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Genoa
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{{Short description|Largest city in Liguria, Italy}}{{About|the Italian port city|other uses|Genoa (disambiguation)|and|Genova (disambiguation)}}{{pp|small=yes}}{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2024}}- the content below is remote from Wikipedia
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Name
The city’s modern name may derive from the Latin word meaning “knee” (genu; plural, genua) but there are other theories. It could derive from the god Janus, because Genoa, like him, has two faces: a face that looks at the sea and another turned to the mountains. Or it could come from the Latin word ianua, also related to the name of the God Janus, and meaning “door”, or “passage.” Besides that, it may refer to its geographical position at the centre of the Ligurian coastal arch. The Latin name, oppidum Genua, is recorded by Pliny the Elder (Nat. Hist. 3.48) as part of the Augustean Regio IX Liguria.BOOK, Petracco Sicardi, Giulia, Toponomastica storica della Liguria, SAGEP, it, Another theory traces the name to the Etruscan word Kainua which means “New City”, based on an inscription on a pottery sherd reading Kainua, which suggests that the Latin name may be a corruption of an older Etruscan one with an original meaning of “new town”.BOOK, Melli, Piera, Genova preromana. Città portuale del Mediterraneo tra il VII e il III secolo a.C., Frilli (2007), it,History
{{For timeline}}Prehistory and Roman times
The city’s area has been inhabited since the fifth or fourth millennium BC, making it one of the oldest continuously inhabited cities in the world.WEB, Archeologia Metropolitana Museo di Archeologia Ligure Genova,1995-2015.undo.net/it/mostra/98539, 2020-12-11, 1995-2015.undo.net, it, In the fifth century BC the first town, or oppidum, was founded probably by the ancient Ligures (which gave the name to the modern region of Liguria) at the top of the hill today called Castello (Castle), which is now inside the medieval old town.The objects found during the works for the underground had been exposed in the exhibition Archeologia Metropolitana. Piazza Brignole e Acquasola, held at the Ligurian Archeology Museum (30 November 2009 – 14 February 2010) (weblink {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230235040www.museidigenova.it/spip.php?article479|date=30 December 2013|data=30 dicembre 2013}})BOOK, Melli, Piera, Genova preromana. Città portuale del Mediterraneo tra il VII e il III secolo a.C., Frilli, it, In this period the Genoese town, inhabited by the “Genuati” (a group of Ligure peoples), was considered “the emporium of the Ligurians”, given its strong commercial character.WEB, I Liguri – L’Oltre Po,www.robertomarchese.it/i--liguri.html, 2022-01-30, www.robertomarchese.it, The “Genoese oppidum” had an alliance with Rome through a foedus aequum (equal pact) in the course of the Second Punic War. The Carthaginians accordingly destroyed it in 209 BC. The town was rebuilt and, after the Carthaginian Wars ended in 146 BC, it received municipal rights. The original castrum then expanded towards the current areas of Santa Maria di Castello and the San Lorenzo promontory. Trade goods included skins, timber, and honey. Goods were moved to and from Genoa’s hinterland, including major cities like Tortona and Piacenza. An amphitheater was also found there among other archaeological remains from the Roman period.WEB, Alla scoperta di Genova: Genova romana,danielea.altervista.org/alla_scoperta_di_Genova/genovaromana.html, 2021-12-27, danielea.altervista.org,Middle Ages to early modern period
5th to 10th centuries
After the fall of the Western Roman Empire, the Ostrogoths occupied Genoa. After the Gothic War, the Byzantines made it the seat of their vicar. When the Lombards invaded Italy in 568, Bishop Honoratus of Milan fled and held his seat in Genoa.Paul the Deacon, Historia Langobardorum, II.25 During this time and in the following century Genoa was little more than a small centre, slowly building its merchant fleet, which was to become the leading commercial carrier of the Western Mediterranean. In 934–35 the town was thoroughly sacked and burned by a Fatimid fleet under Ya’qub ibn Ishaq al-Tamimi.BOOK, Steven A. Epstein, Genoa and the Genoese, 958–1528, The University of North Carolina Press, 2002, 14,Rise of the Genoese Republic
File:Repubblica di Genova.png|800px|thumb|center|Territories of the Republic of GenoaRepublic of GenoaFile:Genova-Palazzo San Giorgio-DSCF7708.JPG|thumb|Guglielmo Embriaco portrayed on the main façade of the Palazzo San GiorgioPalazzo San GiorgioFile:The port and fleet of Genoa, early 14th century.jpg|thumb|right|The port and fleet of Genoa in the early 14th century, by Quinto CenniQuinto CenniGenoa started expanding during the First Crusade. At the time the city had a population of about 10,000. Twelve galleys, one ship and 1,200 soldiers from Genoa joined the crusade. The Genoese troops, led by noblemen de Insula and Avvocato, set sail in July 1097.BOOK, Steven A. Epstein, Genoa and the Genoese, 958–1528, 28–32, 2002, UNC Press, 0-8078-4992-8, The Genoese fleet transported and provided naval support to the crusaders, mainly during the siege of Antioch in 1098, when the Genoese fleet blockaded the city while the troops provided support during the siege. In the siege of Jerusalem in 1099 Genoese crossbowmen led by Guglielmo Embriaco acted as support units against the defenders of the city.The Republic’s role as a maritime power in the Mediterranean region secured many favorable commercial treaties for Genoese merchants. They came to control a large portion of the trade of the Byzantine Empire, Tripoli (Libya), the Principality of Antioch, Cilician Armenia, and Egypt. Although Genoa maintained free-trading rights in Egypt and Syria, it lost some of its territorial possessions after Saladin’s campaigns in those areas in the late 12th century.BOOK, Alexander A. Vasiliev, Alexander Vasiliev (historian), History of the Byzantine Empire, 324–1453, 1958, 537–38, University of Wisconsin Press, 0-299-80926-9,archive.org/details/historyofbyzanti0000vasi/page/537, BOOK, Robert H. Bates, Analytic Narratives,archive.org/details/analyticnarrativ00bate_852, limited, 1998, Princeton University Press, 27, 0-691-00129-4,13th and 14th centuries
The commercial and cultural rivalry of Genoa and Venice was played out through the thirteenth century. Thanks to the major role played by the Republic of Venice in the Fourth Crusade, Venetian trading rights were enforced in the eastern Mediterranean and Venice was able to gain control of a large portion of maritime commerce in the region.To regain control of local commerce, the Republic of Genoa allied with Michael VIII Palaiologos, emperor of Nicaea, who wanted to restore the Byzantine Empire by recapturing Constantinople. In March 1261 the treaty of the alliance was signed in Nymphaeum. On 25 July 1261, Nicaean troops under Alexios Strategopoulos recaptured Constantinople. As a result, the balance of favour tipped toward Genoa, which was granted free trade rights in the Nicene Empire. The islands of Chios and Lesbos became commercial stations of Genoa as well as the city of Smyrna (Izmir). In the same century the Republic conquered many settlements in Crimea, known as Gazaria, where the Genoese colony of Caffa was established. The alliance with the restored Byzantine Empire increased the wealth and power of Genoa, and simultaneously decreased Venetian and Pisan commerce. The Byzantine Empire had granted the majority of free trading rights to Genoa.BOOK, William Ledyard Rodgers, Naval warfare under oars, 4th to 16th centuries: a study of strategy, tactics and ship design, 1967, 132–34, Naval Institute Press, 0-87021-487-X, Around the 14th century, Genoa was also credited with the invention of blue jeans. Genoa’s jean fabric was a fustian textile of “medium quality and of reasonable cost”, very similar to cotton corduroy for which Genoa was famous, and was “used for work clothes in general”. The Genoese navy equipped its sailors with jeans, as they needed a fabric which could be worn wet or dry.BOOK,books.google.com/books?id=Qy4YtuIHsQcC&pg=PA235, Transnationalism and Society: An Introduction, Howard, Michael C., 2011, McFarland, 9780786486250, en, WEB,facweb.cs.depaul.edu/sgrais/jeans.htm, Jeans, facweb.cs.depaul.edu, 14 August 2017, 19 June 2017,facweb.cs.depaul.edu/sgrais/jeans.htm," title="web.archive.org/web/20170619115433facweb.cs.depaul.edu/sgrais/jeans.htm,">web.archive.org/web/20170619115433facweb.cs.depaul.edu/sgrais/jeans.htm, dead, As a result of the Genoese support to the Aragonese rule in Sicily, Genoa was granted free trading and export rights in the Kingdom. Genoese bankers also profited from loans to the new nobility of Sicily. Corsica was formally annexed in 1347.Encyclopædia Britannica, 1910, Volume 7, page 201.15th and 16th centuries
(File:Nuremberg chronicles f 58v 1.png|thumb|View of Genoa, published in 1483)File:Portrait of a Man, Said to be Christopher Columbus.jpg|thumb|Christopher Columbus, posthumous portrait by Sebastiano del PiomboSebastiano del PiomboFile:Andrea Doria.jpg|thumb|Andrea DoriaAndrea DoriaIn the 15th century two of the earliest banks in the world were founded in Genoa: the Bank of Saint George, founded in 1407, which was the oldest state deposit bank in the world at its closure in 1805 and the Banca Carige, founded in 1483 as a mount of piety, which still exists. Christopher Columbus was born in Genoa {{circa}} 1451, and donated one-tenth of his income from the discovery of the Americas for Spain to the Bank of Saint George in Genoa for the relief of taxation on foods. Under the ensuing economic recovery, many aristocratic Genoese families, such as the Balbi, Doria, Grimaldi, Pallavicini, and Serra, amassed tremendous fortunes. According to Felipe Fernandez-Armesto and others, the practices Genoa developed in the Mediterranean (such as chattel slavery) were crucial in the exploration and exploitation of the New World.Before Columbus: Exploration and Colonization from the Mediterranean to the Atlantic, 1229–1492.Thereafter, Genoa underwent something of an associate of the Spanish Empire, with Genoese bankers, in particular, financing many of the Spanish crown’s foreign endeavors from their counting houses in Seville. Fernand Braudel has even called the period 1557 to 1627 the “age of the Genoese”, “of a rule that was so discreet and sophisticated that historians for a long time failed to notice it” (Braudel 1984 p. 157). The Genoese bankers provided the unwieldy Habsburg system with fluid credit and a dependably regular income. In return the less dependable shipments of American silver were rapidly transferred from Seville to Genoa, to provide capital for further ventures. Genoa’s trade, however, remained closely dependent on control of Mediterranean sealanes, and the loss of Chios to the Ottoman Empire (1566), struck a severe blow.Philip P. Argenti, Chius Vincta or the Occupation of Chios by the Turks (1566) and Their Administration of the Island (1566–1912), Described in Contemporary Diplomatic Reports and Official Dispatches (Cambridge, 1941), Part I. To help cope, Panama in the Americas was given as concession from the Spanish Empire to Genoa.Panama Viejo The Genoese there encountered coconuts from the Philippines planted there by Malay seafarers before Spain came.The presence of coconut in southern Panama in pre-Columbian times: clearing up the confusion The Spanish governor of Panama, Don Sebastian Hurtado de Corcuera sailed west from the Americas and used Peruvians, and Genoese from Panama in his conquest of Muslim areas of the Philippines which he subjugated to the Christian Presidio of Zamboanga.“SECOND BOOK OF THE SECOND PART OF THE CONQUESTS OF THE FILIPINAS ISLANDS, AND CHRONICLE OF THE RELIGIOUS OF OUR FATHER, ST. AUGUSTINE” (Zamboanga City History)“He (Governor Don SebastÃan Hurtado de Corcuera) brought a great reënforcements of soldiers, many of them from Perú, as he made his voyage to Acapulco from that kingdom.” Curiously, Zamboanga’s Chavacano Creole language, has Italian vocabulary and cognates.WEB,bienchabacano.blogspot.com/2009/11/curious-case-of-cosa.html, Origins of the Chabacano Cosa,17th century
(File:Italy 1796.svg|right|300px|thumb|A map of Italy in 1796)From the 17th century, the Genoese Republic started a period of slow decline, In May 1625 a French-Savoian army briefly laid siege to Genoa. Though it was eventually lifted with the aid of the Spanish, the French would later bombard the city in May 1684 for its support of Spain during the War of the Reunions.Genoa 1684, World History at KMLA. In-between, a plague killed as many as half of the inhabitants of Genoa in 1656–57.Early modern Italy (16th to 18th centuries) » The 17th-century crisis Encyclopædia Britannica.18th century
