byzantine Emperor Constantine VII, Croats arrived in the Roman province of Dalmatia in the first half of the 7th century after they defeated the Avars.JOURNAL, KatiÄić, Radoslav, 1989, Ivan Mužić o podrijetlu Hrvata,hrcak.srce.hr/95425, Starohrvatska Prosvjeta, hr, III, 19, 243–270, 0351-4536, {{sfn|Goldstein|1999|p=13}}JOURNAL, Birin, Ante, Pregled politiÄke povijesti Hrvata u ranome srednjem vijeku,www.academia.edu/30936317, Nova Zraka U Europskom Svjetlu – Hrvatske Zemlje U Ranome Srednjem Vijeku (Oko 550 – Oko 1150), January 2015, hr, 40, Academia.edu, However, that claim is disputed: competing hypotheses date the event between the late 6th-early 7th (mainstream) or the late 8th-early 9th (fringe) centuries,{{sfn|Mužić|2007|pp=249–293}}BOOK, Danijel, Dzino, 2010, Becoming Slav, Becoming Croat: Identity Transformations in Post-Roman and Early Medieval Dalmatia,books.google.com/books?id=6UbOtJcF8rQC, BRILL, 175, 179–182, 9789004186460, but recent archaeological data has established that the migration and settlement of the Slavs/Croats was in the late 6th and early 7th century.JOURNAL, BeloÅ¡ević, Janko, Razvoj i osnovne znaÄajke starohrvatskih grobalja horizonta 7.-9. stoljeća na povijesnim prostorima Hrvata,morepress.unizd.hr/journals/index.php/pov/article/view/2231, Radovi, 39, 26, 71–97, 2000, hr, 10.15291/radovipov.2231, free, BOOK, Fabijanić, Tomislav, 2013, 14C date from early Christian basilica gemina in PodvrÅ¡je (Croatia) in the context of Slavic settlement on the eastern Adriatic coast, The early Slavic settlement of Central Europe in the light of new dating evidence, Wroclaw, Institute of Archaeology and Ethnology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, 251–260, 978-83-63760-10-6, BOOK, Bekić, Luka, 2016, Rani srednji vijek izmeÄ‘u Panonije i Jadrana: ranoslavenski keramiÄki i ostali arheoloÅ¡ki nalazi od 6. do 8. stoljeća, Early medieval between Pannonia and the Adriatic: early Slavic ceramic and other archaeological finds from the sixth to eighth century,www.researchgate.net/publication/348500715, Pula, ArheoloÅ¡ki muzej Istre, hr, en, 101, 119, 123, 138–140, 157–162, 173–174, 177–179, 978-953-8082-01-6, Eventually, a dukedom was formed, Duchy of Croatia, ruled by Borna, as attested by chronicles of Einhard starting in 818. The record represents the first document of Croatian realms, vassal states of Francia at the time.{{sfn|Mužić|2007|pp=157–160}} Its neighbor to the North was Principality of Lower Pannonia, at the time ruled by duke Ljudevit who ruled the territories between the Drava and Sava rivers, centred from his fort at Sisak. This population and territory throughout history was tightly related and connected to Croats and Croatia.{{sfn|Budak|2018|pp=178–185}}File:Oton Ivekovic, Krunidba kralja Tomislava.jpg|right|thumb|Coronation of King Tomislav by Oton IvekovićOton Iveković Christianisation of Croats began in the 7th century at the time of archon Porga of Croatia, initially probably encompassed only the elite and related people,{{sfn|Budak|2018|pp=144–145}} but mostly finished by the 9th century.JOURNAL, Ivandija, Antun, PokrÅ¡tenje Hrvata prema najnovijim znanstvenim rezultatima, Christianization of Croats according to the most recent scientific results,hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=clanak&id_clanak_jezik=64623&lang=en, Bogoslovska smotra, University of Zagreb, Catholic Faculty of Theology, 37, 3–4, 440–444, April 1968, 0352-3101, hr, JOURNAL, Živković, Tibor, Tibor Živković, On the Baptism of the Serbs and Croats in the Time of Basil I (867–886), Studia Slavica et Balcanica Petropolitana, 2013a, 1, 33–53,slavica-petropolitana.spbu.ru/files/2013_1/Zivkovic.pdf, The Frankish overlordship ended during the reign of Mislav,{{sfn|Mužić|2007|pp=169–170}} or his successor Trpimir I.{{sfn|Budak|2018|pp=106}} The native Croatian royal dynasty was founded by duke Trpimir I in the mid 9th century, who defeated the Byzantine and Bulgarian forces.JOURNAL, Radovi, HAZU, Zadar, 2001, 43, Milko, Brković, DiplomatiÄka analiza papinskih pisama druge polovice IX. stoljeća destinatarima u Hrvatskoj, The Papal Letters of the second half of the IXth Century to addressees in Croatia, hr, 29–44,hrcak.srce.hr/en/clanak/18748, The first native Croatian ruler recognised by the Pope was duke Branimir, who received papal recognition from Pope John VIII on 7 June 879.{{sfn|Mužić|2007|p=|pp=195–198}} Tomislav was the first king of Croatia, noted as such in a letter of Pope John X in 925. Tomislav defeated Hungarian and Bulgarian invasions.JOURNAL, Radovi Zavoda Za Hrvatsku Povijest, 30, 1, 0353-295X, 281–290, Povijesni zemljovidi i granice Hrvatske u Tomislavovo doba, Historical maps and borders of Croatia in age of Tomislav, hr, Vladimir, Posavec, March 1998, 16 October 2011,hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=clanak&id_clanak_jezik=62779, The medieval Croatian kingdom reached its peak in the 11th century during the reigns of Petar KreÅ¡imir IV (1058–1074) and Dmitar Zvonimir (1075–1089).JOURNAL, Radovi Zavoda Za Hrvatsku Povijest, 29, 1, 0353-295X, 11–20, Regnum Croatiae et Dalmatiae u doba Stjepana II., Regnum Croatiae et Dalmatiae in age of Stjepan II, hr, Lujo, Margetić, January 1997, 16 October 2011,hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=clanak&id_clanak_jezik=76963, Lujo Margetić, When Stjepan II died in 1091, ending the Trpimirović dynasty, Dmitar Zvonimir’s brother-in-law Ladislaus I of Hungary claimed the Croatian crown. This led to a war and personal union with Hungary in 1102 under Coloman.JOURNAL, Scrinia Slavonica, 1332-4853, Hrvatski institut za povijest – Podružnica za povijest Slavonije, Srijema i Baranje, Hrvatsko-ugarski odnosi od sredinjega vijeka do nagodbe iz 1868. s posebnim osvrtom na pitanja Slavonije, Croatian-Hungarian relations from the Middle Ages to the Compromise of 1868, with a special survey of the Slavonian issue, hr,hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=clanak&id_clanak_jezik=68144, Ladislav, Heka, October 2008, 8, 1, 152–173, 16 October 2011,Personal union with Hungary (1102) and Habsburg Monarchy (1527)
{{further|Croatian–Ottoman wars}}File:Dragutin Weingärtner, Hrvatski sabor 1848. god.jpg|thumb|left|Ban Josip JelaÄić at the opening of the first modern Croatian ParliamentCroatian ParliamentFor the next four centuries, the Kingdom of Croatia was ruled by the Sabor (parliament) and a Ban (viceroy) appointed by the king.WEB,www.sabor.hr/Default.aspx?sec=404, Povijest saborovanja, History of parliamentarism, hr, Sabor, 18 October 2010, 2 December 2010, live,www.sabor.hr/Default.aspx?sec=404," title="web.archive.org/web/20101202061135www.sabor.hr/Default.aspx?sec=404,">web.archive.org/web/20101202061135www.sabor.hr/Default.aspx?sec=404, This period saw the rise of influential nobility such as the Frankopan and Å ubić families to prominence, and ultimately numerous Bans from the two families.{{sfn|Font|2005|p=17}} An increasing threat of Ottoman conquest and a struggle against the Republic of Venice for control of coastal areas ensued. The Venetians controlled most of Dalmatia by 1428, except the city-state of Dubrovnik, which became independent. Ottoman conquests led to the 1493 Battle of Krbava field and the 1526 Battle of Mohács, both ending in decisive Ottoman victories. King Louis II died at Mohács, and in 1527, the Croatian Parliament met in Cetin and chose Ferdinand I of the House of Habsburg as the new ruler of Croatia, under the condition that he protects Croatia against the Ottoman Empire while respecting its political rights.{{sfn|Frucht|2005|p=|pp=422–423}}File:Map of the Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia (1885).png|thumb|upright=1.4|The Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia was an autonomous kingdom within Austria-Hungary created in 1868 following the Croatian–Hungarian SettlementCroatian–Hungarian SettlementFollowing the decisive Ottoman victories, Croatia was split into civilian and military territories in 1538. The military territories became known as the Croatian Military Frontier and were under direct Habsburg control. Ottoman advances in Croatia continued until the 1593 Battle of Sisak, the first decisive Ottoman defeat, when borders stabilised.{{sfn|Frucht|2005|p=|pp=422–423}} During the Great Turkish War (1683–1698), Slavonia was regained, but western Bosnia, which had been part of Croatia before the Ottoman conquest, remained outside Croatian control.{{sfn|Frucht|2005|p=|pp=422–423}} The present-day border between the two countries is a remnant of this outcome. Dalmatia, the southern part of the border, was similarly defined by the Fifth and the Seventh Ottoman–Venetian Wars.{{sfn|Lane|1973|p=409}}The Ottoman wars drove demographic changes. During the 16th century, Croats from western and northern Bosnia, Lika, Krbava, the area between the rivers of Una and Kupa, and especially from western Slavonia, migrated towards Austria. Present-day Burgenland Croats are direct descendants of these settlers.WEB, Croatian Cultural Association in Burgenland,www.hkd.at/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=61&Itemid=102&lang=hr, hr, Povijest Gradišćanskih Hrvatov, History of Burgenland Croats, 17 October 2011, 14 November 2012, live,www.hkd.at/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=61&Itemid=102&lang=hr," title="web.archive.org/web/20121114132821www.hkd.at/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=61&Itemid=102&lang=hr,">web.archive.org/web/20121114132821www.hkd.at/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=61&Itemid=102&lang=hr, JOURNAL, Valentić, Mirko, 30 October 1990, TURSKI RATOVI i HRVATSKA DIJASPORA u XVI. STOLJEĆU,hrcak.srce.hr/74388, Senjski Zbornik: Prilozi Za Geografiju, Etnologiju, Gospodarstvo, Povijest I Kulturu, hr, 17, 1, 45–60, 0582-673X, To replace the fleeing population, the Habsburgs encouraged Bosnians to provide military service in the Military Frontier.The Croatian Parliament supported King Charles III’s Pragmatic Sanction and signed their own Pragmatic Sanction in 1712.WEB, Povijest saborovanja,www.sabor.hr/hr/o-saboru/povijest-saborovanja, Hrvatski sabor, hr, 30 May 2020, Subsequently, the emperor pledged to respect all privileges and political rights of the Kingdom of Croatia, and Queen Maria Theresa made significant contributions to Croatian affairs, such as introducing compulsory education.Between 1797 and 1809, the First French Empire increasingly occupied the eastern Adriatic coastline and its hinterland, ending the Venetian and the Ragusan republics, establishing the Illyrian Provinces.{{sfn|Frucht|2005|p=|pp=422–423}} In response, the Royal Navy blockaded the Adriatic Sea, leading to the Battle of Vis in 1811.{{sfn|Adkins|Adkins|2008|p=|pp=359–362}} The Illyrian provinces were captured by the Austrians in 1813 and absorbed by the Austrian Empire following the Congress of Vienna in 1815. This led to the formation of the Kingdom of Dalmatia and the restoration of the Croatian Littoral to the Kingdom of Croatia under one crown.BOOK,books.google.com/books?id=ZTC3IWC_py8C, Harold, Nicolson, The Congress of Vienna: A Study in Allied Unity: 1812–1822, Grove Press, 978-0-8021-3744-9, 180, 2000, 17 October 2011, Harold Nicolson, The 1830s and 1840s featured romantic nationalism that inspired the Croatian National Revival, a political and cultural campaign advocating the unity of South Slavs within the empire. Its primary focus was establishing a standard language as a counterweight to Hungarian while promoting Croatian literature and culture.JOURNAL, Cris: ÄŒasopis Povijesnog druÅ¡tva Križevci, 1332-2567,hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=clanak&id_clanak_jezik=80164, NikÅ¡a, StanÄić, Hrvatski narodni preporod – ciljevi i ostvarenja, Croatian National Revival – goals and achievements, 6–17, 10, 1, February 2009, 7 October 2011, hr, During the Hungarian Revolution of 1848, Croatia sided with Austria. Ban Josip JelaÄić helped defeat the Hungarians in 1849 and ushered in a Germanisation policy.JOURNAL, Review of Croatian History, Croatian Institute of History, 1845-4380, 4, 1, December 2008, Ante, ÄŒuvalo, Josip JelaÄić – Ban of Croatia, 13–27,hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=clanak&id_clanak_jezik=77559, 17 October 2011, {{multiple image |direction = vertical |align = right |width = 220|image1 = Demonstracije u Zagrebu 1918.jpg|caption1 = Mass protests in Zagreb against the unification of the State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs with the Kingdom of Serbia in 1918.|image2 = Radic govori na skupstini.jpgFirst Yugoslavia (1918–1941)
On 29 October 1918 the Croatian Parliament (Sabor) declared independence and decided to join the newly formed State of Slovenes, Croats, and Serbs, which in turn entered into union with the Kingdom of Serbia on 4 December 1918 to form the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes.BOOK, World War I: encyclopedia, Volume 1, Spencer, Tucker, Priscilla Mary Roberts, 978-1-85109-420-2, 1286, 2005, ABC-CLIO,books.google.com/books?id=2YqjfHLyyj8C, The Croatian Parliament never ratified the union with Serbia and Montenegro. The 1921 constitution defining the country as a unitary state and abolition of Croatian Parliament and historical administrative divisions effectively ended Croatian autonomy.The new constitution was opposed by the most widely supported national political party—the Croatian Peasant Party (HSS) led by Stjepan Radić.JOURNAL, Scrinia Slavonica, Croatian Institute of History – Slavonia, Syrmium and Baranya history branch, 1332-4853,hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=clanak&id_clanak_jezik=31497, 3, 1, November 2003, Parlamentarni izbori u Brodskom kotaru 1923. godine, hr, Parliamentary Elections in the Brod District in 1932, 17 October 2011, 452–470, The political situation deteriorated further as Radić was assassinated in the National Assembly in 1928, culminating in King Alexander I’s establishment of the 6 January Dictatorship in 1929.JOURNAL, Radovi Zavoda za povijesne znanosti HAZU u Zadru, Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts, 1330-0474,hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=clanak&id_clanak_jezik=74560, 203–218, 51, November 2009, Zlatko, Begonja, Ivan Pernar o hrvatsko-srpskim odnosima nakon atentata u Beogradu 1928. godine, hr, Ivan Pernar on Croatian-Serbian relations after 1928 Belgrade assassination, 17 October 2011, The dictatorship formally ended in 1931 when the king imposed a more unitary constitution.BOOK, Yugoslavia’s ruin: the bloody lessons of nationalism, a patriot’s warning, Cvijeto, Job, Rowman & Littlefield, 978-0-7425-1784-4, 9, 2002, 27 October 2011,books.google.com/books?id=yH3Hz2AXonwC, The HSS, now led by Vladko MaÄek, continued to advocate federalisation, resulting in the Cvetković–MaÄek Agreement of August 1939 and the autonomous Banovina of Croatia. The Yugoslav government retained control of defence, internal security, foreign affairs, trade, and transport while other matters were left to the Croatian Sabor and a crown-appointed Ban.{{sfn|KlemenÄiÄ|Žagar|2004|p=|pp=121–123}}World War II and Independent State of Croatia
