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Spanish language
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{{Short description|Romance language}}{{pp-pc|small=yes}}{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2022}}{{Use American English|date=February 2023}}- the content below is remote from Wikipedia
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Name of the language and etymology
Name of the language
In Spain and some other parts of the Spanish-speaking world, Spanish is called not only but also (Castilian), the language from the Kingdom of Castile, contrasting it with other languages spoken in Spain such as Galician, Basque, Asturian, Catalan, Valencian, Aragonese, Occitan and other minor languages.The Spanish Constitution of 1978 uses the term to define the official language of the whole of Spain, in contrast to (lit. “the other Spanish languages“). Article III reads as follows:{{blockquote|Castilian is the official Spanish language of the State. ... The other Spanish languages shall also be official in their respective Autonomous Communities...}}(File:Castellano-Español-es.png|thumb|left|upright|Most used term castellano or español{{Citation needed|date=January 2024}})The Royal Spanish Academy (), on the other hand, currently uses the term in its publications. However, from 1713 to 1923, it called the language .The (a language guide published by the Royal Spanish Academy) states that, although the Royal Spanish Academy prefers to use the term in its publications when referring to the Spanish language, both terms— and —are regarded as synonymous and equally valid.Diccionario panhispánico de dudas, 2005, p. 271–272.Etymology
The term is related to Castile ( or archaically ), the kingdom where the language was originally spoken. The name Castile, in turn, is usually assumed to be derived from (’castle’).In the Middle Ages, the language spoken in Castile was generically referred to as and later also as . Later in the period, it gained geographical specification as (, ), , and ultimately simply as (noun).JOURNAL,journals.openedition.org/e-spania/22518?lang=es, De nuevo sobre los nombres medievales de la lengua de Castilla, Rafael, Cano Aguilar, 10.4000/e-spania.22518, E-Spania, 2013, 15, 7 July 2022, 7 July 2022,web.archive.org/web/20220707205518/https://journals.openedition.org/e-spania/22518?lang=es, live, free, Different etymologies have been suggested for the term (Spanish). According to the Royal Spanish Academy, derives from the Occitan word and that, in turn, derives from the Vulgar Latin * (’of Hispania’).WEB,dle.rae.es/?id=GUSX1EQ, español, la, Diccionario de la lengua española, Real Academia EspaÅ„ola, 13 July 2021, live, 24 April 2017,dle.rae.es/?id=GUSX1EQ," title="web.archive.org/web/20170424193620dle.rae.es/?id=GUSX1EQ,">web.archive.org/web/20170424193620dle.rae.es/?id=GUSX1EQ, Hispania was the Roman name for the entire Iberian Peninsula.There are other hypotheses apart from the one suggested by the Royal Spanish Academy. Spanish philologist Ramón Menéndez Pidal suggested that the classic or took the suffix from Vulgar Latin, as happened with other words such as (Breton) or (Saxon).History
File:CartulariosValpuesta.jpg|right|thumb|The Visigothic Cartularies of Valpuesta, written in a late form of Latin, were declared in 2010 by the Royal Spanish Academy as the record of the earliest words written in Castilian, predating those of the Glosas EmilianensesGlosas EmilianensesLike the other Romance languages, the Spanish language evolved from Vulgar Latin, which was brought to the Iberian Peninsula by the Romans during the Second Punic War, beginning in 210 BC. Several pre-Roman languages (also called Paleohispanic languages)—some distantly related to Latin as Indo-European languages, and some that are not related at all—were previously spoken in the Iberian Peninsula. These languages included Proto-Basque, Iberian, Lusitanian, Celtiberian and Gallaecian.The first documents to show traces of what is today regarded as the precursor of modern Spanish are from the 9th century. Throughout the Middle Ages and into the modern era, the most important influences on the Spanish lexicon came from neighboring Romance languages—Mozarabic (Andalusi Romance), Navarro-Aragonese, Leonese, Catalan, Valencian, Portuguese, Galician, Occitan, and later, French and Italian. Spanish also borrowed a considerable number of words from Arabic, as well as a minor influence from the Germanic Gothic language through the migration of tribes and a period of Visigoth rule in Iberia. In addition, many more words were borrowed from Latin through the influence of written language and the liturgical language of the Church. The loanwords were taken from both Classical Latin and Renaissance Latin, the form of Latin in use at that time.According to the theories of Ramón Menéndez Pidal, local sociolects of Vulgar Latin evolved into Spanish, in the north of Iberia, in an area centered in the city of Burgos, and this dialect was later brought to the city of Toledo, where the written standard of Spanish was first developed, in the 13th century.{{Harvcoltxt|Penny|2000|p=16}} In this formative stage, Spanish developed a strongly differing variant from its close cousin, Leonese, and, according to some authors, was distinguished by a heavy Basque influence (see Iberian Romance languages). This distinctive dialect spread to southern Spain with the advance of the , and meanwhile gathered a sizable lexical influence from the Arabic of Al-Andalus, much of it indirectly, through the Romance Mozarabic dialects (some 4,000 Arabic-derived words, make up around 8% of the language today).WEB,www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O29-SPANISH.html, Concise Oxford Companion to the English Language, Oxford University Press, 24 July 2008,www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O29-SPANISH.html," title="web.archive.org/web/20080925062202www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O29-SPANISH.html,">web.archive.org/web/20080925062202www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O29-SPANISH.html, 25 September 2008, live, The written standard for this new language was developed in the cities of Toledo, in the 13th to 16th centuries, and Madrid, from the 1570s.The development of the Spanish sound system from that of Vulgar Latin exhibits most of the changes that are typical of Western Romance languages, including lenition of intervocalic consonants (thus Latin > Spanish ). The diphthongization of Latin stressed short and —which occurred in open syllables in French and Italian, but not at all in Catalan or Portuguese—is found in both open and closed syllables in Spanish, as shown in the following table:{| class=“wikitable” style="text-align: center;“! Latin || Spanish || Ladino || Aragonese || Asturian || Galician || Portuguese || Catalan || Gascon / Occitan || French || Sardinian || Italian || Romanian || |English
> Spanish , and Latin > Spanish
).The consonant written or in Latin and pronounced {{IPA|[w]}} in Classical Latin had probably “fortified” to a bilabial fricative {{IPA|/β/}} in Vulgar Latin. In early Spanish (but not in Catalan or Portuguese) it merged with the consonant written b (a bilabial with plosive and fricative allophones). In modern Spanish, there is no difference between the pronunciation of orthographic and .Typical of Spanish (as also of neighboring Gascon extending as far north as the Gironde estuary, and found in a small area of Calabria), attributed by some scholars to a Basque substratum was the mutation of Latin initial into whenever it was followed by a vowel that did not diphthongize. The , still preserved in spelling, is now silent in most varieties of the language, although in some Andalusian and Caribbean dialects, it is still aspirated in some words. Because of borrowings from Latin and neighboring Romance languages, there are many -/- doublets in modern Spanish: and (both Spanish for “Ferdinand“), and (both Spanish for “smith“), and (both Spanish for “iron“), and and (both words pertaining to depth in Spanish, though means “bottom”, while means “deep“); additionally, (“to make“) is cognate to the root word of (“to satisfy“), and (“made“) is similarly cognate to the root word of (“satisfied“).Compare the examples in the following table:{| class=“wikitable” style="text-align: center;“! Latin || Spanish || Ladino || Aragonese || Asturian || Galician || Portuguese || Catalan || Gascon / Occitan || French || Sardinian || Italian || Romanian || EnglishGeographical distribution
{{See also|Hispanophone}}(File:El español en el mundo 2023 (Anuario del Instituto Cervantes).svg|thumb|Geographical distribution of the Spanish language{{legend|#ff0000ff|Official or co-official language}}{{legend|#ffcd48ff|Important minority (more than 25%) or majority language, but not official}}{{legend|#ffeeaaff|Notable minority language (less than 25% but more than 500,000 Spanish speakers)}})Spanish is the primary language in 20 countries worldwide. As of 2023, it is estimated that about 486 million people speak Spanish as a native language, making it the second most spoken language by number of native speakers.WEB, Anuario instituto Cervantes 2023,cvc.cervantes.es/lengua/anuario/anuario_23/, 2023-11-06, Centro Virtual Cervantes, es, 2023-02-22,web.archive.org/web/20230222190339/https://www.bergesinstitutespanish.com/spanish-native-speakers, live, Estimate. Corrected as Equatorial Guinea is mistakenly included (no native speakers there) An additional 75 million speak Spanish as a second or foreign language, making it the fourth most spoken language in the world overall after English, Mandarin Chinese, and Hindi with a total number of 538 million speakers.WEB,www.ethnologue.com/statistics/size, Summary by language size, Ethnologue, 3 October 2018, 14 November 2020, 26 December 2018,web.archive.org/web/20181226040016/https://www.ethnologue.com/statistics/size, live, Spanish is also the third most used language on the Internet, after English and Chinese.WEB,www.internetworldstats.com/stats7.htm, Internet World Users by Language, 2008, Miniwatts Marketing Group, 20 November 2007,www.internetworldstats.com/stats7.htm," title="web.archive.org/web/20120426122721www.internetworldstats.com/stats7.htm,">web.archive.org/web/20120426122721www.internetworldstats.com/stats7.htm, 26 April 2012, live,Europe
(File:Knowledge of Spanish in European Union.svg|thumb|Percentage of people who self reportedly know enough Spanish to hold a conversation, in the EU, 2005{{legend|#554400|Native country}}{{legend|#AA8800|More than 8.99%}}{{legend|#E5B700|Between 4% and 8.99%}}{{legend|#FFDD55|Between 1% and 3.99%}}{{legend|#FFEEAA|Less than 1%}})Spanish is the official language of Spain. Upon the emergence of the Castilian Crown as the dominant power in the Iberian Peninsula by the end of the Middle Ages, the Romance vernacular associated with this polity became increasingly used in instances of prestige and influence, and the distinction between “Castilian” and “Spanish” started to become blurred.BOOK, Clara, Mar-Molinero, The Politics of Language in the Spanish-Speaking World, 2000, 0-203-44372-1, London, Routledge, 19–20, Hard policies imposing the language’s hegemony in an intensely centralising Spanish state were established from the 18th century onward.{{Sfn|Mar-Molinero|2000|p=21}}Other European territories in which it is also widely spoken include Gibraltar and Andorra.WEB,2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/3164.htm, Background Note: Andorra, U.S. Department of State: Bureau of European and Eurasian Affairs, January 2007, 20 August 2007,web.archive.org/web/20170122194318/https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/3164.htm, 22 January 2017, live, Spanish is also spoken by immigrant communities in other European countries, such as the United Kingdom, France, Italy, and Germany.WEB,www.bbc.co.uk/languages/european_languages/languages/spanish.shtml, BBC Education — Languages Across Europe — Spanish, Bbc.co.uk, 20 August 2012,www.bbc.co.uk/languages/european_languages/languages/spanish.shtml," title="web.archive.org/web/20120929052158www.bbc.co.uk/languages/european_languages/languages/spanish.shtml,">web.archive.org/web/20120929052158www.bbc.co.uk/languages/european_languages/languages/spanish.shtml, 29 September 2012, live, Spanish is an official language of the European Union.Americas
Hispanic America
