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Senegal
please note:
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{{short description|Country on the coast of West Africa}}{{About|the country|the river|Senegal River}}{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}- the content below is remote from Wikipedia
- it has been imported raw for GetWiki
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Etymology
The country of Senegal is named after the Senegal River. The name of the river may derive from a Portuguese transliteration of the name of the Zenaga, also known as the Sanhaja.WEB,theculturetrip.com/africa/senegal/articles/the-real-story-behind-senegals-name/, The Real Story Behind Senegal’s Name, Beetle, Holloway, Culture Trip, 31 May 2018, 31 December 2018, 6 December 2022,web.archive.org/web/20221206024446/https://theculturetrip.com/africa/senegal/articles/the-real-story-behind-senegals-name/, live, Alternatively, it could be a combination of the supreme deity in {{w|Serer religion}} (Rog Sene) and o gal meaning body of water in the Serer language. It is also possible that it derives from the Wolof phrase “Sunuu Gaal”, which means “our canoe”.WEB, Holloway, Beetle, 2018-05-31, The Real Story Behind Senegal’s Name,theculturetrip.com/africa/senegal/articles/the-real-story-behind-senegals-name/, 2022-07-19, Culture Trip, 6 December 2022,web.archive.org/web/20221206024446/https://theculturetrip.com/africa/senegal/articles/the-real-story-behind-senegals-name/, live,History
Early and pre-colonial eras
Archaeological findings throughout the area indicate that Senegal was inhabited in prehistoric times and has been continuously occupied by various ethnic groups. Some kingdoms were created around the seventh century: [Takrur] in the ninth century, Namandiru and the Jolof Empire during the 13th and 14th centuries. Eastern Senegal was once part of the Ghana Empire.Islam was introduced through Toucouleur and Soninke contact with the Almoravid dynasty of the Maghreb, who in turn propagated it with the help of the Almoravids and Toucouleur allies. This movement faced resistance from ethnicities of traditional religions, the Serers in particular.Klein, Martin A., Islam and Imperialism in Senegal: Sine-Saloum, 1847–1914, p. 7, Edinburgh University Press (1968) {{ISBN|0-8047-0621-2}}Gravrand, Henry, La civilisation Sereer, Pangool, p. 13. Dakar, Nouvelles Editions Africaines (1990), {{ISBN|2-7236-1055-1}}In the 13th and 14th centuries, the area came under the influence of the empires to the east; the Jolof Empire of Senegal was also founded during this time. In the Senegambia region, between 1300 and 1900, close to one-third of the population was enslaved, typically as a result of being taken captive in warfare.“Slavery”, Encyclopædia Britannica’s Guide to Black History {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006131931www.britannica.com/blackhistory/article-24157 |date=6 October 2014 }}In the 14th century the Jolof Empire grew more powerful, having united Cayor and the kingdoms of Baol, Siné, Saloum, Waalo, Futa Tooro and Bambouk, or much of present-day West Africa. The empire was a voluntary confederacy of various states rather than being built on military conquest.Ham, Anthony. West Africa. Lonely Planet. 2009. p. 670. {{ISBN|1-74104-821-4}} The empire was founded by Ndiadiane Ndiaye, a part SererResearch in African literatures, Volume 37. University of Texas at Austin, p. 8. African and Afro-American Studies and Research Center, University of Texas (at Austin) (2006)Diop, Cheikh Anta & Modum, Egbuna P. Towards the African renaissance: essays in African culture & development, 1946–1960, p. 28. Karnak House (1996). {{ISBN|0-907015-85-9}} and part Toucouleur, who was able to form a coalition with many ethnicities, but collapsed around 1549 with the defeat and killing of Lele Fouli Fak by Amari Ngone Sobel Fall.Colonial era
File:AMH-8133-KB Floor plan of the fort on Goeree.jpg|thumb|left|The Portuguese Empire was the first European power to colonize Senegal, beginning with the arrival of Dinis Dias in 1444 at Gorée Island and ending in 1888, when the Portuguese gave ZiguinchorZiguinchorIn the mid-15th century, the Portuguese landed on the Senegal coastline, followed by traders representing other countries, including the French. Various European powers—Portugal, the Netherlands, and Great Britain—competed for trade in the area from the 15th century onward.In 1677, France gained control of what had become a minor departure point in the Atlantic slave trade: the island of Gorée next to modern Dakar, used as a base to purchase slaves from the warring chiefdoms on the mainland.WEB,www.h-net.org/~africa/threads/goree.html, Goree and the Atlantic Slave Trade,www.h-net.org/~africa/threads/goree.html," title="web.archive.org/web/20170223164258www.h-net.org/~africa/threads/goree.html,">web.archive.org/web/20170223164258www.h-net.org/~africa/threads/goree.html, 23 February 2017, dead, h-net.org, 23 February 2017, Les Guides Bleus: Afrique de l’Ouest (1958 ed.), p. 123.European missionaries introduced Christianity to Senegal and the Casamance in the 19th century. It was only in