File:Adolf Hitler meets Ante Pavelić.1941.jpg|thumb|left|Fascist leaders of Nazi Germany and its puppet state Independent State of Croatia, Adolf Hitler and Ante Pavelić, meeting in Berghof outside BerchtesgadenBerchtesgadenIn April 1941, Yugoslavia was occupied by Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy. Following the invasion, a German-Italian installed puppet state named the Independent State of Croatia (NDH) was established. Most of Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and the region of Syrmia were incorporated into this state. Parts of Dalmatia were annexed by Italy, Hungary annexed the northern Croatian regions of Baranja and MeÄ‘imurje.{{sfn|KlemenÄiÄ|Žagar|2004|p=|pp=153–156}} The NDH regime was led by Ante Pavelić and ultranationalist UstaÅ¡e, a fringe movement in pre-war Croatia.{{sfn|Tomasevich|2001|p=337}} With German and Italian military and political support,{{sfn|Tomasevich|2001|p=272}} the regime introduced racial laws and launched a genocide campaign against Serbs, Jews, and Roma.{{sfn|KlemenÄiÄ|Žagar|2004|p=184}} Many were imprisoned in concentration camps; the largest was the Jasenovac complex.WEB, koncentracijski logori,www.enciklopedija.hr/natuknica.aspx?ID=32708, 16 February 2021, Anti-fascist Croats were targeted by the regime as well.{{sfn|Goldstein|1999|p=138}} Several concentration camps (most notably the Rab, Gonars and Molat camps) were established in Italian-occupied territories, mostly for Slovenes and Croats. At the same time, the Yugoslav Royalist and Serbian nationalist Chetniks pursued a genocidal campaign against Croats and Muslims,{{sfn|KlemenÄiÄ|Žagar|2004|p=184}}JOURNAL, Hoare, Marko Attila, Genocide in the former Yugoslavia: a critique of left revisionism’s denial (full version), Journal of Genocide Research, 1 December 2003, 5, 4, 543–563, 10.1080/1462352032000149495, 145169670, 1462-3528, aided by Italy.{{sfn|Tomasevich|2001|p=744}} Nazi German forces committed crimes and reprisals against civilians in retaliation for Partisan actions, such as in the villages of KameÅ¡nica and Lipa in 1944.BOOK, Kozlica, Ivan, Krvava Cetina, Bloody Cetina, hr, 2012, Hrvatski centar za ratne žrtve, Zagreb, 978-953-57409-0-2, 155, BOOK, “Operacija Braunschweig”, Klepsidra, Predoević, Petra, Udruga studenata povijesti “Malleus”, 2007, Rijeka, 105–129, File:JelaÄićev trg 12.5.1945.jpg|thumb|right|People of Zagreb celebrating liberation on 12 May 1945 by Croatian PartisansCroatian PartisansA resistance movement emerged. On 22 June 1941,Dragutin PavliÄević, Povijest Hrvatske, Naklada PaviÄić, Zagreb, 2007. {{ISBN|978-953-6308-71-2}}, str. 441–442. the 1st Sisak Partisan Detachment was formed near Sisak, the first military unit formed by a resistance movement in occupied Europe.BOOK, Dragutin, PavliÄević, Povijest Hrvatske, 2007, Naklada PaviÄić, 978-953-6308-71-2, 441–442, That sparked the beginning of the Yugoslav Partisan movement, a communist, multi-ethnic anti-fascist resistance group led by Josip Broz Tito.NEWS, VeÄernji list, hr,www.vecernji.hr/vijesti/josipovic-antifasizam-je-duhovni-otac-domovinskog-rata-clanak-303250, Josipović: AntifaÅ¡izam je duhovni otac Domovinskog rata, Josipović: Anti-Fascism is a Spiritual Forerunner of the Croatian War of Independence, 22 June 2011, Matea, Vipotnik, 14 October 2011, 17 May 2013, live,www.vecernji.hr/vijesti/josipovic-antifasizam-je-duhovni-otac-domovinskog-rata-clanak-303250," title="web.archive.org/web/20130517085659www.vecernji.hr/vijesti/josipovic-antifasizam-je-duhovni-otac-domovinskog-rata-clanak-303250,">web.archive.org/web/20130517085659www.vecernji.hr/vijesti/josipovic-antifasizam-je-duhovni-otac-domovinskog-rata-clanak-303250, In ethnic terms, Croats were the second-largest contributors to the Partisan movement after Serbs. In per capita terms, Croats contributed proportionately to their population within Yugoslavia.JOURNAL, Hoare, Marko Attila, 2002, Whose is the partisan movement? Serbs, Croats and the legacy of a shared resistance, The Journal of Slavic Military Studies, Informa UK Limited, 15, 4, 30, 10.1080/13518040208430537, 1351-8046, 145127681, By May 1944 (according to Tito), Croats made up 30% of the Partisan’s ethnic composition, despite making up 22% of the population.BOOK, Hoare, Marko Attila, Marko Attila Hoare, Ramet, Sabrina P., Listhaug, Ola, 2011, Serbia and the Serbs in World War Two, The Partisans and the Serbs, Palgrave Macmillan, London, England, 978-0-23034-781-6, 207, The movement grew fast, and at the Tehran Conference in December 1943, the Partisans gained recognition from the Allies.JOURNAL, Historijski Zbornik, 0351-2193, DruÅ¡tvo za hrvatsku povjesnicu, December 2008, 61, 2, KarakaÅ¡ Obradov Marica, SavezniÄki zraÄni napadi na Split i okolicu i djelovanje Narodne zaÅ¡tite u Splitu tijekom Drugog svjetskog rata, Allied aerial attacks on Split and its surrounding and Civil Guard activity in Split during the World War II, hr,hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=clanak&id_clanak_jezik=74494, 323–349, 17 October 2011, File:Event in Zagreb in honour of Tito.jpg|thumb|left|Cardinal Aloysius Stepinac with the Croatian communist leader Vladimir Bakarić at the celebration of May Day, shortly before Stepinac was arrested and convicted by the communists, he became a symbol of resistance to the communist regime in YugoslaviaYugoslaviaWith Allied support in logistics, equipment, training and airpower, and with the assistance of Soviet troops taking part in the 1944 Belgrade Offensive, the Partisans gained control of Yugoslavia and the border regions of Italy and Austria by May 1945. Members of the NDH armed forces and other Axis troops, as well as civilians, were in retreat towards Austria. Following their surrender, many were killed in the Yugoslav death march of Nazi collaborators.WEB, Bracewell, C.W., Lampe, John R., Croatia – World War II {{!, Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Croatia/World-War-II |access-date=2022-11-05 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}} In the following years, ethnic Germans faced persecution in Yugoslavia, and many were interned.{{sfn|Goldstein|1999|p=158}}The political aspirations of the Partisan movement were reflected in the State Anti-fascist Council for the National Liberation of Croatia, which developed in 1943 as the bearer of Croatian statehood and later transformed into the Parliament in 1945, and AVNOJ—its counterpart at the Yugoslav level.JOURNAL, Pro Tempore – ÄŒasopis Studenata Povijesti, Klub studenata povijesti ISHA, 1334-8302, Marko, Maurović, Josip protiv Josifa, Josip vs. Iosif, hr, 73–83, 1, May 2004,hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=clanak&id_clanak_jezik=81342, 17 October 2011, WEB, Sabor,www.sabor.hr/Default.aspx?art=27859&sec=2867, hr, Predsjednik Sabora Luka Bebić na obilježavanju 64. obljetnice pobjede nad faÅ¡izmom i 65. obljetnice trećeg zasjedanja ZAVNOH-a u Topuskom, Speaker of the Parliament, Luka Bebić, at celebration of the 64th anniversary of the victory over fascism and the 65th anniversary of the 3rd session of the ZAVNOH session in Topusko, 9 May 2009, 17 October 2011, 19 January 2012, dead,www.sabor.hr/Default.aspx?art=27859&sec=2867," title="web.archive.org/web/20120119084444www.sabor.hr/Default.aspx?art=27859&sec=2867,">web.archive.org/web/20120119084444www.sabor.hr/Default.aspx?art=27859&sec=2867, Based on the studies on wartime and post-war casualties by demographer Vladimir Žerjavić and statistician Bogoljub KoÄović, a total of 295,000 people from the territory (not including territories ceded from Italy after the war) died, which amounted to 7.3% of the population,JOURNAL, Žerjavić, Vladimir, Vladimir Žerjavić,hrcak.srce.hr/213638?lang=en, hr, Demografski i ratni gubici Hrvatske u Drugom svjetskom ratu i poraću, Demographic and War Losses of Croatia in the World War Two and in the Postwar Period, 551, Journal of Contemporary History, 27, 3, 1995, Zagreb, among whom were 125–137,000 Serbs, 118–124,000 Croats, 16–17,000 Jews, and 15,000 Roma.{{sfn|Žerjavić|1992|p=159}}{{sfn|KoÄović|1985|p=173}} In addition, from areas joined to Croatia after the war, a total of 32,000 people died, among whom 16,000 were Italians and 15,000 were Croats.{{sfn|Žerjavić|1993b|pp=640–641}} Approximately 200,000 Croats from the entirety of Yugoslavia (including Croatia) and abroad were killed in total throughout the war and its immediate aftermath, approximately 5.4% of the population.{{sfn|KoÄović|1985|p=126}}{{sfn|Geiger|2012|pp=117–118}}Second Yugoslavia (1945–1991)
File:Nixontito19712.jpg|thumb|right|Josip Broz Tito led Yugoslavia from 1944 to 1980; Pictured: Tito with the US president Richard Nixon in the White HouseWhite HouseAfter World War II, Croatia became a single-party socialist federal unit of the SFR Yugoslavia, ruled by the Communists, but having a degree of autonomy within the federation. In 1967, Croatian authors and linguists published a Declaration on the Status and Name of the Croatian Standard Language demanding equal treatment for their language.JOURNAL, Å ute, Ivica, Deklaracija o nazivu i položaju hrvatskog književnog jezika – GraÄ‘a za povijest Deklaracije, Declaration on the Status and Name of the Croatian Standard Language – Declaration History Articles,hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=clanak&id_clanak_jezik=76413&lang=en, Radovi Zavoda Za Hrvatsku Povijest, 31, 1, 317–318, April 1999, 0353-295X, hr, The declaration contributed to a national movement seeking greater civil rights and redistribution of the Yugoslav economy, culminating in the Croatian Spring of 1971, which was suppressed by Yugoslav leadership.NEWS, Jutarnji list, hr,www.jutarnji.hr/heroina-hrvatskog-proljeca/305499/, Heroina Hrvatskog proljeća, Heroine of the Croatian Spring, 6 August 2009, Vlado, VuruÅ¡ić, 14 October 2011, 6 August 2012, dead,www.jutarnji.hr/heroina-hrvatskog-proljeca/305499/," title="web.archive.org/web/20120806045846www.jutarnji.hr/heroina-hrvatskog-proljeca/305499/,">web.archive.org/web/20120806045846www.jutarnji.hr/heroina-hrvatskog-proljeca/305499/, Still, the 1974 Yugoslav Constitution gave increased autonomy to federal units, basically fulfilling a goal of the Croatian Spring and providing a legal basis for independence of the federative constituents.JOURNAL, Roland, Rich, Recognition of States: The Collapse of Yugoslavia and the Soviet Union, European Journal of International Law, 1993, 1, 4, 36–65,www.ejil.org/article.php?article=1207&issue=67, 18 October 2011, 10.1093/oxfordjournals.ejil.a035834, Following Tito’s death in 1980, the political situation in Yugoslavia deteriorated. National tension was fanned by the 1986 SANU Memorandum and the 1989 coups in Vojvodina, Kosovo, and Montenegro.{{sfn|Frucht|2005|p=433}}NEWS, Reuters,www.nytimes.com/1989/01/12/world/leaders-of-a-republic-in-yugoslavia-resign.html, Leaders of a Republic in Yugoslavia Resign, The New York Times, 12 January 1989, 7 February 2010, 6 November 2012, live,www.nytimes.com/1989/01/12/world/leaders-of-a-republic-in-yugoslavia-resign.html," title="web.archive.org/web/20121106113747www.nytimes.com/1989/01/12/world/leaders-of-a-republic-in-yugoslavia-resign.html,">web.archive.org/web/20121106113747www.nytimes.com/1989/01/12/world/leaders-of-a-republic-in-yugoslavia-resign.html, In January 1990, the Communist Party fragmented along national lines, with the Croatian faction demanding a looser federation.JOURNAL, Davor, Pauković, Centar za politoloÅ¡ka istraživanja,hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=clanak&id_clanak_jezik=55640, hr, Posljednji kongres Saveza komunista Jugoslavije: uzroci, tijek i posljedice raspada, Last Congress of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia: Causes, Consequences and Course of Dissolution, 1 June 2008, ÄŒasopis za Suvremenu Povijest, 1, 1, 21–33, 1847-2397, 11 December 2010, In the same year, the first multi-party elections were held in Croatia, while Franjo TuÄ‘man’s win exacerbated nationalist tensions.NEWS, The Independent,www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/obituary-franjo-tudjman-1132142.html, Obituary: Franjo Tudjman, Branka, Magas, 13 December 1999, 17 October 2011, 10 November 2012, live,www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/obituary-franjo-tudjman-1132142.html," title="web.archive.org/web/20121110024351www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/obituary-franjo-tudjman-1132142.html,">web.archive.org/web/20121110024351www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/obituary-franjo-tudjman-1132142.html, Some of the Serbs in Croatia left Sabor and declared autonomy of the unrecognised Republic of Serbian Krajina, intent on achieving independence from Croatia.NEWS, The New York Times,www.nytimes.com/1990/10/02/world/croatia-s-serbs-declare-their-autonomy.html, Chuck, Sudetic, Croatia’s Serbs Declare Their Autonomy, 2 October 1990, 11 December 2010, 12 November 2012, live,www.nytimes.com/1990/10/02/world/croatia-s-serbs-declare-their-autonomy.html," title="web.archive.org/web/20121112065457www.nytimes.com/1990/10/02/world/croatia-s-serbs-declare-their-autonomy.html,">web.archive.org/web/20121112065457www.nytimes.com/1990/10/02/world/croatia-s-serbs-declare-their-autonomy.html, Chuck Sudetic, BOOK, Eastern Europe and the Commonwealth of Independent States,books.google.com/books?id=qmN95fFocsMC, 272–278, 978-1-85743-058-5, 1998, Routledge, 16 December 2010,Croatian War of Independence
As tensions rose, Croatia declared independence on 25 June 1991. However, the full implementation of the declaration only came into effect after a three-month moratorium on the decision on 8 October 1991.NEWS, The New York Times,www.nytimes.com/1991/06/26/world/2-yugoslav-states-vote-independence-to-press-demands.html, 2 Yugoslav States Vote Independence To Press Demands, Chuck, Sudetic, 26 June 1991, 12 December 2010,www.nytimes.com/1991/06/26/world/2-yugoslav-states-vote-independence-to-press-demands.html," title="web.archive.org/web/20121110162855www.nytimes.com/1991/06/26/world/2-yugoslav-states-vote-independence-to-press-demands.html,">web.archive.org/web/20121110162855www.nytimes.com/1991/06/26/world/2-yugoslav-states-vote-independence-to-press-demands.html, 10 November 2012, live, WEB, Official web site of the Croatian Parliament, Sabor,www.sabor.hr/Default.aspx?art=20091&sec=2462, Ceremonial session of the Croatian Parliament on the occasion of the Day of Independence of the Republic of Croatia, 7 October 2004, 29 July 2012, 14 March 2012, dead,www.sabor.hr/Default.aspx?art=20091&sec=2462," title="web.archive.org/web/20120314021206www.sabor.hr/Default.aspx?art=20091&sec=2462,">web.archive.org/web/20120314021206www.sabor.hr/Default.aspx?art=20091&sec=2462, In the meantime, tensions escalated into overt war when the Serbian-controlled Yugoslav People’s Army (JNA) and various Serb paramilitary groups attacked Croatia.NEWS, The New York Times,www.nytimes.com/1991/11/04/world/army-rushes-to-take-a-croatian-town.html, Army Rushes to Take a Croatian Town, Chuck, Sudetic, 4 November 1991, 29 July 2012, 29 July 2012, live,www.nytimes.com/1991/11/04/world/army-rushes-to-take-a-croatian-town.html," title="web.archive.org/web/20120729183641www.nytimes.com/1991/11/04/world/army-rushes-to-take-a-croatian-town.html,">web.archive.org/web/20120729183641www.nytimes.com/1991/11/04/world/army-rushes-to-take-a-croatian-town.html, File:Vukovar Memorial Cemetery – Eternal Flame, 20150429160745.jpg|thumb|left|National Memorial Cemetery of The Victims of Homeland War in Vukovar, the central place of holding the National Remembrance Day, public holiday on November 18, for all the victims of the war in Croatia and the Vukovar massacre, one of the symbolic and crucial events in the Croatian War of Independence 19911991By the end of 1991, a high-intensity conflict fought along a wide front reduced Croatia’s control to about two-thirds of its territory.NEWS, The New York Times,www.nytimes.com/1991/12/20/world/croatia-clashes-rise-mediators-pessimistic.html, Croatia Clashes Rise; Mediators Pessimistic, 19 December 1991, 29 July 2012, 15 November 2012, live,www.nytimes.com/1991/12/20/world/croatia-clashes-rise-mediators-pessimistic.html," title="web.archive.org/web/20121115174401www.nytimes.com/1991/12/20/world/croatia-clashes-rise-mediators-pessimistic.html,">web.archive.org/web/20121115174401www.nytimes.com/1991/12/20/world/croatia-clashes-rise-mediators-pessimistic.html, NEWS, Los Angeles Times,articles.latimes.com/1991-08-01/news/mn-177_1_defense-force, Serbian Forces Press Fight for Major Chunk of Croatia, Charles T., Powers, 1 August 1991, 29 July 2012, 16 May 2012, live,articles.latimes.com/1991-08-01/news/mn-177_1_defense-force," title="web.archive.org/web/20120516054837articles.latimes.com/1991-08-01/news/mn-177_1_defense-force,">web.archive.org/web/20120516054837articles.latimes.com/1991-08-01/news/mn-177_1_defense-force, Charles T. Powers, Serb paramilitary groups then began a campaign of killing, terror, and expulsion of the Croats in the rebel territories, killing thousandsWEB,www.index.hr/vijesti/clanak/utjecaj-srbijanske-agresije-na-stanovnistvo-hrvatske/175515.aspx, Utjecaj srbijanske agresije na stanovniÅ¡tvo Hrvatske, Index.hr, 11 December 2003, 12 September 2015, of Croat civilians and expelling or displacing as many as 400,000 Croats and other non-Serbs from their homes.WEB, SUMMARY OF JUDGEMENT FOR MILAN MARTIĆ,www.un.org/icty/pressreal/2007/pr1162e-summary.htm,www.un.org/icty/pressreal/2007/pr1162e-summary.htm," title="web.archive.org/web/20071215084458www.un.org/icty/pressreal/2007/pr1162e-summary.htm,">web.archive.org/web/20071215084458www.un.org/icty/pressreal/2007/pr1162e-summary.htm, dead, 15 December 2007, 28 August 2019, Serbs living in Croatian towns, especially those near the front lines, were subjected to various forms of discrimination.