In 1729, the Republic of Genoa must cope with the beginning of the Corsica revolution for the independence, first led by Luiggi Giafferi and Giacinto Paoli, which culminated after 26 years of struggles, costly in economic and military terms for the Republic of Genoa, in a self proclaimed Corsican Republic in 1755 under the leadership of Pasquale Paoli, son of Giacinto Paoli.The Republic of Genoa continued its slow decline well into the 18th century, losing its last Mediterranean colony, the island fortress of Tabarka, to the Bey of Tunis in 1742.Alberti Russell, Janice. The Italian community in Tunisia, 1861–1961: a viable minority. pag. 142.The Convention of Turin of 1742, in which Austria allied with the Kingdom of Sardinia, caused some consternation in the Republic. Consequently, the Republic of Genoa signed a secret treaty with the Bourbon allies of Kingdom of France, Spanish Empire and Kingdom of Naples. On 26 June 1745, the Republic of Genoa declared war on the Kingdom of Sardinia. This decision would prove disastrous for Genoa, which later surrendered to the Austrians in September 1746 and was briefly occupied before a revolt liberated the city two months later.BOOK, S. Browning, Reed, WAR OF THE AUSTRIAN SUCCESSION, Griffin, 205, File:Jacques-Louis David - The Emperor Napoleon in His Study at the Tuileries - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|Napoleon BonaparteNapoleon BonaparteThe Republic of Genoa, in a weak state and not capable of suppressing the Corsican struggle for independence, was forced to cede Corsica to France in 1768 Treaty of Versailles. Only a year later, Napoleon Bonaparte was born in Corsica.In 1780, the Confetteria Romanengo was founded in Genoa.WEB, Pietro Romanengo Confectionery – a sweet tradition since 1780.,www.romanengo.com/en/home-page-en/, romanengo.com, 15 December 2022,The fall of the Republic
The direct intervention of Napoleon (during the Campaigns of 1796) and his representatives in Genoa was the final act that led to the fall of the Republic in early June, who overthrew the old elites which had ruled the state for all of its history, giving birth to the Ligurian Republic on 14 June 1797, under the watchful care of Napoleonic France.19th century
After Bonaparte’s seizure of power in France, a more conservative constitution was enacted, but the Ligurian Republic’s life was short—in 1805 it was annexed by France, becoming the départements of Apennins, Gênes, and Montenotte.The annexation to the Kingdom of Sardinia
(File:Italy 1843.svg|right|300px|thumb|A map of Italy in 1843)Following the fall of Napoleon, Genoa regained ephemeral independence, with the name of the Repubblica genovese, which lasted less than a year. However, the Congress of Vienna established the annexation of the whole territories of the former Genoese Republic to the Kingdom of Sardinia, governed by the House of Savoy, contravening the principle of restoring the legitimate governments and monarchies of the old Republic.WEB, LIGUSTICO, GIORNALE, LA CADUTA DELLA REPUBBLICA DI GENOVA,www.storiapatriagenova.it/Docs/Biblioteca_Digitale/SB/aaf535a76b222e2018bb2778067e0f7b/Estratti/793e783549715b425bb75ed667b38620.pdf,Italian Risorgimento
File:Giuseppe_Mazzini.jpg|thumb|Giuseppe MazziniGiuseppe MazziniFile:Garibaldi_(1866).jpg|thumb|Giuseppe GaribaldiGiuseppe GaribaldiIn the 19th century, Genoa consolidated its role as a major seaport and an important steel and shipbuilding centre. In Genoa in 1853, (:it:Giovanni Ansaldo|Giovanni Ansaldo) founded Gio. Ansaldo & C. whose shipyards would build some of the most beautiful ships in the world, such as ARA Garibaldi, SS Roma, {{MS|Augustus|1926|6}}, SS Rex, SS Andrea Doria, SS Cristoforo Colombo, MS Gripsholm, SS Leonardo da Vinci, SS Michelangelo, and SS SeaBreeze. In 1854, the ferry company Costa Crociere was founded. In 1861 the Registro Italiano Navale Italian register of shipping was created, and in 1879 the Yacht Club Italiano. The owner Raffaele Rubattino in 1881 was among the founders of the ferry company Navigazione Generale Italiana which then become the Italian Line.WEB, Tonizzi, Maria Elisabetta, Genoa,www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195130751.001.0001/acref-9780195130751-e-0313, The Oxford Encyclopedia of Maritime History, Oxford University Press, en, 10.1093/acref/9780195130751.001.0001, 2007, 978-0-19-513075-1, In 1870 Banca di Genova was founded which in 1895 changed its name to Credito Italiano and in 1998 became Unicredit. In 1874 the city was completely connected by railway lines to France and the rest of Italy: Genoa-Turin, Genoa-Ventimiglia, Genoa-Pisa. In 1884 (:it:Rinaldo Piaggio|Rinaldo Piaggio) founded Piaggio & C. that produced locomotives and railway carriages and then in 1923 began aircraft production. In 1888 the Banca Passadore was established. In 1898 the insurance company called Alleanza Assicurazioni was founded.20th century
In 1917 Lloyd Italico insurance company was founded. In 1956 Genoa took part in the Regatta of the Historical Marine Republics. In 1962 Genoa International Boat Show was established. In 1966 Euroflora was established.WEB, Euroflora history,euroflora.genova.it/en/history/, euroflora.genova.it, Comune di Genova, 28 November 2022, In 1970 Genoa was hit by a serious flood, which caused the Bisagno stream to overflow. In 1987 the Banco di San Giorgio was established. In 1992 Genoa celebrated the ColombiadiWEB, colombiadi,dizionari.repubblica.it/Italiano/C/colombiadi.html, repubblica.it, 28 November 2022, or Genoa Expo ‘92, the celebration of the 500th anniversary of the discovery of the American Continent by Christopher Columbus. The area of the ancient port of Genoa is restructured and expanded also with the works of the architect Renzo Piano.21st century
The 27th G8 summit, that took place in July 2001, was hosted in the city of Genoa; however, it was overshadowed by violent protests (Anti-globalisation movement), with one protester killed.WEB, TG24, Sky, G8 di Genova, da Carlo Giuliani alla Diaz: cosa accadde 20 anni fa,tg24.sky.it/cronaca/approfondimenti/g8-genova-2001, 2021-12-29, tg24.sky.it, it, In 2003, the Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT) was established. In 2004, the European Union designated Genoa as the European Capital of Culture for that year, along with the French city of Lille.In 2015, work began to secure the Genoa area, hit by the floods of 2010, 2011 and 2014, with the reconstruction and expansion of the coverage of the Bisagno stream.NEWS, Cantiere sul Bisagno, ecco tutte le fasi dei lavori,www.ilsecoloxix.it/genova/2015/05/08/news/cantiere-sul-bisagno-ecco-tutte-le-fasi-dei-lavori-1.31671808, 16 March 2024, ilsecoloxix.it, ilsecoloxix.it, 8 May 2015, Furthermore, work began for the completion of the underground stream channel of the Ferreggiano river, which flooded several times in various floods, including the most tragic one in 1970.WEB, Lavori per la messa in sicurezza del territorio - Scolmatore Fereggiano,www.comune.genova.it/content/scolmatore-fereggiano, comune.genova.it, Comune di Genova, 16 March 2024, In 2017, the architect Renzo Piano donated the design of the Levante WaterfrontWEB, Waterfront di Levante,smart.comune.genova.it/sites/default/files/archivio/documenti/2017_10_waterfront_di_levante_ld.pdf, comune.genova.it, Comune di Genova, 16 March 2024, WEB, Waterfront di Levante,waterfrontdilevante.com/, waterfrontdilevante.com, Waterfront di Levante, 16 March 2024, to the Municipality of Genoa; this project involves a radical transformation of the Fiera di Genova, with the creation of a new dock and an urban park, the continuation of Corso Italia towards Porta Siberia and the construction of residential structures. In 2018, the first planning and study works began for the realization of the Waterfront of Levante project.WEB, Realizzazione “Waterfront di Levante”,www.comune.genova.it/content/realizzazione-quotwaterfront-di-levantequot, comune.genova.it, Comune di Genova, 16 March 2024, From 21 April to 6 May 2018, Euroflora 2018 took place, an exhibition of flowers and ornamental plants for the first time in the Parchi di Nervi venue, rather than in the historic venue of the Fiera di Genova.On 14 August 2018 the Ponte Morandi viaduct bridge for motor vehicles collapsed during a torrential downpour, leading to 43 deaths.WEB,www.repubblica.it/cronaca/2018/08/18/news/crollo_genova_trovati_i_corpi_di_tre_dei_dispersi-204360358/?ref=RHPPLF-BH-I0-C8-P1-S1.8-T2, Crollo Genova, trovato l’ultimo disperso sotto le macerie: è l’operaio Mirko. Muore uno dei feriti, le vittime totali sono 43, la Repubblica, 21 August 2018, 18 August 2018, The remains of the Ponte Morandi viaduct bridge were demolished in August 2019. The replacement bridge, the Genoa-Saint George Bridge, was inaugurated in August 2020 during COVID-19 pandemic.The tragedy of the collapse of the Morandi Bridge and its rapid reconstruction with a new viaduct designed by architect Renzo Piano, which occurred during the COVID-19 pandemic, facilitated by a redefinition of the implementing rules of public procurement, which has been defined as the Genoa model,NEWS, Coronavirus, il governo raddoppia le risorse: 7,5 miliardi per imprese e famiglie. Le misure allo studio,www.corriere.it/economia/aziende/cards/coronavirus-sostegno-all-economia-misure-aziende-lavoratori-incentivi-finanziamenti/modello-genova-commissario-straordinario-le-opere-pubbliche.shtml, 16 March 2024, corriere.it, corriere.it, 5 March 2020, WEB, Modello Genova: una storia di successo,www.webuildgroup.com/it/media/comunicati-stampa/modello-genova-una-storia-di-successo/, webuildgroup.com, Webuild, 16 March 2024, they will then give further impetus to the construction of the Levante Waterfront, and other important works for the city.Starting from 2021, the Mayor Marco Bucci and the President of Liguria Giovanni Toti will launch a new plan for the modernization and redevelopment of the entire city of Genoa, which has as its fulcrum Renzo Piano’s Levante Waterfront project.WEB, Waterfront di Levante, partono i lavori per il nuovo Palasport,smart.comune.genova.it/comunicati-stampa-sport-waterfront-articoli/waterfront-di-levante-partono-i-lavori-il-nuovo, comune.genova.it, Comune di Genova, 16 March 2024, From 23 April 2022 to 8 May 2022, Euroflora 2022 took place for the second time at the Nervi Parks.NEWS, Euroflora a Genova, dai giardini esotici alle fontane: la guida per visitare la rassegna internazionale ai parchi di Nervi,genova.repubblica.it/cronaca/2022/04/22/news/euroflora_a_genova_dai_giardini_esotici_alle_fontane_la_guida_per_visitare_la_rassegna_internazionale_ai_parchi_di_nervi-346353705/, 14 April 2024, genova.repubblica.it, genova.repubblica.it, 22 April 2022, In 2023 Genoa becomes the finish of The Ocean Race.WEB, The Ocean Race per la prima volta in Italia nel 2023 a Genova il “Grand Finale”,smart.comune.genova.it/comunicati-stampa-sport-waterfront-articoli/ocean-race-la-prima-volta-italia-nel-2023-genova-il-, smart.comune.genova.it, 22 November 2022, Comune di Genova, 29 November 2022,Flag
(File:St_George’s_Cross.svg|thumb|right|320 px|The Cross of Saint George as a rectangular flag.)File:Palazzo Ducale Genova 02.jpg|thumbnail|upright|St. George’s flag flying on the Doge’s Palace in Genoa]]The flag of Genoa is a St. George’s Cross, a red cross on a white field.The patron saint of Genoa was Saint Lawrence until at least 958, but the Genoese transferred their allegiance to Saint George (and Saint John the Baptist) at some point during the 11th or 12th century, most likely with the rising popularity of the military saint during the Crusades. Genoa also had a banner displaying a cross since at latest 1218, possibly as early as 1113.Perrin, British Flags, 1922, 22–25. But the cross banner was not associated with the saint; indeed, the saint had his own flag, the vexillum beati Georgii (first mentioned 1198), a red flag showing George and the dragon. A depiction of this flag is shown in the Genoese annals under the year 1227. The Genoese flag with the red cross was used alongside this “Saint George’s flag”, from at least 1218, known as the insignia cruxata comunis Janue (“cross ensign of the commune of Genoa“).The saint’s flag was the city’s main war flag, but the cross flag was used alongside it in the 1240s.Aldo Ziggioto, “Genova”, in Vexilla Italica 1, XX (1993); Aldo Ziggioto, “Le Bandiere degli Stati Italiani”, in Armi Antiche 1994, cited after Pier Paolo Lugli, 18 July 2000 on Flags of the World.The Saint George’s flag (i.e. the flag depicting the saint) remained the main flag of Genoa at least until the 1280s. The flag now known as the “St. George’s Cross” seems to have replaced it as Genoa’s main flag at some point during the 14th century. The Book of Knowledge of All Kingdoms (c. 1385) shows it, inscribed with the word iustiçia, and described as:{{blockquote|And the lord of this place has as his ensign a white pennant with a red cross. At the top it is inscribed with ‘justice’, in this manner.transcription after the edition by JoaquÃn Rubio Tovar (2005).}}There was also a historiographical tradition claimingE.g. “Richard Coeur de Lion embarked on Genoese galleys under their banner of the Red Cross and the flag of St. George, which he brought home to become the patron of Old England”. The Journal of the Manchester Geographical Society, Volumes 7–8, 1891, p. 139. There are variants; in another version Richard is impressed with the Genoese at Acre. that the flag of England was adopted from the Genoese flag during the Third Crusade in 1190; however, it cannot be substantiated as historical.- “I have been unable to find any solid ground for the common belief that the cross of St George was introduced as the national emblem of England by Richard I, and am of opinion that it did not begin to attain that position until the first years of the reign of Edward I.” (Perrin 1922, p. 15).