Today, the majority of the Spanish speakers live in Hispanic America. Nationally, Spanish is the official language—either de facto or de jure—of Argentina, Bolivia (co-official with 36 indigenous languages), Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico (co-official with 63 indigenous languages), Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay (co-official with GuaranÃ),Constitución de la República del Paraguay {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140908185557www.constitution.org/cons/paraguay.htm |date=8 September 2014 }}, Article 140 Peru (co-official with Quechua, Aymara, and “the other indigenous languages“),Constitución PolÃtica del Perú {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140517192115constitucionpoliticadelperu.com/ |date=17 May 2014 }}, Article 48 Puerto Rico (co-official with English),NEWS,query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9F0CE1D8163AF93AA15752C0A965958260&n=Top%2fReference%2fTimes%20Topics%2fSubjects%2fE%2fEnglish%20Language, Puerto Rico Elevates English, 29 January 1993, the New York Times, 6 October 2007,query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9F0CE1D8163AF93AA15752C0A965958260&n=Top%2FReference%2FTimes%20Topics%2FSubjects%2FE%2FEnglish%20Language," title="web.archive.org/web/20080122011853query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9F0CE1D8163AF93AA15752C0A965958260&n=Top%2FReference%2FTimes%20Topics%2FSubjects%2FE%2FEnglish%20Language,">web.archive.org/web/20080122011853query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9F0CE1D8163AF93AA15752C0A965958260&n=Top%2FReference%2FTimes%20Topics%2FSubjects%2FE%2FEnglish%20Language, 22 January 2008, live, Uruguay, and Venezuela.United States
{{See also|Spanish language in California|New Mexican Spanish|Isleño Spanish}}(File:Spanish spoken at home in the United States 2019.svg|thumb|upright=1.35|right|Percentage of the U.S. population aged 5 and over who speaks Spanish at home in 2019, by states)Spanish language has a long history in the territory of the current-day United States dating back to the 16th century.{{Sfn|Lamboy|Salgado-Robles|2020|p=1}} In the wake of the 1848 Guadalupe Hidalgo Treaty, hundreds of thousands of Spanish speakers became a minoritized community in the United States.{{Sfn|Lamboy|Salgado-Robles|2020|p=1}} The 20th century saw further massive growth of Spanish speakers in areas where they had been hitherto scarce.BOOK, Spanish across Domains in the United States. Education, Public Space, and Social Media, Francisco, Salgado-Robles, Edwin M., Lamboy, Brill (publisher), Brill, 978-90-04-43322-9, 2020, Leiden, 1, Edwin M., Lamboy, Francisco, Salgado-Robles, Introduction: Spanish in the United States and across Domains, According to the 2020 census, over 60 million people of the U.S. population were of Hispanic or Hispanic American by origin.WEB,www.census.gov/library/visualizations/interactive/race-and-ethnicity-in-the-united-state-2010-and-2020-census.html, Racial and Ethnic Diversity in the United States: 2010 Census and 2020 Census, 12 August 2021, U.S. Census Bureau, 23 January 2021, 15 August 2021,web.archive.org/web/20210815165418/https://www.census.gov/library/visualizations/interactive/race-and-ethnicity-in-the-united-state-2010-and-2020-census.html, live, In turn, 41.8 million people in the United States aged five or older speak Spanish at home, or about 13% of the population.WEB,data.census.gov/cedsci/table?q=Language%20Spoken%20at%20Home&tid=ACSST1Y2019.S1601, American Community Survey Explore Census Data, 24 January 2022, 17 October 2021,web.archive.org/web/20211017182821/https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?q=Language%20Spoken%20at%20Home&tid=ACSST1Y2019.S1601, live, Spanish predominates in the unincorporated territory of Puerto Rico, where it is also an official language along with English.Spanish is by far the most common second language in the country, with over 50 million total speakers if non-native or second-language speakers are included.WEB,www.elpais.com/articulo/cultura/speak/spanish/Espana/elpepucul/20081006elpepicul_1/Tes, Más ‘speak spanish’ que en España, 6 October 2007,www.elpais.com/articulo/cultura/speak/spanish/Espana/elpepucul/20081006elpepicul_1/Tes," title="web.archive.org/web/20110520111353www.elpais.com/articulo/cultura/speak/spanish/Espana/elpepucul/20081006elpepicul_1/Tes,">web.archive.org/web/20110520111353www.elpais.com/articulo/cultura/speak/spanish/Espana/elpepucul/20081006elpepicul_1/Tes, 20 May 2011, live, (in Spanish) While English is the de facto national language of the country, Spanish is often used in public services and notices at the federal and state levels. Spanish is also used in administration in the state of New Mexico.BOOK, Crawford, John, Language loyalties: a source book on the official English controversy,books.google.com/books?id=wLoJ31HXl40C&pg=PA62, University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 1992, 62, 9780226120164, 14 November 2023, 30 November 2023,web.archive.org/web/20231130015012/https://books.google.com/books?id=wLoJ31HXl40C&pg=PA62, live, The language has a strong influence in major metropolitan areas such as those of Los Angeles, Miami, San Antonio, New York, San Francisco, Dallas, Tucson and Phoenix of the Arizona Sun Corridor, as well as more recently, Chicago, Las Vegas, Boston, Denver, Houston, Indianapolis, Philadelphia, Cleveland, Salt Lake City, Atlanta, Nashville, Orlando, Tampa, Raleigh and Baltimore-Washington, D.C. due to 20th- and 21st-century immigration.Rest of the Americas
Although Spanish has no official recognition in the former British colony of Belize (known until 1973 as British Honduras) where English is the sole official language, according to the 2010 census it was then spoken natively by 45% of the population and 56.6% of the total population were able to speak the language.REPORT,sib.org.bz/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/Census_Report_2010.pdf, Belize Population and Housing Census 2010: Country Report, Statistical Institute of Belize, 2013, en, 17 February 2018,sib.org.bz/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/Census_Report_2010.pdf," title="web.archive.org/web/20171010005545sib.org.bz/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/Census_Report_2010.pdf,">web.archive.org/web/20171010005545sib.org.bz/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/Census_Report_2010.pdf, 10 October 2017, Due to their proximity to Spanish-speaking countries and small existing native Spanish speaking minority, Trinidad and Tobago has implemented Spanish language teaching into its education system. The Trinidad government launched the Spanish as a First Foreign Language (SAFFL) initiative in March 2005.WEB,www.tradeind.gov.tt/SIS/FAQ.htm,www.tradeind.gov.tt/SIS/FAQ.htm," title="web.archive.org/web/20101103080637www.tradeind.gov.tt/SIS/FAQ.htm,">web.archive.org/web/20101103080637www.tradeind.gov.tt/SIS/FAQ.htm, 3 November 2010, FAQ, The Secretariat for The Implementation of Spanish, Government of the Republic, Trinidad and Tobago, 10 January 2012, dead, In addition to sharing most of its borders with Spanish-speaking countries, the creation of Mercosur in the early 1990s induced a favorable situation for the promotion of Spanish language teaching in Brazil.{{Sfn|Valle|Villa|2006|p=376}}JOURNAL,academicworks.cuny.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=https://scholar.google.es/&httpsredir=1&article=1082&context=gc_pubs, Spanish in Brazil: Language Policy, Business, and Cultural Propaganda, José del, Valle, Laura, Villa, Language Policy, 2006, 5, 4, 10.1007/s10993-006-9035-2, 376–377, 144373408, 5 February 2022, 24 January 2022,web.archive.org/web/20220124020917/https://academicworks.cuny.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=https%3A%2F%2Fscholar.google.es%2F&httpsredir=1&article=1082&context=gc_pubs, live, In 2005, the National Congress of Brazil approved a bill, signed into law by the President, making it mandatory for schools to offer Spanish as an alternative foreign language course in both public and private secondary schools in Brazil.WEB,www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/_Ato2004-2006/2005/Lei/L11161.htm, Brazilian Law 11.161, Presidência da República, 5 August 2005, 31 March 2014,www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/_Ato2004-2006/2005/Lei/L11161.htm," title="web.archive.org/web/20131031191701www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/_Ato2004-2006/2005/Lei/L11161.htm,">web.archive.org/web/20131031191701www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/_Ato2004-2006/2005/Lei/L11161.htm, 31 October 2013, live, In September 2016 this law was revoked by Michel Temer after the impeachment of Dilma Rousseff.NEWS,oglobo.globo.com/sociedade/educacao/novo-ensino-medio-tera-curriculo-flexivel-mais-horas-de-aula-20164798, Novo ensino médio terá currÃculo flexÃvel e mais horas de aula, O Globo, 23 September 2016, 23 September 2016,oglobo.globo.com/sociedade/educacao/novo-ensino-medio-tera-curriculo-flexivel-mais-horas-de-aula-20164798," title="web.archive.org/web/20160923213525oglobo.globo.com/sociedade/educacao/novo-ensino-medio-tera-curriculo-flexivel-mais-horas-de-aula-20164798,">web.archive.org/web/20160923213525oglobo.globo.com/sociedade/educacao/novo-ensino-medio-tera-curriculo-flexivel-mais-horas-de-aula-20164798, 23 September 2016, live, In many border towns and villages along Paraguay and Uruguay, a mixed language known as Portuñol is spoken.JOURNAL, Lipski, John M, 2006, Too close for comfort? the genesis of “portuñol/portunhol”, Timothy L, Face, Carol A, Klee, 1–22, Selected Proceedings of the 8th Hispanic Linguistics Symposium, Somerville, MA, Cascadilla Proceedings Project,www.lingref.com/cpp/hls/8/paper1251.pdf, 29 December 2008,www.lingref.com/cpp/hls/8/paper1251.pdf," title="web.archive.org/web/20081216225441www.lingref.com/cpp/hls/8/paper1251.pdf,">web.archive.org/web/20081216225441www.lingref.com/cpp/hls/8/paper1251.pdf, 16 December 2008, live,Africa
Sub-Saharan Africa
{{See also|Equatoguinean Spanish}}File:Malabo 08207.JPG|thumb|right|Spanish language signage in Malabo, capital city of Equatorial GuineaEquatorial GuineaEquatorial Guinea is the only Spanish-speaking country located entirely in Africa, with the language introduced during the Spanish colonial period.JOURNAL,revista-iberoamericana.pitt.edu/ojs/index.php/Iberoamericana/article/viewFile/7202/7335, John M. Lipski, John M., Lipski, ¿Existe un dialecto “ecuatoguineano” del español?, Revista Iberoamericana, 80, 248–249, 2014, 865–882, 10.5195/REVIBEROAMER.2014.7202, 19 January 2022, free, live, 24 January 2022,web.archive.org/web/20220124020919/https://revista-iberoamericana.pitt.edu/ojs/index.php/Iberoamericana/article/viewFile/7202/7335, Enshrined in the constitution as an official language (alongside French and Portuguese), Spanish features prominently in the Equatoguinean education system and is the primary language used in government and business.JOURNAL, The decline of the indigenous languages of Equatorial Guinea: a manifestation of the loss of cultural identity, Pedro Bayeme, Bituga-Nchama, Cruz Otu, Nvé-Ndumu, 2021, Revista Cátedra, 4, 3, 41,revistadigital.uce.edu.ec/index.php/CATEDRA/article/view/3147/3969, 19 January 2022, 24 January 2022,web.archive.org/web/20220124020917/https://revistadigital.uce.edu.ec/index.php/CATEDRA/article/view/3147/3969, live, Whereas it is not the mother tongue of virtually any of its speakers, the vast majority of the population is proficient in Spanish.Quilis and Casado-Fresnillo, 1995, pp. 27-35; cfr {{Harvcoltxt|Bituga-Nchama|Nvé-Ndumu|2021|p=41}} The Instituto Cervantes estimates that 87.7% of the population is fluent in Spanish.WEB,cvc.cervantes.es/lengua/anuario/anuario_06-07/pdf/paises_08.pdf, Gloria Nistal Rosique: El caso del español en Guinea ecuatorial, Instituto Cervantes., 7 February 2010, 26 October 2012,cvc.cervantes.es/lengua/anuario/anuario_06-07/pdf/paises_08.pdf," title="web.archive.org/web/20121026105600cvc.cervantes.es/lengua/anuario/anuario_06-07/pdf/paises_08.pdf,">web.archive.org/web/20121026105600cvc.cervantes.es/lengua/anuario/anuario_06-07/pdf/paises_08.pdf, live, This figure highlights Equatorial Guinea as having a higher proportion of proficient speakers of a colonial language relative to the respective metropolitan languages in other West and Central African nations.JOURNAL, Arizona Journal of Hispanic Cultural Studies, 8, 2004, The Spanish language of Equatorial Guinea, John M., Lipski, John M. Lipski, 117, 10.1353/hcs.2011.0376, 144501371,dialnet.unirioja.es/descarga/articulo/2574235.pdf, 19 January 2022,web.archive.org/web/20220121212630/https://dialnet.unirioja.es/descarga/articulo/2574235.pdf, 21 January 2022, live, Spanish is spoken by very small communities in Angola due to Cuban influence from the Cold War and in South Sudan among South Sudanese natives that relocated to Cuba during the Sudanese wars and returned for their country’s independence.{{Citation |publisher=Radio France International |language=es |url=http://www.espanol.rfi.fr/africa/20110706-los-cubanos-la-elite-del-sudan-del-sur |title=Los cubanos, la élite de Sudán del Sur |access-date=20 December 2011 |place=FR |date=6 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120112090846www.espanol.rfi.fr/africa/20110706-los-cubanos-la-elite-del-sudan-del-sur |archive-date=12 January 2012 |url-status=live}}North Africa and Macaronesia