{{sfn|Goldstein|1999|p=233}} Croatian Serbs in Eastern and Western Slavonia and parts of the Krajina were forced to flee or were expelled by Croatian forces, though on a restricted scale and in lesser numbers.BOOK, Bassiouni, Mahmoud Cherif, Manikas, Peter, The Law of the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia, 1996, Transnational Publishers, 978-1-57105-004-5, 86, The Croatian Government publicly deplored these practices and sought to stop them, indicating that they were not a part of the Government’s policy. {{sfn|Allen|1996|p=46}}On 15 January 1992, Croatia gained diplomatic recognition by the European Economic Community, followed by the United Nations.NEWS, The New York Times,www.nytimes.com/1991/12/24/world/slovenia-and-croatia-get-bonn-s-nod.html, Slovenia and Croatia Get Bonn’s Nod, Stephen, Kinzer, 24 December 1991, 29 July 2012, 20 June 2012, live,www.nytimes.com/1991/12/24/world/slovenia-and-croatia-get-bonn-s-nod.html," title="web.archive.org/web/20120620034701www.nytimes.com/1991/12/24/world/slovenia-and-croatia-get-bonn-s-nod.html,">web.archive.org/web/20120620034701www.nytimes.com/1991/12/24/world/slovenia-and-croatia-get-bonn-s-nod.html, Stephen Kinzer, NEWS,www.nytimes.com/1992/05/23/world/3-ex-yugoslav-republics-are-accepted-into-un.html, 3 Ex-Yugoslav Republics Are Accepted into U.N., The New York Times, Paul L., Montgomery, 23 May 1992, 29 July 2012, 11 November 2012, live,www.nytimes.com/1992/05/23/world/3-ex-yugoslav-republics-are-accepted-into-un.html," title="web.archive.org/web/20121111013548www.nytimes.com/1992/05/23/world/3-ex-yugoslav-republics-are-accepted-into-un.html,">web.archive.org/web/20121111013548www.nytimes.com/1992/05/23/world/3-ex-yugoslav-republics-are-accepted-into-un.html, Paul L. Montgomery, The war effectively ended in August 1995 with a decisive victory by Croatia;NEWS, Los Angeles Times,articles.latimes.com/1995-08-08/news/mn-32662_1_serb-refugees, Croats Declare Victory, End Blitz, Dean E., Murphy, 8 August 1995, 18 December 2010, 12 October 2012, live,articles.latimes.com/1995-08-08/news/mn-32662_1_serb-refugees," title="web.archive.org/web/20121012140454articles.latimes.com/1995-08-08/news/mn-32662_1_serb-refugees,">web.archive.org/web/20121012140454articles.latimes.com/1995-08-08/news/mn-32662_1_serb-refugees, the event is commemorated each year on 5 August as Victory and Homeland Thanksgiving Day and the Day of Croatian Defenders.WEB,www.total-croatia-news.com/politics/37611-thanksgiving-day, Officials Issue Messages for Victory and Homeland Thanksgiving Day, www.total-croatia-news.com, 4 August 2019, en-gb, 4 August 2019, 5 April 2023,web.archive.org/web/20230405210541/https://www.total-croatia-news.com/politics/37611-thanksgiving-day, dead, Following the Croatian victory, about 200,000 Serbs from the self-proclaimed Republic of Serbian Krajina fled the region and hundreds of mainly elderly Serb civilians were killed in the aftermath of the military operation.WEB, Croatia marks 25 years since war with tolerance message,www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/8/5/croatia-marks-25-years-since-war-with-tolerance-message, AlJazeera, 5 August 2020, Their lands were subsequently settled by Croat refugees from Bosnia and Herzegovina.BOOK, Janine Natalya Clark, 2014, International Trials and Reconciliation: Assessing the Impact of the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia, Routledge, London, 978-1-31797-475-8,books.google.com/books?id=373cAwAAQBAJ, 28, The remaining occupied areas were restored to Croatia following the Erdut Agreement of November 1995, concluding with the UNTAES mission in January 1998.NEWS, The New York Times,www.nytimes.com/1998/01/16/world/an-ethnic-morass-is-returned-to-croatia.html, An Ethnic Morass Is Returned to Croatia, Chris, Hedges, 16 January 1998, 18 December 2010, 18 May 2013, live,www.nytimes.com/1998/01/16/world/an-ethnic-morass-is-returned-to-croatia.html," title="web.archive.org/web/20130518201803www.nytimes.com/1998/01/16/world/an-ethnic-morass-is-returned-to-croatia.html,">web.archive.org/web/20130518201803www.nytimes.com/1998/01/16/world/an-ethnic-morass-is-returned-to-croatia.html, Chris Hedges, Most sources number the war deaths at around 20,000.NEWS,news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/3095774.stm, Presidents apologise over Croatian war, BBC, BBC News, September 10, 2003, February 7, 2010, WEB,www.setimes.com/cocoon/setimes/xhtml/en_GB/features/setimes/features/2008/11/20/feature-01, Serbia to respond to Croatian genocide charges with countersuit at ICJ, SETimes.com, Southeast European Times, November 20, 2008, February 7, 2010, NEWS,www.tehrantimes.com/index_View.asp?code=182811, UN to hear Croatia genocide claim against Serbia, Tehran Times, November 19, 2008, February 7, 2010,Independent Croatia (1991–present)
After the end of the war, Croatia faced the challenges of post-war reconstruction, the return of refugees, establishing democracy, protecting human rights, and general social and economic development.The 2000s period is characterized by democratization, economic growth, structural and social reforms, and problems such as unemployment, corruption, and the inefficiency of public administration.BOOK, Puljiz, Vlado,books.google.com/books?id=26RVYkUkBXAC&q=hrvatska+nakon+2000&pg=PA43, Socijalna politika Hrvatske, Bežovan, Gojko, Matković, Teo, Å ućur, dr Zoran, ZrinÅ¡Äak, SiniÅ¡a, Pravni fakultet u Zagrebu, 2008, 978-953-97320-9-5, Zagreb, 43–52, hr, In November 2000 and March 2001, the Parliament amended the Constitution, first adopted on 22 December 1990, changing its bicameral structure back into its historic unicameral form and reducing presidential powers.WEB, 22 December – Christmas Constitution – the first Constitution of the independent Republic of Croatia,www.sabor.hr/en/about-parliament/history/important-dates/22-december-christmas-constitution-first-constitution, sabor.hr, 27 June 2023, WEB, History and Development of Croatian Constitutional Judicature – Constitutional Court of the Republic of Croatia,www.usud.hr/en/history-and-development-croatian-constitutional-judicature#9, www.usud.hr, Croatia joined the Partnership for Peace on 25 May 2000WEB,www.enciklopedija.hr/natuknica.aspx?ID=46827, Partnerstvo za mir – Hrvatska enciklopedija, www.enciklopedija.hr, and became a member of the World Trade Organization on 30 November 2000.WEB,www.mvep.hr/hr/vanjska-politika/multilateralni-odnosi-staro-ijvhj/svjetska-trgovinska-organizacija-(wto)/, MVEP • Svjetska trgovinska organizacija (WTO), www.mvep.hr, On 29 October 2001, Croatia signed a Stabilisation and Association Agreement with the European Union,WEB, Kronologija: Težak put od priznanja do kucanja na vrata EU – Jutarnji List,www.jutarnji.hr/arhiva/kronologija-tezak-put-od-priznanja-do-kucanja-na-vrata-eu/3756672/, 2 October 2006, www.jutarnji.hr, en, 30 May 2020, submitted a formal application for the EU membership in 2003,WEB,uprava.gov.hr/kada-je-i-kome-republika-hrvatska-podnijela-zahtjev-za-clanstvo-u-europskoj-uniji/13976, Kada je i kome Republika Hrvatska podnijela zahtjev za Älanstvo u Europskoj uniji?, uprava.gov.hr, was given the status of a candidate country in 2004,WEB, Kako je izgledao put Republike Hrvatske ka punopravnom Älanstvu u Europskoj uniji?,uprava.gov.hr/drzavni-strucni-ispit-789/primjeri-pitanja-i-odgovora-za-srednju-strucnu-spremu/osnove-sustava-europske-unije/kako-je-izgledao-put-republike-hrvatske-ka-punopravnom-clanstvu-u-europskoj-uniji/12417, uprava.gov.hr, 30 May 2020, and began accession negotiations in 2005.WEB, Evo kako je izgledao hrvatski put prema EU!,dnevnik.hr/vijesti/hrvatska/evo-kako-je-izgledao-hrvatski-put-prema-eu---292731.html, Dnevnik.hr, hr, 30 May 2020, Although the Croatian economy had enjoyed a significant boom in the early 2000s, the financial crisis in 2008 forced the government to cut spending, thus provoking a public outcry.BOOK, Ivo, Goldstein, Ivo Goldstein, Povijest Hrvatske 1945–2011, 3. svezak, EPH Media d.o.o., (File:Tratado de Lisboa 13 12 2007 (081).jpg|thumb|upright=1.0|right|Croatia became the 28th EU member country on 1 July 2013.)Croatia served on the United Nations Security Council in the 2008–2009 term for the first time, assuming the non-permanent seat in December 2008.WEB, Membership of the Republic of Croatia in the UN Security Council 2008–2009,www.mvpei.hr/mvp.asp?pcpid=2531, dead,www.mvep.hr/mvp.asp?pcpid=2531," title="archive.today/20130107231744www.mvep.hr/mvp.asp?pcpid=2531,">archive.today/20130107231744www.mvep.hr/mvp.asp?pcpid=2531, 7 January 2013, 24 September 2011, Ministry of Foreign Affairs and European Integration (Croatia), On 1 April 2009, Croatia joined NATO.WEB, Hrvatska postala Älanica NATO saveza,dnevnik.hr/vijesti/hrvatska/hrvatska-postala-punopravna-clanica-nato-saveza.html, Dnevnik.hr, hr, 30 May 2020, A wave of anti-government protests in 2011 reflected a general dissatisfaction with the current political and economic situation. The protests brought together diverse political persuasions in response to recent government corruption scandals and called for early elections. On 28 October 2011 MPs voted to dissolve Parliament and the protests gradually subsided. President Ivo Josipović agreed to a dissolution of Sabor on Monday, 31 October and scheduled new elections for Sunday 4 December 2011.NEWS,www.economist.com/eastern-approaches/2011/03/06/et-tu-zagreb, Et tu, Zagreb?, The Economist, 6 March 2011, WEB,dnevnik.hr/vijesti/hrvatska/ovo-su-bili-najzanimljiviji-trenuci-u-saboru.html, Pogledajte sve snimke sa suÄ‘enja Sanaderu, Dnevnik.hr, 2011-10-28, 2011-12-10, WEB,odluka2011.dnevnik.hr/clanak/vijesti/predsjednik-josipovic-raspisao-izbore.html, Predsjednik Josipović raspisao izbore!, Odluka2011.dnevnik.hr, 2011-10-31, 2011-12-10,odluka2011.dnevnik.hr/clanak/vijesti/predsjednik-josipovic-raspisao-izbore.html," title="web.archive.org/web/20111203150728odluka2011.dnevnik.hr/clanak/vijesti/predsjednik-josipovic-raspisao-izbore.html,">web.archive.org/web/20111203150728odluka2011.dnevnik.hr/clanak/vijesti/predsjednik-josipovic-raspisao-izbore.html, 2011-12-03, dead, On 30 June 2011, Croatia successfully completed EU accession negotiations.WEB, 30 June 2011, EU closes accession negotiations with Croatia,europa.eu/rapid/pressReleasesAction.do?reference=IP/11/824&format=HTML&aged=0&language=EN&guiLanguage=en, 24 September 2011, European Commission, The country signed the Accession Treaty on 9 December 2011 and held a referendum on 22 January 2012, where Croatian citizens voted in favor of an EU membership.WEB, 9 December 2011, Croatia signs EU accession treaty,europa.eu/news/external-relations/2011/03/20110302_en.htm, dead,europa.eu/news/external-relations/2011/03/20110302_en.htm," title="web.archive.org/web/20120123185048europa.eu/news/external-relations/2011/03/20110302_en.htm,">web.archive.org/web/20120123185048europa.eu/news/external-relations/2011/03/20110302_en.htm, 23 January 2012, 12 December 2011, European Union, NEWS,www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-16670298, Croatia voters back EU membership, BBC News, 1 June 2018, Croatia joined the European Union on 1 July 2013.Croatia was affected by the 2015 European migrant crisis when Hungary’s closure of borders with Serbia pushed over 700,000 refugees and migrants to pass through Croatia on their way to other EU countries.WEB,bib.irb.hr/datoteka/914376.HuB-SpecialEditiononRefugeeCrisis-100_January2017.pdf,ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://bib.irb.hr/datoteka/914376.HuB-SpecialEditiononRefugeeCrisis-100_January2017.pdf, 2022-10-09, live, Å enada Å elo Å abić, Croatia’s response to the refugee crisis, European Expression, Issue 100, 2016, On 25 January 2022, the OECD Council decided to open accession negotiations with Croatia. Throughout the accession process, Croatia is to implement numerous reforms that will advance all spheres of activity – from public services and the justice system to education, transport, finance, health, and trade. In line with the OECD Accession Roadmap from June 2022, Croatia will undergo technical reviews by 25 OECD committees and is so far progressing at a faster pace than expected. Full membership is expected in 2025 and is the last big foreign policy goal Croatia still has to achieve.WEB, The OECD and South East Europe,www.oecd.org/south-east-europe/economies/see-croatia.htm, OECD.org, 27 June 2023, WEB, OECD membership means benefits for citizens, higher living standard,mvep.gov.hr/press-22794/oecd-membership-means-benefits-for-citizens-higher-living-standard/253882, Ministry of Foreign and European Affairs, 27 June 2023, WEB, Croatia’s accession to the OECD is progressing faster than expected,mvep.gov.hr/press-22794/croatia-s-accession-to-the-oecd-is-progressing-faster-than-expected/257332, Ministry of Foreign and European Affairs, 27 June 2023, WEB, OECD joÅ¡ jedan instrument za unaprjeÄ‘enje reformskih procesa, Älanstvo će nas uÄiniti joÅ¡ boljom i kvalitetnijom zemljom,vlada.gov.hr/vijesti/oecd-jos-jedan-instrument-za-unaprjedjenje-reformskih-procesa-clanstvo-ce-nas-uciniti-jos-boljom-i-kvalitetnijom-zemljom/38169, GOV.hr, hr, 27 June 2023, On 19 October 2016, Andrej Plenković began serving as the current Croatian Prime Minister.WEB, Andrej Plenković – O meni,www.andrejplenkovic.hr/page.php?id=1, 17 December 2020, www.andrejplenkovic.hr, The most recent presidential elections, held on 5 January 2020, elected Zoran Milanović as president.WEB, Održana sveÄanost prisege predsjednika Republike Hrvatske Zorana Milanovića,www.predsjednik.hr/vijesti/svecanost-prisege/, 23 January 2021, Predsjednik Republike Hrvatske – Zoran Milanović, hr, On 1 January 2023 Croatia adopted the euro as its official currency, replacing the kuna, and became the 20th Eurozone member. On the same day, Croatia became the 27th member of the border-free Schengen Area, thus marking its full EU integration.WEB, Euro and Schengen: Croatia joins the Euro and Schengen areas,ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/ip_22_7907, 27 June 2023, European Commission,Geography
File:Satellite image of Croatia in September 2003.jpg|upright=1.4|left|thumb|Satellite image of Croatia ]]Croatia is situated in Central and Southeast Europe, on the coast of the Adriatic Sea. Hungary is to the northeast, Serbia to the east, Bosnia and Herzegovina and Montenegro to the southeast and Slovenia to the northwest.{{citation needed|date=February 2024}} It lies mostly between latitudes 42° and 47° N and longitudes 13° and 20° E.{{sfn|2018 Statistical Yearbook of the Republic of Croatia|p=44}} Part of the territory in the extreme south surrounding Dubrovnik is a practical exclave connected to the rest of the mainland by territorial waters, but separated on land by a short coastline strip belonging to Bosnia and Herzegovina around Neum. The PeljeÅ¡ac Bridge connects the exclave with mainland Croatia.{{citation needed|date=February 2024}}The territory covers {{convert|56594|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=off}}, consisting of {{convert|56414|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=off}} of land and {{convert|128|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=off}} of water. It is the world’s 127th largest country.CIA WORLD FACTBOOK, Croatia, 9 September 2011, Elevation ranges from the mountains of the Dinaric Alps with the highest point of the Dinara peak at {{convert|1831|m|ft|abbr=off}} near the border with Bosnia and Herzegovina in the south to the shore of the Adriatic Sea which makes up its entire southwest border. Insular Croatia consists of over a thousand islands and islets varying in size, 48 of which permanently inhabited. The largest islands are Cres and Krk, each of them having an area of around {{convert|405|km2||abbr=off}}.File:Dugi otok island.jpg|thumb|right|Telašćica Nature Park is one of 444 protected areas.]]The hilly northern parts of Hrvatsko Zagorje and the flat plains of Slavonia in the east which is part of the Pannonian Basin are traversed by major rivers such as Danube, Drava, Kupa, and the Sava. The Danube, Europe’s second longest river, runs through the city of Vukovar in the extreme east and forms part of the border with Vojvodina. The central and southern regions near the Adriatic coastline and islands consist of low mountains and forested highlands. Natural resources found in quantities significant enough for production include oil, coal, bauxite, low-grade iron ore, calcium, gypsum, natural asphalt, silica, mica, clays, salt, and hydropower. Karst topography makes up about half of Croatia and is especially prominent in the Dinaric Alps.WEB,www.geografija.hr/clanci/1011/rasirenost-krsa-u-hrvatskoj, RaÅ¡irenost krÅ¡a u Hrvatskoj, Presence of Karst in Croatia, hr, Croatian Geographic Society, 18 December 2006, Mate, Matas, 18 October 2011, geografija.hr, 9 June 2012, dead,www.geografija.hr/clanci/1011/rasirenost-krsa-u-hrvatskoj," title="web.archive.org/web/20120609163634www.geografija.hr/clanci/1011/rasirenost-krsa-u-hrvatskoj,">web.archive.org/web/20120609163634www.geografija.hr/clanci/1011/rasirenost-krsa-u-hrvatskoj, Croatia hosts deep caves, 49 of which are deeper than {{convert|250|m|2|abbr=on}}, 14 deeper than {{convert|500|m|2|abbr=on}} and three deeper than {{convert|1000|m|2|abbr=on}}. Croatia’s most famous lakes are the Plitvice lakes, a system of 16 lakes with waterfalls connecting them over dolomite and limestone cascades. The lakes are renowned for their distinctive colours, ranging from turquoise to mint green, grey or blue.WEB, BBC,www.bbc.com/travel/feature/20110617-the-best-national-parks-of-europe, The best national parks of Europe, 28 June 2011, 11 October 2011, 1 July 2012, live,www.bbc.com/travel/feature/20110617-the-best-national-parks-of-europe," title="web.archive.org/web/20120701184734www.bbc.com/travel/feature/20110617-the-best-national-parks-of-europe,">web.archive.org/web/20120701184734www.bbc.com/travel/feature/20110617-the-best-national-parks-of-europe,Climate