- WEB,www.parliament.nsw.gov.au/Hansard/Pages/HansardResult.aspx/docid/HANSARD-1820781676-3515, Australian Flag – 21/04/1993 – ADJ – NSW Parliament, www.parliament.nsw.gov.au, 25 June 2016,
Geography
The city of Genoa covers an area of {{convert|243|km2|sqmi}} between the Ligurian Sea and the Apennine Mountains. The city stretches along the coast for about {{convert|30|km|mi}} from the neighbourhood of Voltri to Nervi, and for {{convert|10|km|mi}} from the coast to the north along the valleys Polcevera and Bisagno. The territory of Genoa is popularly divided into 5 main zones: the centre, the west, the east, the Polcevera and the Bisagno Valley. Although much of the city centre is located at a low elevation, the territory surrounding it is mountainous with undeveloped land usually being in steep terrain.Genoa is adjacent to two popular Ligurian vacation spots: Camogli and Portofino. In the metropolitan area of Genoa lies Aveto Natural Regional Park.{{wide image|Panorama di Genova.jpg|800px|A panoramic view of Genoa}}Climate
Genoa has a Mediterranean climate (Csa) in the Köppen climate classification, with plentiful precipitation due to its location on a common storm track. Due to its position between the sea and mountains over 1000 meters high, each neighborhood of Genoa has specific climatic characteristics.The average yearly temperature is around {{convert|20|°C|0|abbr=on}} during the day and {{convert|14|°C|0|abbr=on}} at night. In the coldest months, the average temperature is {{convert|12|°C|0|abbr=on}} during the day and {{convert|6|°C|0|abbr=on}} at night. In the warmest months – July and August – the average temperature is {{convert|28|°C|0|abbr=on}} during the day and {{convert|22|°C|0|abbr=on}} at night. The daily temperature range is limited, with an average range of about {{convert|6|C-change|0}} between high and low temperatures. Genoa also sees significant moderation from the sea, in stark contrast to areas behind the Ligurian mountains such as Parma, where summers are hotter and winters are quite cold.Annually, the average 2.9 of nights recorded temperatures of ≤{{convert|0|°C|0|abbr=on}} (mainly in January). The coldest temperature ever recorded was {{convert|-8|°C|0|abbr=on}} in February 2012; the highest temperature ever recorded during the day is {{convert|38.5|°C|0|abbr=on}} in August 2015. Average annual number of days with temperatures of ≥{{convert|30|°C|0|abbr=on}} is about 8, four days in July and August.Average annual temperature of the sea is {{convert|17.5|°C|0|abbr=on}}, from {{convert|13|°C|0|abbr=on}} in the period January–March to {{convert|25|°C|0|abbr=on}} in August. In the period from June to October, the average sea temperature exceeds {{convert|19|°C|0|abbr=on}}.WEB,www.weather2travel.com/climate-guides/italy/genoa.php, Genoa Climate Guide, Weather2travel.com, 14 August 2018, 23 November 2011,www.weather2travel.com/climate-guides/italy/genoa.php," title="web.archive.org/web/20111123012225www.weather2travel.com/climate-guides/italy/genoa.php,">web.archive.org/web/20111123012225www.weather2travel.com/climate-guides/italy/genoa.php, dead, Genoa is also a windy city, especially during winter when northern winds often bring cool air from the Po Valley (usually accompanied by lower temperatures, high pressure and clear skies). Another typical wind blows from southeast, mostly as a consequence of Atlantic disturbances and storms, bringing humid and warmer air from the sea. Snowfall is sporadic, but does occur almost every year, albeit big amounts in the city centre are rare.WEB,www.nimbus.it/liguria/rlm44/neve_mediterraneo.htm, La neve sulle coste del Mediterraneo, Nimbus.it, 14 August 2018, WEB,www.nimbus.it/liguria/rlm50/statistica_meteorologica.htm, Appunti di statistica meteorologica, Nimbus.it, 14 August 2018, Genoa often receives heavy rainfall in autumn from strong convection. Even so, the overall number of precipitation days is quite modest. There are on average 11.57 days annually with thunder, which is more common from May to October than other times of the year.Annual average relative humidity is 68%, ranging from 63% in February to 73% in May.Sunshine hours total above 2,200 per year, from an average 4 hours of sunshine duration per day in winter to average 9 hours in summer.{{Weather box| location = Genoa (1991–2020 normals), 2 m asl, sunshine 1971–2000, extremes since 1955| width = | collapsed = | metric first = Yes| single line = Yes| Jan record high C = 20.3| Feb record high C = 22.5| Mar record high C = 25.0| Apr record high C = 29.4| May record high C = 32.8| Jun record high C = 35.6| Jul record high C = 35.4| Aug record high C = 38.3| Sep record high C = 34.2| Oct record high C = 28.9| Nov record high C = 22.9| Dec record high C = 20.8| year record high C = 38.3| Jan high C = 12.1| Feb high C = 12.7| Mar high C = 15.2| Apr high C = 17.8| May high C = 21.5| Jun high C = 24.9| Jul high C = 27.8| Aug high C = 28.3| Sep high C = 25.0| Oct high C = 20.5| Nov high C = 16.1| Dec high C = 13.1| year high C = 19.6| Jan mean C = 9.1| Feb mean C = 9.6| Mar mean C = 12.1| Apr mean C = 14.6| May mean C = 18.4| Jun mean C = 22.0| Jul mean C = 24.7| Aug mean C = 25.1| Sep mean C = 21.8| Oct mean C = 17.6| Nov mean C = 13.3| Dec mean C = 10.1| year mean C = 16.6| Jan low C = 6.0| Feb low C = 6.5| Mar low C = 8.9| Apr low C = 11.3| May low C = 15.3| Jun low C = 19.0| Jul low C = 21.6| Aug low C = 21.8| Sep low C = 18.5| Oct low C = 14.7| Nov low C = 10.5| Dec low C = 7.1| year low C = 13.5| Jan record low C = -8.5| Feb record low C = -5.0| Mar record low C = -3.6| Apr record low C = 3.4| May record low C = 6.6| Jun record low C = 7.3| Jul record low C = 13.9| Aug record low C = 10.7| Sep record low C = 9.0| Oct record low C = 5.1| Nov record low C = 1.1| Dec record low C = -3.6| year record low C = -8.5| precipitation colour = green| Jan precipitation mm = 76.4| Feb precipitation mm = 57.9| Mar precipitation mm = 73.8| Apr precipitation mm = 83.6| May precipitation mm = 57.8| Jun precipitation mm = 51.2| Jul precipitation mm = 26.2| Aug precipitation mm = 47.6| Sep precipitation mm = 115.9| Oct precipitation mm = 149.7| Nov precipitation mm = 200.2| Dec precipitation mm = 99.4| year precipitation mm = | unit precipitation days = 1 mm| Jan precipitation days = 5.9| Feb precipitation days = 5.0| Mar precipitation days = 5.3| Apr precipitation days = 7.0| May precipitation days = 5.8| Jun precipitation days = 4.4| Jul precipitation days = 3.0| Aug precipitation days = 3.7| Sep precipitation days = 5.5| Oct precipitation days = 7.4| Nov precipitation days = 8.8| Dec precipitation days = 6.9| year precipitation days = | Jan dew point C = 1.8| Feb dew point C = 2.5| Mar dew point C = 5.1| Apr dew point C = 8.5| May dew point C = 12.6| Jun dew point C = 16.4| Jul dew point C = 18.7| Aug dew point C = 18.7| Sep dew point C = 14.5| Oct dew point C = 11.4| Nov dew point C = 6.7| Dec dew point C = 2.8| Jan sun = 117.8| Feb sun = 130.5| Mar sun = 158.1| Apr sun = 192.0| May sun = 220.1| Jun sun = 246.0| Jul sun = 294.5| Aug sun = 266.6| Sep sun = 201.0| Oct sun = 173.6| Nov sun = 111.0| Dec sun = 111.6| year sun = 2222.8| source 1 = Météo ClimatWEB,meteo-climat-bzh.dyndns.org/listenormale-1991-2020-1-p114.php
, Météo climat stats Moyennes 1991/2020 Italie (page 1)
, fr
, 14 June 2022,
, Météo climat stats Moyennes 1991/2020 Italie (page 1)
, fr
, 14 June 2022,
Government
Municipal government
The Municipal Council of Genoa is currently led by a right-wing majority, elected in June 2017. The mayor is Marco Bucci, expression of a right-wing alliance composed by Forza Italia, Lega Nord, Fratelli d’Italia and other minor lists. Genoa was traditionally considered a leftist city and Bucci is the first right-wing mayor since 1975.Administrative subdivision
The city of Genoa is subdivided into nine municipi (administrative districts), as approved by the Municipal Council in 2007.WEB,smart.comune.genova.it/system/files/regolamenti/reg_decentramento_20200707_con_link.pdf, Regolamento per il decentramento e la partecipazione municipale (Regulation for decentralization and municipal participation), smart.comune.genova.it, 27 March 2021, 29 May 2021,web.archive.org/web/20210529131602/https://smart.comune.genova.it/system/files/regolamenti/reg_decentramento_20200707_con_link.pdf, dead, {{wide image|Municipi di Genova.png|750px|The 9 districts of Genoa}}{|class=“wikitable”Cityscape
{{wide image|Genua - Piazza De Ferrari.jpg|800px|A view of Piazza de Ferrari|alt=Panorama of the Piazza De Ferrari, Genoa}}{{wide image|Genova - Panorama del Porto di Notte.jpg|800px|Nighttime view of the port of Genoa, which has brought trade, commerce and wealth to the city for centuries, greatly contributing to its cultural and historical heritage.|alt=The port of Genoa at night-time, with lights illuminating it.}}Main sights
File:Palazzo Ducale Genoa.jpg|thumb|Doge’s Palace, ancient seat of the government of the oligarchic republic]]File:Palazzo San Georgio Genova W.jpg|thumb|right|Palace of Saint George, built in 1260]]Notable to the city are the Palazzi dei Rolli, included in UNESCO World Heritage Site (Genoa: Le Strade Nuove and the system of the Palazzi dei Rolli). The world-famous Strade Nuove are via Garibaldi (Strada Nuova), via Cairoli (Strada Nuovissima) and via Balbi (Strada Balbi). Among the most important palaces are the Palazzo Rosso, Palazzo Bianco, Palazzo Podestà o di Nicolosio Lomellino, Palazzo Reale, Palazzo Angelo Giovanni Spinola, Palazzo Pietro Spinola di San Luca and Palazzo Spinola di Pellicceria.Genoa’s historic centre is articulated in a maze of squares and narrow caruggi (typical Genoese alleys). It joins a medieval dimension with following 16th century and Baroque interventions (the ancient Via Aurea, now Via Garibaldi).Near Via Garibaldi, through the public elevator Castelletto Levante, one can reach one of the most scenic places in the city, Belvedere Castelletto. The centre of Genoa is connected to its upper part by ancient paths caught between tall palaces, called creuze. Walking along these small paths one can reach magnificent places like the Santuario di Nostra Signora di Loreto. Very beautiful is the upper ring road so-called Circonvallazione a Monte that includes Corso Firenze, Corso Paganini, Corso Magenta, Via Solferino, and Corso Armellini.San Lorenzo cathedral has a splendid portal and the dome designed by Galeazzo Alessi. Inside is found the treasure of the Cathedral where among other objects there is also what is said to be the Holy Chalice.The symbols of the city are the Lanterna (the lighthouse) ({{convert|117|m|abbr=off}} high), old and standing lighthouse visible in the distance from the sea (beyond {{convert|30|km|abbr=off}}), and the monumental fountain of Piazza De Ferrari, recently restored, out-and-out core of the city’s life. Near Piazza De Ferrari and Teatro Carlo Felice is the Mazzini Gallery, a typical nineteenth-century structure with many elegant shops and coffee bars.Another tourist destination is the ancient seaside district of Boccadasse (which means “the mouth of the donkey“), with its multicolour boats, set as a seal to Corso Italia, the promenade which runs along the Lido d’Albaro, and known for its ice-creams. After Boccadasse you can continue along the sea up to Sturla.(File:Genova-Porta Soprana-DSCF7083.JPG|thumb|left|upright|Medieval gates of Genoa are a rare survivor of the city’s oldest buildings.)(File:Palazzo Reale - Genova.jpg|thumb|Royal Palace of Genoa, 16th century)Just out of the city centre, but still part of the {{convert|33|km|0|abbr=on}} of coast included in the municipality’s territory, are Nervi, natural doorway to the Ligurian East Riviera, and Pegli, the point of access to the West Riviera. Nervi offers many attractions: the promenade overlooking the sea called {{ill|Passeggiata Anita Garibaldi|it}}; parks covered with lush tropical vegetation; numerous villas and palaces open to the public that now house museums (like GAM-Galleria d’Arte Moderna, Raccolte Frugone Museum, Museo Giannettino Luxoro and Wolfsoniana). (see also {{ill|Parchi di Nervi|it}}) The East Riviera of Genoa called Riviera di Levante is part of the Italian Riviera. East Riviera is full of interesting towns to visit, and then from Genoa to east are: Bogliasco, Pieve Ligure, Sori, Recco, Camogli, Portofino, Santa Margherita Ligure, Rapallo, Zoagli, Chiavari, Lavagna and Sestri Levante. In the west, Pegli is the site of the famous Villa Durazzo-Pallavicini and Arenzano is a seaside town at the foot of the Parco naturale regionale del Beigua.The new Genoa based its rebirth upon the restoration of the green areas of the immediate inland parts, among them the Parco naturale regionale del Beigua, and upon the construction of facilities such as the Aquarium of Genoa in the Old Harbour – the biggest in Italy and one of the major in Europe – and its Marina (the tourist small port which holds hundreds of pleasure boats). All of these are inside the restored Expo Area, arranged in occasion of the Columbian Celebrations of 1992.Near the city are Camogli and San Fruttuoso abbey accessible by a daily ferry from the Old Harbour (Porto Antico) of Genoa. In the seabed in front of the San Fruttuoso abbey there is the Christ of the Abyss. From the Old Harbour one can reach by boat other famous seaside places around Genoa such as Portofino or a little more distant, Lerici and the Cinque Terre.The regained pride gave back to the city the consciousness of being capable of looking to the future without forgetting its past. The resumption of several flourishing hand-crafting activities, far-back absent from the caruggi of the old town, is a direct evidence of it. The restoration of many of Genoa’s churches and palaces in the 1980s and the 1990s contributed to the city’s rebirth. A notable example the Renaissance, Basilica of Santa Maria Assunta, sitting on the top of the hill of Carignano and visible from almost every part of the city. The total restoration of Doge’s Palace and of the Old Harbour, and the rebuilding of Teatro Carlo Felice, destroyed by bombing in the Second World War, were two more points of strength for the realisation of a new Genoa.Genoa could not renounce, especially from the 1960s, to a great renewal, which as happened in several other metropolis, should necessarily get through the realisation of big public housing complexes, whose quality, utility and functionality has been and still is controversial for those residents living there.