{{See also|Canarian Spanish|Saharan Spanish}}Spanish is also spoken in the integral territories of Spain in Africa, namely the cities of Ceuta and Melilla and the Canary Islands, located in the Atlantic Ocean some {{convert|100|km|abbr=on}} off the northwest of the African mainland. The Spanish spoken in the Canary Islands, traces its origins back to the Castilian conquest in the 15th century, and, in addition to a resemblance to Western Andalusian speech patterns, it also features strong influence from the Spanish varieties spoken in the Americas,JOURNAL,revistes.urv.cat/index.php/utf/article/view/2332/2255, 175–176, Javier, Medina López, Universitas Tarraconensis. Revista de Filologia, 14, 1992–1993, Publicacions Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 2604-3432, Estandarización lingüÃstica en las hablas canarias, 19 January 2022, 24 January 2022,web.archive.org/web/20220124020917/https://revistes.urv.cat/index.php/utf/article/view/2332/2255, live, which in turn have also been influenced historically by Canarian Spanish.BOOK, Lipski, John, John M. Lipski, 1994, Latin American Spanish, 1st, Longman, An indisputable influence in the formation of Latin American Spanish, often overshadowed by discussion of the ‘Andalusian’ contribution, is the Canary Islands., 55, The Spanish spoken in North Africa by native bilingual speakers of Arabic or Berber who also speak Spanish as a second language features characteristics involving the variability of the vowel system.JOURNAL, Annual Review of Linguistics, Manuel, DÃaz-Campos, Juan M., Escalona Torres, Valentyna, Filimonova,www.annualreviews.org/doi/pdf/10.1146/annurev-linguistics-011619-030547, 369, 10.1146/annurev-linguistics-011619-030547, Sociolinguistics of the Spanish-Speaking World, 2020, 6, 210443649, 2333-9683, 9 December 2023, 9 December 2023,web.archive.org/web/20231209021219/https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/pdf/10.1146/annurev-linguistics-011619-030547, live, While far from the heyday of the Spanish protectorate in Morocco, there are some presence of the Spanish language in the north of Morocco, stemming for example from the availability of certain Spanish-language media.{{Sfn|Vicente|2011|p=67}} According to a 2012 survey by Morocco’s Royal Institute for Strategic Studies (IRES), penetration of Spanish in Morocco reaches a 4.6% of the population.BOOK, Ministry of Economy (Spain), Ministerio de EconomÃa y Empresa,catalogo.ceu.es/pdocs/710471_10353835.pdf, The economic and commercial influence of Spanish-based languages, Madrid, 2018, The endurance of Spanish in the Maghreb, 32–46, David, Fernández VÃtores, 9 December 2023, 13 January 2024,web.archive.org/web/20240113155342/https://catalogo.ceu.es/pdocs/710471_10353835.pdf, live, Many northern Moroccans have rudimentary knowledge of Spanish,{{Sfn|Vicente|2011|p=67}} with Spanish being particularly significant in areas adjacent to Ceuta and Melilla.{{Sfn|Fernández VÃtores|2018|pp=32–46}} Spanish has also presence in the education system of the country (either by means of selected education centers running the Spain’s education system, primarily located in the North, and the availability of Spanish as foreign language subject in secondary education).{{Sfn|Vicente|2011|p=67}}In Western Sahara, formerly Spanish Sahara, a primarily Hassaniya Arabic-speaking territory, Spanish was officially spoken as the language of the colonial administration during the late 19th and 20th centuries. Today, Spanish is present in the partially-recognized Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic as its secondary official language,WEB,archive.spsrasd.info/ar/articles/2018/11/29/18612.html, الوÙد الصØراوي سيØضر لقاء جني٠بإرادة صادقة للتقدم Ù†ØÙˆ الØÙ„ الذي يضمن ØÙ‚ الشعب الصØراوي ÙÙŠ تقرير المصير والاستقلال, The Sahrawi delegation will attend the Geneva meeting with a sincere will to move towards a solution that guarantees the right of the Sahrawi people to self-determination and independence, 29 November 2018, Sahara Press Service, 18 December 2023, ar, 25 November 2023,web.archive.org/web/20231125125903/https://archive.spsrasd.info/ar/articles/2018/11/29/18612.html, live, and in the Sahrawi refugee camps in Tindouf (Algeria), where the Spanish language is still taught as a second language, largely by Cuban educators.WEB,www.elindependiente.com/espana/2021/10/20/espana-se-desentiende-de-la-preservacion-del-castellano-en-los-campamentos-saharauis/, El Independiente, 20 October 2021, Francisco, Carrión, España se desentiende de la preservación del castellano en los campamentos saharauis, 19 January 2022, 24 January 2022,web.archive.org/web/20220124020916/https://www.elindependiente.com/espana/2021/10/20/espana-se-desentiende-de-la-preservacion-del-castellano-en-los-campamentos-saharauis/, live, WEB, Martos, Isabel, Linguistic Policy in the Camps of Sahrawi Refugees, researchgate.net,www.researchgate.net/publication/273993698, Universidad de Alcalá, 19 August 2018, 22 May 2021,web.archive.org/web/20210522172107/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/273993698_Linguistic_Policy_in_the_Camps_of_Sahrawi_Refugees_2014, live, WEB,cvc.cervantes.es/lengua/anuario/anuario_06-07/pdf/paises_3.pdf, El Español en los Campamentos de Refugiados Saharauis (Tinduf, Algeria), Cvc.cervantes.es, 20 May 2015, 26 December 2016,cvc.cervantes.es/lengua/anuario/anuario_06-07/pdf/paises_3.pdf," title="web.archive.org/web/20161226150735cvc.cervantes.es/lengua/anuario/anuario_06-07/pdf/paises_3.pdf,">web.archive.org/web/20161226150735cvc.cervantes.es/lengua/anuario/anuario_06-07/pdf/paises_3.pdf, live, The number of Spanish speakers is unknown.{{failed verification|date=January 2022}}WEB,www.lavozdegalicia.es/santiago/2008/03/04/0003_6622703.htm, Como saharauis queremos conservar el español, 3 March 2008, 15 March 2015, es,www.lavozdegalicia.es/santiago/2008/03/04/0003_6622703.htm," title="web.archive.org/web/20160309115802www.lavozdegalicia.es/santiago/2008/03/04/0003_6622703.htm,">web.archive.org/web/20160309115802www.lavozdegalicia.es/santiago/2008/03/04/0003_6622703.htm, 9 March 2016, live, WEB,www.saharalibre.es/modules.php?name=Content&pa=showpage&pid=50&page=2, Historia de un paÃs, 15 March 2015, es,www.saharalibre.es/modules.php?name=Content&pa=showpage&pid=50&page=2," title="web.archive.org/web/20150402103544www.saharalibre.es/modules.php?name=Content&pa=showpage&pid=50&page=2,">web.archive.org/web/20150402103544www.saharalibre.es/modules.php?name=Content&pa=showpage&pid=50&page=2, 2 April 2015, live, Spanish is also an official language of the African Union.Asia
{{See also|Chavacano|Philippine Spanish|Spanish language in the Philippines}}missing image!
- La-solidaridad2.jpg -
upSpanish language newspaper in the Philippines from 1892
Spanish was an official language of the Philippines from the beginning of Spanish administration in 1565 to a constitutional change in 1973. During Spanish colonization, it was the language of government, trade, and education, and was spoken as a first language by Spaniards and educated Filipinos (Ilustrados). Despite a public education system set up by the colonial government, by the end of Spanish rule in 1898, only about 10% of the population had knowledge of Spanish, mostly those of Spanish descent or elite standing.NEWS, es, Por qué Filipinas no es un paÃs hispanoparlante si fue una colonia de España durante 300 años (y qué huellas quedan de la lengua de Cervantes), BBC News Mundo, 30 January 2021,www.bbc.com/mundo/noticias-54724887, 31 January 2021, 30 January 2021,web.archive.org/web/20210130181828/https://www.bbc.com/mundo/noticias-54724887, live, Spanish continued to be official and used in Philippine literature and press during the early years of American administration after the Spanish–American War but was eventually replaced by English as the primary language of administration and education by the 1920s.NEWS, Ambeth, Ocampo, Ambeth Ocampo, The loss of Spanish,opinion.inquirer.net/inquireropinion/columns/view/20071204-104897/The_loss_of_Spanish, 4 December 2007, Philippine Daily Inquirer (INQUIRER.net), Makati City, Philippines, Opinion,opinion.inquirer.net/inquireropinion/columns/view/20071204-104897/The_loss_of_Spanish," title="web.archive.org/web/20120311211640opinion.inquirer.net/inquireropinion/columns/view/20071204-104897/The_loss_of_Spanish,">web.archive.org/web/20120311211640opinion.inquirer.net/inquireropinion/columns/view/20071204-104897/The_loss_of_Spanish, 11 March 2012, dead, 26 July 2010, Nevertheless, despite a significant decrease in influence and speakers, Spanish remained an official language of the Philippines upon independence in 1946, alongside English and Filipino, a standardized version of Tagalog.Spanish was briefly removed from official status in 1973 but reimplemented under the administration of Ferdinand Marcos two months later.WEB,www.chanrobles.com/presidentialdecrees/presidentialdecreeno155.html, Presidential Decree No. 155 : PHILIPPINE LAWS, STATUTES and CODES : CHAN ROBLES VIRTUAL LAW LIBRARY, Chanrobles.com, 24 March 2014,www.chanrobles.com/presidentialdecrees/presidentialdecreeno155.html," title="web.archive.org/web/20131003012548www.chanrobles.com/presidentialdecrees/presidentialdecreeno155.html,">web.archive.org/web/20131003012548www.chanrobles.com/presidentialdecrees/presidentialdecreeno155.html, 3 October 2013, live, It remained an official language until the ratification of the present constitution in 1987, in which it was re-designated as a voluntary and optional auxiliary language.Article XIV, Sec 7: “For purposes of communication and instruction, the official languages of the Philippines are Filipino and, until otherwise provided by law, English. The regional languages are the auxiliary official languages in the regions and shall serve as auxiliary media of instruction therein. Spanish and Arabic shall be promoted on a voluntary and optional basis.” Additionally, the constitution, in its Article XIV, stipulates that the Government shall provide the people of the Philippines with a Spanish-language translation of the country’s constitution.Article XIV, Sec 8: “This Constitution shall be promulgated in Filipino and English and shall be translated into major regional languages, Arabic, and Spanish.” In recent years changing attitudes among non-Spanish speaking Filipinos have helped spur a revival of the language,WEB, RodrÃguez-Ponga, Rafael, New Prospects for the Spanish Language in the Philippines,www.realinstitutoelcano.org/wps/portal/web/rielcano_en/contenido?WCM_GLOBAL_CONTEXT=/elcano/elcano_in/zonas_in/spanish+language+culture/ari27-2009#.VPUs_lPF9l8, 1 March 2015,www.realinstitutoelcano.org/wps/portal/web/rielcano_en/contenido?WCM_GLOBAL_CONTEXT=%2Felcano%2Felcano_in%2Fzonas_in%2Fspanish+language+culture%2Fari27-2009#.VPUs_lPF9l8," title="web.archive.org/web/20150402171759www.realinstitutoelcano.org/wps/portal/web/rielcano_en/contenido?WCM_GLOBAL_CONTEXT=%2Felcano%2Felcano_in%2Fzonas_in%2Fspanish+language+culture%2Fari27-2009#.VPUs_lPF9l8,">web.archive.org/web/20150402171759www.realinstitutoelcano.org/wps/portal/web/rielcano_en/contenido?WCM_GLOBAL_CONTEXT=%2Felcano%2Felcano_in%2Fzonas_in%2Fspanish+language+culture%2Fari27-2009#.VPUs_lPF9l8, 2 April 2015, live, WEB,www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/264032/news/nation/pnoy-and-spains-queen-sofia-welcome-return-of-spanish-language-in-phl-schools, PNoy (President Benigno Aquino III) and Spain’s Queen Sofia welcome return of Spanish language in Philippine schools, Amita O., Legaspi, 3 July 2012, GMA News, 8 August 2013, live, 7 July 2012,www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/264032/news/nation/pnoy-and-spains-queen-sofia-welcome-return-of-spanish-language-in-phl-schools," title="web.archive.org/web/20120707011008www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/264032/news/nation/pnoy-and-spains-queen-sofia-welcome-return-of-spanish-language-in-phl-schools,">web.archive.org/web/20120707011008www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/264032/news/nation/pnoy-and-spains-queen-sofia-welcome-return-of-spanish-language-in-phl-schools, and starting in 2009 Spanish was reintroduced as part of the basic education curriculum in a number of public high schools, becoming the largest foreign language program offered by the public school system,NEWS, Spanish Language Program in Philippine Public Secondary Schools,www.seameo-innotech.org/portfolio_page/spanish-language-program-in-philippine-public-secondary-schools/, Southeast Asian Ministers of Education Organization, SEAMEO Regional Center for Educational Innovation and Technology, May 8, 2023, 22 January 2024,web.archive.org/web/20240122225404/https://www.seameo-innotech.org/portfolio_page/spanish-language-program-in-philippine-public-secondary-schools/, live, with over 7,000 students studying the language in the 2021–2022 school year alone.WEB, Studying – In the Philippines,www.educacionyfp.gob.es/filipinas/en_PH/estudiar/en-filipinas, Ministry of Education (Spain), Ministry of Education and Vocational Training of Spain, May 8, 2023, April 8, 