Most of Croatia has a moderately warm and rainy continental climate as defined by the Köppen climate classification. Mean monthly temperature ranges between {{convert|-3|°C|°F|lk=on}} in January and {{convert|18|°C|°F|lk=off}} in July. The coldest parts of the country are Lika and Gorski Kotar featuring a snowy, forested climate at elevations above {{convert|1200|m|ft|abbr=off}}. The warmest areas are at the Adriatic coast and especially in its immediate hinterland characterised by Mediterranean climate, as the sea moderates temperature highs. Consequently, temperature peaks are more pronounced in continental areas. File:Winter bora in Senj.jpg|thumb|left|Bora is a dry, cold wind which blows from the mainland out to sea, whose gusts can reach hurricane strength, particularly in the channel below Velebit. On the picture Bora in the town of SenjSenjThe lowest temperature of {{convert|-35.5|°C|°F|lk=off}} was recorded on 3 February 1919 in ÄŒakovec,{{sfn|2018 Statistical Yearbook of the Republic of Croatia|p=40}} and the highest temperature of {{convert|42.8|°C|°F|lk=off}} was recorded on 4 August 1981 in PloÄe.WEB, NajviÅ¡a izmjerena temperatura zraka u Hrvatskoj za razdoblje od kada postoje meteoroloÅ¡ka motrenja,klima.hr/razno.php?id=priopcenja¶m=pr21072017, Klima.hr, Croatian Meteorological and Hydrological Service, 1 August 2017, hr, 21 July 2017, Mean annual precipitation ranges between {{convert|600|mm|in|abbr=off}} and {{convert|3500|mm|in|abbr=off}} depending on geographic region and climate type. The least precipitation is recorded in the outer islands (BiÅ¡evo, Lastovo, Svetac, Vis) and the eastern parts of Slavonia. However, in the latter case, rain occurs mostly during the growing season. The maximum precipitation levels are observed in the Dinaric Alps, in the Gorski Kotar peaks of Risnjak and Snježnik.{{sfn|2018 Statistical Yearbook of the Republic of Croatia|p=40}}Prevailing winds in the interior are light to moderate northeast or southwest, and in the coastal area, prevailing winds are determined by local features. Higher wind velocities are more often recorded in cooler months along the coast, generally as the cool northeasterly bura or less frequently as the warm southerly jugo. The sunniest parts are the outer islands, Hvar and KorÄula, where more than 2700 hours of sunshine are recorded per year, followed by the middle and southern Adriatic Sea area in general, and northern Adriatic coast, all with more than 2000 hours of sunshine per year.{{sfn|2018 Statistical Yearbook of the Republic of Croatia|p=41}}Biodiversity
{{Further|Register of Protected Natural Values of Croatia|Natural and Cultural Heritage of Croatia}}File:Dinara, PolaÄa (Å ibenik-Knin, Kroatien) - 0046.jpg|thumb|right|Dinara Nature ParkDinara Nature ParkCroatia can be subdivided into ecoregions based on climate and geomorphology. The country is one of the richest in Europe in terms of biodiversity.NEWS, Biodiversity-rich Croatia becomes 33rd full EEA member country — European Environment Agency,www.eea.europa.eu/highlights/biodiversity-rich-croatia-becomes-33rd, 23 January 2021, European Environment Agency, en, WEB, EU 2020 HR,eu2020.hr/Home/Custom?code=CroatiaEU, 23 January 2021, eu2020.hr, Croatia has four types of biogeographical regions—the Mediterranean along the coast and in its immediate hinterland, Alpine in most of Lika and Gorski Kotar, Pannonian along Drava and Danube, and Continental in the remaining areas. The most significant are karst habitats which include submerged karst, such as Zrmanja and Krka canyons and tufa barriers, as well as underground habitats. The country contains three ecoregions: Dinaric Mountains mixed forests, Pannonian mixed forests, and Illyrian deciduous forests.JOURNAL, Dinerstein, Eric, Olson, David, Joshi, Anup, Vynne, Carly, Burgess, Neil D., Wikramanayake, Eric, Hahn, Nathan, Palminteri, Suzanne, Hedao, Prashant, Noss, Reed, Hansen, Matt, Locke, Harvey, Ellis, Erle C, Jones, Benjamin, Barber, Charles Victor, Hayes, Randy, Kormos, Cyril, Martin, Vance, Crist, Eileen, Sechrest, Wes, Price, Lori, Baillie, Jonathan E. M., Weeden, Don, Suckling, Kierán, Davis, Crystal, Sizer, Nigel, Moore, Rebecca, Thau, David, Birch, Tanya, Potapov, Peter, Turubanova, Svetlana, Tyukavina, Alexandra, de Souza, Nadia, Pintea, Lilian, Brito, José C., Llewellyn, Othman A., Miller, Anthony G., Patzelt, Annette, Ghazanfar, Shahina A., Timberlake, Jonathan, Klöser, Heinz, Shennan-Farpón, Yara, Kindt, Roeland, Lillesø, Jens-Peter Barnekow, van Breugel, Paulo, Graudal, Lars, Voge, Maianna, Al-Shammari, Khalaf F., Saleem, Muhammad, An Ecoregion-Based Approach to Protecting Half the Terrestrial Realm, BioScience, 67, 6, 2017, 534–545, 0006-3568, 10.1093/biosci/bix014, 28608869, 5451287, The karst geology harbours approximately 7,000 caves and pits, some of which are the habitat of the only known aquatic cave vertebrate—the olm. Forests are significantly present, as they cover {{convert|2490000|ha||abbr=off}} representing 44% of Croatian land area. Other habitat types include wetlands, grasslands, bogs, fens, scrub habitats, coastal and marine habitats.BOOK, State Institute for Nature Protection, Ministry of Culture (Croatia),www.dzzp.hr/dokumenti_upload/20120515/dzzp201205151608230.pdf,www.dzzp.hr/dokumenti_upload/20120515/dzzp201205151608230.pdf," title="ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009www.dzzp.hr/dokumenti_upload/20120515/dzzp201205151608230.pdf,">ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009www.dzzp.hr/dokumenti_upload/20120515/dzzp201205151608230.pdf, 2022-10-09, live, Biodiversity of Croatia, 2006, Jasminka, Radović, Kristijan, ÄŒivić, Ramona, Topić, 953-7169-20-0, 13 October 2011, In terms of phytogeography, Croatia is a part of the Boreal Kingdom and is a part of Illyrian and Central European provinces of the Circumboreal Region and the Adriatic province of the Mediterranean Region. The World Wide Fund for Nature divides Croatia between three ecoregions—Pannonian mixed forests, Dinaric Mountains mixed forests and Illyrian deciduous forests.WEB, 6th Dubrovnik Conference on Sustainable Development of Energy, Water and Environment Systems,www.dubrovnik2011.sdewes.org/venue.php, Venue, 13 October 2011, File:1. Nebeska Å¡etnica (Biokovo).jpg|thumb|left|Skywalk in Biokovo Nature ParkBiokovo Nature ParkCroatia hosts 37,000 known plant and animal species, but their actual number is estimated to be between 50,000 and 100,000. More than a thousand species are endemic, especially in Velebit and Biokovo mountains, Adriatic islands and karst rivers. Legislation protects 1,131 species. The most serious threat is habitat loss and degradation. A further problem is presented by invasive alien species, especially Caulerpa taxifolia algae. Croatia had a 2018 Forest Landscape Integrity Index mean score of 4.92/10, ranking it 113th of 172 countries.JOURNAL, Grantham, H. S., Duncan, A., Evans, T. D., Jones, K. R., Beyer, H. L., Schuster, R., Walston, J., Ray, J. C., Robinson, J. G., Callow, M., Clements, T., Costa, H. M., DeGemmis, A., Elsen, P. R., Ervin, J., Franco, P., Goldman, E., Goetz, S., Hansen, A., Hofsvang, E., Jantz, P., Jupiter, S., Kang, A., Langhammer, P., Laurance, W. F., Lieberman, S., Linkie, M., Malhi, Y., Maxwell, S., Mendez, M., Mittermeier, R., Murray, N. J., Possingham, H., Radachowsky, J., Saatchi, S., Samper, C., Silverman, J., Shapiro, A., Strassburg, B., Stevens, T., Stokes, E., Taylor, R., Tear, T., Tizard, R., Venter, O., Visconti, P., Wang, S., Watson, J. E. M., Anthropogenic modification of forests means only 40% of remaining forests have high ecosystem integrity – Supplementary Material, Nature Communications, 11, 1, 2020, 5978, 2041-1723, 10.1038/s41467-020-19493-3, 33293507, 7723057, 2020NatCo..11.5978G, Invasive algae are regularly monitored and removed to protect benthic habitat. Indigenous cultivated plant strains and domesticated animal breeds are numerous. They include five breeds of horses, five of cattle, eight of sheep, two of pigs, and one poultry. Indigenous breeds include nine that are endangered or critically endangered. Croatia has 444 protected areas, encompassing 9% of the country. Those include eight national parks, two strict reserves, and ten nature parks. The most famous protected area and the oldest national park in Croatia is Plitvice Lakes National Park, a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Velebit Nature Park is a part of the UNESCO Man and the Biosphere Programme. The strict and special reserves, as well as the national and nature parks, are managed and protected by the central government, while other protected areas are managed by counties. In 2005, the National Ecological Network was set up, as the first step in the preparation of the EU accession and joining of the Natura 2000 network.Governance
{{further|Politics of Croatia|Human rights in Croatia}}{{multiple image| align = right| caption_align = center| image1 = Zoran Milanović at Palazzo del Quirinale 2021 (11) (cropped).jpg| width1 = 125| alt1 = Zoran MilanovićLaw and judicial system
{{further|Law of Croatia}}{{Multiple image| caption_align = center| align = left| direction = vertical| image1 = Sabor-proÄelje.jpg| image2 = St._Mark’s_Square_(13023806233).jpgForeign relations
Croatia has established diplomatic relations with 194 countries.WEB, MVEP • Date of Recognition and Establishment of Diplomatic Relations,www.mvep.hr/en/foreign-politics/bilateral-relations/date-of-recognition-and-establishment-of-diplomatic-relations/, 23 January 2021, www.mvep.hr, supporting 57 embassies, 30 consulates and eight permanent diplomatic missions. 56 foreign embassies and 67 consulates operate in the country in addition to offices of international organisations such as the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD), International Organization for Migration (IOM), Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE), World Bank, World Health Organization (WHO), International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY), United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), and UNICEF.WEB, MVEP • Diplomatski protokol,www.mvep.hr/hr/ministarstvo/diplomatski-protokol/, 23 January 2021, www.mvep.hr, hr, File:Family photo from 2023 NATO Vilnius summit (53038388599).jpg|thumb|200px|President Zoran Milanović on NATO summit on 11 July 2023, Vilnius, Lithuania. The accession of Croatia to NATONATOAs of 2019, the Croatian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and European Integration employed 1,381{{Update span|text=|date=January 2021}} personnel and expended 765.295 million kunas (€101.17 million).WEB, MVEP • GodiÅ¡nje financijsko izvješće za 2019. godinu,www.mvep.hr/hr/ministarstvo/proracun/godisnje-financijsko-izvjesce-za-2019-godinu/, 23 January 2021, www.mvep.hr, Stated aims of Croatian foreign policy include enhancing relations with neighbouring countries, developing international co-operation and promotion of the Croatian economy and Croatia itself.WEB, Ministry of Foreign Affairs and European Integration (Croatia),un.mfa.hr/?mh=151&mv=840, Foreign Policy Aims, 24 September 2011,un.mfa.hr/?mh=151&mv=840," title="web.archive.org/web/20120127073846un.mfa.hr/?mh=151&mv=840,">web.archive.org/web/20120127073846un.mfa.hr/?mh=151&mv=840, 27 January 2012, dead, Croatia is a member of the European Union. As of 2021, Croatia had unsolved border issues with Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Serbia, and Slovenia.NEWS, total-croatia-news.com,www.total-croatia-news.com/politics/16084-overview-of-croatia-s-border-disputes-with-bij-montenegro-serbia-slovenia-liberland, Overview of Croatia’s Border Disputes with BiH, Montenegro, Serbia, Slovenia, Liberland, 22 January 2017, 1 January 2019, Croatia is a member of NATO.NEWS, The New York Times,www.nytimes.com/2008/04/05/world/europe/05cnd-prexy.html, Bush Champions Expansive Mission for NATO, 5 April 2008, Steven Lee Myers, 24 September 2011, NEWS, BBC News,news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/7977332.stm, Nato welcomes Albania and Croatia, 1 April 2009, 24 September 2011, On 1 January 2023, Croatia simultaneously joined both the Schengen Area and the Eurozone,NEWS, BBC News,www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-64144309, Croatia begins new euro and Schengen zone era, 1 January 2023, 1 January 2023, having previously joined the ERM II on 10 July 2020.Croatian diaspora
The Croatian diaspora consists of communities of ethnic Croats and Croatian citizens living outside Croatia. Croatia maintains intensive contacts with Croatian communities abroad (e.g., administrative and financial support of cultural, sports activities, and economic initiatives). Croatia actively maintain foreign relations to strengthen and guarantee the rights of the Croatian minority in various host countries.WEB,hrvatiizvanrh.gov.hr/hrvati-izvan-rh/hrvatska-manjina-u-inozemstvu/hrvatska-manjina-u-republici-srbiji/748, Hrvatska manjina u Republici Srbiji, hrvatiizvanrh.gov.hr, Središnji državni ured za Hrvate izvan Republike Hrvatske (Central State Office for Croats Outside the Republic of Croatia), WEB,www.info.hazu.hr/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/Glasnik-Broj-2.pdf, The Presidency of the Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts, in a session held on 12 September 2014, made the following statement explaining that the Bunjevci Croats form an integral part of the Croatian national corpus. The Presidency of the Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts, one of the fundamental institutions of the Croatian nation and of all the citizens of the Republic of Croatia, among the roles of which belongs the preservation of national identity, made the following statement in a session held on 12 September 2014: The Bunjevci, a Croatian ethnic group, are made up of three branches: the Dalmatian-Herzegovinian branch; the Primorje-Lika branch; and the Danube Region branch. Not encroaching on the right of any individual to express their national affiliation based on their origin, history, traditional culture, customs and language – the western new-Štokavian and Ikavian – the Bunjevci Croats form an integral part of the Croatian national corpus., Statement by the Presidency of the Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts regarding the Bunjevci Croats, 2014, 53, Glasnik HAZU, 2, info.hazu.hr, WEB,hrvatiizvanrh.gov.hr/hrvati-izvan-rh/hrvatska-manjina-u-inozemstvu/1616, hrvatiizvanrh.gov.hr, Hrvatska manjina u inozemstvu,Military