the 1850s that the French began to expand onto the Senegalese mainland, after they abolished slavery and began promoting an abolitionist doctrine,WEB,www.ohio.edu/chastain/rz/senegal.htm, Bruce Vandervort, 25 October 2004, ohio.edu, Senegal in 1848,web.archive.org/web/20210327051002/https://www.ohio.edu/chastain/rz/senegal.htm, 27 March 2021, live, 27 March 2021, adding native kingdoms like the Waalo, Cayor, Baol, and Jolof. French colonists under Governor Louis Faidherbe progressively invaded and took over all the kingdoms, except the Serer Kingdoms of Sine and Saloum.Charles, Eunice A. Precolonial Senegal: the Jolof Kingdom, 1800–1890. African Studies Center, Boston University, 1977. p. 3Klein, Martin A. Islam and Imperialism in Senegal: Sine-Saloum, 1847–1914, Edinburgh University Press (1968). p. X {{ISBN|0-8047-0621-2}}File:Marchands d’esclaves de Gorée-Jacques Grasset de Saint-Sauveur mg 8526.jpg|thumb|upright|French slave traders in GoréeGoréeYoro Dyao was in command of the canton of Foss-Galodjina and was set over Wâlo (Ouâlo) by Louis Faidherbe,BOOK, Journal of the African Society, 1912, MacMillan, Africa, Volume 11,books.google.com/books?id=LUs8AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA476, 476, where he served as a chief from 1861 to 1914.BOOK, 1851–1865, University of Wisconsin-Madison Libraries, 167,images.library.wisc.edu/AfricanStudies/EFacs/Fage01/reference/africanstudies.fage01.i0021.pdf, 12 November 2018, 19 October 2015,images.library.wisc.edu/AfricanStudies/EFacs/Fage01/reference/africanstudies.fage01.i0021.pdf," title="web.archive.org/web/20151019101207images.library.wisc.edu/AfricanStudies/EFacs/Fage01/reference/africanstudies.fage01.i0021.pdf,">web.archive.org/web/20151019101207images.library.wisc.edu/AfricanStudies/EFacs/Fage01/reference/africanstudies.fage01.i0021.pdf, live, Senegalese resistance to the French expansion was led in part by Lat-Dior, Damel of Cayor, and Maad a Sinig Kumba Ndoffene Famak Joof (the Maad a Sinig, King of Sine), resulting in the famous Battle of Logandème―the battle in which the Serer King of Sine went to war against the mighty French colonial empire, where the French decided to take revenge against Sine following their humiliating defeat at the Battle of Djilor. The Battle of Logandème was the first battle on Senegambian soil where the French decided to employ cannonball.Diouf, Niokhobaye, “Chronique du royaume du Sine”, Suivie de notes sur les traditions orales et les sources écrites concernant le royaume du Sine par Charles Becker et Victor Martin. (1972). Bulletin de l’Ifan, Tome 34, Série B, n° 4, (1972), p 725 (p 16)Diouf, Cheikh, “Fiscalité et Domination Coloniale: l’exemple du Sine: 1859-1940”, Université Cheikh Anta Diop de Dakar (2005)Klein, Martin A., “Islam and Imperialism in Senegal, Sine-Saloum, 1847-1914.” Edinburgh University Press, pp 55-59, {{ISBN|0-85224-029-5}}Le Quotidien (Senegal), “La communauté sérère face à la Commission nationale chargée de la rédaction de l’histoire du Sénégal.” (18 September 2019), by Mahawa Sémou DioufIn 1915, over 300 Senegalese came under Australian command, ahead of the taking of Damascus by Australians, before the expected arrival of the famed Lawrence of Arabia. French and British diplomacy in the area were thrown into disarray.{{citation needed|date=November 2021}}The Battle of Dakar (September 23-25, 1940) was an unsuccessful attempt by the Allies to capture the strategic port and overthrow the pro-German Vichy French administration in the colony. Smith, Colin (2010). England’s Last War Against France: Fighting Vichy 1940-1942. London: Phoenix.On 25 November 1958, Senegal became an autonomous republic within the French Community.WEB,www.nytimes.com/2004/07/15/travel/senegal.html, 15 July 2004, The New York Times, Senegal,web.archive.org/web/20210327062010/https://www.nytimes.com/2004/07/15/travel/senegal.html, 27 March 2021, live, 27 March 2021,Independence
File:Mali Federation in its region.svg|thumb|upright=1.2|The short-lived Mali FederationMali FederationIn January 1959, Senegal and the French Sudan merged to form the Mali Federation, which became fully independent on 20 June 1960, as a result of a transfer of power agreement signed with France on 4 April 1960. Due to internal political difficulties, the Federation broke up on 20 August 1960 when Senegal and French Sudan (renamed the Republic of Mali) each proclaimed independence.Léopold Sédar Senghor was elected Senegal’s first president in August 1960. Pro-African, Senghor advocated a brand of African socialism.A Critical bibliography of French literature: in three parts. The Twentieth. Edited by David Clark Cabeen, Richard A. Brooks, Douglas W. AldenAfter the breakup of the Mali Federation, Senghor and Prime Minister Mamadou Dia governed together under a parliamentary system. In December 1962, their political rivalry led to an attempted coup by Dia. The coup was put down without bloodshed and Dia was arrested and imprisoned. Senegal adopted a new constitution that consolidated the President’s power.Senghor was considerably more tolerant of opposition than most African leaders became in the 1960s. Nonetheless, political activity was somewhat restricted for a time. Senghor’s party, the Senegalese Progressive Union (now the Socialist Party of Senegal), was the only legally permitted party from 1965 until 1975. In the latter year, Senghor allowed the formation of two opposition parties that began operation in 1976—a Marxist party (the African Independence Party) and a liberal party (the Senegalese Democratic Party).The 1960s and early 1970s saw the continued and persistent violating of Senegal’s borders by the Portuguese military from Portuguese Guinea. In response, Senegal petitioned the United Nations Security Council in 1963, 1965, 1969 (in response to shelling by Portuguese artillery), 1971 and finally in 1972.1980 to present