2023,web.archive.org/web/20230408125717/https://www.educacionyfp.gob.es/filipinas/en_PH/estudiar/en-filipinas, The local business process outsourcing industry has also helped boost the language’s economic prospects.NEWS, Weedon, Alan, The Philippines is fronting up to its Spanish heritage, and for some it’s paying off,www.abc.net.au/news/2019-08-10/inside-the-push-to-bring-back-spanish-into-the-philippines/11356590, ABC News (Australia), ABC News and Current Affairs, August 10, 2019, January 18, 2022, 12 December 2021,web.archive.org/web/20211212035502/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2019-08-10/inside-the-push-to-bring-back-spanish-into-the-philippines/11356590, live, Today, while the actual number of proficient Spanish speakers is around 400,000, or under 0.5% of the population,WEB,www.manilatimes.net/2020/10/06/opinion/columnists/spanish-is-an-endangered-filipino-language/776874, Spanish is an endangered Filipino language, Jorge, Mojarro, 6 October 2020, The Manila Times, 18 January 2022, 18 January 2022,web.archive.org/web/20220118101358/https://www.manilatimes.net/2020/10/06/opinion/columnists/spanish-is-an-endangered-filipino-language/776874, live, a new generation of Spanish speakers in the Philippines has likewise emerged, though speaker estimates vary widely.THESIS, Master, Andrés Barrenechea, Clarissa, La enseñanza del español como lengua extranjera en Filipinas. Estudio de caso de la Universidad Ateneo de Manila, The Teaching of Spanish as a Foreign Language in the Philippines: Case Study of the Ateneo de Manila University, es,revista.carayanpress.com/resources/RF-CBarrenechea.pdf, Autonomous University of Zacatecas, June 2013, May 8, 2023, 10 April 2023,web.archive.org/web/20230410005950/https://revista.carayanpress.com/resources/RF-CBarrenechea.pdf, live, Aside from standard Spanish, a Spanish-based creole language called Chavacano developed in the southern Philippines. However, it is not mutually intelligible with Spanish.Spanish creole: {{Citation |first=Antonio |last=Quilis |title=La lengua española en Filipinas |year=1996 |page=54 and 55 |url=http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/servlet/SirveObras/01350553135573500088680/209438_0013.pdf |publisher=Cervantes virtual |access-date=1 December 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090806190230www.cervantesvirtual.com/servlet/SirveObras/01350553135573500088680/209438_0013.pdf |archive-date=6 August 2009 |url-status=live}} The number of Chavacano-speakers was estimated at 1.2 million in 1996.{{Harvcoltxt|Rubino|2008|p=279}} The local languages of the Philippines also retain significant Spanish influence, with many words derived from Mexican Spanish, owing to the administration of the islands by Spain through New Spain until 1821, until direct governance from Madrid afterwards to 1898.{{Citation|url=http://www.thecorpusjuris.com/laws/constitutions/8-philippineconstitutions/68-1973-constitution.html|title=1973 Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines|publisher=The corpus juris |access-date=6 April 2008|at=Article XV, Section 3(3)|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080417201402www.thecorpusjuris.com/laws/constitutions/8-philippineconstitutions/68-1973-constitution.html|archive-date=17 April 2008|url-status=dead}}WEB, Spanish Influence on Language, Culture, and Philippine History,filipinokastila.tripod.com/FilSpa.html, 15 March 2015,filipinokastila.tripod.com/FilSpa.html," title="web.archive.org/web/20150305163610filipinokastila.tripod.com/FilSpa.html,">web.archive.org/web/20150305163610filipinokastila.tripod.com/FilSpa.html, 5 March 2015, live, - La-solidaridad2.jpg -
upSpanish language newspaper in the Philippines from 1892
Oceania
File:Parque Nacional Rapa Nui.jpg|thumb|Announcement in Spanish on Easter Island, welcoming visitors to Rapa Nui National ParkRapa Nui National ParkSpanish is the official and most spoken language on Easter Island, which is geographically part of Polynesia in Oceania and politically part of Chile. However, Easter Island’s traditional language is Rapa Nui, an Eastern Polynesian language.As a legacy of comprising the former Spanish East Indies, Spanish loan words are present in the local languages of Guam, Northern Mariana Islands, Palau, Marshall Islands and Micronesia.WEB,www.als.asn.au/proceedings/als2005/engelberg-german.pdf, The Influence of German on the Lexicon of Palauan and Kosraean (Dissertation), Engelberg, Stefan, 23 August 2012,www.als.asn.au/proceedings/als2005/engelberg-german.pdf," title="web.archive.org/web/20121221131940www.als.asn.au/proceedings/als2005/engelberg-german.pdf,">web.archive.org/web/20121221131940www.als.asn.au/proceedings/als2005/engelberg-german.pdf, 21 December 2012, live, WEB, Spanish language in Philippines,www.spanish-in-the-world.net/Spanish/philippines.php, 1 March 2015, dead,www.spanish-in-the-world.net/Spanish/philippines.php," title="web.archive.org/web/20150318055051www.spanish-in-the-world.net/Spanish/philippines.php,">web.archive.org/web/20150318055051www.spanish-in-the-world.net/Spanish/philippines.php, 18 March 2015, In addition, in Australia and New Zealand, there are native Spanish communities, resulting from emigration from Spanish-speaking countries (mainly from the Southern Cone).WEB,cvc.cervantes.es/lengua/anuario/anuario_06-07/pdf/paises_34.pdf, cvc.cervantes (Spanish in Australia and New Zealand), 25 May 2022, 16 June 2022,web.archive.org/web/20220616051405/https://cvc.cervantes.es/lengua/anuario/anuario_06-07/pdf/paises_34.pdf, live,Spanish speakers by country
20 countries and one United States territory speak Spanish officially, and the language has a significant unofficial presence in the rest of the United States along with Andorra, Belize and the territory of Gibraltar.{| class=“wikitable sortable“|+Worldwide Spanish fluency (grey and * signifies official language)- {{Citation|title=World Population Prospects | archive-url =esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/Excel-Data/population.htm" title="web.archive.org/web/20150510051033esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/Excel-Data/population.htm">web.archive.org/web/20150510051033esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/Excel-Data/population.htm| archive-date = 10 May 2015 | place = EU |url=http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/Excel-Data/population.htm}}
- {{citation| url =ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_386_anx_en.pdf |access-date=12 April 2013 | title = Eurobarometer | year = 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130429224902ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_386_anx_en.pdf | archive-date = 29 April 2013 | url-status = live| quote = Page TS2: Population older than 15 years old of each country. page T74: Speakers who speak Spanish very well. Page T46: Speakers who speak well enough in order to be able to have a conversation.}}
,www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial/2020/data/apportionment/apportionment-2020-table02.pdf
, 2020 US. census Bureau
, dead
,www.census.gov/popest/data/national/totals/2015/index.html" title="web.archive.org/web/20151223044815www.census.gov/popest/data/national/totals/2015/index.html">web.archive.org/web/20151223044815www.census.gov/popest/data/national/totals/2015/index.html
, 23 December 2015
, , 2020 US. census Bureau
, dead
,www.census.gov/popest/data/national/totals/2015/index.html" title="web.archive.org/web/20151223044815www.census.gov/popest/data/national/totals/2015/index.html">web.archive.org/web/20151223044815www.census.gov/popest/data/national/totals/2015/index.html
, 23 December 2015
Grammar
File:Cervantes Jáuregui.jpg|thumb|upright|Miguel de Cervantes, considered by many the greatest author of Spanish literature, and author of Don QuixoteDon QuixoteMost of the grammatical and typological features of Spanish are shared with the other Romance languages. Spanish is a fusional language. The noun and adjective systems exhibit two genders and two numbers. In addition, articles and some pronouns and determiners have a neuter gender in their singular form. There are about fifty conjugated forms per verb, with 3 tenses: past, present, future; 2 aspects for past: perfective, imperfective; 4 moods: indicative, subjunctive, conditional, imperative; 3 persons: first, second, third; 2 numbers: singular, plural; 3 verboid forms: infinitive, gerund, and past participle. The indicative mood is the unmarked one, while the subjunctive mood expresses uncertainty or indetermination, and is commonly paired with the conditional, which is a mood used to express “would” (as in, “I would eat if I had food“); the imperative is a mood to express a command, commonly a one word phrase – “¡Di!” (“Talk!“).Verbs express T-V distinction by using different persons for formal and informal addresses. (For a detailed overview of verbs, see Spanish verbs and Spanish irregular verbs.)Spanish syntax is considered right-branching, meaning that subordinate or modifying constituents tend to be placed after head words. The language uses prepositions (rather than postpositions or inflection of nouns for case), and usually—though not always—places adjectives after nouns, as do most other Romance languages.Spanish is classified as a subject–verb–object language; however, as in most Romance languages, constituent order is highly variable and governed mainly by topicalization and focus rather than by syntax. It is a “pro-drop”, or “null-subject” language—that is, it allows the deletion of subject pronouns when they are pragmatically unnecessary. Spanish is described as a “verb-framed” language, meaning that the direction of motion is expressed in the verb while the mode of locomotion is expressed adverbially (e.g. subir corriendo or salir volando; the respective English equivalents of these examples—’to run up’ and ‘to fly out’—show that English is, by contrast, “satellite-framed”, with mode of locomotion expressed in the verb and direction in an adverbial modifier).Phonology
(File:Miguel Hache - voice.ogg|thumb|Spanish as spoken in Spain)The Spanish phonological system evolved from that of Vulgar Latin. Its development exhibits some traits in common with other Western Romance languages, others with the neighboring Hispanic varieties—especially Leonese and Aragonese—as well as other features unique to Spanish. Spanish is alone among its immediate neighbors in having undergone frequent aspiration and eventual loss of the Latin initial {{IPA|/f/}} sound (e.g. Cast. vs. Leon. and Arag. ).{{Harvcoltxt|Zamora Vicente|1967|pp=117 and 222}} The Latin initial consonant sequences , , and in Spanish typically merge as (originally pronounced {{IPA|[ʎ]}}), while in Aragonese they are preserved in most dialects, and in Leonese they present a variety of outcomes, including {{IPA|[tʃ]}}, {{IPA|[ʃ]}}, and {{IPA|[ʎ]}}. Where Latin had before a vowel (e.g. ) or the ending , (e.g. ), Old Spanish produced {{IPA|[ʒ]}}, that in Modern Spanish became the velar fricative {{IPA|[x]}} (, ), whereas neighboring languages have the palatal lateral {{IPA|[ʎ]}} (e.g. Portuguese , ; Catalan , ).Segmental phonology
(File:Spanish vowel chart.svg|thumb|upright=1.15|Spanish vowel chart, from {{Harvcoltxt|Ladefoged|Johnson|2010|p=227}})The Spanish phonemic inventory consists of five vowel phonemes ({{IPA|/a/}}, {{IPA|/e/}}, {{IPA|/i/}}, {{IPA|/o/}}, {{IPA|/u/}}) and 17 to 19 consonant phonemes (the exact number depending on the dialect{{Harvcoltxt|Hualde|2014|p=39}}). The main allophonic variation among vowels is the reduction of the high vowels {{IPA|/i/}} and {{IPA|/u/}} to glides—{{IPA|[j]}} and {{IPA|[w]}} respectively—when unstressed and adjacent to another vowel. Some instances of the mid vowels {{IPA|/e/}} and {{IPA|/o/}}, determined lexically, alternate with the diphthongs {{IPA|/je/}} and {{IPA|/we/}} respectively when stressed, in a process that is better described as morphophonemic rather than phonological, as it is not predictable from phonology alone.The Spanish consonant system is characterized by (1) three nasal phonemes, and one or two (depending on the dialect) lateral phoneme(s), which in syllable-final position lose their contrast and are subject to assimilation to a following consonant; (2) three voiceless stops and the affricate {{IPA|/tʃ/}}; (3) three or four (depending on the dialect) voiceless fricatives; (4) a set of voiced obstruents—{{IPA|/b/}}, {{IPA|/d/}}, {{IPA|/É¡/}}, and sometimes {{IPA|/Ê/}}—which alternate between approximant and plosive allophones depending on the environment; and (5) a phonemic distinction between the “tapped” and “trilled” r-sounds (single {{angle bracket|r}} and double {{angle bracket|rr}} in orthography).In the following table of consonant phonemes, {{IPA|/ÊŽ/}} is marked with an asterisk (*) to indicate that it is preserved only in some dialects. In most dialects it has been merged with {{IPA|/Ê/}} in the merger called . Similarly, {{IPA|/θ/}} is also marked with an asterisk to indicate that most dialects do not distinguish it from {{IPA|/s/}} (see ), although this is not a true merger but an outcome of different evolution of sibilants in Southern Spain.The phoneme {{IPA|/ʃ/}} is in parentheses () to indicate that it appears only in loanwords. Each of the voiced obstruent phonemes {{IPA|/b/}}, {{IPA|/d/}}, {{IPA|/Ê/}}, and {{IPA|/É¡/}} appears to the right of a pair of voiceless phonemes, to indicate that, while the voiceless phonemes maintain a phonemic contrast between plosive (or affricate) and fricative, the voiced ones alternate allophonically (i.e. without phonemic contrast) between plosive and approximant pronunciations.{| class=“wikitable” style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto; text-align: center;”Prosody