{{Multiple image| caption_align = center| align = right| direction = vertical| image1 = Rafale CRO.jpg| image2 = 16 obljetnica vojnoredarstvene operacije Oluja 05082011 Kninska tvrdjava 155.jpgAdministrative divisions
{{Further|NUTS of Croatia}}Croatia was first divided into counties in the Middle Ages.JOURNAL, Å kolska knjiga, Historijski Zbornik, 5, 1–2, 1952,www.historiografija.hr/hz/1952/HZ_5_11_MANDIC.pdf, Oleg, Mandić, hr, O nekim pitanjima druÅ¡tvenog ureÄ‘enja Hrvatske u srednjem vijeku, On some issues of social system of Croatia in the Middle Ages, 131–138, 9 September 2011,www.historiografija.hr/hz/1952/HZ_5_11_MANDIC.pdf," title="web.archive.org/web/20190808023945www.historiografija.hr/hz/1952/HZ_5_11_MANDIC.pdf,">web.archive.org/web/20190808023945www.historiografija.hr/hz/1952/HZ_5_11_MANDIC.pdf, 8 August 2019, dead, The divisions changed over time to reflect losses of territory to Ottoman conquest and subsequent liberation of the same territory, changes of the political status of Dalmatia, Dubrovnik, and Istria. The traditional division of the country into counties was abolished in the 1920s when the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes and the subsequent Kingdom of Yugoslavia introduced oblasts and banovinas respectively.{{sfn|Frucht|2005|p=429}}File:Castle of Varazdin (17).jpg|thumb|Varaždin, capital of Croatia between 1767 and 1776, is the seat of Varaždin county; Pictured: Old Town fortress, one of 15 Croatia’s sites inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage tentative list ]]Communist-ruled Croatia, as a constituent part of post-World War II Yugoslavia, abolished earlier divisions and introduced municipalities, subdividing Croatia into approximately one hundred municipalities. Counties were reintroduced in 1992 legislation, significantly altered in terms of territory relative to the pre-1920s subdivisions. In 1918, the Transleithanian part was divided into eight counties with their seats in Bjelovar, Gospić, Ogulin, Osijek, Požega, Varaždin, Vukovar, and Zagreb.{{sfn|Biondich|2000|p=11}}NEWS, Narodne novine, 30 December 1992, 9 September 2011, hr, Zakon o podruÄjima županija, gradova i općina u Republici Hrvatskoj, Territories of Counties, Cities and Municipalities of the Republic of Croatia Act,narodne-novine.nn.hr/clanci/sluzbeni/1992_12_90_2333.html, dead,narodne-novine.nn.hr/clanci/sluzbeni/1992_12_90_2333.html," title="web.archive.org/web/20130828162010narodne-novine.nn.hr/clanci/sluzbeni/1992_12_90_2333.html,">web.archive.org/web/20130828162010narodne-novine.nn.hr/clanci/sluzbeni/1992_12_90_2333.html, 28 August 2013, As of 1992, Croatia is divided into 20 counties and the capital city of Zagreb, the latter having the dual authority and legal status of a county and a city. County borders changed in some instances, last revised in 2006. The counties subdivide into 127 cities and 429 municipalities.NEWS, Narodne novine, 28 July 2006, 9 September 2011, hr, Zakon o podruÄjima županija, gradova i općina u Republici Hrvatskoj, Territories of Counties, Cities and Municipalities of the Republic of Croatia Act,narodne-novine.nn.hr/clanci/sluzbeni/2006_07_86_2045.html, Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics (NUTS) division is performed in several tiers. NUTS 1 level considers the entire country in a single unit; three NUTS 2 regions come below that. Those are Northwest Croatia, Central and Eastern (Pannonian) Croatia, and Adriatic Croatia. The latter encompasses the counties along the Adriatic coast. Northwest Croatia includes Koprivnica-Križevci, Krapina-Zagorje, MeÄ‘imurje, Varaždin, the city of Zagreb, and Zagreb counties and the Central and Eastern (Pannonian) Croatia includes the remaining areas—Bjelovar-Bilogora, Brod-Posavina, Karlovac, Osijek-Baranja, Požega-Slavonia, Sisak-Moslavina, Virovitica-Podravina, and Vukovar-Syrmia counties. Individual counties and the city of Zagreb also represent NUTS 3 level subdivision units in Croatia. The NUTS local administrative unit divisions are two-tiered. LAU 1 divisions match the counties and the city of Zagreb in effect making those the same as NUTS 3 units, while LAU 2 subdivisions correspond to cities and municipalities.WEB, Council of Europe, hr,www.coe.int/t/dg4/cultureheritage/heritage/cemat/confminist1-15/15eCEMAT_National_Report_Croatia_2010_HR.pdf,www.coe.int/t/dg4/cultureheritage/heritage/cemat/confminist1-15/15eCEMAT_National_Report_Croatia_2010_HR.pdf," title="ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009www.coe.int/t/dg4/cultureheritage/heritage/cemat/confminist1-15/15eCEMAT_National_Report_Croatia_2010_HR.pdf,">ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009www.coe.int/t/dg4/cultureheritage/heritage/cemat/confminist1-15/15eCEMAT_National_Report_Croatia_2010_HR.pdf, 2022-10-09, live, Nacionalno izviješće Hrvatska, Croatia National Report, January 2010, 25 February 2012, {{Croatian counties}}{{Clear}}Economy
{{Update section|date=June 2022}}File:Eurozone.svg|thumb|left|upright=1.0|On January 1, 2023, Croatia replaced the kuna as its national currency and adopted the euro, on the same day Croatia became part of the Schengen zoneSchengen zoneCroatia’s economy qualifies as high-income.WEB,datahelpdesk.worldbank.org/knowledgebase/articles/906519#High_income, Country and Lending Groups, World Bank, 10 January 2020,web.archive.org/web/20180111190936/https://datahelpdesk.worldbank.org/knowledgebase/articles/906519#High_income, 11 January 2018, dead, International Monetary Fund data projected that Croatian nominal GDP reached $67,84 billion, or $17.398 per capita for 2021WEB, Croatia {{!, Data |url=https://data.worldbank.org/country/croatia?view=chart |access-date=2022-08-26 |website=data.worldbank.org}} while purchasing power parity GDP was $132,88 billion, or $32.942 per capita.WEB, Report for Selected Countries and Subjects,www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2022/April/weo-report, 2022-08-26, IMF, en, According to Eurostat, Croatian GDP per capita in PPS stood at 65% of the EU average in 2019.WEB,ec.europa.eu/eurostat/tgm/graph.do?tab=graph&plugin=1&pcode=tec00114&language=en&toolbox=type, GDP per capita in PPS, Eurostat, ec.europa.eu, 18 June 2020, Real GDP growth in 2022 was 6.2 per cent.WEB,ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/tec00115/default/table?lang=en, Real GDP growth rate – volume, Eurostat, 24 July 2023, The average net salary of a Croatian worker in October 2019 was 6,496 HRK per month (roughly 873 EUR), and the average gross salary was 8,813 HRK per month (roughly 1,185 EUR).WEB,www.dzs.hr/default_e.htm, Republic of Croatia – Croatian Bureau of Statistics, Dzs.hr, 23 March 2017, {{as of|2019|July}}, the unemployment rate dropped to 7.2% from 9.6% in December 2018. The number of unemployed persons was 106.703. The unemployment rate between 1996 and 2018 averaged 17.38%, reaching an all-time high of 23.60% in January 2002 and a record low of 8.40% in September 2018.WEB,www.theglobaleconomy.com/Croatia/Unemployment_rate/, Croatia Unemployment Rate, The Global Economy.com, 3 February 2019, In 2017, economic output was dominated by the service sector — accounting for 70.1% of GDP — followed by the industrial sector with 26.2% and agriculture accounting for 3.7%.CIA WORLD FACTBOOK, Croatia, 22 September 2021, According to 2017 data, 1.9% of the workforce were employed in agriculture, 27.3% by industry and 70.8% in services. Shipbuilding, food processing, pharmaceuticals, information technology, biochemical, and timber industry dominate the industrial sector. In 2018, Croatian exports were valued at 108 billion kunas (€14.61 billion) with 176 billion kunas (€23.82 billion) worth of imports. Croatia’s largest trading partner was the rest of the European Union, led by Germany, Italy, and Slovenia.WEB,web.dzs.hr/Hrv_Eng/publication/2019/04-02-02_01_2019.htm, ROBNA RAZMJENA REPUBLIKE HRVATSKE S INOZEMSTVOM u 2018.KONAÄŒNI PODACI/FOREIGN TRADE IN GOODS OF THE REPUBLIC OF CROATIA, 2018 FINAL DATA, Croatian Bureau of Statistics, hr, According to Eurostat, Croatia has the highest quantity of water resources per capita in the EU (30,000 m3).WEB,www.croatiaweek.com/croatia-water-resources-eurostat-ranking/, Croatia ranks No.1 in EU for water resources per capita, Croatia Week, 25 March 2024, As a result of the war, economic infrastructure sustained massive damage, particularly the tourism industry. From 1989 to 1993, the GDP fell 40.5%. The Croatian state still controls significant economic sectors, with government expenditures accounting for 40% of GDP.WEB,m.state.gov/md3166.htm, Background Note: Croatia, United States Department of State, 4 December 2008, dead,m.state.gov/md3166.htm," title="web.archive.org/web/20100527221958m.state.gov/md3166.htm,">web.archive.org/web/20100527221958m.state.gov/md3166.htm, 27 May 2010, A particular concern is a backlogged judiciary system, with inefficient public administration and corruption, upending land ownership. In the 2022 Corruption Perceptions Index, published by Transparency International, the country ranked 57th.WEB, CPI 2022, 31 January 2023,www.transparency.org/en/cpi/2022, 18 April 2023, Transparency International, At the end of June 2020, the national debt stood at 85.3% of GDP.WEB, 14 October 2020, Novac – Javni dug dosegnuo rekord: njegov udjel u BDP-u narastao na 85,3 posto,novac.jutarnji.hr/novac/aktualno/javni-dug-dosegnuo-rekord-njegov-udjel-u-bdp-u-narastao-na-85-3-posto-15025143, 23 January 2021, novac.jutarnji.hr, hr-hr,Tourism
File:1 dubrovnik pano - edit1.jpg|thumb|upright=1.0|DubrovnikDubrovnikFile:Island Brac (20785918360).jpg|thumb|upright=1.0|Zlatni Rat beach on the Island of BraÄ is one of the foremost spots of tourism in Croatiatourism in CroatiaTourism dominates the Croatian service sector and accounts for up to 20% of GDP. Tourism income for 2019 was estimated to be €10.5 billion.WEB, Hrvatsku posjetilo 6,8 milijuna gostiju, otkrivamo kolika će biti zarada od turizma,www.vecernji.hr/vijesti/hrvatsku-posjetilo-68-milijuna-gostiju-otkrivamo-kolika-ce-ove-godine-biti-zarada-od-turizma-1428221, 23 January 2021, www.vecernji.hr, hr, Its positive effects are felt throughout the economy, increasing retail business, and increasing seasonal employment. The industry is counted as an export business because foreign visitor spending significantly reduces the country’s trade imbalance.NEWS, Vjesnik,www.vjesnik.hr/Article.aspx?ID=D37B6CB1-C728-44FE-94C7-8C80B4EA582F, 5 October 2022, dead,www.vjesnik.hr/Article.aspx?ID=D37B6CB1-C728-44FE-94C7-8C80B4EA582F," title="web.archive.org/web/20221005203957www.vjesnik.hr/Article.aspx?ID=D37B6CB1-C728-44FE-94C7-8C80B4EA582F,">web.archive.org/web/20221005203957www.vjesnik.hr/Article.aspx?ID=D37B6CB1-C728-44FE-94C7-8C80B4EA582F, hr, Iako Äini gotovo petinu BDP-a, i dalje niskoprofitabilna grana domaće privrede, Even though it comprises nearly a fifth of the GDP, it is still a low-profit branch of the national economy, Tomislav, Pili, Davor, Verković, 1 October 2011, 20 October 2011, The tourist industry has rapidly grown, recording a sharp rise in tourist numbers since independence, attracting more than 17 million visitors each year ({{as of|2017|lc=on}}).{{sfn|2018 Statistical Yearbook of the Republic of Croatia|p=425}} Germany, Slovenia, Austria, Italy, United Kingdom, Czechia, Poland, Hungary, France, Netherlands, Slovakia and Croatia itself provide the most visitors.{{sfn|2018 Statistical Yearbook of the Republic of Croatia|p=427}} Tourist stays averaged 4.7 days in 2019.WEB, 28 February 2020, DOLASCI i NOĆENJA TURISTA u 2019.,web.dzs.hr/Hrv_Eng/publication/2019/04-03-02_01_2019.htm, Croatian Bureau of Statistics, Much of the tourist industry is concentrated along the coast. Opatija was the first holiday resort. It first became popular in the middle of the 19th century. By the 1890s, it had become one of the largest European health resorts.WEB, Opatija Tourist Board,www.opatija-tourism.hr/en/Home.aspx?PageID=5, History of Opatija, 21 October 2011, dead,www.opatija-tourism.hr/en/Home.aspx?PageID=5," title="web.archive.org/web/20120429102936www.opatija-tourism.hr/en/Home.aspx?PageID=5,">web.archive.org/web/20120429102936www.opatija-tourism.hr/en/Home.aspx?PageID=5, 29 April 2012, Resorts sprang up along the coast and islands, offering services catering to mass tourism and various niche markets. The most significant are nautical tourism, supported by marinas with more than 16 thousand berths, cultural tourism relying on the appeal of medieval coastal cities and cultural events taking place during the summer. Inland areas offer agrotourism, mountain resorts, and spas. Zagreb is a significant destination, rivalling major coastal cities and resorts.WEB, Croatian National Tourist Board,croatia.hr/en-GB/Activities-and-attractions, Activities and attractions, 21 October 2011, Croatia has unpolluted marine areas with nature reserves and 116 Blue Flag beaches.WEB,www.blueflag.org/Menu/Awarded+sites/2011/Northern+Hemisphere/Croatia, Croatia, 21 October 2011, Foundation for Environmental Education, dead,www.blueflag.org/Menu/Awarded+sites/2011/Northern+Hemisphere/Croatia," title="web.archive.org/web/20111202124844www.blueflag.org/Menu/Awarded+sites/2011/Northern+Hemisphere/Croatia,">web.archive.org/web/20111202124844www.blueflag.org/Menu/Awarded+sites/2011/Northern+Hemisphere/Croatia, 2 December 2011, Croatia was ranked first in Europe for swimming water quality in 2022 by European Environmental Agency.WEB,www.croatiaweek.com/croatia-again-top-in-europe-for-swimming-water-quality/, Croatia again top in Europe for swimming water quality, croariaweek.com, Croatia Week, 10 June 2023, 10 June 2023, Croatia ranked as the 23rd-most popular tourist destination in the world according to the World Tourism Organization in 2019.JOURNAL, UNWTO World Tourism Barometer and Statistical Annex, May 2019, UNWTO World Tourism Barometer, 17, 2, 1–40, 22 May 2019, 1728-9246, 243009713, 10.18111/wtobarometereng.2019.17.1.2, About 15% of these visitors,{{which|date=June 2023}}{{quantify|date=June 2023}} or over one million per year, participate in naturism, for which Croatia is famous. It was the first European country to develop commercial naturist resorts.WEB,www.euro-poi.com/croatian-highlights-croatia-278.html, Croatian highlights, Croatia, Euro-poi.com, 26 March 2013, dead,www.euro-poi.com/croatian-highlights-croatia-278.html," title="web.archive.org/web/20130224034343www.euro-poi.com/croatian-highlights-croatia-278.html,">web.archive.org/web/20130224034343www.euro-poi.com/croatian-highlights-croatia-278.html, 24 February 2013, In 2023, luggage storage company Bounce gave Croatia the highest solo travel index in the world (7.58),WEB,usebounce.com/blog/the-2023-solo-travel-index, The 2023 solo travel index, Bounce, 24 May 2023, while a joint Pinterest and Zola wedding trends report from 2023 put Croatia among the most popular honeymoon destinations.WEB,newsroom.pinterest.com/en/post/the-pinterest-x-zola-2023-wedding-trends-report, The Pinterest x Zola 2023 Wedding Trends Report, Pinterest Newsroom, 25 April 2023, 11 June 2023,Infrastructure
Transport
{{see also|Transport in Croatia|Energy in Croatia}}{{Update section|date=December 2020}}{{Multiple image| caption_align = center| align = left| direction = vertical| image1 = Pelješac bridge - Most Pelješac - Croatia - 2022-06-16.jpg| image2 = Zagreb_Glavni_kolodvor_1p_-_pruga_prema_zapadu.jpgPorts
The busiest cargo seaport is the Port of Rijeka. The busiest passenger ports are Split and Zadar.WEB, World Bank, hr, RijeÄka luka –jadranski “prolaz” prema Europi, The Port of Rijeka – Adriatic “gateway” to Europe, 3 March 2006, 13 October 2011,go.worldbank.org/V9N60RX7L0,webarchive.loc.gov/all/20120805200119/http://go.worldbank.org/V9N60RX7L0, dead, 5 August 2012, WEB, Ministry of the Sea, Transport and Infrastructure (Croatia),www.mppi.hr/default.aspx?id=480, Luke, Ports, hr, 24 August 2011, 16 December 2012,www.mppi.hr/default.aspx?id=480," title="web.archive.org/web/20121216063733www.mppi.hr/default.aspx?id=480,">web.archive.org/web/20121216063733www.mppi.hr/default.aspx?id=480, dead, Many minor ports serve ferries connecting numerous islands and coastal cities with ferry lines to several cities in Italy.WEB, Agencija za obalni linijski pomorski promet,www.agencija-zolpp.hr/Brodskelinije/tabid/1267/Default.aspx, hr, Plovidbeni red za 2011. godinu, Sailing Schedule for Year 2011, 27 August 2011, dead,www.agencija-zolpp.hr/Brodskelinije/tabid/1267/Default.aspx," title="web.archive.org/web/20110715203314www.agencija-zolpp.hr/Brodskelinije/tabid/1267/Default.aspx,">web.archive.org/web/20110715203314www.agencija-zolpp.hr/Brodskelinije/tabid/1267/Default.aspx, 15 July 2011, The largest river port is Vukovar, located on the Danube, representing the nation’s outlet to the Pan-European transport corridor VII.WEB, Ministry of the Sea, Transport and Infrastructure (Croatia),www.mppi.hr/default.aspx?id=890, Plovni putovi, Navigable routes, hr, 10 September 2011, 16 December 2012,www.mppi.hr/default.aspx?id=890," title="web.archive.org/web/20121216060844www.mppi.hr/default.aspx?id=890,">web.archive.org/web/20121216060844www.mppi.hr/default.aspx?id=890, dead,Energy