In 1980, Senghor decided to retire from politics. The next year, he transferred power in 1981 to his hand-picked successor, Abdou Diouf. Former prime minister Mamadou Dia, who was Senghor’s rival, jogged for election in 1983 against Diouf, but lost. Senghor moved to France, where he died at the age of 95.In the 1980s, Boubacar Lam discovered Senegalese oral history that was initially compiled by the Tuculor noble, Yoro Dyâo, not long after World War I, which documented migrations into West Africa from the Nile Valley; ethnic groups, from the Senegal River to the Niger Delta, retained traditions of having an eastern origin.BOOK, Gordon, Jane, A Companion to African-American Studies, 15 April 2008, John Wiley & Sons, 463,books.google.com/books?id=ODmpx1fgJNIC&pg=PA463, 978-1-4051-5466-6, Senegal joined with The Gambia to form the nominal Senegambia Confederation on 1 February 1982. However, the union was dissolved in 1989. Despite peace talks, a southern separatist group (Movement of Democratic Forces of Casamance or MFDC) in the Casamance region has clashed sporadically with government forces since 1982 in the Casamance conflict. In the early 21st century, violence has subsided and President Macky Sall held talks with rebels in Rome in December 2012.“Uppsala Conflict Data Program: Senegal: Casamance, In-depth Developments since 2005” {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304222507www.ucdp.uu.se/gpdatabase/gpcountry.php?id=135®ionSelect=2-Southern_Africa |date=4 March 2016 }}, Conflict EncyclopediaAbdou Diouf was president between 1981 and 2000. He encouraged broader political participation, reduced government involvement in the economy, and widened Senegal’s diplomatic engagements, particularly with other developing nations. Domestic politics on occasion spilled over into street violence, border tensions, and a violent separatist movement in the southern region of the Casamance. Nevertheless, Senegal’s commitment to democracy and human rights strengthened. Abdou Diouf served four terms as president.During the Gulf War, over 500 Senegalese participated in the Battle of Khafji and the unexpected Liberation of Kuwait campaign, under the command of the U.S.-led coalition.{{Citation needed|date=March 2022}}In the presidential election of 1999, opposition leader Abdoulaye Wade defeated Diouf in an election deemed free and fair by international observers. Senegal experienced its second peaceful transition of power, and its first from one political party to another. On 30 December 2004 President Wade announced that he would sign a peace treaty with the separatist group in the Casamance region. This, however, has yet to be implemented. There was a round of talks in 2005, but the results have not yet yielded a resolution.In March 2012, the incumbent president Abdoulaye Wade lost the presidential election and Macky Sall was elected as the new President of Senegal.WEB,www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-17514530, Senegal proud of peaceful election after Macky Sall win, BBC News, 26 March 2012, 27 June 2021, 30 July 2021,web.archive.org/web/20210730083852/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-17514530, live, President Macky Sall was re-elected in 2019 elections. The presidential term was reduced from seven years to five.WEB,www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-47400711, Senegal election: President Macky Sall wins second term, BBC News, 28 February 2019, 27 June 2021, 27 July 2021,web.archive.org/web/20210727200725/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-47400711, live, Since 3 March 2021, Senegal has been rocked by a series of mass protests in response to the arrest of Ousmane Sonko for alleged rape and mishandling of the COVID-19 pandemic. In June 2023, the response to the protests turned increasingly violent, with Amnesty International counting 23 fatalities, most of which were caused by bullets fired by police or armed police collaborators.NEWS, Peltier, Elian, ‘The State Killed My Brother’: Senegal in Uproar After Deadly Protests,www.nytimes.com/2023/06/12/world/africa/senegal-protests.html, 12 June 2023, The New York Times, 12 June 2023,web.archive.org/web/20230612142936/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/06/12/world/africa/senegal-protests.html, 12 June 2023, In March 2024, Opposition candidate Bassirou Diomaye Faye won the Senegal’s presidential election over candidate of the ruling coalition, becoming the youngest president in Senegal’s history.NEWS, Senegal opposition candidate Faye won 54 percent in presidential vote,www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/3/27/senegal-oppositions-faye-won-over-54-of-vote-full-provisional-results, Al Jazeera, en, 3 April 2024, 3 April 2024,web.archive.org/web/20240403182337/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/3/27/senegal-oppositions-faye-won-over-54-of-vote-full-provisional-results, live,Government and politics