Spanish is classified by its rhythm as a syllable-timed language: each syllable has approximately the same duration regardless of stress.{{Harvcoltxt|Cressey|1978|p=152}}{{Harvcoltxt|Abercrombie|1967|p=98}}Spanish intonation varies significantly according to dialect but generally conforms to a pattern of falling tone for declarative sentences and wh-questions (who, what, why, etc.) and rising tone for yes/no questions.BOOK, John B. Dabor, Spanish Pronunciation: Theory and Practice, 3rd, Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1997, Ch. 7, WEB,www.auburn.edu/academic/liberal_arts/foreign/Spanish/FLSP0501/dalvofile.html, John B. Dalbor’s Voice Files to Accompany Spanish Pronunciation, Auburn.edu, 20 August 2012, dead,www.auburn.edu/academic/liberal_arts/foreign/Spanish/FLSP0501/dalvofile.html," title="web.archive.org/web/20120308071525www.auburn.edu/academic/liberal_arts/foreign/Spanish/FLSP0501/dalvofile.html,">web.archive.org/web/20120308071525www.auburn.edu/academic/liberal_arts/foreign/Spanish/FLSP0501/dalvofile.html, 8 March 2012, There are no syntactic markers to distinguish between questions and statements and thus, the recognition of declarative or interrogative depends entirely on intonation.Stress most often occurs on any of the last three syllables of a word, with some rare exceptions at the fourth-to-last or earlier syllables. Stress tends to occur as follows:{{Harvcoltxt|Eddington|2000|p=96}}{{Better source needed|date=January 2021}}- in words that end with a monophthong, on the penultimate syllable
- when the word ends in a diphthong, on the final syllable.
- in words that end with a consonant, on the last syllable, with the exception of two grammatical endings: , for third-person-plural of verbs, and , for plural of nouns and adjectives or for second-person-singular of verbs. However, even though a significant number of nouns and adjectives ending with are also stressed on the penult (, , ), the great majority of nouns and adjectives ending with are stressed on their last syllable (, , , ).
- Preantepenultimate stress (stress on the fourth-to-last syllable) occurs rarely, only on verbs with clitic pronouns attached (e.g. ‘saving them for him/her/them/you’).
Speaker population
Spanish is the official, or national language in 18 countries and one territory in the Americas, Spain, and Equatorial Guinea. With a population of over 410 million, Hispanophone America accounts for the vast majority of Spanish speakers, of which Mexico is the most populous Spanish-speaking country. In the European Union, Spanish is the mother tongue of 8% of the population, with an additional 7% speaking it as a second language.WEB,ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_386_en.pdf, Europeans and their Languages, 2 January 2013, dead,ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_386_en.pdf," title="web.archive.org/web/20160106183351ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_386_en.pdf,">web.archive.org/web/20160106183351ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_386_en.pdf, 6 January 2016, Additionally, Spanish is the second most spoken language in the United States and is by far the most popular foreign language among students.WEB,www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0905275.html, Most Studied Foreign Languages in the U.S, Infoplease.com, 20 August 2012,www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0905275.html," title="web.archive.org/web/20120814042126www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0905275.html,">web.archive.org/web/20120814042126www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0905275.html, 14 August 2012, live, In 2015, it was estimated that over 50 million Americans spoke Spanish, about 41 million of whom were native speakers.WEB,www.theguardian.com/us-news/2015/jun/29/us-second-biggest-spanish-speaking-country, US now has more Spanish speakers than Spain – only Mexico has more, The Guardian, 29 June 2015, 24 January 2021, 23 November 2018,web.archive.org/web/20181123045244/https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2015/jun/29/us-second-biggest-spanish-speaking-country, live, With continued immigration and increased use of the language domestically in public spheres and media, the number of Spanish speakers in the United States is expected to continue growing over the forthcoming decades.WEB,www.census.gov/library/working-papers/2011/demo/2011-Shin-Ortman.html, Language Projections: 2010 to 2020, US Census, Bureau, The United States Census Bureau, 19 August 2019,web.archive.org/web/20190819054204/https://www.census.gov/library/working-papers/2011/demo/2011-Shin-Ortman.html, 19 August 2019, live,Dialectal variation
(File:Variedades principales del español.png|thumb|upright=1.35|A world map attempting to identify the main dialects of Spanish)While being mutually intelligible, there are important variations (phonological, grammatical, and lexical) in the spoken Spanish of the various regions of Spain and throughout the Spanish-speaking areas of the Americas.The national variety with the most speakers is Mexican Spanish. It is spoken by more than twenty percent of the world’s Spanish speakers (more than 112 million of the total of more than 500 million, according to the table above). One of its main features is the reduction or loss of unstressed vowels, mainly when they are in contact with the sound /s/.Eleanor Greet Cotton, John M. Sharp (1988) Spanish in the Americas, Volume 2, pp. 154–155, {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150915115219books.google.com/books?id=89KX2RC6Gx0C&pg=PA154&dq=Mexican+vowels&client=firefox-a#v=onepage&q=Mexican%20vowels&f=false |date=15 September 2015}}BOOK, Lope Blanch, Juan M., 1972, En torno a las vocales caedizas del español mexicano, 53–73, Estudios sobre el español de México, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México, es,www.filos.unam.mx/LICENCIATURA/Pagina_FyF_2004/introduccion/Lope_Vocales_caedizas.pdf, 5 February 2011,www.filos.unam.mx/LICENCIATURA/Pagina_FyF_2004/introduccion/Lope_Vocales_caedizas.pdf," title="web.archive.org/web/20110205011128www.filos.unam.mx/LICENCIATURA/Pagina_FyF_2004/introduccion/Lope_Vocales_caedizas.pdf,">web.archive.org/web/20110205011128www.filos.unam.mx/LICENCIATURA/Pagina_FyF_2004/introduccion/Lope_Vocales_caedizas.pdf, In Spain, northern dialects are popularly thought of as closer to the standard, although positive attitudes toward southern dialects have increased significantly in the last 50 years. The speech from the educated classes of Madrid is the standard variety for use on radio and television in Spain and it is indicated by many as the one that has most influenced the written standard for Spanish.{{Harvcoltxt|Penny |2000|p=199}}: “whatever might be claimed by other centres, such as Valladolid, it was educated varieties of Madrid Spanish that were mostly regularly reflected in the written standard.” Central (European) Spanish speech patterns have been noted to be in the process of merging with more innovative southern varieties (including Eastern Andalusian and Murcian), as an emerging interdialectal levelled koine buffered between the Madrid’s traditional national standard and the Seville speech trends.JOURNAL, Juan Manuel, Hernández Campoy, Juan Andrés, Villena Ponsoda, Standardness and nonstandardness in Spain: dialect attrition and revitalization of regional dialects of Spanish, International Journal of the Sociology of Language, 2009, 10.1515/IJSL.2009.021, 196–197, 185–186, 145000590,www.academia.edu/30322624, 24 January 2022, live, 24 January 2022,web.archive.org/web/20220124040200/https://www.academia.edu/30322624/Standardness_and_nonstandardness_in_Spain_dialect_attrition_and_revitalization_of_regional_dialects_of_Spanish,Phonology
{{See also|Phonetic change “f → h” in Spanish}}The four main phonological divisions are based respectively on (1) the phoneme {{IPAslink|θ}}, (2) the debuccalization of syllable-final {{IPA|/s/}}, (3) the sound of the spelled {{angle bracket|s}}, (4) and the phoneme {{IPAslink|ÊŽ}}.- The phoneme {{IPA|/θ/}} (spelled before or and spelled {{angle bracket|z}} elsewhere), a voiceless dental fricative as in English thing
Morphology
The main morphological variations between dialects of Spanish involve differing uses of pronouns, especially those of the second person and, to a lesser extent, the object pronouns of the third person.Voseo
{{More citations needed section|date=October 2012}}File:Voseo-extension-real.PNG|thumb|An examination of the dominance and stress of the feature in Hispanic America. Data generated as illustrated by the Association of Spanish Language AcademiesAssociation of Spanish Language AcademiesVirtually all dialects of Spanish make the distinction between a formal and a familiar register in the second-person singular and thus have two different pronouns meaning “you”: in the formal and either or in the familiar (and each of these three pronouns has its associated verb forms), with the choice of or varying from one dialect to another. The use of and its verb forms is called . In a few dialects, all three pronouns are used, with , , and denoting respectively formality, familiarity, and intimacy.WEB, 2023-06-11, October 2005,buscon.rae.es/dpdI/, Diccionario panhispánico de dudas, Pan-Hispanic Dictionary of Doubts, Real Academia Española y Asociación de Academias de la Lengua Española [Royal Spanish Academy and Association of Academies of the Spanish Language], es, 2023-11-06,buscon.rae.es/dpdI/," title="web.archive.org/web/20110305022017buscon.rae.es/dpdI/,">web.archive.org/web/20110305022017buscon.rae.es/dpdI/, 5 March 2011, live, In , is the subject form (, “you say“) and the form for the object of a preposition (, “I am going with you“), while the direct and indirect object forms, and the possessives, are the same as those associated with : (“You know your friends respect you“).The verb forms of the general are the same as those used with except in the present tense (indicative and imperative) verbs. The forms for generally can be derived from those of (the traditional second-person familiar plural) by deleting the glide {{IPA|[i̯]}}, or {{IPA|/d/}}, where it appears in the ending: > ; > , () > (), () > ().WEB,www.rae.es/dpd/voseo, Voseo según DPD, es, 27 January 2022, 4 November 2012,www.rae.es/dpd/?key=voseo," title="web.archive.org/web/20121104222442www.rae.es/dpd/?key=voseo,">web.archive.org/web/20121104222442www.rae.es/dpd/?key=voseo, live, {| class=“wikitable”Distribution in Spanish-speaking regions of the Americas
Although is not used in Spain, it occurs in many Spanish-speaking regions of the Americas as the primary spoken form of the second-person singular familiar pronoun, with wide differences in social consideration.WEB, Andrew, 10 April 2018, A Brief Guide to Regional Variation of the Forms of Address (Tú, Vos, Usted) in Spanish,howlearnspanish.com/forms-of-address-guide/, 2 November 2020, Learn Spanish with Andrew, en-US, 9 November 2020,web.archive.org/web/20201109032144/https://howlearnspanish.com/forms-of-address-guide/, live, {{better source needed|date=November 2020}} Generally, it can be said that there are zones of exclusive use of (the use of ) in the following areas: almost all of Mexico, the West Indies, Panama, most of Colombia, Peru, Venezuela and coastal Ecuador.
as a cultured form alternates with as a popular or rural form in Bolivia, in the north and south of Peru, in Andean Ecuador, in small zones of the Venezuelan Andes (and most notably in the Venezuelan state of Zulia), and in a large part of Colombia. Some researchers maintain that can be heard in some parts of eastern Cuba, and others assert that it is absent from the island.Katia Salamanca de Abreu, review of Humberto López Morales, Estudios sobre el español de Cuba {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121221132209cvc.cervantes.es/lengua/thesaurus/pdf/28/TH_28_001_138_0.pdf |date=21 December 2012 }} (New York: Editorial Las Américas, 1970), in Thesaurus, 28 (1973), 138–146.
exists as the second-person usage with an intermediate degree of formality alongside the more familiar in Chile, in the Venezuelan state of Zulia, on the Caribbean coast of Colombia, in the Azuero Peninsula in Panama, in the Mexican state of Chiapas, and in parts of Guatemala.