{{See also|Energy in Croatia}}{{convert|610|km|abbr=off}} of crude oil pipelines serve Croatia, connecting the Rijeka oil terminal with refineries in Rijeka and Sisak, and several transhipment terminals.File:Bâtiment commercial à Novi Zagreb.jpg|thumb|upright=1.0|INA d.d. headquarters in ZagrebZagrebThe system has a capacity of 20 million tonnes per year.WEB, Jadranski naftovod,www.janaf.hr/index.php?option=sustav&lang=en, The JANAF system, 8 October 2011, The natural gas transportation system comprises {{convert|2113|km|abbr=off}} of trunk and regional pipelines, and more than 300 associated structures, connecting production rigs, the Okoli natural gas storage facility, 27 end-users and 37 distribution systems.WEB, Plinacro,www.plinacro.hr/default.aspx?id=264, Transportni sustav, Transport system, hr, 8 October 2011, Croatia also plays an important role in regional energy security. The floating liquefied natural gas import terminal off Krk island LNG Hrvatska commenced operations on January 1, 2021, positioning Croatia as a regional energy leader and contributing to diversification of Europe’s energy supply.In 2010, Croatian energy production covered 85% of nationwide natural gas and 19% of oil demand.{{sfn|2010 Statistical Yearbook of the Republic of Croatia|pages=298-302}} In 2016, Croatia’s primary energy production involved natural gas (24.8%), hydropower (28.3%), crude oil (13.6%), fuelwood (27.6%), and heat pumps and other renewable energy sources (5.7%).{{sfn|2018 Statistical Yearbook of the Republic of Croatia|p=307}} In 2017, net total electrical power production reached 11,543 GWh, while it imported 12,157 GWh or about 40% of its electric power energy needs.{{sfn|2018 Statistical Yearbook of the Republic of Croatia|p=304}}KrÅ¡ko Nuclear Power Plant (Slovenia) supplies a large part of Croatian imports. 50% is owned by Hrvatska elektroprivreda, providing 15% of Croatia’s electricity.WEB, EU Business,www.eubusiness.com/news-eu/japan-disaster.9bc, Croatia, Slovenia’s nuclear plant safe: Croatian president, 28 March 2011, 8 October 2011,Demographics
{{Update section|date=September 2022}}{{see also|List of cities and towns in Croatia}}{{bar box|width = |float = right|title = Ethnic composition (2021)|titlebar = #ddd|bars ={{bar percent|Croats|blue|91.6}}{{bar percent|Serbs|cyan|3.2}}{{bar percent|Other|gray|5.2}}|caption = 2021 Croatian Census}}With an estimated population of 3.87 million in 2021,{{Croatian Census 2021|S}} Croatia ranks 127th by population in the world.{{citation needed|date=February 2024}} Its 2018 population density was 72.9 inhabitants per square kilometre, making Croatia one of the more sparsely populated European countries.HTTPS://WEB.DZS.HR/HRV_ENG/CROINFIG/CROINFIG_2018.PDF >ARCHIVE-URL=HTTPS://GHOSTARCHIVE.ORG/ARCHIVE/20221009/HTTPS://WWW.DZS.HR/HRV_ENG/CROINFIG/CROINFIG_2018.PDF
| align = center
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| image1 = Religious belief in Croatia, 2011.svg
| caption1 = Religious believers according to the 2011 census
| image2 = CroatianDialectsByMunicipality.png
| caption2 = Map of the Shtokavian, Chakavian and Kajkavian dialects in Croatia by municipality
| image3 = Croatia, population density.svg
| caption3 = 2011 Croatian population density by county in persons per km2
}}According to the 2013 United Nations report, 17.6% of Croatia’s population were immigrants.WEB,esa.un.org/unmigration/TIMSA2013/migrantstocks2013.htm, International Migration and Development, esa.un.org, 25 August 2019, 7 January 2023,web.archive.org/web/20230107123721/https://esa.un.org/unmigration/TIMSA2013/migrantstocks2013.htm, dead, According to the 2021 census, the majority of inhabitants are Croats (91.6%), followed by Serbs (3.2%), Bosniaks (0.62%), Roma (0.46%), Albanians (0.36%), Italians (0.36%), Hungarians (0.27%), Czechs (0.20%), Slovenes (0.20%), Slovaks (0.10%), Macedonians (0.09%), Germans (0.09%), Montenegrins (0.08%), and others (1.56%). Approximately 4 million Croats live abroad.WEB,dnevnik.hr/vijesti/hrvatska/hrvatska-fenomen-vise-hrvata-zivi-u-inozemstvu-nego-u-domovini---465670.html, U Hrvatskoj je loÅ¡e i preporuÄam svakom mladom Äovjeku da ode u NjemaÄku, Dnevnik.hr, {{Largest cities of Croatia}}| total_width = 500
| image1 = Religious belief in Croatia, 2011.svg
| caption1 = Religious believers according to the 2011 census
| image2 = CroatianDialectsByMunicipality.png
| caption2 = Map of the Shtokavian, Chakavian and Kajkavian dialects in Croatia by municipality
| image3 = Croatia, population density.svg
| caption3 = 2011 Croatian population density by county in persons per km2
Religion
Croatia has no official religion. Freedom of religion is a Constitutional right that protects all religious communities as equal before the law and separated from the state.File:Å ibenik, Katedrala sv. Jakova - sjeveroistok.jpg|thumb|Å ibenik Cathedral, since 2000 on the UNESCO World Heritage ListWorld Heritage ListAccording to the 2011 census, 91.36% of Croatians identify as Christian; of these, Catholics make up the largest group, accounting for 86.28% of the population, after which follows Eastern Orthodoxy (4.44%), Protestantism (0.34%), and other Christians (0.30%).The largest religion after Christianity is Islam (1.47%). 4.57% of the population describe themselves as non-religious.{{Croatian Census 2011|R}} In the Eurostat Eurobarometer Poll of 2010, 69% of the population responded that “they believe there is a God”.WEB, Special Eurobarometer 341, “Biotechnology”,ec.europa.eu/commfrontoffice/publicopinion/archives/ebs/ebs_341_en.pdf,ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://ec.europa.eu/commfrontoffice/publicopinion/archives/ebs/ebs_341_en.pdf, 2022-10-09, live, 209, In a 2009 Gallup poll, 70% answered yes to the question “Is religion an important part of your daily life?“WEB,www.gallup.com/poll/128210/Gallup-Global-Reports.aspx,www.gallup.com/poll/128210/Gallup-Global-Reports.aspx," title="web.archive.org/web/20131014034457www.gallup.com/poll/128210/Gallup-Global-Reports.aspx,">web.archive.org/web/20131014034457www.gallup.com/poll/128210/Gallup-Global-Reports.aspx, 14 October 2013, Gallup Global Reports, Gallup (company), Gallup, 7 October 2013, However, only 24% of the population attends religious services regularly.WEB,assets.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/11/2017/05/09154356/Central-and-Eastern-Europe-Topline_FINAL-FOR-PUBLICATION.pdf,assets.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/11/2017/05/09154356/Central-and-Eastern-Europe-Topline_FINAL-FOR-PUBLICATION.pdf," title="ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009assets.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/11/2017/05/09154356/Central-and-Eastern-Europe-Topline_FINAL-FOR-PUBLICATION.pdf,">ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009assets.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/11/2017/05/09154356/Central-and-Eastern-Europe-Topline_FINAL-FOR-PUBLICATION.pdf, 2022-10-09, live, Final Topline, 19 June 2017, Pew,Languages
Croatian is the official language of the Republic of Croatia. Minority languages are in official use in local government units where more than a third of the population consists of national minorities or where local enabling legislation applies. Those languages are Czech, Hungarian, Italian, Serbian, and Slovak.WEB, Sabor,www.sabor.hr/Default.aspx?art=23872, Izviješće o provoÄ‘enju ustavnog zakona o pravima nacionalnih manjina i utroÅ¡ku sredstava osiguranih u državnom proraÄunu Republike Hrvatske za 2007. godinu za potrebe nacionalnih manjina, hr, Report on Implementation of Constitutional Act on National Minority Rights and Expenditure of Funds Appropriated by the 2007 State Budget for Use by the National Minorities, 28 November 2008, 27 October 2011,www.sabor.hr/Default.aspx?art=23872," title="web.archive.org/web/20130509061001www.sabor.hr/Default.aspx?art=23872,">web.archive.org/web/20130509061001www.sabor.hr/Default.aspx?art=23872, 9 May 2013, dead, The following minority languages are also recognised: Albanian, Bosnian, Bulgarian, German, Hebrew, Macedonian, Montenegrin, Polish, Romanian, Istro-Romanian, Romani, Russian, Rusyn, Slovene, Turkish, and Ukrainian.BOOK, Franceschini, Rita, Italy and the Italian-Speaking Regions, Fäcke, Christiane, Manual of Language Acquisition, 2014, Walter de Gruyter GmbH, 9783110394146,books.google.com/books?id=zM_mBQAAQBAJ&q=Manual+of+Language+Acquisition&pg=PA1, 546, According to the 2011 Census, 95.6% of citizens declared Croatian as their native language, 1.2% declared Serbian as their native language, while no other language reaches more than 0.5%.{{Croatian Census 2011|T}} Croatian is a member of the South Slavic languages of Slavic languages group and is written using the Latin alphabet. There are three major dialects spoken on the territory of Croatia, with standard Croatian based on the Shtokavian dialect. The Chakavian and Kajkavian dialects are distinguished from Shtokavian by their lexicon, phonology and syntax.WEB, Institute of Croatian Language and Linguistics, hr, Organska podloga hrvatskog jezika, The Organic Base of Croatian,www.ihjj.hr/oHrJeziku-povijest-1.html, 11 October 2011, dead,www.ihjj.hr/oHrJeziku-povijest-1.html," title="web.archive.org/web/20110807082335www.ihjj.hr/oHrJeziku-povijest-1.html,">web.archive.org/web/20110807082335www.ihjj.hr/oHrJeziku-povijest-1.html, 7 August 2011, A 2011 survey revealed that 78% of Croats claim knowledge of at least one foreign language.WEB, Index.hr,www.index.hr/vijesti/clanak/istrazivanje-tri-posto-visokoobrazovanih-ne-zna-niti-jedan-strani-jezik-hrvati-uglavnom-znaju-engleski/545687.aspx, hr, Istraživanje: Tri posto visokoobrazovanih ne zna niti jedan strani jezik, Hrvati uglavnom znaju engleski, Survey: Three per cent of higher educated people can not speak any foreign languages, Croats mostly speak English, 5 April 2011, 11 October 2011, According to a 2005 EC survey, 49% of Croats speak English as the second language, 34% speak German, 14% speak Italian, and 10% speak French. Russian is spoken by 4%, and 2% of Croats speak Spanish. However several large municipalities support minority languages. A majority of Slovenes (59%) have some knowledge of Croatian.WEB,ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_243_en.pdf,ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_243_en.pdf," title="ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_243_en.pdf,">ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_243_en.pdf, 2022-10-09, live, February 2006, Europeans and their languages – European commission special barometer FEB2006, European Commission, 15 January 2010, The country is a part of various language-based international associations, most notably the European Union Language Association.WEB,europa.eu/european-union/about-eu/countries/member-countries/croatia_en, Croatia, 5 July 2016, European Union, European Commission, en, 2 March 2018,Education
{{Update section|date=December 2020}}{{multiple image|align = right|direction = vertical|image1 = National and University Library in Zagreb.jpgHealthcare
File:KBC Rebro aerial.jpg|thumb|upright=1.0|University Hospital Centre Zagreb is the largest hospital in Croatia and the teaching hospital of the University of ZagrebUniversity of ZagrebCroatia has a universal health care system, whose roots can be traced back to the Hungarian-Croatian Parliament Act of 1891, providing a form of mandatory insurance of all factory workers and craftsmen.JOURNAL, Revija za socijalnu politiku, 1330-2965, SiniÅ¡a, ZrinÅ¡Äak, hr, Socijalna politika u kontekstu korjenite druÅ¡tvene transformacije postkomunistiÄkih zemalja, Social Policy in the Context of Thorough Social Transformation of Post-Communist Countries, 135–159, February 2003, 10, 2,hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=clanak&id_clanak_jezik=47595, 12 October 2011, 10.3935/rsp.v10i2.124, free, The population is covered by a basic health insurance plan provided by statute and optional insurance. In 2017, annual healthcare related expenditures reached 22.2 billion kuna (around €3.0 billion).{{sfn|2018 Statistical Yearbook of the Republic of Croatia|p=546}} Healthcare expenditures comprise only 0.6% of private health insurance and public spending.NEWS, Vjesnik, hr,www.vjesnik.hr/Article.aspx?ID=B02A10F4-BFE5-4EC0-B0E5-BFCAFE8F2062, 17 December 2011,www.vjesnik.hr/Article.aspx?ID=B02A10F4-BFE5-4EC0-B0E5-BFCAFE8F2062," title="web.archive.org/web/20111217063855www.vjesnik.hr/Article.aspx?ID=B02A10F4-BFE5-4EC0-B0E5-BFCAFE8F2062,">web.archive.org/web/20111217063855www.vjesnik.hr/Article.aspx?ID=B02A10F4-BFE5-4EC0-B0E5-BFCAFE8F2062, Ulaskom u EU Hrvatska će imati najveću potroÅ¡nju za zdravstvo, After the EU accession Croatia will have the maximum healthcare spending, Marijana, Matković, 27 September 2011, 12 October 2011, dead, In 2017, Croatia spent around 6.6% of its GDP on healthcare.WEB,www.slobodnadalmacija.hr/novosti/hrvatska/clanak/id/474180/puni-dzepovi-europski-smo-rekorderi-potrosnje-imamo-najskuplju-vlast-u-cijeloj-europskoj-uniji, Puni džepovi: europski smo rekorderi potroÅ¡nje, imamo najskuplju vlast u cijeloj Europskoj uniji!, 19 March 2017, 30 March 2018, In 2020, Croatia ranked 41st in the world in life expectancy with 76.0 years for men and 82.0 years for women, and it had a low infant mortality rate of 3.4 per 1,000 live births.WEB, Croatia Demographics 2020 (Population, Age, Sex, Trends) – Worldometer,www.worldometers.info/demographics/croatia-demographics/#life-exp, 24 January 2021, www.worldometers.info, en, There are hundreds of healthcare institutions in Croatia, including 75 hospitals, and 13 clinics with 23,049 beds. The hospitals and clinics care for more than 700 thousand patients per year and employ 6,642 medical doctors, including 4,773 specialists.{{sfn|2018 Statistical Yearbook of the Republic of Croatia|p=525}} There is total of 69,841 health workers.{{sfn|2018 Statistical Yearbook of the Republic of Croatia|p=524}} There are 119 emergency units in health centres, responding to more than a million calls.{{sfn|2018 Statistical Yearbook of the Republic of Croatia|p=532}} The principal cause of death in 2016 was cardiovascular disease at 39.7% for men and 50.1% for women, followed by tumours, at 32.5% for men and 23.4% for women.{{sfn|2018 Statistical Yearbook of the Republic of Croatia|p=118}} In 2016 it was estimated that 37.0% of Croatians are smokers.JOURNAL, Ritchie, Hannah, Roser, Max, 23 May 2013, Smoking,ourworldindata.org/smoking, Our World in Data, According to 2016 data, 24.40% of the Croatian adult population is obese.JOURNAL, Ritchie, Hannah, Roser, Max, 11 August 2017, Obesity,ourworldindata.org/obesity, Our World in Data,Language