Political culture
Currently, Senegal has a quasi-democratic political culture, one of the more successful post-colonial democratic transitions in Africa. Local administrators are appointed and held accountable by the president. Marabouts, religious leaders of the various Muslim brotherhoods of Senegal, have also exercised a strong political influence in the country especially during Wade’s presidency. In 2009, Freedom House downgraded Senegal’s status from “Free” to “Partially Free”, based on increased centralisation of power in the executive. By 2014, it had recovered its Free status.WEB,www.freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2014/senegal-0#.VEWVY_nF-So, Senegal – Country report – Freedom in the World – 2014, Freedomhouse.org, 23 August 2017, 10 October 2014,freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2014/senegal-0#.VEWVY_nF-So," title="web.archive.org/web/20141010204829freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2014/senegal-0#.VEWVY_nF-So,">web.archive.org/web/20141010204829freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2014/senegal-0#.VEWVY_nF-So, dead, In 2008, Senegal finished in 12th position on the Ibrahim Index of African Governance.WEB,www.moibrahimfoundation.org/en/section/the-ibrahim-index, The Ibrahim Index » Mo Ibrahim Foundation, Moibrahimfoundation.org, 3 January 2012, dead,www.moibrahimfoundation.org/en/section/the-ibrahim-index," title="web.archive.org/web/20111229141051www.moibrahimfoundation.org/en/section/the-ibrahim-index,">web.archive.org/web/20111229141051www.moibrahimfoundation.org/en/section/the-ibrahim-index, 29 December 2011, The Ibrahim Index is a comprehensive measure of African governance (limited to sub-Saharan Africa until 2008), based on a number of different variables which reflect the success with which governments deliver essential political goods to their citizens. When the Northern African countries were added to the index in 2009, Senegal’s 2008 position was retroactively downgraded to 15th place (with Tunisia, Egypt and Morocco placing ahead of Senegal). {{As of|2012}}, Senegal’s Ibrahim Index rank has declined another point to 16th of 52 African countries.On 22 February 2011, Senegal severed diplomatic ties with Iran, saying it supplied rebels with weapons which killed Senegalese troops in the Casamance conflict.NEWS,www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2011/02/201122392022223897.html, Senegal severs ties with Iran: Senegal’s foreign ministry accuses Tehran of supplying weapons to separatist rebels in its southern Casamance region, 23 February 2011, Al Jazeera, 30 November 2016, 30 November 2016,www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2011/02/201122392022223897.html," title="web.archive.org/web/20161130191331www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2011/02/201122392022223897.html,">web.archive.org/web/20161130191331www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2011/02/201122392022223897.html, live, The 2012 presidential election was controversial due to President Wade’s candidacy, as the opposition argued he should not be considered eligible to run again. Several youth opposition movements, including M23 and Y’en a Marre, emerged in June 2011. In the end, Macky Sall of the Alliance for the Republic won, and Wade conceded the election to Sall. This peaceful and democratic transition was hailed by many foreign observers, such as the EUWEB,world.myjoyonline.com/pages/africa/201203/83756.php, Macky Sall Senegal election win ‘example for Africa’ | Africa, World.myjoyonline.com, 26 August 2012, 25 November 2012, dead,world.myjoyonline.com/pages/africa/201203/83756.php," title="web.archive.org/web/20130509000049world.myjoyonline.com/pages/africa/201203/83756.php,">web.archive.org/web/20130509000049world.myjoyonline.com/pages/africa/201203/83756.php, 9 May 2013, as a show of “maturity”.On 19 September 2012, lawmakers voted to do away with the Senate to save an estimated $15 million.NEWS, Senegal Votes to do Away With Senate to Save Money,bigstory.ap.org/article/senegal-votes-do-away-senate-save-money, Associated Press, 20 September 2012, dead,bigstory.ap.org/article/senegal-votes-do-away-senate-save-money," title="web.archive.org/web/20150402140257bigstory.ap.org/article/senegal-votes-do-away-senate-save-money,">web.archive.org/web/20150402140257bigstory.ap.org/article/senegal-votes-do-away-senate-save-money, 2 April 2015, In August 2017, the ruling party won a landslide victory in the parliamentary election. President Macky Sall’s ruling coalition took 125 seats in the 165-seat National Assembly.WEB,www.reuters.com/article/us-senegal-election-idUSKBN1AL09O, Senegal