Areas of generalized include Argentina, Nicaragua, eastern Bolivia, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Costa Rica, Paraguay, Uruguay and the Colombian departments of Antioquia, Caldas, Risaralda, Quindio and Valle del Cauca.Ustedes
functions as formal and informal second-person plural in all of Hispanic America, the Canary Islands, and parts of Andalusia. It agrees with verbs in the 3rd person plural. Most of Spain maintains the formal/familiar distinction with and respectively. The use of with the second person plural is sometimes heard in Andalusia, but it is non-standard.
Usted
is the usual second-person singular pronoun in a formal context, but it is used jointly with the third-person singular voice of the verb. It is used to convey respect toward someone who is a generation older or is of higher authority (“you, sir“/“you, ma’am“). It is also used in a familiar context by many speakers in Colombia and Costa Rica and in parts of Ecuador and Panama, to the exclusion of or . This usage is sometimes called in Spanish.
In Central America, especially in Honduras, is often used as a formal pronoun to convey respect between the members of a romantic couple. is also used that way between parents and children in the Andean regions of Ecuador, Colombia and Venezuela.Third-person object pronouns
Most speakers use (and the prefers) the pronouns and for direct objects (masculine and feminine respectively, regardless of animacy, meaning “him”, “her”, or “it“), and for indirect objects (regardless of gender or animacy, meaning “to him”, “to her”, or “to it“). The usage is sometimes called “etymological”, as these direct and indirect object pronouns are a continuation, respectively, of the accusative and dative pronouns of Latin, the ancestor language of Spanish.Deviations from this norm (more common in Spain than in the Americas) are called “”, “”, or “”, according to which respective pronoun, , , or , has expanded beyond the etymological usage ( as a direct object, or or as an indirect object).Vocabulary
Some words can be significantly different in different Hispanophone countries. Most Spanish speakers can recognize other Spanish forms even in places where they are not commonly used, but Spaniards generally do not recognize specifically American usages. For example, Spanish , and (respectively, ‘butter’, ‘avocado’, ‘apricot’) correspond to (word used for lard in Peninsular Spanish), , and , respectively, in Argentina, Chile (except ), Paraguay, Peru (except and ), and Uruguay. In the healthcare context, an assessment of the Spanish translation of the QWB-SA identified some regional vocabulary choices and US-specific concepts, which cannot be successfully implemented in Spain without adaptation.BOOK, Congost-Maestre, Nereida,www.rti.org/rti-press-publication/language-survey-research, Sociocultural issues in adapting Spanish health survey translation: The case of the QWB-SA (Chapter 10) in The Essential Role of Language in Survey Research, 2020-04-30, RTI Press, 978-1-934831-24-3, Sha, Mandy, 203–220, 10.3768/rtipress.bk.0023.2004, free, 13 December 2023, 11 December 2023,web.archive.org/web/20231211122733/https://www.rti.org/rti-press-publication/language-survey-research, live,Vocabulary
Around 85% of everyday Spanish vocabulary is of Latin origin. Most of the core vocabulary and the most common words in Spanish comes from Latin. The Spanish words first learned by children as they learn to speak are mainly words of Latin origin. These words of Latin origin can be classified as heritage words, cultisms and semi-cultisms.Most of the Spanish lexicon is made up of heritage lexicon. Heritage or directly inherited words are those whose presence in the spoken language has been continued since before the differentiation of the Romance languages. Heritage words are characterized by having undergone all the phonetic changes experienced by the language. This differentiates it from the cultisms and semi-cultisms that were no longer used in the spoken language and were later reintroduced for restricted uses. Because of this, cultisms generally have not experienced some of the phonetic changes and present a different form than they would have if they had been transmitted with heritage words.In the philological tradition of Spanish, cultism is called a word whose morphology very strictly follows its Greek or Latin etymological origin, without undergoing the changes that the evolution of the Spanish language followed from its origin in Vulgar Latin. The same concept also exists in other Romance languages. Reintroduced into the language for cultural, literary or scientific considerations, cultism only adapts its form to the orthographic and phonological conventions derived from linguistic evolution, but ignores the transformations that the roots and morphemes underwent in the development of the Romance language.In some cases, cultisms are used to introduce technical or specialized terminology that, present in the classical language, did not appear in the Romance language due to lack of use; This is the case of many of the literary, legal and philosophical terms of classical culture, such as ataraxia (from the Greek ἀταÏαξία, “dispassion“) or legislar (built from the Latin legislator). In other cases, they construct neologisms, such as the name of most scientific disciplines.A semi-cultism is a word that did not evolve in the expected way, in the vernacular language (Romance language), unlike heritage words; its evolution is incomplete. Many times interrupted by cultural influences (ecclesiastical, legal, administrative, etc.). For the same reason, they maintain some features of the language of origin. Dios is a clear example of semi-cultism, where it came from the Latin Deus. It is a semi-cultism, because it maintains (without fully adapting to Castilianization, in this case) some characteristics of the Latin language—the ending in -s—, but, at the same time, it undergoes slight phonetic modifications (change of eu for io). Deus > Dios (instead of remaining cultist: Deus > *Deus, or becoming a heritage word: Deus > *DÃo). The Catholic Church influenced by stopping the natural evolution of this word, and, in this way, converted this word into a semi-cultism and unconsciously prevented it from becoming a heritage word.Spanish vocabulary has been influenced by several languages. As in other European languages, Classical Greek words (Hellenisms) are abundant in the terminologies of several fields, including art, science, politics, nature, etc.Bergua Cavero, J., Los helenismos del español : historia y sistema, Madrid (Gredos) 2004, {{ISBN|9788424927103}} Its vocabulary has also been influenced by Arabic, having developed during the Al-Andalus era in the Iberian Peninsula, with around 8% of its vocabulary having Arabic lexical roots.BOOK, Versteegh, Kees, The Arabic language, 2003, Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh, 0-7486-1436-2, 228,books.google.com/books?id=OHfse3YY6NAC&pg=PA228, Repr., 23 October 2016,books.google.com/books?id=OHfse3YY6NAC&pg=PA228," title="web.archive.org/web/20140626183745books.google.com/books?id=OHfse3YY6NAC&pg=PA228,">web.archive.org/web/20140626183745books.google.com/books?id=OHfse3YY6NAC&pg=PA228, 26 June 2014, live, BOOK, Lapesa, Raphael, Historia de la lengua española, 1960, 97, —OR—BOOK, Castro, Américo, The Spaniards: An Introduction to Their History, 1985, Willard F. King, Selma Margaretten, University of California Press, 978-0-520-05469-1,books.google.com/books?id=uJdbJK_sl2oC&pg=PA255, 23 October 2016, 24 January 2023,web.archive.org/web/20230124185157/https://books.google.com/books?id=uJdbJK_sl2oC&pg=PA255, live, {{vn|date=November 2023|reason=Which one? The original cite was mixed}}JOURNAL, Quintana, LucÃa, Mora, Juan Pablo, Enseñanza del acervo léxico árabe de la lengua española, ASELE. Actas XIII, 2002, 705,cvc.cervantes.es/ensenanza/biblioteca_ele/asele/pdf/13/13_0697.pdf, 23 October 2016,cvc.cervantes.es/ensenanza/biblioteca_ele/asele/pdf/13/13_0697.pdf," title="web.archive.org/web/20160528020256cvc.cervantes.es/ensenanza/biblioteca_ele/asele/pdf/13/13_0697.pdf,">web.archive.org/web/20160528020256cvc.cervantes.es/ensenanza/biblioteca_ele/asele/pdf/13/13_0697.pdf, 28 May 2016, live, : “El léxico español de procedencia árabe es muy abundante: se ha señalado que constituye, aproximadamente, un 8% del vocabulario total“BOOK, Dworkin, Steven N., A History of the Spanish Lexicon: A Linguistic Perspective, 2012, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 978-0-19-954114-0, 83,books.google.com/books?id=V4f8ZpJAhgIC&pg=PA83, 17 June 2015,web.archive.org/web/20150915153824/https://books.google.com/books?id=V4f8ZpJAhgIC&pg=PA83, 15 September 2015, live, ,BOOK, Macpherson, I. R., Spanish phonology, 1980, Manchester University Press, Manchester, 0-7190-0788-7, 93,books.google.com/books?id=9VrpAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA93, 23 October 2016,web.archive.org/web/20161223094503/https://books.google.com/books?id=9VrpAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA93, 23 December 2016, live, ,BOOK, MartÃnez Egido, José JoaquÃn, Constitución del léxico español, 2007, 15, Liceus, Servicios de Gestió, 978-84-9822-653-9,books.google.com/books?id=cbVIY4qAA9cC&pg=PA15, 23 October 2016,books.google.com/books?id=cbVIY4qAA9cC&pg=PA15," title="web.archive.org/web/20140626183748books.google.com/books?id=cbVIY4qAA9cC&pg=PA15,">web.archive.org/web/20140626183748books.google.com/books?id=cbVIY4qAA9cC&pg=PA15, 26 June 2014, live, It has also been influenced by Basque, Iberian, Celtiberian, Visigothic, and other neighboring Ibero-Romance languages.WEB, La época visigoda / Susana RodrÃguez Rosique, Biblioteca Virtual Miguel de Cervantes, www.cervantesvirtual.com,www.cervantesvirtual.com/obra-visor/la-poca-visigoda-0/html/00f49212-82b2-11df-acc7-002185ce6064_2.html, es, 7 February 2017,www.cervantesvirtual.com/obra-visor/la-poca-visigoda-0/html/00f49212-82b2-11df-acc7-002185ce6064_2.html," title="web.archive.org/web/20170208133217www.cervantesvirtual.com/obra-visor/la-poca-visigoda-0/html/00f49212-82b2-11df-acc7-002185ce6064_2.html,">web.archive.org/web/20170208133217www.cervantesvirtual.com/obra-visor/la-poca-visigoda-0/html/00f49212-82b2-11df-acc7-002185ce6064_2.html, 8 February 2017, live, Additionally, it has absorbed vocabulary from other languages, particularly other Romance languages such as French, Mozarabic, Portuguese, Galician, Catalan, Valencian, Occitan, and Sardinian, as well as from Quechua, Nahuatl, and other indigenous languages of the Americas.{{Harvcoltxt|Penny|1991|pp=224–236}} In the 18th century, words taken from French referring above all to fashion, cooking and bureaucracy were added to the Spanish lexicum. In the 19th century, new loanwords were incorporated, especially from English and German, but also from Italian in areas related to music, particularly opera and cooking. In the 20th century, the pressure of English in the fields of technology, computing, science and sports was greatly accentuated.In general, Latin America is more susceptible to loanwords from English or Anglicisms. For example: mouse (computer mouse) is used in Latin America, in Spain is used ratón. This happens largely due to closer contact with the United States. For its part, Spain is known by the use of Gallicisms or words taken from neighboring France (such as the Gallicism ordenador in the European Spanish, in contrast to the Anglicism computador or computadora in American Spanish).Relation to other languages