{{Clarify|date=February 2024}} The most well-known case is that of the so-called “Biscione”, a development in the shape of a long snake, situated on the hills of the populous district of Marassi, and one of the group of houses known as “Le Lavatrici” (the washing machines), in the district of Prà .Beyond a complete restyling of the area, the ancient port zone nearby the Mandraccio opening, in Porta Siberia, was enriched by Genoese architect Renzo Piano with a large sphere made of metal and glass, installed in the port’s waters, not far from the Aquarium of Genoa, and unveiled in 2001 in occasion of the G8 Summit held in Genoa. The sphere (called by the citizens “Piano’s bubble” or “The Ball“), after hosting an exposition of fens from Genoa’s Botanical Gardens, currently houses the reconstruction of a tropical environment, with several plants, little animals and butterflies.Piano also designed the subway stations and, in the hills area, the construction – in collaboration with UNESCO – of Punta Nave, base of the Renzo Piano Building Workshop.Nearby the Old Harbour is the so-called “Matitone”, a skyscraper in shape of a pencil, that lays side by side with the group of the WTC towers, core of the San Benigno development, today base of part of the Municipality’s administration and of several companies.Churches
File:Genova Duomo St. Lawrence Cathedral.jpg|thumb|left|upright|St. Lawrence Cathedral ]]St. Lawrence Cathedral (Cattedrale di San Lorenzo) is the city’s cathedral, built in a Gothic-Romanesque style. Other notable historical churches are the Commandery of the Saint John’s Order called {{ill|Commenda di San Giovanni di Prèl|it|Commenda di San Giovanni di Pré}}, San Matteo, San Donato, Santa Maria di Castello, Sant’Agostino (deconsecrated since the 19th century, sometimes is used for theatrical representations), Santo Stefano, Santi Vittore e Carlo, Basilica della Santissima Annunziata del Vastato, San Pietro in Banchi, Santa Maria delle Vigne, Nostra Signora della Consolazione, San Siro, {{ill|Santa Maria Maddalena, Genoa|it|Chiesa di Santa Maria Maddalena (Genova)|lt=Santa Maria Maddalena}}, Santa Maria Assunta di Carignano, Sant’Anna and {{ill|Chiesa del Gesù e dei Santi Ambrogio e Andrea|it}}. San Bartolomeo degli Armeni houses the Image of Edessa and San Pancrazio after the World War II was entrusted to the ligurian delegation of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta. These churches and basilicas are built in Romanesque (San Donato, Santa Maria di Castello, Commenda di San Giovanni di Pré), Gothic (San Matteo, Santo Stefano, Sant’Agostino), Baroque (San Siro) or Renaissance (Santa Maria Assunta di Carignano, San Pietro in Banchi) appearance, or a mix of different styles (Nostra Signora della Consolazione, Santissima Annunziata del Vastato; this last has a Baroque interior and a Neoclassicist façade).(File:Genova Santa Maria Assunta di Carignano.jpg|thumb|right|Santa Maria Assunta di Carignano)Another well known Genoese church is the shrine of Saint Francis of Paola, notable for the outer courtyard overlooking the port and the memorial to all those who died at sea. This church is of artistic mention in that the tile depictions of the Via Crucis Stations along the brick path to the church.Near Genoa is found the Shrine of Nostra Signora della Guardia, (the sanctuary is said to have inspired the writer Umberto Eco in making his novel The Name of the Rose). Another interesting church in the neighborhoods of Genoa is San Siro di Struppa.The city was the birthplace of several popes (Innocent IV, Adrian V, Innocent VIII, and Benedict XV) and various saints (Syrus of Genoa, Romulus of Genoa, Catherine of Genoa, and Virginia Centurione Bracelli). The Archbishop of Genoa Jacobus de Voragine wrote the Golden Legend. Also from Genoa were: Giovanni Paolo Oliva, the Superior General of the Society of Jesus; Girolamo Grimaldi-Cavalleroni, the Archbishop of Aix; Ausonio Franchi, priest, philosopher, and theologian; Cardinal Giuseppe Siri; and the priests Francesco Repetto, Giuseppe Dossetti, Gianni Baget Bozzo, and Andrea Gallo. The present archbishop of Genoa, Cardinal Angelo Bagnasco, comes from a Genoese family but was born in Pontevico, near Brescia (see also Archdiocese of Genoa).Buildings and palaces
(File:Genoa Le Strade Nuove and the system of the Palazzi dei Rolli-113860.jpg|thumb|left|upright|The Mirror Gallery of the Royal Palace)The main features of central Genoa include the Piazza De Ferrari, around which are the Opera and the Palace of the Doges. Nearby, just outside the medieval city walls, is located Christopher Columbus House where Christopher Columbus is said to have lived as a child, although the current building is an 18th-century reconstruction of the original which was destroyed by the French naval bombing of 1684.In the old port area called Porto Antico, is located Palazzo di San Giorgio. In the Middle Ages, this palace was the headquarters of the Bank of Saint George. In its prisons, Marco Polo and Rustichello da Pisa composed The Travels of Marco Polo.(File:Via Garibaldi di notte (Genova).jpg|thumb|upright|Via Garibaldi by night)Strada Nuova (now Via Garibaldi), in the old city, alongside Via Cairoli and via Balbi, was inscribed on the World Heritage List in 2006. This district was designed in the mid-16th century to accommodate Mannerist palaces built by the city’s most eminent families.Of the many palaces built by the nobility in the city center of Genoa, 114 have not been substantially altered (see also Rolli di Genova): among these, 42 Palazzi dei Rolli are inscribed on the World Heritage List.WEB, Genoa: Le Strade Nuove and the system of the Palazzi dei Rolli,whc.unesco.org/en/list/1211/, The most famous are Palazzo Rosso, Palazzo Bianco, Palazzo Doria Tursi, Palazzo Gerolamo Grimaldi, Palazzo Podestà , Palazzo Reale, Palazzo Angelo Giovanni Spinola, Palazzo Pietro Spinola di San Luca, Palazzo Spinola di Pellicceria, Palazzo Cicala. Palazzo Bianco, Palazzo Rosso and Palazzo Doria Tursi are also known as Musei di Strada Nuova and host the renowned art collection bequeathed to the city by the Genoese filantropist Maria Brignole Sale De Ferrari, Duchess of Galliera, as well as the violins of the Genoese violinist Niccolò Paganini.WEB, Strada Nuova Museums,www.museidigenova.it/en/strada-nuova-museums, The Flemish artist and diplomat Peter Paul Rubens wrote Palazzi di Genova in 1622, a book with his own depiction of the palaces of Genoa in the 17th century.BOOK, Rubens, Pieter Paul, Palazzi di Genova, 2001, Tormena, J. M. Rosenberg, The Genoese Renaissance began with the construction of Villa del Principe commissioned by Andrea Doria: the architects were Giovanni Angelo Montorsoli and Giovanni Ponzello, the interior was painted by Perino del Vaga and the garden fountain was realised by Taddeo Carlone.BOOK, Catalogo delle Ville Genovesi, 1967, Italia Nostra, Genova, 79–97, In 1548 Galeazzo Alessi, with the project of {{ill|Villa Giustiniani-Cambiaso|it}}, designed a new prototype of Genoese palace that would be an inspiration to other architects working in Genoa as Bartolomeo Bianco, Pietro Antonio Corradi, Rocco Lurago, Giovan Battista Castello, and Bernardino Cantone.Scattered around the city are many villas, built between the fifteenth and the twentieth centuries. Among the best known are: {{ill|Villa Brignole Sale Duchessa di Galliera|it}}, Villa Durazzo-Pallavicini, {{ill|Villa Doria Centurione|it}}, {{ill|Villa Durazzo Bombrini|it}}, {{ill|Villa Serra|it}}, Villa Giustiniani-Cambiaso, {{ill|Villa Rossi Martini|it}}, {{ill|Villa Imperiale Scassi|it}}, {{ill|Villa Grimaldi, Genoa|it|Villa Grimaldi (La Fortezza)|lt=Villa Grimaldi}}, {{ill|Villa Negrone Moro|it}}, Villa Rosazza, {{ill|Villetta Di Negro|it}}, Villa delle Peschiere, {{ill|Villa Imperiale|it|Villa Imperiale (Genova)}}, {{ill|Villa Saluzzo Bombrini|it}}, and {{ill|Villa Grimaldi Fassio|it|Raccolte Frugone}}.(File:Cimitero staglieno-veduta2-wiki.jpg|thumb|left|upright=1.5|Staglieno: A monumental cemetery)As it regards the 19th century remember the architects Ignazio Gardella (senior), and Carlo Barabino which among other things, realises together with Giovanni Battista Resasco, the Monumental Cemetery of Staglieno. The cemetery is renowned for its statues and sepulchral monuments that preserve the mortal remains of notable personalities, including Giuseppe Mazzini, Fabrizio De André, and Constance Lloyd (Oscar Wilde’s wife). In the first half of the 19th century they are completed the {{ill|Albergo dei Poveri (Genoa)|it|Albergo dei Poveri (Genova)|lt=Albergo dei Poveri}} and the {{ill|Acquedotto storico|it|Acquedotto storico di Genova}}. In 1901 {{ill|Giovanni Antonio Porcheddu|it}} realised the Silos Granari.File:Genova - Piazza della Vittoria.jpg|thumb|upright|Arco della VittoriaArco della VittoriaThe city is rich in testimony of the Gothic Revival like Albertis Castle, {{ill|Castello Bruzzo|it}}, {{ill|Villa Canali Gaslini|it}} and Mackenzie Castle designed by the architect Gino Coppedè. Genoa is also rich of Art Nouveau works, among which: Palazzo della Borsa (Genova), {{ill|Via XX Settembre (Genoa)|it|Via XX Settembre (Genova)|lt=Via XX Settembre}} (Gino Coppedè, Gaetano Orzali and others), Hotel Bristol Palace, {{ill|Grand Hotel Miramare|it}} and {{ill|Stazione marittima|it|Stazione marittima di Genova}}. Works of Rationalist architecture of the first half of the 20th century are Torre Piacentini and Piazza della Vittoria where Arco della Vittoria, both designed by the architect Marcello Piacentini. Other architects who have changed the face of Genoa in the 20th century are: Ignazio Gardella, {{ill|Luigi Carlo Daneri|it}} who realised the Piazza Rossetti and the residential complex so-called {{ill|Il Biscione|it|Biscione (Genova)}}, {{ill|Mario Labò|it}}, Aldo Rossi, {{ill|Ludovico Quaroni|it}}, Franco Albini who designed the interiors of Palazzo Rosso, and {{ill|Piero Gambacciani|it}}. The Edoardo Chiossone Museum of Oriental Art, designed by Mario Labò, has one of the largest collections of Oriental art in Europe.Other notable architectural works include: the Old Harbour’s new design with the Aquarium, the {{ill|Bigo (Genoa)|it|Bigo (Genova)|lt=Bigo}} and the {{ill|Biosfera|it|Biosfera (Genova)}} by Renzo Piano, the Palasport di Genova, the Matitone skyscraper, and the {{ill|Padiglione B of Genoa Fair|it|Padiglione B della Fiera di Genova}}, by Jean Nouvel. Genoa was home to the Ponte Morandi by Riccardo Morandi, built in 1967, collapsed in 2018 and demolished February–June 2019.WEB,www.domusweb.it/en/news/2018/12/17/demolition-of-morandi-bridge-begins-in-genoa.html, Demolition of Genoa’s Ponte Morandi is underway, Mascolo, Olga, 17 December 2018, www.domusweb.it, en-gb, 17 August 2019,Old Harbour
File:Пираты КарибÑкого морÑ-1.jpg|thumb|left|The galleon Neptune in the Old Harbour]]The Old Harbour (“Porto Antico” in Italian) is the ancient part of the port of Genoa. The harbour gave access to outside communities creating a good geographical situation for the city.Shaw, C. (2012). Genoa. In A. Gamberini & I. Lazzarini (Eds.). The Italian Renaissance State. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press The city is spread out geographically along a section of the Liguria coast, which makes trading by ship possible. Before the development of car, train, and airplane travel, the main outside access for the city was the sea, as the surrounding mountains made trade north by land more difficult than coastal trade. Trade routes have always connected Genoa on an international scale, with increasingly farther reach starting from trade along Europe’s coastline before the medieval period to today’s connection across continents.Tonizzi, Maria Elisabetta. “Genoa.” History of World Trade Since 1450, edited by John J. McCusker, vol. 1, Macmillan Reference USA, 2006, pp. 311–312. Gale Virtual Reference Library. In its heyday the Genoese Navy was a prominent power in the Mediterranean.As the Genoa harbour was so important to the merchants for their own economic success, other nearby harbours and ports were seen as competition for a landing point for foreign traders. In the 16th century, the Genovese worked to destroy the local shipping competition, the Savona harbour. Taking matters into their own hands, the Genoa merchants and the politically powerful in Genoa attacked the harbour of Savona with stones. This action was taken to preserve the economic stability and wealth of the city during the rise in prominence of Savona. The Genovese would go as far as to war with other coastal, trading cities such as Venice, to protect the trade industry.Renzo Piano redeveloped the area for public access, restoring the historical buildings (like the Cotton warehouses) and creating new landmarks like the Aquarium, the Bigo and recently the “Bolla” (the Sphere). The main touristic attractions of this area are the famous Aquarium and the Museum of the Sea (MuMA). In 2007 these attracted almost 1.7 million visitors.Fonte: Il Secolo XIX, 17 ottobre 2008, pag. 25Walls and fortresses