File:Bascanska ploca.jpg|thumb|right|The BaÅ¡ka tablet is the oldest Glagolitic monument in Croatia. It documents the donation of land gifted by Croatian King Dmitar Zvonimir to the Benedictine monastery of St Lucy.]]Standard Croatian is the official language of the Republic of Croatia,WEB,www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/croatia/, Croatia, Cia.gov, 2010-12-21, and became the 24th official language of the European Union upon its accession in 2013.NEWS, Narodne Novine, hr,narodne-novine.nn.hr/clanci/sluzbeni/2010_07_85_2422.html, Ustav Republike Hrvatske, Constitution of the Republic of Croatia, 9 July 2010, 11 October 2011, NEWS, VeÄernji list, hr,www.vecernji.hr/vijesti/hrvatski-postaje-24-sluzbeni-jezik-europske-unije-clanak-211879, Hrvatski postaje 24. službeni jezik Europske unije, Croatian Becomes the 24th Official Language of the European Union, 5 November 2011, Sandra, Veljković, Stojan de Prato, 11 October 2011, Croatian replaced Latin as the official language of the Croatian government in the 19th century.JOURNAL, Croatica et Slavica Iadertina, 1845-6839, ZnaÄenje narodnoga preporoda za hrvatski jezik, Significance of the National Revival for Croatian, hr, Branka, Tafra, February 2007, 2,hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=clanak&id_clanak_jezik=26666, 43–55, 10 October 2011, Following the Vienna Literary Agreement in 1850, the language and its Latin script underwent reforms to create an unified “Croatian or Serbian” or “Serbo-Croatian” standard, which under various names became the official language of Yugoslavia.BOOK, Greenberg, Robert D., Language and Identity in the Balkans: Serbo-Croatian and its Disintegration, 2004, 1st, New York, NY, Oxford University Press,books.google.com/books?id=_lNjHgr3QioC, 9780191514555, In SFR Yugoslavia, from 1972 to 1989, the language was constitutionally designated as the “Croatian literary language” and the “Croatian or Serbian language”. It was the result of a resistance to and secession from “Serbo-Croatian” in the form of the Declaration on the Status and Name of the Croatian Literary Language as part of the Croatian Spring.JOURNAL, Kolo (magazine), Kolo, Matica hrvatska, 1331-0992, 2009, 1–2,www.matica.hr/kolo/kolo2009_1.nsf/AllWebDocs/Polozaj_hrvatskoga_jezika_u_svijetu_danas, Položaj hrvatskoga jezika u svijetu danas, The Position of Croatian in the World Today, hr, Mate, Kapović, 26 October 2011, Since gaining independence in the early 1990s, the Republic of Croatia constitutionally designates the language as “Croatian language” and regulates it through linguistic prescription. The long-standing aspiration to developing its own expressions, thus enriching itself, as opposed to taking over foreign solutions in the form of loanwords has been described as Croatian linguistic purism.JOURNAL, Turk, Marija, 1996, JeziÄni purizam,hrcak.srce.hr/132668, Fluminensia: ÄŒasopis za filoloÅ¡ka istraživanja, hr, 8, 1–2, 63–79, 0353-4642, Croatia introduced in 2021 a new model of linguistic categorisation of Bunjevac dialect (as New-Shtokavian Ikavian dialects of the Shtokavian dialect of the Croatian language) in three sub-branches: Dalmatian (also called Bosnian-Dalmatian), Danubian (also called Bunjevac), and Littoral-Lika.WEB, BunjevaÄki govori,registar.kulturnadobra.hr/#/details/Z-7471, BunjevaÄki govori pripadaju novoÅ¡tokavskom ikavskom dijalektu Å¡tokavskoga narjeÄja hrvatskoga jezika., 7 August 2022, WEB,registar.kulturnadobra.hr/#/details/Z-7471, Razlikuju se tri ogranka BunjevaÄkih govora – podunavski, primorsko-liÄki i dalmatinski, a svi su kulturno bliski prema povijesnim, etnoloÅ¡kim i lingvistiÄkim istraživanjima., BunjevaÄki govori, Its speakers largely use the Latin alphabet and are living in parts of Bosnia and Herzegovina, different parts of Croatia, southern parts (inc. Budapest) of Hungary as well in the autonomous province Vojvodina of Serbia.The Institute of Croatian Language and Linguistics added the Bunjevac dialect to the List of Protected Intangible Cultural Heritage of the Republic of Croatia on 8 October 2021.WEB, Prijedlog za proglaÅ¡enje bunjevaÄkoga govora nematerijalnom kulturnom baÅ¡tinom,ihjj.hr/clanak/prijedlog-za-proglasenje-bunjevackoga-govora-nematerijalnom-kulturnom-bastinom/7513/, 3 March 2022, Institut za hrvatski jezik i jezikoslovlje uputio je Ministarstvu kulture RH prijedlog da se bunjevaÄki govor proglasi hrvatskom nematerijalnom kulturnom baÅ¡tinom, kao važan Äin pomoći bunjevaÄkomu govoru i svim Bunjevcima u Hrvatskoj i inozemstvu., Institut za hrvatski jezik i jezikoslovlje, WEB, BunjevaÄki govori upisani u Registar kulturnih dobara Republike Hrvatske kao nematerijalno kulturno dobro,min-kulture.gov.hr/vijesti-8/bunjevacki-govori-upisani-u-registar-kulturnih-dobara-republike-hrvatske-kao-nematerijalno-kulturno-dobro/21475, 8 October 2021, 26 July 2022, Fajin Deran, Ministry of Culture and Media of the Republic of Croatia, {{undue weight inline|reason=An entire paragraph about a specific sub-dialect where none other are covered.|date=June 2023}}Culture
{{Further|World Heritage Sites in Croatia|Register of Cultural Goods of Croatia}}File:TrogirView.jpg|thumb|right|Historic centre of Trogir has been included in the UNESCO list of World Heritage SiteWorld Heritage SiteBecause of its geographical position, Croatia represents a blend of four different cultural spheres. It has been a crossroads of influences from western culture and the east since the schism between the Western Roman Empire and the Byzantine Empire, and also from Central Europe and Mediterranean culture.WEB, Croatian National Tourist Board,croatia.hr/en-GB/Discover-Croatia/Culture-and-History, Culture and History, 7 October 2011, dead,croatia.hr/en-GB/Discover-Croatia/Culture-and-History," title="web.archive.org/web/20111016185426croatia.hr/en-GB/Discover-Croatia/Culture-and-History,">web.archive.org/web/20111016185426croatia.hr/en-GB/Discover-Croatia/Culture-and-History, 16 October 2011, The Illyrian movement was the most significant period of national cultural history, as the 19th century proved crucial to the emancipation of Croatians and saw unprecedented developments in all fields of art and culture, giving rise to many historical figures.The Ministry of Culture is tasked with preserving the nation’s cultural and natural heritage and overseeing its development. Further activities supporting the development of culture are undertaken at the local government level.WEB, Ministry of Culture (Croatia),www.min-kulture.hr/default.aspx?id=348, hr, Djelokrug, Scope of authority, 7 October 2011, The UNESCO’s World Heritage List includes ten sites in Croatia and a list of Intangible Cultural Heritage of Croatia.WEB,ich.unesco.org/en/state/croatia-HR?info=elements-on-the-lists, Croatia - intangible heritage - Culture Sector, 26 April 2024, The country is also rich with intangible culture and holds 15 of UNESCO’s World’s intangible culture masterpieces, ranking fourth in the world.WEB,ich.unesco.org/en/lists?text=&multinational=3&display1=countryIDs#tabs, Browse the Lists of Intangible Cultural Heritage and the Register of good safeguarding practices – intangible heritage, UNESCO – Culture Sector, ich.unesco.org, A global cultural contribution from Croatia is the necktie, derived from the cravat originally worn by the 17th-century Croatian mercenaries in France.NEWS, The New York Times,www.nytimes.com/1995/07/30/magazine/style-dressed-to-kill.html, STYLE; Dressed to Kill, Eric P., Nash, 30 July 1995, 12 October 2011, JOURNAL, Povijesni prilozi,hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=clanak&id_clanak_jezik=43829, 0351-9767, Croatian Institute of History, July 2008, 34, 34, 103–120, Vladimir, Huzjan, PokuÅ¡aj otkrivanja nastanka i razvoja kravate kao rijeÄi i odjevnoga predmeta, hr, The origin and development of the tie (kravata) as a word and as a garment, 17 October 2011, In 2019, Croatia had 95 professional theatres, 30 professional children’s theatres, and 51 amateur theatres visited by more than 2.27 million viewers per year. Professional theatres employ 1,195 artists. There are 42 professional orchestras, ensembles, and choirs, attracting an annual attendance of 297 thousand. There are 75 cinemas with 166 screens and attendance of 5.026 million.{{sfn|2018 Statistical Yearbook of the Republic of Croatia|pp=512–513}}Croatia has 222 museums, visited by more than 2.71 million people in 2016. Furthermore, there are 1,768 libraries, containing 26.8 million volumes, and 19 state archives.{{sfn|2018 Statistical Yearbook of the Republic of Croatia|pp=516–521}} The book publishing market is dominated by several major publishers and the industry’s centrepiece event—Interliber exhibition held annually at Zagreb Fair.NEWS, Jutarnji list,www.jutarnji.hr/interliber--nobelovci-za-20--bestseleri-za-50--remek-djela-za-100-kuna/902783/, Interliber: Nobelovci se prodaju za 20, bestseleri za 50, remek-djela za 100 kuna, Interliber: Nobel Laureates Sold for 20, Bestsellers for 50, Masterpieces for 100 Kuna, hr, Adriana, PiteÅ¡a, 10 November 2010, 13 October 2011, 24 January 2012,www.jutarnji.hr/interliber--nobelovci-za-20--bestseleri-za-50--remek-djela-za-100-kuna/902783/," title="web.archive.org/web/20120124020747www.jutarnji.hr/interliber--nobelovci-za-20--bestseleri-za-50--remek-djela-za-100-kuna/902783/,">web.archive.org/web/20120124020747www.jutarnji.hr/interliber--nobelovci-za-20--bestseleri-za-50--remek-djela-za-100-kuna/902783/, dead,Arts, literature, and music
{{multiple image
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| align = right
| image1 = Peristyle, Split 2.jpg
| alt1 =
| caption1 = Historical nucleus of Split with the 4th-century Diocletian’s Palace was inscribed on the UNESCO list of World Heritage Sites in 1979.
| image2 = EuphrasiusBasilika.jpg
| alt2 =
| caption2 = Euphrasian Basilica in PoreÄ, example of early Byzantine architecture, on the UNESCO World Heritage List since 1997.
}}Architecture in Croatia reflects influences of bordering nations. Austrian and Hungarian influence is visible in public spaces and buildings in the north and the central regions, architecture found along coasts of Dalmatia and Istria exhibits Venetian influence.BOOK, A short history of Yugoslavia from early times to 1966, Cambridge University Press, CUP Archive, 978-0-521-09531-0, Stephen, Clissold, Henry Clifford Darby,books.google.com/books?id=_G43AAAAIAAJ, 1968, 51–52, 30 November 2011, Squares named after culture heroes, parks, and pedestrian-only zones, are features of Croatian towns and cities, especially where large scale Baroque urban planning took place, for instance in Osijek (TvrÄ‘a), Varaždin, and Karlovac.WEB,www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/destinations/europe/croatia/10124483/Varazdin-Croatias-little-Vienna.html,ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/destinations/europe/croatia/10124483/Varazdin-Croatias-little-Vienna.html, 10 January 2022, subscription, live, Varaždin: Croatia’s ‘little Vienna’, 17 June 2013, MacGregor, Sandra, Telegraph Media Group, 4 September 2013, {{cbignore}}NEWS, Jutarnji list,www.jutarnji.hr/najljepsi-gradovi-sjeverne-hrvatske---karlovac--ozalj--ogulin/877654/, NajljepÅ¡i gradovi Sjeverne Hrvatske – Karlovac, Ozalj, Ogulin, The Most Beautiful Cities of the Northern Croatia – Karlovac, Ozalj, Ogulin, hr, 14 August 2010, 10 October 2011, The subsequent influence of the Art Nouveau was reflected in contemporary architecture.JOURNAL, Radovi Instituta Za Povijest Umjetnosti, 0350-3437, Institute of Art History (Croatia), hr,www.hart.hr/uploads/documents/354.pdf, Darja Radović MaheÄić, Sekvenca secesije – arhitekt Lav Kalda, Sequence of the Art Nouveau – Architect Lav Kalda, 2006, 30, 241–264, 10 October 2011, dead,www.hart.hr/uploads/documents/354.pdf," title="web.archive.org/web/20110721100230www.hart.hr/uploads/documents/354.pdf,">web.archive.org/web/20110721100230www.hart.hr/uploads/documents/354.pdf, 21 July 2011, The architecture is the Mediterranean with a Venetian and Renaissance influence in major coastal urban areas exemplified in works of Giorgio da Sebenico and Nicolas of Florence such as the Cathedral of St. James in Å ibenik. The oldest preserved examples of Croatian architecture are the 9th-century churches, with the largest and the most representative among them being Church of St. Donatus in Zadar.WEB, Ministry of Foreign Affairs and European Integration (Croatia),www.mfa.hr/MVP.asp?pcpid=1467, Croatian Art History – Overview of Prehistory, 10 October 2011, dead,www.mfa.hr/MVP.asp?pcpid=1467," title="web.archive.org/web/20111007184122www.mfa.hr/MVP.asp?pcpid=1467,">web.archive.org/web/20111007184122www.mfa.hr/MVP.asp?pcpid=1467, 7 October 2011, WEB, Zadar Tourist Board,www.tzzadar.hr/en/city-guide/historical-monuments/23-05-2007/church-of-saint-donat, Church of Saint Donat, 10 October 2011, 24 March 2014,www.tzzadar.hr/en/city-guide/historical-monuments/23-05-2007/church-of-saint-donat," title="web.archive.org/web/20140324042000www.tzzadar.hr/en/city-guide/historical-monuments/23-05-2007/church-of-saint-donat,">web.archive.org/web/20140324042000www.tzzadar.hr/en/city-guide/historical-monuments/23-05-2007/church-of-saint-donat, dead, File:Marco Marulo 1903 Ljetopis druÅ¡tva hrvatskih književnika za 1900-1903.jpg|upright|left|thumb|Marko Marulić (18 August 1450 – 5 January 1524), Croatian poet, lawyer, judge, and Renaissance humanist who coined the term “psychology”. He is the national poetnational poetBesides the architecture encompassing the oldest artworks, there is a history of artists in Croatia reaching the Middle Ages. In that period the stone portal of the Trogir Cathedral was made by Radovan, representing the most important monument of Romanesque sculpture from Medieval Croatia. The Renaissance had the greatest impact on the Adriatic Sea coast since the remainder was embroiled in the Hundred Years’ Croatian–Ottoman War. With the waning of the Ottoman Empire, art flourished during the Baroque and Rococo. The 19th and 20th centuries brought affirmation of numerous Croatian artisans, helped by several patrons of the arts such as bishop Josip Juraj Strossmayer.JOURNAL, Essehist, University of Osijek – Faculty of Philosophy, 1847-6236, September 2011, 2,hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=clanak&id_clanak_jezik=95675, Josip Juraj Strossmayer – RoÄ‘eni OsjeÄanin, Josip Juraj Strossmayer – Native of Osijek, hr, 70–73, Pavao, Nujić, 10 October 2011, Croatian artists of the period achieving renown were Vlaho Bukovac, Ivan MeÅ¡trović, and Ivan Generalić.BOOK, Hintz, Martin, Croatia: Enchantment of the World, Scholastic Corporation, Scholastic, 2004, 0-516-24253-9, 105–107, The BaÅ¡ka tablet, a stone inscribed with the glagolitic alphabet found on the Krk island and dated to {{Circa|1100}}, is considered to be the oldest surviving prose in Croatian.WEB, Island of Krk Tourist Board,www.krk.hr/en/offer/attractions/the_baska_tablet, The BaÅ¡ka tablet, 13 October 2011, 2 May 2019,www.krk.hr/en/offer/attractions/the_baska_tablet," title="web.archive.org/web/20190502052935www.krk.hr/en/offer/attractions/the_baska_tablet,">web.archive.org/web/20190502052935www.krk.hr/en/offer/attractions/the_baska_tablet, dead, The beginning of more vigorous development of Croatian literature is marked by the Renaissance and Marko Marulić. Besides Marulić, Renaissance playwright Marin Držić, Baroque poet Ivan Gundulić, Croatian national revival poet Ivan Mažuranić, novelist, playwright, and poet August Å enoa, children’s writer Ivana Brlić-Mažuranić, writer and journalist Marija Jurić Zagorka, poet and writer Antun Gustav MatoÅ¡, poet Antun Branko Å imić, expressionist and realist writer Miroslav Krleža, poet Tin Ujević and novelist, and short story writer Ivo Andrić are often cited as the greatest figures in Croatian literature.WEB, Miroslav Krleža Institute of Lexicography,www.lzmk.hr/hr/vijesti-zavoda/iz-medija/524-hrvatska-knjizevnost-u-270000-redaka-vjesnik, 11 February 2011, hr, Hrvatska književnost u 270.000 redaka, Croatian Literature in 270,000 Lines, 13 October 2011, dead,www.lzmk.hr/hr/vijesti-zavoda/iz-medija/524-hrvatska-knjizevnost-u-270000-redaka-vjesnik," title="web.archive.org/web/20111217062534www.lzmk.hr/hr/vijesti-zavoda/iz-medija/524-hrvatska-knjizevnost-u-270000-redaka-vjesnik,">web.archive.org/web/20111217062534www.lzmk.hr/hr/vijesti-zavoda/iz-medija/524-hrvatska-knjizevnost-u-270000-redaka-vjesnik, 17 December 2011, NEWS,www.nytimes.com/1993/04/18/books/a-reader-s-guide-to-the-balkans.html, A Reader’s Guide to the Balkans, Robert D., Kaplan, 18 April 1993, The New York Times, Croatian music varies from classical operas to modern-day rock. Vatroslav Lisinski created the country’s first opera, Love and Malice, in 1846. Ivan Zajc composed more than a thousand pieces of music, including masses and oratorios. Pianist Ivo Pogorelić has performed across the world.| align = right
| image1 = Peristyle, Split 2.jpg
| alt1 =
| caption1 = Historical nucleus of Split with the 4th-century Diocletian’s Palace was inscribed on the UNESCO list of World Heritage Sites in 1979.
| image2 = EuphrasiusBasilika.jpg
| alt2 =
| caption2 = Euphrasian Basilica in PoreÄ, example of early Byzantine architecture, on the UNESCO World Heritage List since 1997.