{{further|Comparison of Portuguese and Spanish}}Spanish is closely related to the other West Iberian Romance languages, including Asturian, Aragonese, Galician, Ladino, Leonese, Mirandese and Portuguese. It is somewhat less similar, to varying degrees, from other members of the Romance language family. It is generally acknowledged that Portuguese and Spanish speakers can communicate in written form, with varying degrees of mutual intelligibility.{{Harvcoltxt|Jensen|1989}}{{Harvcoltxt|Penny|2000|p=14}}{{Harvcoltxt|Dalby|1998|p=501}}{{Harvcoltxt|Ginsburgh|Weber|2011|p=90}} Mutual intelligibility of the written Spanish and Portuguese languages is high, lexically and grammatically. Ethnologue gives estimates of the lexical similarity between related languages in terms of precise percentages. For Spanish and Portuguese, that figure is 89%, although phonologically the two languages are quite dissimilar. Italian on the other hand, is phonologically similar to Spanish, while sharing lower lexical and grammatical similarity of 82%. Mutual intelligibility between Spanish and French or between Spanish and Romanian is lower still, given lexical similarity ratings of 75% and 71% respectively.WEB,www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=spa, Spanish, Ethnologue, 19 April 2005,www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=spa," title="web.archive.org/web/20130115100707www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=spa,">web.archive.org/web/20130115100707www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=spa, 15 January 2013, live, WEB,www.ezglot.com/most-similar-languages.php?l=spa, Similar languages to Spanish, EZGlot, 24 June 2017,www.ezglot.com/most-similar-languages.php?l=spa," title="web.archive.org/web/20170621191245www.ezglot.com/most-similar-languages.php?l=spa,">web.archive.org/web/20170621191245www.ezglot.com/most-similar-languages.php?l=spa, 21 June 2017, live, Comprehension of Spanish by French speakers who have not studied the language is much lower, at an estimated 45%. In general, thanks to the common features of the writing systems of the Romance languages, interlingual comprehension of the written word is greater than that of oral communication.The following table compares the forms of some common words in several Romance languages:{| class=“wikitable”Judaeo-Spanish
{{Further|Judaeo-Spanish}}File:Rashiscript.PNG|thumb|The Rashi scriptRashi script(File:Delacroix letter.png|thumb|upright=0.85|An original letter in Haketia, written in 1832)Judaeo-Spanish, also known as Ladino,WEB, Alfassa, Shelomo, Ladinokomunita,www.sephardicstudies.org/quickladino.html, December 1999, Foundation for the Advancement of Sephardic Studies and Culture, 4 February 2010,www.sephardicstudies.org/quickladino.html," title="web.archive.org/web/20100402055529www.sephardicstudies.org/quickladino.html,">web.archive.org/web/20100402055529www.sephardicstudies.org/quickladino.html, 2 April 2010, live, is a variety of Spanish which preserves many features of medieval Spanish and some old Portuguese and is spoken by descendants of the Sephardi Jews who were expelled from Spain in the 15th century. While in Portugal the conversion of Jews occurred earlier and the assimilation of New Christians was overwhelming, in Spain the Jews kept their language and identity. The relationship of Ladino and Spanish is therefore comparable with that of the Yiddish language to German. Ladino speakers today are almost exclusively Sephardi Jews, with family roots in Turkey, Greece, or the Balkans, and living mostly in Israel, Turkey, and the United States, with a few communities in Hispanic America. Judaeo-Spanish lacks the Native American vocabulary which was acquired by standard Spanish during the Spanish colonial period, and it retains many archaic features which have since been lost in standard Spanish. It contains, however, other vocabulary which is not found in standard Spanish, including vocabulary from Hebrew, French, Greek and Turkish, and other languages spoken where the Sephardim settled.Judaeo-Spanish is in serious danger of extinction because many native speakers today are elderly as well as elderly olim (immigrants to Israel) who have not transmitted the language to their children or grandchildren. However, it is experiencing a minor revival among Sephardi communities, especially in music. In Latin American communities, the danger of extinction is also due to assimilation by modern Spanish.A related dialect is Haketia, the Judaeo-Spanish of northern Morocco. This too, tended to assimilate with modern Spanish, during the Spanish occupation of the region.Writing system
{{Spanish language}}Spanish is written in the Latin script, with the addition of the character {{angle bracket|ñ}} (, representing the phoneme {{IPA|/ɲ/}}, a letter distinct from {{angle bracket|n}}, although typographically composed of an {{angle bracket|n}} with a tilde). Formerly the digraphs {{angle bracket|ch}} (, representing the phoneme {{IPA|/t͡ʃ/}}) and {{angle bracket|ll}} (, representing the phoneme {{IPA|/ÊŽ/}} or {{IPA|/Ê/}}), were also considered single letters. However, the digraph {{angle bracket|rr}} (, ‘strong r’, , ‘double r’, or simply ), which also represents a distinct phoneme {{IPA|/r/}}, was not similarly regarded as a single letter. Since 1994 {{angle bracket|ch}} and {{angle bracket|ll}} have been treated as letter pairs for collation purposes, though they remained a part of the alphabet until 2010. Words with {{angle bracket|ch}} are now alphabetically sorted between those with {{angle bracket|cg}} and {{angle bracket|ci}}, instead of following {{angle bracket|cz}} as they used to. The situation is similar for {{angle bracket|ll}}.Diccionario Panhispánico de Dudas {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080416180544buscon.rae.es/dpdI/SrvltConsulta?lema=ch |date=16 April 2008 }}, 1st ed.Real Academia Española {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171011012019buscon.rae.es/draeI/SrvltGUIBusUsual?TIPO_HTML=2&LEMA=cedilla |date=11 October 2017 }}, Explanation {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070906105503www.spanishpronto.com/spanishpronto/spanishalphabet.html |date=6 September 2007 }} at Spanish Pronto {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070914002335www.spanishpronto.com/ |date=14 September 2007 }} {{in lang|es|en}}Thus, the Spanish alphabet has the following 27 letters:Organizations
Royal Spanish Academy
The Royal Spanish Academy (), founded in 1713,WEB,www.lib.uwaterloo.ca/society/history/1713rae.html, Scholarly Societies Project, Lib.uwaterloo.ca, 6 November 2010, dead,www.lib.uwaterloo.ca/society/history/1713rae.html," title="web.archive.org/web/20100923234545www.lib.uwaterloo.ca/society/history/1713rae.html,">web.archive.org/web/20100923234545www.lib.uwaterloo.ca/society/history/1713rae.html, 23 September 2010, together with the 21 other national ones (see Association of Spanish Language Academies), exercises a standardizing influence through its publication of dictionaries and widely respected grammar and style guides.BOOK, Batchelor, Ronald Ernest, Using Spanish: a guide to contemporary usage, 1992, Cambridge University Press, 0-521-26987-3, 318,books.google.com/books?id=eEWZL1j9ig8C&q=real+academia+espa%C3%B1ola+recognized&pg=PA4, 28 October 2020, 15 August 2021,web.archive.org/web/20210815154930/https://books.google.com/books?id=eEWZL1j9ig8C&q=real+academia+espa%C3%B1ola+recognized&pg=PA4, live, Because of influence and for other sociohistorical reasons, a standardized form of the language (Standard Spanish) is widely acknowledged for use in literature, academic contexts and the media.Association of Spanish Language Academies
(File:PaÃses con Academia de la Lengua Española.svg|thumb|Countries members of the ASALEWEB,www.asale.org/ASALE/asale.html, Association of Spanish Language Academies, es, Asale, 5 February 2011, dead,asale.org/ASALE/asale.html," title="web.archive.org/web/20100923155313asale.org/ASALE/asale.html,">web.archive.org/web/20100923155313asale.org/ASALE/asale.html, 23 September 2010, )The Association of Spanish Language Academies (, or ) is the entity which regulates the Spanish language. It was created in Mexico in 1951 and represents the union of all the separate academies in the Spanish-speaking world. It comprises the academies of 23 countries, ordered by date of academy foundation: Spain (1713),WEB, Real Academia Española, RAE, Spain,www.rae.es/rae/gestores/gespub000001.nsf/voTodosporId/CEDF300E8D943D3FC12571360037CC94?OpenDocument&i=0, 6 November 2010, dead,www.rae.es/rae/gestores/gespub000001.nsf/voTodosporId/CEDF300E8D943D3FC12571360037CC94?OpenDocument&i=0," title="web.archive.org/web/20100929155935www.rae.es/rae/gestores/gespub000001.nsf/voTodosporId/CEDF300E8D943D3FC12571360037CC94?OpenDocument&i=0,">web.archive.org/web/20100929155935www.rae.es/rae/gestores/gespub000001.nsf/voTodosporId/CEDF300E8D943D3FC12571360037CC94?OpenDocument&i=0, 29 September 2010, Colombia (1871),WEB,www.asale.org/ASALE/ConAALEBD?IDDOC=30202&menu=2, Presentación de la Academia Colombiana de la Lengua, Asociación de Academias de la Lengua Española, es, Colombia, 5 February 2011, dead,asale.org/ASALE/ConAALEBD?IDDOC=30202&menu=2," title="web.archive.org/web/20080219034313asale.org/ASALE/ConAALEBD?IDDOC=30202&menu=2,">web.archive.org/web/20080219034313asale.org/ASALE/ConAALEBD?IDDOC=30202&menu=2, 19 February 2008, Ecuador (1874),WEB,www.asale.org/ASALE/ConAALEBD?IDDOC=30302&menu=2, Academia Ecuatoriana de la Lengua, es, Ecuador, 5 February 2011, dead,asale.org/ASALE/ConAALEBD?IDDOC=30302&menu=2," title="web.archive.org/web/20110527091026asale.org/ASALE/ConAALEBD?IDDOC=30302&menu=2,">web.archive.org/web/20110527091026asale.org/ASALE/ConAALEBD?IDDOC=30302&menu=2, 27 May 2011, Mexico (1875),WEB,www.academia.org.mx/historia.php, Esbozo Histórico de la Academia Mexicana de la Lengua, Academia Mexicana de la Lengua, Mexico, 22 September 2010, 6 November 2010,academia.org.mx/historia.php," title="web.archive.org/web/20100915092057academia.org.mx/historia.php,">web.archive.org/web/20100915092057academia.org.mx/historia.php, 15 September 2010, dead, es, El Salvador (1876),WEB,www.asl.org.sv/Informacion%20institucional.htm, Informacion institucional, Academia Salvadoreña de la Lengua, El Salvador, 5 February 2011, dead,www.asl.org.sv/Informacion%20institucional.htm," title="web.archive.org/web/20110904125413www.asl.org.sv/Informacion%20institucional.htm,">web.archive.org/web/20110904125413www.asl.org.sv/Informacion%20institucional.htm, 4 September 2011, es, Venezuela (1883),WEB,www.asale.org/ASALE/ConAALEBD?IDDOC=30602&menu=2, Academia Venezolana de la Lengua, es, Venezuela, 5 February 2011, dead,asale.org/ASALE/ConAALEBD?IDDOC=30602&menu=2," title="web.archive.org/web/20110527090728asale.org/ASALE/ConAALEBD?IDDOC=30602&menu=2,">web.archive.org/web/20110527090728asale.org/ASALE/ConAALEBD?IDDOC=30602&menu=2, 27 May 2011, Chile (1885),WEB,www.institutodechile.cl/lengua/resena.htm, Academia Chilena de la Lengua, Chile, 6 November 2010, dead,www.institutodechile.cl/lengua/resena.htm," title="web.archive.org/web/20100905085434www.institutodechile.cl/lengua/resena.htm,">web.archive.org/web/20100905085434www.institutodechile.cl/lengua/resena.htm, 5 September 2010, Peru (1887),WEB,www.academiaperuanadelalengua.org/academia/historia, Academia Peruana de la Lengua, Peru, 6 November 2010, dead,academiaperuanadelalengua.org/academia/historia," title="web.archive.org/web/20101012010318academiaperuanadelalengua.org/academia/historia,">web.archive.org/web/20101012010318academiaperuanadelalengua.org/academia/historia, 12 October 2010, dmy-all, Guatemala (1887),WEB,www.asale.org/ASALE/ConAALEBD?IDDOC=30902&menu=2, Academia