ruling party wins large parliamentary majority, Reuters, 5 August 2017, 27 June 2021, In 2019 president Macky Sall easily won re-election in the first round.WEB,www.france24.com/en/20190228-senegal-president-macky-sall-wins-election-preliminary-results, Senegal’s President Macky Sall easily wins re-election, opposition will not contest vote, France24, 28 February 2019, 27 June 2021, 7 July 2021,web.archive.org/web/20210707001522/https://www.france24.com/en/20190228-senegal-president-macky-sall-wins-election-preliminary-results, live, On 2 April 2024, his successor Bassirou Diomaye Faye was sworn in.NEWS, France-Presse, Agence, Bassirou Diomaye Faye sworn in as Senegal’s youngest president,www.theguardian.com/world/2024/apr/02/bassirou-diomaye-faye-to-be-sworn-in-as-senegal-youngest-president, The Guardian, 2 April 2024,Leadership in World governance initiatives
Senegal has been one of the signatories of the agreement to convene a convention for drafting a world constitution.WEB, Letters from Thane Read asking Helen Keller to sign the World Constitution for world peace. 1961,www.afb.org/HelenKellerArchive?a=d&d=A-HK01-07-B149-F04-022.1.8, 2023-07-01, Helen Keller Archive, American Foundation for the Blind, 3 July 2023,web.archive.org/web/20230703034807/https://www.afb.org/HelenKellerArchive?a=d&d=A-HK01-07-B149-F04-022.1.8, live, WEB, Letter from World Constitution Coordinating Committee to Helen, enclosing current materials,www.afb.org/HelenKellerArchive?a=d&d=A-HK01-07-B154-F05-028.1.4, 2023-07-03, Helen Keller Archive, American Foundation for the Blind, 19 July 2023,web.archive.org/web/20230719170534/https://www.afb.org/HelenKellerArchive?a=d&d=A-HK01-07-B154-F05-028.1.4, live, As a result, in 1968, for the first time in human history, a World Constituent Assembly convened to draft and adopt the Constitution for the Federation of Earth.WEB, Preparing earth constitution {{!, Global Strategies & Solutions {{!}} The Encyclopedia of World Problems |url=http://encyclopedia.uia.org/en/strategy/193465 |url-status=live |access-date=2023-07-15 |website=The Encyclopedia of World Problems {{!}} Union of International Associations (UIA) |archive-date=19 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230719215501encyclopedia.uia.org/en/strategy/193465 }} Léopold Sédar Senghor, then president of Senegal signed the agreement to convene a World Constituent Assembly.BOOK, Amerasinghe, Terence P., Emerging World Law, Volume 1, Institute for Economic Democracy, 2009, 978-1-933567-16-7, 50, en,Administrative divisions
(File:Senegal, administrative divisions in colour 2.svg|thumb|upright=2.05|Regions of Senegal)Senegal is subdivided into 14 regions,Statoids page on Senegal {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230928130136www.statoids.org/en/sn/admin-levels/l1/map/senegal/regions |date=28 September 2023 }} (noting that three new regions were split off on 10 September 2008). each administered by a Conseil Régional (Regional Council) elected by population weight at the Arrondissement level. The country is further subdivided by 45 Départements, 113 Arrondissements (neither of which have administrative function) and by Collectivités Locales, which elect administrative officers.List of current local elected officials {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070819053719www.uael.sn/article.php3?id_article=32 |date=19 August 2007 }} from Union des Associations d’ Elus Locaux (UAEL) du Sénégal. See also the law creating current local government structures: {{in lang|fr}} Code des collectivités locales {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511042009www.demarches.gouv.sn/collectivites-locales/pdf/code-collec-locales-sen.pdf |date=11 May 2011 }}, Loi n° 96-06 du 22 mars 1996.Regional capitals have the same name as their respective regions:{{Div col}}- Dakar
- Diourbel
- Fatick
- Kaffrine
- Kaolack
- Kédougou
- Kolda
- Louga
- Matam
- Saint-Louis
- Sédhiou
- Tambacounda
- Thiès
- Ziguinchor
Foreign relations
{{Further|Foreign relations of Senegal}}Senegal has a high profile in many international organizations and was a member of the UN Security Council in 1988–89 and 2015–2016. It was elected to the UN Commission on Human Rights in 1997. Friendly to the West, especially to the United States, Senegal has vigorously advocated for more assistance from developed countries to the Third World. The Foreign Minister of Senegal is Aïssata Tall Sall. She took office in November 2020. Historically, Senegal has been close to France, its former colonizer, but this had caused a great amount of tension with the people and was one of the reasons why former President Macky Sall lost support. Senegalese often complained that Sall was consistently giving French companies priority contracts to extract Senegal’s natural resources rather than giving the contracts to whoever offered Senegal the best deal. They also believed France was pushing Macky Sall to run for an unconstitutional third term. After debating whether to run a third time for months, Sall did not. weblink {{Webarchive|url=web.archive.org/web/20240125101411/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/07/03/world/africa/senegal-president-third-term.html|date=January 