(File:Le torri di Porta Soprana, Genova.jpg|thumb|upright|The Porta Soprana)The city of Genoa during its long history at least since the ninth century had been protected by different lines of defensive walls. Large portions of these walls remain today, and Genoa has more and longer walls than any other city in Italy. The main city walls are known as “Ninth century walls”, “Barbarossa Walls” (12th century), “Fourteenth century walls”, “Sixteenth century walls” and “New Walls” (“Mura Nuove” in Italian). The more imposing walls, built in the first half of the 17th century on the ridge of hills around the city, have a length of almost {{convert|20|km|0|abbr=on}}. Some fortresses stand along the perimeter of the “New Walls” or close them.Parks
File:Villa Durazzo-Pallavicini - the lake.JPG|thumb|left|The gardens of Villa Durazzo-PallaviciniVilla Durazzo-PallaviciniGenoa has {{convert|82000|m2|abbr=off}} of public parks in the city centre, such as Villetta Di Negro which is right in the heart of the town, overlooking the historical centre. Many bigger green spaces are situated outside the centre: in the east are the Parks of Nervi ({{convert|96000|m2|disp=or|abbr=off}}) overlooking the sea, in the west the beautiful gardens of Villa Durazzo Pallavicini and its Giardino botanico Clelia Durazzo Grimaldi ({{convert|265000|m2|disp=or|abbr=off}}). The numerous villas and palaces of the city also have their own gardens, like Palazzo del Principe, Villa Doria, Palazzo Bianco and Palazzo Tursi, Palazzo Nicolosio Lomellino, Albertis Castle, Villa Rosazza, Villa Croce, Villa Imperiale Cattaneo, Villa Bombrini, Villa Brignole Sale Duchessa di Galliera, Villa Serra and many more.WEB,www.turismo.comune.genova.it/spip.php?page=scheda&id_article=452, Tourism – Comune di Genova, Turismo.comune.genova.it, 11 April 2009,www.turismo.comune.genova.it/spip.php?page=scheda&id_article=452," title="web.archive.org/web/20110722034552www.turismo.comune.genova.it/spip.php?page=scheda&id_article=452,">web.archive.org/web/20110722034552www.turismo.comune.genova.it/spip.php?page=scheda&id_article=452, 22 July 2011, dead, The city is surrounded by natural parks such as Parco naturale regionale dell’Antola, Parco naturale regionale del Beigua, Aveto Natural Regional Park and the Ligurian Sea Cetacean Sanctuary (a marine protected area).Aquarium of Genoa
The Aquarium of Genoa (in ) is the largest aquarium in Italy and among the largest in Europe. Built for Genoa Expo ‘92, it is an educational, scientific and cultural centre. Its mission is to educate and raise public awareness as regards conservation, management and responsible use of aquatic environments. It welcomes over 1.2 million visitors a year.Control of the entire environment, including the temperature, filtration and lighting of the tanks was provided by local Automation Supplier Orsi Automazione, acquired in 2001 by Siemens.The Aquarium of Genoa is co-ordinating the AquaRing EU project. It also provides scientific expertise and a great deal of content for AquaRing, including documents, images, academic content and interactive online courses, via its Online Resource Centre.WEB,www.aquaringweb.eu/index.html, AquaRing – home, it, 12 October 2007, 25 July 2009,www.aquaringweb.eu/index.html," title="web.archive.org/web/20071012082449www.aquaringweb.eu/index.html,">web.archive.org/web/20071012082449www.aquaringweb.eu/index.html, 12 October 2007,Demographics
{{Historical populations|type =Economy
The Genoa metropolitan area had a GDP amounting to .1 billion in 2011, or $33,003 per capita.WEB,www.brookings.edu/research/interactives/global-metro-monitor-3, Global city GDP 2011, Brookings Institution, dead,www.brookings.edu/research/interactives/global-metro-monitor-3," title="web.archive.org/web/20130605135349www.brookings.edu/research/interactives/global-metro-monitor-3,">web.archive.org/web/20130605135349www.brookings.edu/research/interactives/global-metro-monitor-3, 5 June 2013, (File:Genova Sampierdarena San Benigno.JPG|thumb|San Benigno business district)File:Panoramica Fiera Genoa exhibition centre.jpg|thumb|Genoa exhibition centre ]]Ligurian agriculture has increased its specialisation pattern in high-quality products (flowers, wine, olive oil) and has thus managed to maintain the gross value-added per worker at a level much higher than the national average (the difference was about 42% in 1999).WEB,circa.europa.eu/irc/dsis/regportraits/info/data/en/itc3_eco.htm, Eurostat, Circa.europa.eu, 5 May 2009, dead,circa.europa.eu/irc/dsis/regportraits/info/data/en/itc3_eco.htm," title="web.archive.org/web/20080916185647circa.europa.eu/irc/dsis/regportraits/info/data/en/itc3_eco.htm,">web.archive.org/web/20080916185647circa.europa.eu/irc/dsis/regportraits/info/data/en/itc3_eco.htm, 16 September 2008, The value of flower production represents over 75% of the agriculture sector turnover, followed by animal farming (11.2%) and vegetable growing (6.4%).Steel, once a major industry during the booming 1950s and 1960s, phased out after the late 1980s crisis, as Italy moved away from the heavy industry to pursue more technologically advanced and less polluting productions. So the Ligurian industry has turned towards a widely diversified range of high-quality and high-tech products (food, shipbuilding (in Sestri Ponente and in metropolitan area – Sestri Levante), electrical engineering and electronics, petrochemicals, aerospace etc.). Nonetheless, the regions still maintains a flourishing shipbuilding sector (yacht construction and maintenance, cruise liner building, military shipyards).In the services sector, the gross value-added per worker in Liguria is 4% above the national average. This is due to the increasing diffusion of modern technologies, particularly in commerce and tourism.A good motorway network ({{convert|376|km|0|abbr=on}} in 2000) makes communications with the border regions relatively easy. The main motorway is located along the coastline, connecting the main ports of Nice (in France), Savona, Genoa and La Spezia. The number of passenger cars per 1000 inhabitants (524 in 2001) is below the national average (584).On average, about 17 million tonnes of cargo are shipped from the main ports of the region and about 57 million tonnes enter the region. The Port of Genoa, with a trade volume of 58.6 million tonnesWEB,www.porto.genova.it/dati/traffico_porto/traffico_porto.jsp, Autorità Portuale di Genova – Traffico porto, Porto.genova.it, 26 December 2008, dead,www.porto.genova.it/dati/traffico_porto/traffico_porto.jsp," title="web.archive.org/web/20081202145356www.porto.genova.it/dati/traffico_porto/traffico_porto.jsp,">web.archive.org/web/20081202145356www.porto.genova.it/dati/traffico_porto/traffico_porto.jsp, 2 December 2008, ranks first in Italy,WEB,www.istat.it/dati/catalogo/20070406_00/inf_07_05_statistiche_trasporti_marittimi_2002_2004.pdf, Inf_07_05_Statistiche dei trasporti marittimi 2002–2004, 26 December 2008, dead,www3.istat.it/dati/catalogo/20070406_00/inf_07_05_statistiche_trasporti_marittimi_2002_2004.pdf," title="web.archive.org/web/20120419165834www3.istat.it/dati/catalogo/20070406_00/inf_07_05_statistiche_trasporti_marittimi_2002_2004.pdf,">web.archive.org/web/20120419165834www3.istat.it/dati/catalogo/20070406_00/inf_07_05_statistiche_trasporti_marittimi_2002_2004.pdf, 19 April 2012, second in terms of twenty-foot equivalent units after the transshipment port of Gioia Tauro, with a trade volume of over 2 million TEUs.WEB, Genoa Port Yearbook 2012,servizi.porto.genova.it/archivio/TRAF/SANNU/12041.ashx, Genoa Port Authority, 19 November 2013, The main destinations for the cargo-passenger traffic are Sicily, Sardinia, Corsica, Barcelona, and the Canary Islands.Some big companies based in Genoa include Ansaldo STS, Ansaldo Energia, Erg, Piaggio Aerospace, Registro Italiano Navale, Banca Carige, SLAM, and Costa Cruises.Education
File:Genova, palazzo dell’università , cortile 03.JPG|thumbnail|University of GenoaUniversity of GenoaThe first organised forms of higher education in Genoa date back to the 13th century when private colleges were entitled to award degrees in medicine, philosophy, Theology, Law, Arts.WEB,orientamento.studenti.unige.it/sviluppa/AbriefhistoryoftheUniversityofGenoa.html, A brief history of the University of Genoa, Orientamento.studenti.unige.it, 19 January 2009,orientamento.studenti.unige.it/sviluppa/AbriefhistoryoftheUniversityofGenoa.html," title="web.archive.org/web/20110722063625orientamento.studenti.unige.it/sviluppa/AbriefhistoryoftheUniversityofGenoa.html,">web.archive.org/web/20110722063625orientamento.studenti.unige.it/sviluppa/AbriefhistoryoftheUniversityofGenoa.html, 22 July 2011, dead, Today the University of Genoa, founded in the 15th century, is one of the largest in Italy, with 11 faculties, 51 departments and 14 libraries. In 2007–2008, the university had 41,000 students and 6,540 graduates.WEB,orientamento.studenti.unige.it/sviluppa/FactsFigures.html,orientamento.studenti.unige.it/sviluppa/FactsFigures.html," title="web.archive.org/web/20110722063657orientamento.studenti.unige.it/sviluppa/FactsFigures.html,">web.archive.org/web/20110722063657orientamento.studenti.unige.it/sviluppa/FactsFigures.html, dead, 22 July 2011, Facts & Figures, 22 July 2011, 14 August 2018, Genoa is also home to other Colleges, Academies or Museums:{{div col|colwidth=18em}}- The University of Genoa
- The CNR Area della Ricerca di Genova
- The Accademia ligustica di belle arti
- The Accademia Ligure di scienze e lettere
- The Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia
- The ISICT-istituto superiore di studi in tecnologie dell’informazione e della comunicazione
- The Renzo Piano Building Workshop
- The OBR Open Building Research
- The Accademia Italiana della Marina Mercantile
- The “Niccolò Paganini” Conservatory
- The Italian Hydrographic Institute
- The Deledda International School
- The Deutsche Schule Genua
- The Genoa Comics Academy
- The International School in Genoa
- The Russian Ballet College
Science
File:Malerba.jpg|thumbnail|150px|The Italian astronaut Franco MalerbaFranco MalerbaGenoa is the birthplace of Giovanni Battista Baliani and Vincentio Reinieri, of the geneticist Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza, of the Nobel Prize astrophysicist Riccardo Giacconi and of the astronaut Franco Malerba. The city is home to the Erzelli Hi-Tech Park, to the Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, to the Istituto idrografico della Marina and annually hosts the Festival della Scienza. The city has an important tradition in the fields of the geology, paleontology, botany and naturalistic studies, among the most eminent personalities remember: Lorenzo Pareto, Luigi d’Albertis, Enrico Alberto d’Albertis, Giacomo Doria and Arturo Issel, we point the Orto Botanico dell’Università di Genova. Very important and renowned is the Istituto Giannina Gaslini.In 1846 the city hosted the eighth Meeting of Italian Scientists and in 1902 Luigi Carnera discovered an asteroid and called it “485 Genua”, dedicating it to the Latin name of Genoa.Erzelli science technology park
(File:Erzelli Great Campus Genova.jpg|thumb|Buildings in the Erzelli GREAT campus)The western area of Genoa hosts the Erzelli GREAT Campus, an under construction science technology park which houses the high-tech corporations Siemens, Ericsson, Esaote, and robotics laboratories of the Italian Institute of Technology (IIT).WEB,www.great-campus.it/, GREAT Campus: Parco Scientifico e Tecnologico di Genova – Erzelli, GREAT Campus: Parco Scientifico e Tecnologico di Genova – Erzelli, 14 August 2018, The Erzelli GREAT Campus science park is undergoing a process of enlargement, and in the future will host the new Faculty of Engineering of University of Genoa. The project has been struggling in recent years with enterprises laying off their employees and no real growth.WEB,genova.repubblica.it/cronaca/2016/06/10/news/ericsson_137_esuberi_a_genova_la_cgil_decisione_mina_alla_base_tutto_il_progetto_erzelli-141753405/, Ericsson, 137 esuberi a Genova, la Cgil: decisione mina alla base tutto il progetto Erzelli, 10 June 2016, Genova.repubblica.it, 14 August 2018, WEB,www.ilsole24ore.com/art/impresa-e-territori/2018-05-22/il-parco-tecnologico-genova-erzelli-cerca-nuovi-investitori-185408.shtml?uuid=AEGq5osE, Il parco tecnologico di Genova Erzelli cerca nuovi investitori, Ilsole24ore.com, 23 May 2018, 14 August 2018,Transport