Guatemalteca de la Lengua, es, Guatemala, 5 February 2011, dead,asale.org/ASALE/ConAALEBD?IDDOC=30902&menu=2," title="web.archive.org/web/20080804011930asale.org/ASALE/ConAALEBD?IDDOC=30902&menu=2,">web.archive.org/web/20080804011930asale.org/ASALE/ConAALEBD?IDDOC=30902&menu=2, 4 August 2008, Costa Rica (1923),WEB,www.acl.ac.cr/i_q.php, Academia Costarricense de la Lengua, Costa Rica, 6 November 2010,www.acl.ac.cr/i_q.php," title="web.archive.org/web/20100323194028www.acl.ac.cr/i_q.php,">web.archive.org/web/20100323194028www.acl.ac.cr/i_q.php, 23 March 2010, live, Philippines (1924),WEB,www.asale.org/ASALE/ConAALEBD?IDDOC=31102&menu=2, Academia Filipina de la Lengua Española, es, Philippines, 5 February 2011, dead,asale.org/ASALE/ConAALEBD?IDDOC=31102&menu=2," title="web.archive.org/web/20110527090616asale.org/ASALE/ConAALEBD?IDDOC=31102&menu=2,">web.archive.org/web/20110527090616asale.org/ASALE/ConAALEBD?IDDOC=31102&menu=2, 27 May 2011, Panama (1926),WEB,apalengua.apalengua.org/historia, Academia Panameña de la Lengua, Panama, 6 November 2010,apalengua.apalengua.org/historia," title="web.archive.org/web/20101129171943apalengua.apalengua.org/historia,">web.archive.org/web/20101129171943apalengua.apalengua.org/historia, 29 November 2010, dead, Cuba (1926),WEB,www.acul.ohc.cu/, Academia Cubana de la Lengua, Cuba, 6 November 2010,www.acul.ohc.cu/," title="web.archive.org/web/20101219083212www.acul.ohc.cu/,">web.archive.org/web/20101219083212www.acul.ohc.cu/, 19 December 2010, live, Paraguay (1927),WEB,www.aparle.org/origenes.asp, Academia Paraguaya de la Lengua Española, Paraguay, 5 February 2011, dead,www.aparle.org/origenes.asp," title="web.archive.org/web/20110728150336www.aparle.org/origenes.asp,">web.archive.org/web/20110728150336www.aparle.org/origenes.asp, 28 July 2011, Dominican Republic (1927),WEB,www.academia.org.do/content/blogsection/12/46/, Academia Dominicana de la Lengua, República Dominicana, 5 February 2011, dead,www.academia.org.do/content/blogsection/12/46/," title="web.archive.org/web/20101222161225www.academia.org.do/content/blogsection/12/46/,">web.archive.org/web/20101222161225www.academia.org.do/content/blogsection/12/46/, 22 December 2010, Bolivia (1927),WEB,www.abolen.org/Historia.html, Academia Boliviana de la Lengua, Bolivia, 5 February 2011, dead,www.abolen.org/Historia.html," title="web.archive.org/web/20101129201058www.abolen.org/Historia.html,">web.archive.org/web/20101129201058www.abolen.org/Historia.html, 29 November 2010, Nicaragua (1928),WEB,www.asale.org/ASALE/ConAALEBD?IDDOC=31702&menu=2, Academia Nicaragüense de la Lengua, es, Nicaragua, 5 February 2011, dead,asale.org/ASALE/ConAALEBD?IDDOC=31702&menu=2," title="web.archive.org/web/20110527090719asale.org/ASALE/ConAALEBD?IDDOC=31702&menu=2,">web.archive.org/web/20110527090719asale.org/ASALE/ConAALEBD?IDDOC=31702&menu=2, 27 May 2011, Argentina (1931),WEB,www.letras.edu.ar/, Academia Argentina de Letras, Argentina, 25 March 2010, 5 February 2011,www.letras.edu.ar/," title="web.archive.org/web/20110728121808www.letras.edu.ar/,">web.archive.org/web/20110728121808www.letras.edu.ar/, 28 July 2011, live, Uruguay (1943),WEB,www.mec.gub.uy/academiadeletras/MarcoPrincipal.htm, Academia Nacional de Letras del Uruguay, Uruguay, 5 February 2011, dead,www.mec.gub.uy/academiadeletras/MarcoPrincipal.htm," title="web.archive.org/web/20110319235222www.mec.gub.uy/academiadeletras/MarcoPrincipal.htm,">web.archive.org/web/20110319235222www.mec.gub.uy/academiadeletras/MarcoPrincipal.htm, 19 March 2011, Honduras (1949),WEB,www.asale.org/ASALE/ConAALEBD?IDDOC=32002&menu=2, Academia Hondureña de la Lengua, es, Honduras, 5 February 2011, dead,asale.org/ASALE/ConAALEBD?IDDOC=32002&menu=2," title="web.archive.org/web/20110527085850asale.org/ASALE/ConAALEBD?IDDOC=32002&menu=2,">web.archive.org/web/20110527085850asale.org/ASALE/ConAALEBD?IDDOC=32002&menu=2, 27 May 2011, Puerto Rico (1955),WEB,www.academiapr.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=category&layout=blog&id=35&Itemid=61, Academia Puertorriqueña de la Lengua Española, Puerto Rico, 5 February 2011,www.academiapr.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=category&layout=blog&id=35&Itemid=61," title="web.archive.org/web/20100824060727www.academiapr.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=category&layout=blog&id=35&Itemid=61,">web.archive.org/web/20100824060727www.academiapr.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=category&layout=blog&id=35&Itemid=61, 24 August 2010, live, United States (1973)WEB,www.anle.us/, Academia Norteamericana de la Lengua Española, United States, 5 February 2011,anle.us/," title="web.archive.org/web/20110212025419anle.us/,">web.archive.org/web/20110212025419anle.us/, 12 February 2011, live, and Equatorial Guinea (2016).WEB,www.asale.org/academias/academia-ecuatoguineana-de-la-lengua-espanola, Academia Ecuatoguineana de la Lengua Española, Equatorial Guinea, 5 February 2016,www.asale.org/academias/academia-ecuatoguineana-de-la-lengua-espanola," title="web.archive.org/web/20160331073309www.asale.org/academias/academia-ecuatoguineana-de-la-lengua-espanola,">web.archive.org/web/20160331073309www.asale.org/academias/academia-ecuatoguineana-de-la-lengua-espanola, 31 March 2016, live, {{clear left}}Cervantes Institute
The (’Cervantes Institute’) is a worldwide nonprofit organization created by the Spanish government in 1991. This organization has branches in 45 countries, with 88 centers devoted to the Spanish and Hispanic American cultures and Spanish language.WEB, Información sobre el Instituto Cervantes. Quiénes somos: qué es el Instituto Cervantes,www.cervantes.es/sobre_instituto_cervantes/informacion.htm, 2022-03-22, www.cervantes.es, 10 April 2019,web.archive.org/web/20190410222035/https://www.cervantes.es/sobre_instituto_cervantes/informacion.htm, live, The goals of the Institute are to promote universally the education, the study, and the use of Spanish as a second language, to support methods and activities that help the process of Spanish-language education, and to contribute to the advancement of the Spanish and Hispanic American cultures in non-Spanish-speaking countries. The institute’s 2015 report “El español, una lengua viva” (Spanish, a living language) estimated that there were 559 million Spanish speakers worldwide. Its latest annual report “El español en el mundo 2018” (Spanish in the world 2018) counts 577 million Spanish speakers worldwide. Among the sources cited in the report is the U.S. Census Bureau, which estimates that the U.S. will have 138 million Spanish speakers by 2050, making it the biggest Spanish-speaking nation on earth, with Spanish the mother tongue of almost a third of its citizens.Stephen Burgen, US now has more Spanish speakers than Spain – only Mexico has more {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181123045244www.theguardian.com/us-news/2015/jun/29/us-second-biggest-spanish-speaking-country |date=23 November 2018 }}, US News, 29 June 2015.Official use by international organizations
Spanish is one of the official languages of the United Nations, the European Union, the World Trade Organization, the Organization of American States, the Organization of Ibero-American States, the African Union, the Union of South American Nations, the Antarctic Treaty Secretariat, the Latin Union, the Caricom, the North American Free Trade Agreement, the Inter-American Development Bank, and numerous other international organizations.{{clear right}}Sample text
Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in Spanish:
WEB, Universal Declaration of Human Rights, ohchr.org,www.ohchr.org/en/udhr/pages/Language.aspx?LangID=spn, 8 January 2022, 8 January 2022,web.archive.org/web/20220108155322/https://www.ohchr.org/EN/UDHR/Pages/Language.aspx?LangID=spn, live,
Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in English:
All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.NEWS,www.un.org/en/about-us/universal-declaration-of-human-rights, Universal Declaration of Human Rights, United Nations, 8 January 2022, 16 March 2021,web.archive.org/web/20210316050452/https://www.un.org/en/about-us/universal-declaration-of-human-rights, live,
See also
{{col-start}}{{col-break}}Spanish words and phrases
- Cuento
- List of English–Spanish interlingual homographs
- Longest word in Spanish
- Most common words in Spanish
- Spanish profanity
- Spanish proverbs
- Vale un Perú
Spanish-speaking world
- Countries where Spanish is an official language
- Hispanic culture
- Hispanicization
- Hispanidad
- Hispanism
- Panhispanism
Influences on the Spanish language
- Arabic influence on the Spanish language
- List of Spanish words of Germanic origin
- List of Spanish words of Philippine origin
Dialects and languages influenced by Spanish
- Caló
- Chamorro
- Chavacano
- Frespañol
- List of English words of Spanish origin
- Llanito
- Media Lengua
- Palenquero
- Papiamento
- Philippine languages
- Portuñol
- Spanglish
Spanish dialects and varieties
- Spanish dialects and varieties
- European Spanish
- Castilian Spanish
- Castrapo (Galician Spanish)
- Castúo (Extremaduran Spanish)
- Murcian Spanish
- Canarian Spanish
- Spanish language in the Americas
- Spanish in Africa
- Spanish in Asia
References
Citations
{{Reflist|2}}Sources
- BOOK, Abercrombie, David, 1967, Elements of General Phonetics, Edinburgh, Edinburgh University Press, 978-0-85224-451-7
- BOOK, Eberhard, David M., Simons, Gary F., Fennig, Charles D., Ethnologue: Languages of the World,www.ethnologue.com, 2020, SIL International, Dallas, Texas, 23rd, 22 June 2002, 6 April 2006,www.ethnologue.com/," title="web.archive.org/web/20060406012854www.ethnologue.com/,">web.archive.org/web/20060406012854www.ethnologue.com/, live
- BOOK, Butt, John, Benjamin, Carmen, A New Reference Grammar of Modern Spanish,archive.org/details/newreferencegram0000butt, registration, 2011, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 978-1-4441-3769-9, 5th
- BOOK, Cressey, William Whitney, 1978, Spanish Phonology and Morphology: A Generative View, Washington, D.C., Georgetown University Press, 0-87840-045-1
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- BOOK, Ginsburgh, Victor, Weber, Shlomo, 2011, How Many Languages Do We Need?: The Economics of Linguistic Diversity, Princeton University Press, 978-0-691-13689-9,books.google.com/books?id=4QX8ri2o1TUC&q=how+well+do+spanish+speakers+understand+portuguese%3F&pg=PA90, 28 October 2020, 16 August 2021,web.archive.org/web/20210816181041/https://books.google.com/books?id=4QX8ri2o1TUC&q=how+well+do+spanish+speakers+understand+portuguese%3F&pg=PA90, live
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External links
- Organizations
- Real Academia Española (RAE), Royal Spanish Academy. Spain’s official institution, with a mission to ensure the stability of the Spanish language
- Instituto Cervantes, Cervantes Institute. A Spanish government agency, responsible for promoting the study and the teaching of the Spanish language and culture.
- FundéuRAE, Foundation of Emerging Spanish. A non-profit organization with collaboration of the RAE which mission is to clarify doubts and ambiguities of Spanish.
- Educational websites
- ProfeDeEle, Exercises targeted toward Spanish language teachers (ELE)
- AprenderEspanol, Spanish activities and material
- content above as imported from Wikipedia
- "Spanish language" does not exist on GetWiki (yet)
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- "Spanish language" does not exist on GetWiki (yet)
- time: 9:44am EDT - Wed, May 22 2024
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