25, 2024}}Senegal enjoys mostly cordial relations with its neighbors. In spite of clear progress on other issues with Mauritania (border security, resource management, economic integration, etc.), an estimated 35,000 Mauritanian refugees (of the estimated 40,000 who were expelled from their home country in 1989) remain in Senegal.NEWS,www.aljazeera.com/video/africa/2014/05/mauritanian-refugees-refuse-leave-senegal-20145872721336117.html, Mauritanian refugees refuse to leave Senegal, 8 May 2014, Al Jazeera, 20 October 2018, 20 October 2018,web.archive.org/web/20181020223751/https://www.aljazeera.com/video/africa/2014/05/mauritanian-refugees-refuse-leave-senegal-20145872721336117.html, live, Senegal is well integrated with the main bodies of the international community, including the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), the African Union (AU), and the Community of Sahel–Saharan States.Military
File:Landmine warning sign near Ziguinchor, Senegal.jpg|thumb|Land mines were widely used in the Casamance conflictCasamance conflictThe Armed Forces of Senegal consist of about 17,000 personnel in the army, air force, navy, and gendarmerie. The Senegalese military receives most of its training, equipment, and support from France and the United States, and to a lesser extent Germany.Military noninterference in political affairs has contributed to Senegal’s stability since independence. Senegal has participated in many international and regional peacekeeping missions. Most recently, in 2000, Senegal sent a battalion to the Democratic Republic of Congo to participate in MONUC, the United Nations peacekeeping mission, and agreed to deploy a US-trained battalion to Sierra Leone for UNAMSIL, another UN peacekeeping mission.In 2015, Senegal participated in the Saudi Arabian-led military intervention in Yemen against the Shia Houthis.NEWS, Senegal to send 2,100 troops to join Saudi-led alliance,www.reuters.com/article/us-yemen-saudi-senegal-idUSKBN0NP1N920150504, 4 May 2015, Reuters, 5 July 2021, 5 May 2015,www.reuters.com/article/2015/05/04/us-yemen-saudi-senegal-idUSKBN0NP1N920150504," title="web.archive.org/web/20150505003911www.reuters.com/article/2015/05/04/us-yemen-saudi-senegal-idUSKBN0NP1N920150504,">web.archive.org/web/20150505003911www.reuters.com/article/2015/05/04/us-yemen-saudi-senegal-idUSKBN0NP1N920150504, live,Law
Senegal is a secular state, as defined in its Constitution.WEB,www.wipo.int/edocs/lexdocs/laws/en/sn/sn014en.pdf, Constitution of Senegal (Article 1), 4 August 2015, dead,www.wipo.int/edocs/lexdocs/laws/en/sn/sn014en.pdf," title="web.archive.org/web/20150930153624www.wipo.int/edocs/lexdocs/laws/en/sn/sn014en.pdf,">web.archive.org/web/20150930153624www.wipo.int/edocs/lexdocs/laws/en/sn/sn014en.pdf, 30 September 2015, To fight corruption, the government has created the National Anti-Corruption Office (OFNAC) and the Commission of Restitution and Recovery of Illegally Acquired Assets. According to Business Anti-Corruption Portal, President Sall created the OFNAC to replace the Commission Nationale de Lutte Contre la non-Transparence, la Corruption et la Concussion (CNLCC). It is said that the OFNAC represents a more effective tool for fighting corruption than the CNLCC established under former President Wade.WEB, Public Anti-Corruption Initiatives,www.business-anti-corruption.com/country-profiles/sub-saharan-africa/senegal/show-all.aspx, Business Anti-Corruption Portal, 27 March 2014, 22 May 2014,www.business-anti-corruption.com/country-profiles/sub-saharan-africa/senegal/show-all.aspx," title="web.archive.org/web/20140522221802www.business-anti-corruption.com/country-profiles/sub-saharan-africa/senegal/show-all.aspx,">web.archive.org/web/20140522221802www.business-anti-corruption.com/country-profiles/sub-saharan-africa/senegal/show-all.aspx, live, The mission of OFNAC is to fight corruption, embezzlement of public funds and fraud. OFNAC has the power of self-referral (own initiative investigation). OFNAC is composed of twelve members appointed by decree.Homosexuality is illegal in Senegal.WEB, 2021-06-25, In Senegal many gay people live in fear, forced to leave home,www.france24.com/en/video/20210625-in-senegal-many-gay-people-live-in-fear-forced-to-leave-home, 2021-10-10, France 24, en, 10 October 2021,web.archive.org/web/20211010171309/https://www.france24.com/en/video/20210625-in-senegal-many-gay-people-live-in-fear-forced-to-leave-home, live, According to 2013 survey by the Pew Research Center, 96% of Senegalese believe that homosexuality should not be accepted by society.“The Global Divide on Homosexuality.” {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103034522www.pewglobal.org/2013/06/04/the-global-divide-on-homosexuality/ |date=3 November 2013 }} pewglobal. 4 June 2013. 4 June 2013. LGBTQ community members in Senegal report a strong feeling of being unsafe.WEB,news.trust.org/item/20180927065941-onebm/, ‘Fighting for survival’, Senegal’s gay community is on its own, news.trust.org, 2 May 2019, 2 May 2019,news.trust.org/item/20180927065941-onebm/," title="web.archive.org/web/20190502183231news.trust.org/item/20180927065941-onebm/,">web.archive.org/web/20190502183231news.trust.org/item/20180927065941-onebm/, live,Geography