Ports
(File:Genova-Castello d’Albertis-panorama.jpg|thumb|right|Panorama of the port of Genoa)Several cruise and ferry lines serve the passenger terminals in the old port, with a traffic of 3.2 million passengers in 2007.WEB,www.porto.genova.it/dati/traffico_porto/traffico_porto.jsp, TRAFFICO PORTO, it, PORT TRAFFIC, Genoa Port Authority, dead,www.porto.genova.it/dati/traffico_porto/traffico_porto.jsp," title="web.archive.org/web/20081202145356www.porto.genova.it/dati/traffico_porto/traffico_porto.jsp,">web.archive.org/web/20081202145356www.porto.genova.it/dati/traffico_porto/traffico_porto.jsp, 2 December 2008, MSC Cruises chose Genoa as one of its main home ports, in competition with the Genoese company Costa Cruises, which moved its home port to Savona. The quays of the passenger terminals extend over an area of {{convert|250000|m2|abbr=off}}, with 5 equipped berths for cruise vessels and 13 for ferries, for an annual capacity of 4 million ferry passengers, 1.5 million cars and 250,000 trucks.WEB,www.porto.genova.it/uk/porto/terminal/terminal_passeggeri.asp, Autorità Portuale di Genova – Passeggeri, Porto.genova.it, 26 December 2008, dead,www.porto.genova.it/uk/porto/terminal/terminal_passeggeri.asp," title="web.archive.org/web/20090608033337www.porto.genova.it/uk/porto/terminal/terminal_passeggeri.asp,">web.archive.org/web/20090608033337www.porto.genova.it/uk/porto/terminal/terminal_passeggeri.asp, 8 June 2009, The historical maritime station of Ponte dei Mille is today a technologically advanced cruise terminal, with facilities designed after the world’s most modern airports, to ensure fast embarking and disembarking of latest generation ships carrying thousand passengers. A third cruise terminal is currently under construction in the redesigned area of Ponte Parodi, once a quay used for grain traffic.The Costa Concordia cruise ship, owned by Costa Cruises, was docked at the port before being dismantled.WEB,www.news.com.au/travel/travel-updates/costa-concordia-makes-final-voyage-to-its-scrapyard-grave/story-fnizu68q-1226999771994, Costa Concordia makes final voyage to its scrapyard grave, News.com.au, 3 December 2014, 3 August 2014,www.news.com.au/travel/travel-updates/costa-concordia-makes-final-voyage-to-its-scrapyard-grave/story-fnizu68q-1226999771994," title="web.archive.org/web/20140803134330www.news.com.au/travel/travel-updates/costa-concordia-makes-final-voyage-to-its-scrapyard-grave/story-fnizu68q-1226999771994,">web.archive.org/web/20140803134330www.news.com.au/travel/travel-updates/costa-concordia-makes-final-voyage-to-its-scrapyard-grave/story-fnizu68q-1226999771994, dead, {{wide image|Genova porto panoramica2.jpg|800px|A view of the commercial port of Genoa}}Air transport
(File:Montagne Sestri Ponente 02.jpg|thumb|right|Genoa Airport, built on an artificial peninsula)The Airport of Genoa {{airport codes|GOA|LIMJ}} (Italian: Aeroporto di Genova) also named Christopher Columbus Airport (Italian: Aeroporto Cristoforo Colombo) is built on an artificial peninsula, {{convert|4|NM|abbr=on|lk=in}} westWEB,www.ead.eurocontrol.int/publicuser/protect/pu/main.jsp, EAD Basic, Ead.eurocontrol.int, 12 April 2011, of the city. The airport is currently operated by Aeroporto di Genova S.P.A., which has recently upgraded the airport complex, that now connects Genoa with several daily flights to Rome, Naples, Paris, London, Madrid and Munich. In 2008, 1,202,168 passengers travelled through the airport,WEB,www.assaeroporti.it/, Official traffic statistics from Assaeroporti, Assaeroporti.it, 12 April 2011, with an increase of international destinations and charter flights.Public transport
File:IT GE Brignole FS.JPG|thumb|Genova Brignole railway stationGenova Brignole railway stationFile:Genova staz Principe ingresso.jpg|thumb|Genova Piazza Principe railway stationGenova Piazza Principe railway stationThe main railway stations are Genoa Brignole in the east and Genoa Principe in the west. Genoa Brignole is close to the business districts and the exhibition centre, while the Principe is close to the port, the university and the historical centre. From these two stations depart the main trains connecting Genoa to France, Turin, Milan and Rome.Genoa’s third most important station is Genoa Sampierdarena, which serves the densely populated neighbourhood of Sampierdarena. 23 other local stations serve the other neighbourhoods on the 30-kilometre-long coast line from Nervi to Voltri and on the northern line through Bolzaneto and the Polcevera Valley.The municipal administration of Genoa plans to transform these urban railway lines to be part of the rapid transit system, which now consists of the Metropolitana di Genova (Genoa Metro), a light metro connecting Brin to the city centre. The metro line was extended to Brignole Station in December 2012. Trains currently pass through Corvetto station between De Ferrari and Brignole without stopping. A possible further extension towards the eastern, densely populated boroughs was planned, but the municipal administration intends to improve the public transport by investing in new tram lines instead of completing the extension of the light metro.WEB,www.mobilitypoint.it/InfomobilityWeb/portal/alias__Rainbow/lang__it-IT/tabID__3509/sitemap/archivio_news/news_metropolitana.aspx, Mobility Point and local press, Mobilitypoint.it, 22 August 2007, 11 April 2009,www.mobilitypoint.it/InfomobilityWeb/portal/alias__Rainbow/lang__it-IT/tabID__3509/sitemap/archivio_news/news_metropolitana.aspx," title="web.archive.org/web/20110722042152www.mobilitypoint.it/InfomobilityWeb/portal/alias__Rainbow/lang__it-IT/tabID__3509/sitemap/archivio_news/news_metropolitana.aspx,">web.archive.org/web/20110722042152www.mobilitypoint.it/InfomobilityWeb/portal/alias__Rainbow/lang__it-IT/tabID__3509/sitemap/archivio_news/news_metropolitana.aspx, 22 July 2011, dead, The current stations of the metro line are Brin-Certosa, Dinegro, Principe, Darsena, San Giorgio, Sant’Agostino and De Ferrari, and the line is {{convert|5.3|km|mi|abbr=on}} long.The city’s hilly nature has influenced its public transport. The city is served by two funicular railways (the Zecca–Righi funicular, the Sant’Anna funicular), the Quezzi inclined elevator, the Principe–Granarolo rack railway, and ten public lifts.WEB,www.amt.genova.it/amt_muove_genova/al_vostro_servizio.asp, Al vostro servizio, it, At your service, AMT Genova, 26 May 2015, The city’s metro, bus and trolleybus network is operated by AMT (Azienda Mobilità e Trasporti S.p.A.). The Drin Bus is a demand responsive transport service that connects the hilly, low-density areas of Genoa.WEB,www.amt.genova.it/rete_e_orari/drinbus.asp, Azienda Mobilità e Trasporti Spa, Amt.genova.it, 12 April 2011, WEB,www.connectedurbandevelopment.org/pdf/sust_ii/drin_bus.pdf, SII – Sustainability Innovation Inventory, 12 April 2011,www.connectedurbandevelopment.org/pdf/sust_ii/drin_bus.pdf," title="web.archive.org/web/20110725192127www.connectedurbandevelopment.org/pdf/sust_ii/drin_bus.pdf,">web.archive.org/web/20110725192127www.connectedurbandevelopment.org/pdf/sust_ii/drin_bus.pdf, 25 July 2011, dead, WEB,www.drtbus.co.uk/video/bus_video_page.htm, drt bus video preview, Drtbus.co.uk, 12 April 2011,www.drtbus.co.uk/video/bus_video_page.htm," title="web.archive.org/web/20110924154039www.drtbus.co.uk/video/bus_video_page.htm,">web.archive.org/web/20110924154039www.drtbus.co.uk/video/bus_video_page.htm, 24 September 2011, dead, The average time people spend commuting on public transit in Genova, for example to and from work, is 54 min on a weekday. 10% of public transit riders ride for more than 2 hours every day. The average time people wait at a stop or station for public transit is 12 min, while 13% of riders wait over 20 minutes on average every day. The average distance people usually ride in a single trip with public transit is 4 km, while 2% travel for over 12 km in a single direction.WEB,moovitapp.com/insights/en/Moovit_Insights_Public_Transit_Index_Italy_Genova_e_Savona-1782, Genova Public Transportation Statistics, Global Public Transit Index by Moovit, 19 June 2017, (File:CC-BY_icon.svg|50x50px) Material was copied from this source, which is available under a (creativecommons:by/4.0/|Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License).{{wide image|Genoa’s metropolitan system.jpg|800px|Genoa’s metro system}}Culture
Visual arts
{{See also|Genoese School (painting)|Genoese Baroque and Rococo artists}}File:Albrecht Dürer - Portrait of a Young Man - Palazzo Rosso Genoa.jpg|thumb|Portrait of a Young Man, by Albrecht Dürer. Gallery of Palazzo Rosso.]]File:Genova-Staglieno-IMG 2008.JPG|thumb|Sculpture in the Monumental Cemetery of StaglienoMonumental Cemetery of StaglienoGenoese painters active in the 14th century include Barnaba da Modena and his local followers Nicolò da Voltri and at the same time, the sculptor Giovanni Pisano reached Genoa to make the monument for Margaret of Brabant, whose remains are today housed in the {{ill|Museum of Sant’Agostino|it|Museo di Sant’Agostino}}.In the 16th century along with the flourishing trade between the Republic of Genoa and Flanders also grew the cultural exchanges. The painters Lucas and Cornelis de Wael lived in Genoa for a long time, where they played the role of a magnet for many Flemish painters like Jaan Roos, Giacomo Legi, Jan Matsys, Andries van Eertvelt and Vincent Malo.This creative environment also attracted the two most important Flemish painters, Rubens and Van Dyck, who along with Bernardo Strozzi.WEB,www.premier.net/~Italy/genoa3.htm, Art And Culture In And Around Genoa, Premier.net, 12 April 2011, gave life to the Genoese Painting School of the 17th century.Much of the city’s art is found in its churches and palaces, where there are numerous Renaissance, Baroque and Rococo frescos. They are rich in works of art the Cathedral, the {{ill|Chiesa del Gesù e dei Santi Ambrogio e Andrea|it}} where The Circumcision and the ”Miracles of St. Ignatius” by Rubens, the Assunzione della Vergine by Guido Reni. The Church of San Donato contains works of Barnaba da Modena, Nicolò da Voltri and Joos van Cleve, the Church of Santo Stefano {{ill|The Stoning of St. Stephen|it|Lapidazione di santo Stefano (Giulio Romano)}} by Giulio Romano and the Church of Santa Maria Assunta the sculptures by Filippo Parodi and Pierre Puget, very interesting is the Santa Maria di Castello. But most of the works are kept in the Palaces like Palazzo Bianco where “Ecce Homo” by Caravaggio, “Susannah and the Elders” by Veronese, and the Garden Party in Albaro by Magnasco are kept, Palazzo Rosso with the {{ill|Portrait of Anton Giulio Brignole-Sale|it|Ritratto equestre di Anton Giulio Brignole-Sale}} by van Dyck, Cleopatra morente by Guercino and works of Dürer, Bernardo Strozzi, Mattia Preti, Veronese; Palazzo Spinola di Pellicceria where the ”Portrait of Giovanni Carlo Doria on Horseback” by Rubens and {{ill|Ecce Homo (Antonello da Messina, Genoa)|it|Ecce Homo (Antonello da Messina Genova)|lt=Ecce Homo}} by Antonello da Messina (see also the series of Ecce Homo by Antonello da Messina) are kept, Palazzo Tursi with the Penitent Magdalene by Canova, and Palazzo Reale which contains works of Strozzi, Gaulli, Tintoretto, van Dyck, Simon Vouet, Guercino.The most important Genoese painters are: Luca Cambiaso, Bernardo and Valerio Castello, Giovanni Benedetto Castiglione, Domenico and Paolo Gerolamo Piola, Gregorio De Ferrari, Bernardo Strozzi, Giovanni Battista Gaulli and Alessandro Magnasco. Sculptors include Filippo Parodi, the wood sculptor Anton Maria Maragliano, Francesco Maria Schiaffino and Agostino Carlini who was member of the Royal Academy.The famous humanist author, architect, poet and philosopher Leon Battista Alberti was born in Genoa on 14 February 1404. Simonetta Vespucci, considered the most beautiful woman of her time, was also born in Genoa. She is portrayed in The Birth of Venus and Primavera by Sandro Botticelli and in Portrait of Simonetta Vespucci by Piero di Cosimo.Genoa is also famous for its numerous tapestries, which decorated the city’s many salons. Whilst the patrician palaces and villas in the city were and still are austere and majestic, the interiors tended to be luxurious and elaborate, often full of tapestries, many of which were Flemish. Famous is the Genoese lace called with its name of Turkish origin macramè. Very used in Genoa is the cobblestone called Risseu and a kind of azulejo called laggioni.Genoa has been likened by many to a Mediterranean New York, perhaps for its high houses that in the Middle Ages were the equivalent of today’s skyscrapers, perhaps for the sea route Genoa-New York which in past centuries has been travelled by millions of emigrants. The architect Renzo Picasso in his visionary designs reinforces this strange affinity between the two cities.In the Monumental Cemetery of Staglieno, you can admire some magnificent sculpture of the 19th century and early 20th century like Monteverde Angel by Giulio Monteverde, or works by artists such as Augusto Rivalta, Leonardo Bistolfi, Edoardo Alfieri, Santo Varni.Amongst the most notable Genoese painters of the 19th century and of the first half of the 20th century are Tammar Luxoro, Ernesto Rayper, Rubaldo Merello, and Antonio Giuseppe Santagata. The sculptor Francesco Messina also grew up in Genoa.In 1967 the Genoese historian, critic and curator Germano Celant coined the term Arte Povera. Enrico Accatino was another important art theorist and Emanuele Luzzati was the production designer and illustrator like Lorenzo Mongiardino, also a production designer and architect. Two other important artists are Emilio Scanavino and Vanessa Beecroft.The yearly International Cartoonists Exhibition was founded in 1972 in Rapallo, near Genoa. A notable figure is the illustrator and comics artist Giovan Battista Carpi.Literature