Media
In Croatia, the Constitution guarantees the freedom of the press and the freedom of speech.ENCYCLOPEDIA, Benfield, Richard W., Quick, Amanda C., World Press Encyclopedia, Croatia,www.pressreference.com/Co-Fa/Croatia.html, 13 September 2011, 2, Gale (publisher), Gale, 1, Detroit, 0-7876-5583-X, 2003, Croatia ranked 64th in the 2019 Press Freedom Index report compiled by Reporters Without Borders which noted that journalists who investigate corruption, organised crime or war crimes face challenges and that the Government was trying to influence the public broadcaster HRT’s editorial policies.WEB,rsf.org/en/ranking/2019, Press Freedom Index 2019, Reporters Without Borders, 10 September 2019, In its 2019 Freedom in the World report, the Freedom House classified freedoms of press and speech in Croatia as generally free from political interference and manipulation, noting that journalists still face threats and occasional attacks.WEB,freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2019/croatia, Croatia, 28 January 2019, freedomhouse.org, 10 September 2019, 19 July 2019,web.archive.org/web/20190719030207/https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2019/croatia, dead, The state-owned news agency HINA runs a wire service in Croatian and English on politics, economics, society, and culture.WEB, HINA,websrv2.hina.hr/hina/web/view.action?view=hina, About Hina, 13 October 2011, dead,websrv2.hina.hr/hina/web/view.action?view=hina," title="web.archive.org/web/20111011031419websrv2.hina.hr/hina/web/view.action?view=hina,">web.archive.org/web/20111011031419websrv2.hina.hr/hina/web/view.action?view=hina, 11 October 2011, File:Zgrada HRT Zagreb.jpg|thumb|Radio Zagreb, now a part of (Croatian Radiotelevision]], was the first public radio station in Southeast Europe.JOURNAL, PolitiÄka Misao, University of Zagreb, Faculty of Political Sciences, 0032-3241, 38, 5, July 2002, Marina MuÄalo: Radio in Croatia, book review, Darko, Tomorad, 150–152, ){{as of|2021|January}}, there are thirteen nationwide free-to-air DVB-T television channels, with Croatian Radiotelevision (HRT) operating four, RTL Televizija three, and Nova TV operating two channels, and the Croatian Olympic Committee, Kapital Net d.o.o., and Author d.o.o. companies operate the remaining three.WEB, Popis programa DTV {{!, OIV digitalni signali i mreže|url=https://oiv.hr/hr/usluge-i-platforme/oiv-dtv-dvb-t2-digitalna-zemaljska-televizija/popis-programa-dtv/|access-date=23 January 2021|website=oiv.hr|language=hr}} Also, there are 21 regional or local DVB-T television channels.WEB, OdaÅ¡iljaÄi i veze,www.oiv.hr/broadcasting/tables/dtv_channel_hr.aspx, Popis programa digitalne televizije, List of Digital Television Programmes, hr, 23 December 2018, 6 November 2018,web.archive.org/web/20181106185209/https://www.oiv.hr/broadcasting/tables/dtv_channel_hr.aspx, dead, The HRT is also broadcasting a satellite TV channel.WEB, Croatian Radiotelevision,www.hrt.hr/index.php?id=186&tx_ttnews%5Bcat%5D=126&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=1787&tx_ttnews%5BbackPid%5D=185&cHash=ac69c865cd, HRT broadcasting via satellite, 20 May 2008, 13 October 2011, 28 August 2013,www.hrt.hr/index.php?id=186&tx_ttnews%5Bcat%5D=126&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=1787&tx_ttnews%5BbackPid%5D=185&cHash=ac69c865cd," title="web.archive.org/web/20130828125903www.hrt.hr/index.php?id=186&tx_ttnews%5Bcat%5D=126&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=1787&tx_ttnews%5BbackPid%5D=185&cHash=ac69c865cd,">web.archive.org/web/20130828125903www.hrt.hr/index.php?id=186&tx_ttnews%5Bcat%5D=126&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=1787&tx_ttnews%5BbackPid%5D=185&cHash=ac69c865cd, dead, In 2020, there were 147 radio stations and 27 TV stations in Croatia.{{sfn|2018 Statistical Yearbook of the Republic of Croatia|p=510}}WEB, v.k., 11 October 2020, Radio stanice u Zagrebu i ZagrebaÄkoj županiji,www.zgportal.com/zgservis/radio-stanice-u-zagrebu-i-zagrebackoj-zupaniji/, 23 January 2021, ZGportal Zagreb, hr, Cable television and IPTV networks are gaining ground. Cable television already serves 450 thousand people, around 10% of the total population of the country.WEB, Lider,www.liderpress.hr/Default.aspx?sid=11836, Prva Internet televizija u Hrvatskoj, The First Internet Television in Croatia, hr, Sandra, Babić, 15 January 2007, 13 October 2011, dead,www.liderpress.hr/Default.aspx?sid=11836," title="web.archive.org/web/20120111153124www.liderpress.hr/Default.aspx?sid=11836,">web.archive.org/web/20120111153124www.liderpress.hr/Default.aspx?sid=11836, 11 January 2012, NEWS, Jutarnji list,www.jutarnji.hr/kabelska-televizija--vec-je-450--tisuca-hrvata-preslo-na-kabelsku-i-gleda-200-tv-programa/901119/, hr, Već je 450 tisuća Hrvata preÅ¡lo na kabelsku i gleda 200 TV programa, 450 thousand Croats already switched to cable, watching 200 TV channels, Merita, Arslani, 6 November 2010, 13 October 2011, 24 January 2012,www.jutarnji.hr/kabelska-televizija--vec-je-450--tisuca-hrvata-preslo-na-kabelsku-i-gleda-200-tv-programa/901119/," title="web.archive.org/web/20120124011955www.jutarnji.hr/kabelska-televizija--vec-je-450--tisuca-hrvata-preslo-na-kabelsku-i-gleda-200-tv-programa/901119/,">web.archive.org/web/20120124011955www.jutarnji.hr/kabelska-televizija--vec-je-450--tisuca-hrvata-preslo-na-kabelsku-i-gleda-200-tv-programa/901119/, dead, In 2010, 267 newspapers and 2,676 magazines were published in Croatia.{{sfn|2018 Statistical Yearbook of the Republic of Croatia|p=510}} The print media market is dominated by the Croatian-owned Hanza Media and Austrian-owned Styria Media Group who publish their flagship dailies , and . Other influential newspapers are Novi list and Slobodna Dalmacija.WEB, Europapress Holding,www.eph.hr/eng/products_and_services/index.html, Print Products, 13 October 2011, dead,www.eph.hr/eng/products_and_services/index.html," title="web.archive.org/web/20111008011534www.eph.hr/eng/products_and_services/index.html,">web.archive.org/web/20111008011534www.eph.hr/eng/products_and_services/index.html, 8 October 2011, WEB, Styria Media Group,www.styria.com/en/konzernunternehmen/kategorie.php?&cat=1, Daily papers, 13 October 2011, dead,www.styria.com/en/konzernunternehmen/kategorie.php?&cat=1," title="web.archive.org/web/20110921110603www.styria.com/en/konzernunternehmen/kategorie.php?&cat=1,">web.archive.org/web/20110921110603www.styria.com/en/konzernunternehmen/kategorie.php?&cat=1, 21 September 2011, In 2020, 24sata was the most widely circulated daily newspaper, followed by VeÄernji list and Jutarnji list.JOURNAL,hrcak.srce.hr/135683, Tisak u krizi: analiza trendova u Hrvatskoj od 2008. do 2013., Medijske Studije, 5, 10, December 2014, Vozab, Dina, hr, 26 December 2015, 141, WEB, AZTN: Prodaja dnevnih i tjednih novina nastavlja padati,www.tportal.hr/vijesti/clanak/aztn-prodaja-dnevnih-i-tjednih-novina-nastavlja-padati-20200617, 23 January 2021, tportal.hr, Croatia competed in the Eurovision Song Contest as part of Yugoslavia since 1961. The first and only victory Yugoslavia achieved in that competition was accomplished by the Croatian pop band Riva in 1989. Since its debut at the 1993 contest, Croatia won two fourth places at the 1996 and 1999 contests, and one second place at the 2024 contest, marking the country’s best result to date as an independent nation.WEB,eurovision.tv/country/croatia, Croatia, eurovision.tv, 19 May 2024, Croatia’s film industry is small and heavily subsidised by the government, mainly through grants approved by the Ministry of Culture with films often being co-produced by HRT.NEWS, Jutarnji list,www.jutarnji.hr/ministarstvo-financira-rekordan-broj-filmova/154303/, Ministarstvo financira rekordan broj filmova, Ministry [of Culture] funding a record number of films, hr, 12 September 2006, Adriana, PiteÅ¡a, 13 October 2011, dead,www.jutarnji.hr/ministarstvo-financira-rekordan-broj-filmova/154303/," title="web.archive.org/web/20120126125752www.jutarnji.hr/ministarstvo-financira-rekordan-broj-filmova/154303/,">web.archive.org/web/20120126125752www.jutarnji.hr/ministarstvo-financira-rekordan-broj-filmova/154303/, 26 January 2012, WEB, Croatian Radiotelevision,www.hrt.hr/index.php?id=94&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=108897&tx_ttnews%5BbackPid%5D=23&cHash=348879aae9, hr, Potpora hrvatskim filmovima i koprodukcijama, Supporting Croatian Films and Co-Productions, 18 March 2011, 13 October 2011, 28 August 2013,www.hrt.hr/index.php?id=94&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=108897&tx_ttnews%5BbackPid%5D=23&cHash=348879aae9," title="web.archive.org/web/20130828143142www.hrt.hr/index.php?id=94&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=108897&tx_ttnews%5BbackPid%5D=23&cHash=348879aae9,">web.archive.org/web/20130828143142www.hrt.hr/index.php?id=94&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=108897&tx_ttnews%5BbackPid%5D=23&cHash=348879aae9, dead, Croatian cinema produces between five and ten feature films per year.BOOK, International Film Guide 2012, Ian Hayden, Smith, 2012, 978-1908215017, 94, International Film Guide, Pula Film Festival, the national film awards event held annually in Pula, is the most prestigious film event featuring national and international productions.NEWS, Vjesnik,www.vjesnik.hr/Article.aspx?ID=4D920144-9B74-462C-82CF-ED90611927CA, 17 December 2011, dead,www.vjesnik.hr/Article.aspx?ID=4D920144-9B74-462C-82CF-ED90611927CA," title="web.archive.org/web/20111217063907www.vjesnik.hr/Article.aspx?ID=4D920144-9B74-462C-82CF-ED90611927CA,">web.archive.org/web/20111217063907www.vjesnik.hr/Article.aspx?ID=4D920144-9B74-462C-82CF-ED90611927CA, Trierova trijumfalna apokalipsa, Trier’s Triumphant Apocalypse, Vedran, Jerbić, 12 July 2011, 13 October 2011, hr, Animafest Zagreb, founded in 1972, is the prestigious annual film festival dedicated to the animated film. The first greatest accomplishment by Croatian filmmakers was achieved by DuÅ¡an Vukotić when he won the 1961 Academy Award for Best Animated Short Film for Ersatz ().NEWS, Vjesnik,www.vjesnik.hr/Article.aspx?ID=7C537DEE-B4AE-4879-9F79-7C68D6294510, 17 December 2011, dead,www.vjesnik.hr/Article.aspx?ID=7C537DEE-B4AE-4879-9F79-7C68D6294510," title="web.archive.org/web/20111217063842www.vjesnik.hr/Article.aspx?ID=7C537DEE-B4AE-4879-9F79-7C68D6294510,">web.archive.org/web/20111217063842www.vjesnik.hr/Article.aspx?ID=7C537DEE-B4AE-4879-9F79-7C68D6294510, “Surogat” napunio pola stoljeća, “Ersatz” celebrates half a century, hr, Božidar, Trkulja, 29 May 2011, 13 October 2011, Croatian film producer Branko Lustig won the Academy Awards for Best Picture for Schindler’s List and Gladiator.WEB, Total Croatia News,www.total-croatia-news.com/lifestyle/36240-branko-lustig, Film Producer Branko Lustig Becomes Honorary Citizen of Zagreb, 23 April 2019, 10 September 2019, 5 April 2023,web.archive.org/web/20230405110503/https://www.total-croatia-news.com/lifestyle/36240-branko-lustig, dead,Cuisine
File:Kuhane_strukle_0210_1.jpg|thumb|Zagorski Å¡trukliZagorski Å¡trukliCroatian traditional cuisine varies from one region to another. Dalmatia and Istria have culinary influences of Italian and other Mediterranean cuisines which prominently feature various seafood, cooked vegetables and pasta, and condiments such as olive oil and garlic. Austrian, Hungarian, Turkish, and Balkan culinary styles influenced continental cuisine. In that area, meats, freshwater fish, and vegetable dishes are predominant.WEB, Croatian National Tourist Board,croatia.hr/en-GB/Discover-Croatia/Gastronomy-and-enology, 13 October 2011, Gastronomy and enology, There are two distinct wine-producing regions in Croatia. The continental in the northeast of the country, especially Slavonia, produces premium wines, particularly whites. Along the north coast, Istrian and Krk wines are similar to those in neighbouring Italy, while further south in Dalmatia, Mediterranean-style red wines are the norm. Annual production of wine exceeds 72 million litres {{as of|2017|lc=on}}.{{sfn|2018 Statistical Yearbook of the Republic of Croatia|p=265}} Croatia was almost exclusively a wine-consuming country up until the late 18th century when a more massive beer production and consumption started.NEWS,www.matica.hr/HRRevija/revija032.nsf/AllWebDocs/skenderovic, Kako je pivo doÅ¡lo u Hrvatsku, Skenderović, Robert, 2002, Hrvatska revija, hr, 10 September 2011, The annual consumption of beer in 2020 was 78.7 litres per capita which placed Croatia in 15th place among the world’s countries.WEB, Beer Consumption by Country 2020,worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/beer-consumption-by-country, 24 January 2021, worldpopulationreview.com, There are 11 restaurants in Croatia with a Michelin star and 89 restaurants bearing some of the Michelin’s marks.WEB,guide.michelin.com/hr/en/selection/croatia/restaurants, Michelin guide: Croatia, 15 June 2023,Sports
{{Update section|date=January 2021}}{{more citations needed section|date=January 2022}}File:Croatia WC2018 final.jpg|thumb|left|Croatia national football team came in second at the 2018 World Cup2018 World CupThere are more than 400,000 active sportspeople in Croatia.JOURNAL, Jahr: Europski ÄŒasopis za bioetiku, University of Rijeka,hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=clanak&id_clanak_jezik=102603, Is sports system fair?, 1847-6376, 2, 3, May 2011, Biserka, Perman, 8 October 2011, 159–171, In 2006, there were over 277 thousand members of sports associations and nearly 3,600 are chess and contract bridge association members.{{sfn|2010 Statistical Yearbook of the Republic of Croatia|page=514}} Association football is the most popular sport. The Croatian Football Federation (), with more than 118,000 registered players, is the largest sporting association.WEB, Croatian Football Federation,www.hns-cff.hr/?ln=en&w=o_hns, About Croatian Football Federation, 8 October 2011, The Croatian national football team came in third in 1998 and 2022 and second in the 2018 FIFA World Cup. The Prva HNL football league attracts the highest average attendance of any professional sports league. In season 2010–11, it attracted 458,746 spectators.WEB, Index.hr, hr,www.index.hr/sport/clanak/evo-vam-lige-16-na-utakmicama-hnla-prosjecno-1911-ljudi/553229.aspx, Evo vam Lige 16: Na utakmicama HNL-a prosjeÄno 1911, There’s league 16: Average attendance at HNL matches stands at 1911, 24 May 2011, 8 October 2011, File:Força Croata.jpg|thumb|Croatia is one of the most successful water polo nations. National water polo team has won three world championships, Melbourne 2007, Budapest 2017 and Doha 2024Doha 2024Croatian athletes competing at international events since Croatian independence in 1991 won 44 Olympic medals, including 15 gold medals.WEB, Olympic medalists, Croatian Olympic Committee,www.hoo.hr/en/olimpijske_popis.aspx, 9 October 2011, dead,www.hoo.hr/en/olimpijske_popis.aspx," title="web.archive.org/web/20120121013401www.hoo.hr/en/olimpijske_popis.aspx,">web.archive.org/web/20120121013401www.hoo.hr/en/olimpijske_popis.aspx, 21 January 2012, Also, Croatian athletes won 16 gold medals at world championships, including four in athletics at the World Championships in Athletics. Croatia won their first major trophy at the 2003 World Men’s Handball Championship. In tennis, they won Davis Cup in 2005 and 2018. Croatia’s most successful male players Goran IvaniÅ¡ević and Marin ÄŒilić have both won Grand Slam titles and have got into the top 3 of the ATP rankings. Ognjen Cvitan won the World Junior Chess Championship in 1981. In waterpolo, they have three world titles. Iva Majoli became the first Croatian female player to win the French Open when she won it in 1997. Croatia hosted several major sports competitions, including the 2009 World Men’s Handball Championship, the 2007 World Table Tennis Championships, the 2000 World Rowing Championships, the 1987 Summer Universiade, the 1979 Mediterranean Games, and several European Championships, including the 2000 and 2018 European Men’s Handball Championship.The governing sports authority is the Croatian Olympic Committee (), founded on 10 September 1991 and recognised by the International Olympic Committee since 17 January 1992, in time to permit the Croatian athletes to appear at the 1992 Winter Olympics in Albertville, France representing the newly independent nation for the first time at the Olympic Games.WEB, Croatian Olympic Committee,www.hoo.hr/en/hoo.aspx, Croatian Olympic Committee, hoo.hr, 9 October 2011, dead,www.hoo.hr/en/hoo.aspx," title="web.archive.org/web/20110704233649www.hoo.hr/en/hoo.aspx,">web.archive.org/web/20110704233649www.hoo.hr/en/hoo.aspx, 4 July 2011,See also
Explanatory notes
{{Notelist|group=efn}}Citations
{{Reflist|30em}}General and cited references
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- BOOK, Beverly, Allen, Rape Warfare: The Hidden Genocide in Bosnia-Herzegovina and Croatia, 1996, University of Minnesota Press, 978-0816628186, registration,archive.org/details/rapewarfarehidde00alle,
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- BOOK, Mark, Biondich, Stjepan Radić, the Croat Peasant Party, and the politics of mass mobilization, 1904–1928,books.google.com/books?id=dZBgIIZ18WMC, 2000, University of Toronto Press, 978-0-8020-8294-7, 18 October 2011,
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- {{Croatia Yearbook 2018|ref={{SfnRef|2018 Statistical Yearbook of the Republic of Croatia}}}}
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