(File:Senegal map of Köppen climate classification.svg|thumb|Senegal map of Köppen climate classification)File:Casamance landscape.jpg|thumb|Landscape of CasamanceCasamanceSenegal is located on the west of the African continent. It lies between latitudes 12° and 17°N, and longitudes 11° and 18°W.Senegal is externally bounded by the Atlantic Ocean to the west, Mauritania to the north, Mali to the east, and Guinea and Guinea-Bissau to the south; internally it almost completely surrounds The Gambia, namely on the north, east and south, except for Gambia’s short Atlantic coastline.The Senegalese landscape consists mainly of the rolling sandy plains of the western Sahel which rise to foothills in the southeast. Here is also found Senegal’s highest point, Baunez ridge situated 2.7 km southeast of Nepen Diakha at {{convert|648|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}.WEB,www.peakbagger.com/peak.aspx?pid=11080, Senegal High Point, SRTM, 22 January 2017, 2 February 2017,www.peakbagger.com/peak.aspx?pid=11080," title="web.archive.org/web/20170202004526www.peakbagger.com/peak.aspx?pid=11080,">web.archive.org/web/20170202004526www.peakbagger.com/peak.aspx?pid=11080, live, The northern border is formed by the Senegal River; other rivers include the Gambia and Casamance Rivers. The capital Dakar lies on the Cap-Vert peninsula, the westernmost point of continental Africa.The Cape Verde islands lie some {{convert|560|km}} off the Senegalese coast, but Cap-Vert (“Cape Green“) is a maritime placemark, set at the foot of “Les Mammelles”, a {{convert|105|m|ft|0|adj=on}} cliff resting at one end of the Cap-Vert peninsula onto which is settled Senegal’s capital Dakar, and {{convert|1|km|mi|1}} south of the “Pointe des Almadies”, the westernmost point in Africa.Senegal contains four terrestrial ecoregions: Guinean forest-savanna mosaic, Sahelian Acacia savanna, West Sudanian savanna, and Guinean mangroves.JOURNAL, Dinerstein, Eric, Olson, David, Joshi, Anup, Vynne, Carly, Burgess, Neil D., Wikramanayake, Eric, Hahn, Nathan, Palminteri, Suzanne, Hedao, Prashant, Noss, Reed, Hansen, Matt, Locke, Harvey, Ellis, Erle C, Jones, Benjamin, Barber, Charles Victor, Hayes, Randy, Kormos, Cyril, Martin, Vance, Crist, Eileen, Sechrest, Wes, Price, Lori, Baillie, Jonathan E. M., Weeden, Don, Suckling, Kierán, Davis, Crystal, Sizer, Nigel, Moore, Rebecca, Thau, David, Birch, Tanya, Potapov, Peter, Turubanova, Svetlana, Tyukavina, Alexandra, de Souza, Nadia, Pintea, Lilian, Brito, José C., Llewellyn, Othman A., Miller, Anthony G., Patzelt, Annette, Ghazanfar, Shahina A., Timberlake, Jonathan, Klöser, Heinz, Shennan-Farpón, Yara, Kindt, Roeland, Lillesø, Jens-Peter Barnekow, van Breugel, Paulo, Graudal, Lars, Voge, Maianna, Al-Shammari, Khalaf F., Saleem, Muhammad, 1, An Ecoregion-Based Approach to Protecting Half the Terrestrial Realm, BioScience, 67, 6, 2017, 534–545, 0006-3568, 10.1093/biosci/bix014, 28608869, 5451287, free, It had a 2019 Forest Landscape Integrity Index mean score of 7.11/10, ranking it 56th globally out of 172 countries.JOURNAL, Grantham, H. S., Duncan, A., Evans, T. D., Jones, K. R., Beyer, H. L., Schuster, R., Walston, J., Ray, J. C., Robinson, J. G., Callow, M., Clements, T., Costa, H. M., DeGemmis, A., Elsen, P. R., Ervin, J., Franco, P., Goldman, E., Goetz, S., Hansen, A., Hofsvang, E., Jantz, P., Jupiter, S., Kang, A., Langhammer, P., Laurance, W. F., Lieberman, S., Linkie, M., Malhi, Y., Maxwell, S., Mendez, M., Mittermeier, R., Murray, N. J., Possingham, H., Radachowsky, J., Saatchi, S., Samper, C., Silverman, J., Shapiro, A., Strassburg, B., Stevens, T., Stokes, E., Taylor, R., Tear, T., Tizard, R., Venter, O., Visconti, P., Wang, S., Watson, J. E. M., 1, Anthropogenic modification of forests means only 40% of remaining forests have high ecosystem integrity – Supplementary Material, Nature Communications, 11, 1, 2020, 5978, 2041-1723, 10.1038/s41467-020-19493-3, 33293507, 7723057, 2020NatCo..11.5978G, free,Climate
File:Ngor Beach.jpg|thumb|Beach at N’Gor ]]Senegal has a tropical climate with pleasant heat throughout the year with well-defined dry and humid seasons that result from northeast winter winds and southwest summer winds. The dry season (December to April) is dominated by hot, dry, harmattan wind.Dakar’s annual rainfall of about {{convert|600|mm|in|abbr=on}} occurs between June and October when maximum temperatures average {{convert|30|°C|°F|1}} and minimums {{convert|24.2|°C|°F|1}}; December to February maximum temperatures average {{convert|25.7|°C|°F|1}} and minimums {{convert|18|°C|°F|1}}.WEB,www.senegal.climatemps.com/, Dakar, Senegal Climate Information – ClimateTemp.info, Making Sense of Average Monthly Weather & Temperature Data with Detailed Climate Graphs That Portray Average Rainfall & Sunshine Hours, ClimaTemps.com, 22 July 2011, 29 March 2012, 12 July 2012,www.senegal.climatemps.com/," title="web.archive.org/web/20120712103459www.senegal.climatemps.com/,">web.archive.org/web/20120712103459www.senegal.climatemps.com/, live, Interior