File:Umbria, jacopo da varazze, leggenda aurea, 1290 ca. 01.jpg|thumb|Golden LegendGolden Legend“Anonymous of Genoa” was one of the first authors in Liguria and Italy who wrote verses in the Vernacular.It explained that in Genoa Marco Polo and Rustichello da Pisa, in the prisons of Palazzo San Giorgio, wrote The Travels of Marco Polo. The Golden Legend is a collection of hagiographies written by the Archbishop of Genoa Jacobus de Voragine. To animate the Genoese literary environment of the 16th century were Gabriello Chiabrera and “Ansaldo Cebà ”, the latter best known for his correspondence with Sara Copia Sullam. The city has been the birthplace of the historian Caffaro di Rustico da Caschifellone, of the poet “Martin Piaggio”, of the famous historian, philosopher and journalist Giuseppe Mazzini, of the writer Piero Jahier, of the poet Nobel Prize Eugenio Montale. The writer and translator Fernanda Pivano, the journalist “Vito Elio Petrucci” and the poet Edoardo Sanguineti, the literary critic Carlo Bo instead was born in Sestri Levante near Genoa. We have also remember the dialet poet {{ill|Edoardo Firpo|it}}, the dialect “poeta crepuscolare” Giambattista Vigo, and the symbolist {{ill|Ceccardo Roccatagliata Ceccardi|it}}.The city of Genoa has been an inspiration to many writers and poets among which: Dino Campana, {{ill|Camillo Sbarbaro|it}}, {{ill|Gaspare Invrea|it}} who wrote “The mouth of the wolf” and Giorgio Caproni. Between the alleys of the historical centre there is the Old Libreria Bozzi. The “Berio Civic Library” houses the precious manuscript entitled “The Durazzo Book of Hours”. In the first half of the 20th century, the Mazzini Gallery’s was a meeting place of many artists, writers and intellectuals among which Guido Gozzano, Salvatore Quasimodo, Camillo Sbarbaro, Francesco Messina, {{ill|Pierangelo Baratono|it}}, Eugenio Montale. In the thirties of the 20th century was active in Genoa the Circoli magazine and after the World War II the “Il Gallo” magazine. Coveted and known from the 1960s to the 1980s was the Genoese literary lounge animated by the writer {{ill|Minnie Alzona|it}}. Dutch writer Ilja Leonard Pfeijffer wrote “La Superba”, a novel in which Genoa is prominently featured. This was followed by the autobiographical novel “Brieven uit Genua”.Since 1995, every June in Genoa the Genoa International Poetry Festival takes place, conceived by {{ill|Claudio Pozzani|it}} with the help of Massimo Bacigalupo.Music
File:Teatro Carlo Felice Notturno.JPG|thumb|The neoclassical Teatro Carlo FeliceTeatro Carlo FeliceGenoa was a centre of Occitan culture in Italy and for this reason it developed an important school of troubadours: Lanfranc Cigala, Jacme Grils, Bonifaci Calvo, Luchetto Gattilusio, Guillelma de Rosers, and Simon Doria.Genoa is the birthplace of the composer Simone Molinaro, violinist and composer Niccolò Paganini, violinist Camillo Sivori and composer Cesare Pugni. In addition, the famous violin maker Paolo de Barbieri. Paganini’s violin, Il Cannone Guarnerius, is kept in Palazzo Tursi. The city is the site of the Niccolò Paganini Music Conservatory which was originally established as the Scuola Gratuita di Canto in 1829.ENCYCLOPEDIA, Maria Rosa Moretti, Genoa, 2001, Genoa (It. Genova), Grove Music Online, Oxford University Press, 10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.10871, Alessandro Stradella, a composer of the middle baroque, lived in Genoa and was assassinated in 1682.Felice Romani was a poet who wrote many librettos for the opera composers like Gaetano Donizetti and Vincenzo Bellini. Giovanni Ruffini was another poet known for writing the libretto of the opera Don Pasquale for its composer.In 1847, Goffredo Mameli and Michele Novaro composed “”.In 1857, debuted the work of Giuseppe Verdi entitled Simon Boccanegra inspired by the first Doge of Genoa, Simone Boccanegra.Genoa is also the birthplace of the condcuctor Fabio Luisi and of many opera singers like Giuseppe Taddei, Margherita Carosio, Luciana Serra, {{ill|Ottavio Garaventa|it}}, Luisa Maragliano and Daniela Dessì.The oldest theatre in Genoa was the Teatro del Falcone. Active since the 16th century, it was the second public theatre in Italy, only preceded by the one in the Republic of Venice.WEB,www.palazzorealegenova.beniculturali.it/teatro/teatro.html, Teatro del falcone, 2018-04-08,palazzorealegenova.beniculturali.it/teatro/teatro.html," title="web.archive.org/web/20180408063615palazzorealegenova.beniculturali.it/teatro/teatro.html,">web.archive.org/web/20180408063615palazzorealegenova.beniculturali.it/teatro/teatro.html, It was followed by the Teatro delle Vigne which, however, along with other important theaters in the city (Teatro Margherita, Teatro Paganini, Teatro Colombo), was demolished between the 19th and 20th centuries, either to make way for urban expansion or due to damage caused by bombing of Genoa during World War II.The Teatro Carlo Felice, the main opera theatre in the city, was built in 1828 in the Piazza De Ferrari, and named for the monarch of the then Kingdom of Sardinia (which included the present regions of Sardinia, Piedmont and Liguria). The theatre was the centre of music and social life in the 19th century. On various occasions in the history of the theatre, presentations have been conducted by Mascagni, Richard Strauss, Hindemith and Stravinsky. Other prominente Genoese theaters are the Teatro Nazionale di Genoa, Politeama Genovese, Teatro di Sant’Agostino and Teatro Gustavo Modena.On the occasion of the Christopher Columbus celebration in 1992, new musical life was given to the area around the old port, including the restoration of the house of Paganini and presentations of the trallalero, the traditional singing of Genoese dock workers.The trallalero, traditional music in the Genoese dialect, is a polyphonic vocal music, performed by five men and several songs. The trallalero are ancient songs that have their roots in the Mediterranean tradition. Another aspect of the traditional Genoese music is the “Nostalgic Song”. The principal authors and singers of the Nostalgic Song in Genoese dialect are {{ill|Mario Cappello|it}} who wrote the piece “Ma se ghe penso” (English: “But if I think about it“), a memory of Genoa by an emigrant to Argentina, {{ill|Giuseppe Marzari|it}}, {{ill|Agostino Dodero (composer)|it|Agostino Dodero|lt=Agostino Dodero}} up to {{ill|I Trilli|it}}, {{ill|Piero Parodi|it}}, Buby Senarega, {{ill|Franca Lai|it}}. The traditional Nostalgic Song will have a great influence on the so-called Scuola Genovese (Genoese School) of singer-songwriters that in some cases will mix the nostalgic feeling with pop and jazz atmospheres.The singer Natalino Otto started the swing genre in Italy and his friend and colleague Pippo Barzizza was a composer, arranger, conductor and music director. Other musicians, composers and arrangers are Angelo Francesco Lavagnino, Gian Piero Reverberi, Gian Franco Reverberi, Oscar Prudente, Pivio and Aldo De Scalzi.Genoa in the second half of the 20th century was famous for an important school of Italian singer-songwriters, so-called Scuola Genovese, that includes Umberto Bindi, Luigi Tenco”, “Gino Paoli”, “Bruno Lauzi”, “Fabrizio de André, Ivano Fossati, Angelo Branduardi” and Francesco Baccini. Nino Ferrer was also born in Genoa. In the 70s there were formed in Genoa numerous bands of Italian progressive rock like New Trolls, Picchio dal Pozzo, Latte e Miele, and Delirium. Today we point the band Buio Pesto and The Banshee band.Some songs about the city of Genoa are part of Italian popular culture, like “Via del Campo” and “La Città Vecchia”, both by Fabrizio de André, “Genova per noi” by Paolo Conte, “La Casa in Via del Campo” the song also sung by Amalia Rodrigues and “Piazza Alimonda” the song about the facts of Genoa 2001 by Francesco Guccini.Fabrizio de André in 1984 released the album Crêuza de mä, totally written in Genoese dialect.I Madrigalisti di Genova is a vocal and instrumental group formed in 1958 which specialised in medieval and Renaissance repertoireThe city has numerous music festivals, among which are Concerts at San Fruttuoso abbey, Premio Paganini, I Concerti di San Torpete, International Music Festival Genova, We Love Jazz, Gezmatz Festival & Workshop, and Goa-Boa Festival. In the town of Santa Margherita Ligure the ancient abbey of Cervara is often the site of chamber music.Giovine Orchestra Genovese, one of the oldest concert societies in Italy, was founded in Genoa in 1912.Cinema
Genoa has been the set for many films and especially for the genre called Polizieschi. Notable directors born in Genoa include Pietro Germi and Giuliano Montaldo, the actors: Gilberto Govi, Vittorio Gassman, Paolo Villaggio, Alberto Lupo, the actresses: Lina Volonghi, Delia Boccardo, Rosanna Schiaffino, Eleonora Rossi Drago, Marcella Michelangeli and the pornographic actress Moana Pozzi. Before actor Bartolomeo Pagano’s cinema career, he was a camallo, which means stevedore, at the port of Genoa. His cinema career began with the film Cabiria, one of the first and most famous kolossal. In 1985 were filmed in Genoa some scenes of Pirates by Roman Polanski, finished shooting they left in the Old Harbour the galleon Neptune.Some films set in Genoa:{{div col|colwidth=18em}}- Agata and the Storm
- Amore che vieni, amore che vai, from the novel Un destino ridicolo
- Attention! Bandits!
- Behind Closed Shutters
- The Blue-Eyed Bandit
- Carlo Giuliani, Boy
- The Case of the Bloody Iris
- The Conspiracy in Genoa
- Days and Clouds
- Di che segno sei?
- Diaz - Don’t Clean Up This Blood
- Father and Son
- General Della Rovere
- Genova
- High Crime
- In the Beginning There Was Underwear
- The Magistrate
- Mare Matto
- Mark Shoots First
- Mean Frank and Crazy Tony
- Merciless Man
- The Mouth of the Wolf
- Onde
- The Police Serve the Citizens?
- Processo contro ignoti
- Scent of a Woman
- Street Law
- Stregati
- The Walls of Malapaga
- The Yellow Rolls-Royce
Language
The Genoese dialect (Zeneize) is the most important dialect of the Ligurian language, and is commonly spoken in Genoa alongside Italian. Ligurian is listed by Ethnologue as a language in its own right, of the Romance branch, the Ligurian Romance language, and not to be confused with the ancient Ligurian language. Like the languages of Lombardy, Piedmont, and surrounding regions, it is of Gallo-Italic derivation.Sports
File:Stadio Luigi Ferraris di Genova.jpg|thumb|Luigi Ferraris Stadium ]]There are two major football teams in Genoa: Genoa C.F.C. and U.C. Sampdoria; the former is the oldest football club operating in Italy (see History of Genoa C.F.C.). The football section of the club was founded in 1893 by James Richardson Spensley, an English doctor. Genoa 1893 has won 9 championships (between 1898 and 1924) and 1 Coppa Italia (1936–37). U.C. Sampdoria was founded in 1946 from the merger of two existing clubs, Andrea Doria (founded in 1895) and Sampierdarenese (founded in 1911). Sampdoria has won one Italian championship (1990–91 Serie A), 4 Coppa Italia, 1 UEFA Cup Winners’ Cup (1989–90) and 1 Supercoppa Italiana. Both Genoa C.F.C. and U.C. Sampdoria play their home games in the Luigi Ferraris Stadium, which holds 36,536 spectators. Deeply felt is the derby called Derby della Lanterna.The international tennis tournament AON Open Challenger takes place in Genoa.In rugby union the city is represented by CUS Genova Rugby, which is the rugby union team of the University of Genoa Sports Centre.CUS Genova had their peak in 1971–1973 when the team was runner-up of the Italian Serie A for three consecutive seasons and contested unsuccessfully the title to Petrarca Rugby.Amongst the CUS Genova players who represented Italy at international level the most relevant were Marco Bollesan and Agostino Puppo.In 1947 was founded the CUS Genova Hockey and in 1968 the basketball club Athletic Genova. The city hosted the FIFA World Cup in 1934 and 1990, in 1988 the European Karate Championships and in 1992 the European Athletics Indoor Championships. In 2003 the indoor sporting arena, Vaillant Palace, was inaugurated.The city lends its name to a particular type of a sailing boat so-called Genoa sail, in 2007 the city hosts the Tall Ships’ Races.Cuisine
{{cleanup rewrite|section=yes|date=September 2017}}File:BasilkumPesto.jpg|thumb|PestoPestoPopular sauces of Genoese cuisine include Pesto sauce, garlic sauce called Agliata, “Walnut Sauce” called {{ill|Salsa di noci|it}}, Green sauce, {{ill|Pesto di fave|it|Marò (cucina)}}, Pasta d’acciughe and the meat sauce called tócco,Giovanni Casaccia, Dizionario Genovese-Italiano, Genova 1851 not to be confused with the Genovese sauce, that in spite of the name is typical of the Neapolitan cuisine. The Genoese tradition includes many varieties of pasta as Trenette, Corzetti, Trofie, {{ill|Pansoti|it}}, Croxetti, gnocchi and also: Farinata, {{ill|Panissa|it|Panissa (gastronomia ligure)}} and Cuculli.Key ingredient of Genoese cuisine is the Prescinsêua used among other things to prepare the Savory spinach pie and the Barbagiuai and still {{ill|Focaccia con le cipolle|it}}, {{ill|Farinata di ceci|it}}, {{ill|Focaccette al formaggio|it}} and the {{ill|Focaccia con il formaggio|it}} which means “Focaccia with cheese” that is even being considered for European Union PGI status. Other key ingredients are many varieties of fish as Sardines, Anchovies (see also {{ill|Acciughe ripiene|it}} and {{ill|Acciughe sotto sale|it}}), Garfish, Swordfish, Tuna, Octopus, Squid, Mussels, the Stoccafisso which means Stockfish (see also {{ill|Brandacujun|it}}), the Musciame and Gianchetti.Other elements of Genoese cuisine include the Ligurian Olive Oil, the cheeses like Brös, {{ill|U Cabanin|it}}, San Stè cheese, {{ill|Giuncata|it}}, the sausages like Testa in cassetta, {{ill|Salame cotto|it}} and Genoa salami. Fresh pasta (usually trofie, trenette) and “gnocchi” with pesto sauce are probably the most iconic among Genoese dishes. Pesto sauce is prepared with fresh Genovese basil, pine nuts, grated parmesan and pecorino mixed, garlic and olive oil pounded together.WEB,www.mangiareinliguria.it/consorziopestogenovese/pestogenovese.php, Pesto Genovese, Mangiareinliguria.it, 12 April 2011, Liguria wine such as Pigato, {{ill|Riviera Ligure di Ponente Vermentino|it}}, {{ill|Sciacchetrà |it|Cinque Terre Sciacchetrà }}, Rossese di Dolceacqua and {{ill|Ciliegiolo del Tigullio|it|Golfo del Tigullio Ciliegiolo}} are popular. Dishes of Genoese tradition include the Tripe cooked in various recipes like Sbira, the Polpettone di melanzane, the Tomaxelle, the {{ill|Minestrone alla genovese|it}},WEB, August 25, 2023, The Essence of Genoese Cuisine: Exploring Authentic Flavors,portofino.it/italy/the-pure-genoese-cuisine/, August 25, 2023, Portofino, the Bagnun, the fish-consisting Ciuppin (the precursor to San Francisco’s Cioppino), the Buridda, the {{ill|Seppie in zimino|it}} and the {{ill|Preboggion|it}}.Two sophisticated recipes of Genoese cuisine are: the Cappon magro and the {{ill|Cima alla genovese|it}} (a song by Fabrizio De André is titled ’A Çimma and is dedicated to this Genoese recipe). Originating in Genoa is Pandolce that gave rise to Genoa cake. The city lands its name to a special paste used to prepare cakes and pastries called Genoise and to the Pain de Gênes.In Genoa there are many food markets in typical nineteenth-century iron structures as Mercato del Ferro, Mercato Dinegro, Mercato di Via Prè, Mercato di piazza Sarzano, Mercato del Carmine, Mercato della Foce, Mercato Romagnosi. The {{ill|Mercato Orientale|it}} instead is in masonry and has a circular structure.People
{{more citations needed|section|date=February 2018}}File:Ridolfo del Ghirlandaio - Ritratto di Cristoforo Colombo (1520).jpg|thumb|Posthumous portrait of (Christopher Columbus]]{{efn|There are no known authentic portraits of Columbus.JOURNAL, Lester, Paul M., Looks are deceiving: The portraits of Christopher Columbus, Visual Anthropology, January 1993, 5, 3–4, 211–227, 10.1080/08949468.1993.9966590, }})Genoa has left an extraordinary impression on many noted personalities. Friedrich Nietzsche loved Genoa and wrote some of his works there. Sigmund Freud and Ezra Pound lived near Genoa in Rapallo. Anton Chekhov said that Genoa “is the most beautiful city in the world,” and Richard Wagner wrote: “I have never seen anything like this Genoa! it is something indescribably beautiful”.Among the personalities of the 19th and 20th centuries who wrote about Genoa were Heinrich Heine, Osip Mandelstam, Aleksandr Ivanovich Herzen, Mary Shelley, Oscar Wilde, John Ruskin,The Diaries of John Ruskin (Selected and edited by Joan Severn and John Howard Whitehouse). Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1956. P99 to P102. Charles Dickens, Mark Twain, Joseph Conrad, Vicente Blasco Ibáñez, Gustave Flaubert, Alexandre Dumas, Louis Énault, Valery Larbaud, Albert Camus, Paul Valéry, F. Scott Fitzgerald, Paul Klee. Giuseppe Verdi, Giacomo Puccini, and Pietro Mascagni. Verdi in his work, Simon Boccanegra, is inspired by the medieval history of the city. The poets Dino Campana, Camillo Sbarbaro and Giorgio Caproni have made Genoa a recurring element of their poetic work.Famous Genoese include: Sinibaldo and Ottobuono Fieschi (Popes Innocent IV and Adrian V), Giovanni Battista Cybo (Pope Innocent VIII) and Giacomo della Chiesa (Pope Benedict XV), navigators Christopher Columbus, Antonio de Noli, Enrico Alberto d’Albertis, Enrico de Candia (Henry, Count of Malta) and Andrea Doria, composers Niccolò Paganini and Michele Novaro, Italian patriots Giuseppe Mazzini, Goffredo Mameli and Nino Bixio, writer and translator Fernanda Pivano, poet Edoardo Sanguineti, Communist politician Palmiro Togliatti, architect Renzo Piano, art curator and critic Germano Celant, Physics 2002 Nobel Prize winner Riccardo Giacconi, Literature 1975 Nobel Prize winner Eugenio Montale, the court painter Giovanni Maria delle Piane (Il Mulinaretto) from the Delle Piane family, artists Vanessa Beecroft, Enrico Accatino, comedians Gilberto Govi, Paolo Villaggio, Beppe Grillo, Luca Bizzarri, Paolo Kessisoglu and Maurizio Crozza; singer-songwriters Fabrizio de André, Ivano Fossati, Umberto Bindi, Bruno Lauzi and Francesco Baccini, while Luigi Tenco and Gino Paoli are also known as Genoese singer-songwriters, although they are respectively from Cassine and Monfalcone; actor Vittorio Gassman, and actress Moana Pozzi, Giorgio Parodi who conceived the motorcycle company Moto Guzzi with Carlo Guzzi and Giovanni Ravelli.Some reports say the navigator and explorer Giovanni Caboto (John Cabot) was also from Genoa, others say he was from Savona. Saints from Genoa include Romulus, Syrus, Catherine of Genoa. Among the latest generations, musicians like Andrea Bacchetti, Giulio Plotino, Sergio Ciomei, Lorenzo Cavasanti, Stefano Bagliano and Fabrizio Cipriani, as well as academics and authors like Michele Giugliano and Roberto Dillon, help in keeping the name of the city on the international spotlight in different fields among the arts, technology and culture.Museums
{{div col|colwidth=18em}}- Accademia Ligustica di Belle Arti
- Albertis Castle
- Doge’s Palace, Genoa
- Edoardo Chiossone Museum of Oriental Art
- Galata - Museo del mare
- Galleria d’arte moderna (GAM)
- Lighthouse of Genoa
- Mackenzie Castle
- Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Genova
- Museo diocesano
- {{ill|Museo di Santa Maria di Castello|it}}
- {{ill|Museo Giannettino Luxoro|it|Museo Giannettino Luxoro}}
- Museum of Contemporary Art Villa Croce
- {{ill|Museo del Risorgimento e istituto mazziniano|it}}
- {{ill|Museum of Sant’Agostino|it|Museo di Sant’Agostino}}
- {{ill|Museo navale di Pegli|it}}
- Palazzo Bianco
- Palazzo Reale
- Palazzo Rosso
- Palazzi dei Rolli
- Palazzo Spinola di Pellicceria
- {{ill|Via del Campo 29 rosso|it}}
- Raccolte Frugone
- Villa Durazzo-Pallavicini
- {{ill|Wolfsoniana|it}}
Promenades
File:Lido di San Giuliano, da corso Italia - panoramio.jpg|thumb|Corso Italia ]]Corso Italia runs for {{convert|2.5|km|1|abbr=on}} in the quartiere of Albaro, linking two neighbourhoods of Foce and Boccadasse. The promenade, which was built in 1908, overlooks the sea, towards the promontory of Portofino. The main landmarks are the small lighthouse of Punta Vagno, the San Giuliano Abbey, and the Lido of Albaro.{{ill|Passeggiata Anita Garibaldi|it}}, promenade overlooking the sea and {{convert|2|km|abbr=off}} long, Nervi.Promenade of the upper ring road, so-called “Circonvallazione a Monte” that includes: Corso Firenze, Corso Paganini, Corso Magenta, Via Solferino, Corso Armellini.Walks can be made from the centre of Genoa following one of the many ancient paths between tall palaces and the “Creuze” to reach the higher areas of the city where there are magnificent places like Belvedere Castelletto, the “Righi’s district”, the “Santuario di Nostra Signora di Loreto”, the “Santuario della Madonnetta”, the “Santuario di San Francesco da Paola”.Monte Fasce gives a complete view of the city.To reach the hinterland of the Province of Genoa one can use the Genoa – Casella Old Railway, {{convert|25|km|abbr=off}} of railway between the Genoese mountains.International relations
Twin towns – sister cities
{{See also|List of twin towns and sister cities in Italy}}Genoa is twinned with:WEB, Relazioni internazionali,www.comune.genova.it/content/odessa, comune.genova.it, Genoa, it, 2020-09-16, WEB, Gemellaggio Genova-Murcia, presto un collegamento aereo diretto,www.comune.genova.it/content/gemellaggio-genova-murcia-presto-un-collegamento-aereo-diretto, comune.genova.it, Genoa, it, 7 May 2018, 2020-09-16, {{div col|colwidth=18em}}- Columbus, United States
- Marseille, France
- Murcia, Spain
- Odesa, Ukraine
- Rijeka, Croatia
- Ryazan, Russia
Cooperation agreements
As of 2013, Genoa had bilateral agreements with:WEB,www.comune.genova.it/content/indirizzi-e-recapiti, Relazioni internazionali, it, International relations, 11 November 2013, dead,www.comune.genova.it/content/indirizzi-e-recapiti," title="web.archive.org/web/20131028062913www.comune.genova.it/content/indirizzi-e-recapiti,">web.archive.org/web/20131028062913www.comune.genova.it/content/indirizzi-e-recapiti, 28 October 2013, Comune di Genova, {{div col|colwidth=18em}}- Acqui Terme, Italy
- Athens, Greece
- Azuchi, Japan
- Barcelona, Spain
- Belém, Brazil
- Bogotá, Colombia
- Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Capo di Ponte, Italy
- Castelsardo, Italy
- Constanța, Romania
- Cremona, Italy
- Dalian, China
- Deva, Romania
- Guayaquil, Ecuador
- Havana, Cuba
- Kaolack, Senegal
- Kyiv, Ukraine
- Latakia, Syria
- Lille, France
- Lyon, France
- Mantua, Italy
- El Mina, Lebanon
- Moscow, Russia
- Nice, France
- Ovada, Italy
- La Paz, Bolivia
- Pizzo Calabro, Italy
- Pointe-Noire, Congo
- Polokwane, South Africa
- Saint Petersburg, Russia
- Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic
- Siena, Italy
- Sousse, Tunisia
- Sumqayıt, AzerbaijanWEB,www.azerbaijans.com/content_1719_en.html, Twin-cities of Azerbaijan, 9 August 2013, Azerbaijans.com,
- Turin, Italy
- Tursi, Italy
- ValparaÃso, Chile
- Varna, Bulgaria
- Yekaterinburg, Russia
Consulates
WEB, Foreign consulates in Genoa,www.embassypages.com/city/genoa, EmbassyPages, 2020-09-16, {{div col|colwidth=15em}}- Albania
- Austria
- Belgium
- Bangladesh
- Brazil
- Chile
- Colombia
- Costa Rica
- Cyprus
- Czech Republic
- Denmark
- Dominican Republic
- Ecuador
- El Salvador
- Estonia
- Finland
- France
- Germany
- Greece
- Guinea
- Haiti
- Hungary
- Kazakhstan
- Latvia
- Lithuania
- Luxembourg
- Malta
- Monaco
- Netherlands
- Norway
- Panama
- Peru
- Poland
- Portugal
- Republic of the Congo
- Romania
- Russia
- San Marino
- Senegal
- South Africa
- South Korea
- Spain
- Sweden
- Switzerland
- Thailand
- Tunisia
- Turkey
- Uganda
- United Kingdom
- United States
- Uruguay
Notable people
See also
Notes
{{Notelist}}References
{{Reflist}}Bibliography
{{See also|it:Bibliografia su Genova}}- Gino Benvenuti. Le repubbliche marinare. Amalfi, Pisa, Genova e Venezia. Netwon Compton, Rome, 1989.
- Steven A. Epstein; Genoa & the Genoese, 958–1528 University of North Carolina Press, 1996; online edition
- Steven A. Epstein; “Labour and Port Life in Medieval Genoa.” Mediterranean Historical Review. 3 (1988): 114–40.
- Steven A. Epstein; “Business Cycles and the Sense of Time in Medieval Genoa.” Business History Review 62 (1988): 238–60.
- Face Richard. “Secular History in Twelfth-Century Italy: Caffaro of Genoa.” Journal of Medieval History 6 (1980): 169–84.
- Hughes Diane Owen. “Kinsmen and Neighbors in Medieval Genoa.” In The Medieval City, edited by Harry A. Miskimin, David Herlihy, and Adam L. Udovitch, 1977, 3–28.
- Hughes Diane Owen. “Urban Growth and Family Structure in Medieval Genoa.” Past and Present 66 (1975): 3–28.
- Lopez Robert S. “Genoa.” In Dictionary of the Middle Ages, pp. 383–87. 1982.
- Vitale Vito. Breviario della storia di Genova. Vols. 1–2. Genoa, 1955.
- Giuseppe Felloni – Guido Laura ”Genova e la storia della finanza: una serie di primati ?” “Genoa and the history of finance: a series of firsts ?” 9 November 2004, {{ISBN|88-87822-16-6}} (www.giuseppefelloni.it)
- Van Doosselaere, Quentin, Commercial Agreements and Social Dynamics in Medieval Genoa (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2009).
- Гавриленко О. Ð., Сівальньов О. Ðœ., Цибулькін Ð’. Ð’. Генуезька Ñпадщина на теренах України; етнодержавознавчий вимір. — Харків: Точка, 2017.— 260 Ñ. — {{ISBN|978-617-669-209-6}}
External links
{{commons category|Genoa}}{{Wikivoyage|Genoa}}- {{official websitewww.comune.genova.it}}
- Genoa – whc.UNESCO.org
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