temperatures are higher than along the coast (for example, average daily temperatures in Kaolack and Tambacounda for May are {{convert|30|°C|°F|1}} and {{convert|32.7|°C|°F|1}} respectively, compared to Dakar’s {{convert|23.2|°C|°F|1}} ),WEB,www.worldclimate.com/, Weather rainfall and temperature data, World Climate, 5 August 2010, 8 February 2011,www.worldclimate.com/," title="web.archive.org/web/20110208173133www.worldclimate.com/,">web.archive.org/web/20110208173133www.worldclimate.com/, live, and rainfall increases substantially farther south, exceeding {{convert|1500|mm|in|1|abbr=on}} annually in some areas.In Tambacounda in the far interior, particularly on the border of Mali where desert begins, temperatures can reach as high as {{convert|54|°C|°F|1}}. The northernmost part of the country is the Lompoul desert that has a near hot desert climate, the central part has a hot semi-arid climate and the southernmost part has a tropical wet and dry climate. Senegal is mainly a sunny and dry country.{{excerpt|Climate change in Senegal|paragraphs=1-2|hat=no}}Wildlife
Economy
{{Excerpt|Economy of Senegal|hat=no|files=no}}(File:Map of Trans-African Highways.PNG|thumb|left)(File:GDP_per_capita_development_in_Senegal_and_Gambia.svg|thumb|Historical development of real GDP per capita in Senegal and Gambia, since 1950)Industry and trade
(File:Senegal Product Exports (2019).svg|thumb|right|A proportional representation of Senegal exports, 2019)Three trans-African automobile routes pass through Senegal: The main industries include food processing, mining, cement, artificial fertilizer, chemicals, textiles, refining imported petroleum, and tourism. Exports include fish, chemicals, cotton, fabrics, groundnuts, and calcium phosphate. The largest export markets as of 2020 are Mali (20.4%), Switzerland (12.2%), and India (8.3%).WEB,www.cepii.fr/CEPII/en/bdd_modele/bdd_modele_item.asp?id=37, CEPII – Baci, cepii.fr, Centre d’Etudes Prospectives et d’Informations Internationales, HS92, 31 August 2022, 31 August 2022,www.cepii.fr/CEPII/en/bdd_modele/bdd_modele_item.asp?id=37," title="web.archive.org/web/20220831162656www.cepii.fr/CEPII/en/bdd_modele/bdd_modele_item.asp?id=37,">web.archive.org/web/20220831162656www.cepii.fr/CEPII/en/bdd_modele/bdd_modele_item.asp?id=37, live, As a member of the West African Economic and Monetary Union (WAEMU), Senegal is working toward greater regional integration with a unified external tariff. Senegal is also a member of the Organization for the Harmonization of Business Law in Africa.WEB, OHADA.com: The business law portal in Africa,www.ohada.com/index.php, 22 March 2009, 26 March 2009,www.ohada.com/index.php," title="web.archive.org/web/20090326033744www.ohada.com/index.php,">web.archive.org/web/20090326033744www.ohada.com/index.php, live, Senegal achieved full Internet connectivity in 1996, creating a mini-boom in information technology-based services. Private activity now accounts for 82 percent of its GDP. On the negative side, Senegal faces deep-seated urban problems of chronic high unemployment, socioeconomic disparity, juvenile delinquency, and drug addiction.WEB,www.chinadaily.com.cn/hellochina/helloSenegal2009/2009-09/01/content_8643211.htm, Economy of Senegal, China Daily, 23 August 2017, 14 September 2017,www.chinadaily.com.cn/hellochina/helloSenegal2009/2009-09/01/content_8643211.htm," title="web.archive.org/web/20170914120740www.chinadaily.com.cn/hellochina/helloSenegal2009/2009-09/01/content_8643211.htm,">web.archive.org/web/20170914120740www.chinadaily.com.cn/hellochina/helloSenegal2009/2009-09/01/content_8643211.htm, live, Senegal is a major recipient of international development assistance. Donors include the United States Agency for International Development (USAID), Japan, France and China. Over 4,000 Peace Corps Volunteers have served in Senegal since 1963.WEB,www.peacecorps.gov/senegal/, Peace Corps Senegal, peacecorps.gov, 2 February 2023, 8 July 2016,web.archive.org/web/20160708120917/https://www.peacecorps.gov/senegal/, live,Agriculture
{{Excerpt|Agriculture in Senegal}}Fishing
(File:Yoff Beach (Dakar), Senegal 2013 (8750149526).jpg|thumb|Fishing boats in Dakar)Senegal has a {{convert|12|nmi|km mi|adj=on}} exclusive fishing zone that has been regularly breached in recent years ({{As of|2014|lc=y}}). It has been estimated that the country’s fishermen lose 300,000 tonnes of fish each year to illegal fishing. The Senegalese government have tried to control the illegal fishing which is conducted by fishing trawlers, some of which are registered in Russia, Mauritania, Belize and Ukraine. In January 2014, a Russian trawler, Oleg Naydenov, was seized by Senegalese authorities close to the maritime border with Guinea-Bissau.’Russia says factory ship was seized on Greenpeace’s orders; Trawler held by Senegal over alleged illegal fishing’ by John Vidal The Guardian (UK newspaper) 10 January 2014 page 23Energy
{{Excerpt|Energy in Senegal}}Demographics
(File:Senegal population.svg|thumb|upright=2.05|Senegal’s population from 1960 to 2017 (in millions))Senegal has a population of around 18 million, about 42 percent of whom live in rural areas. Density in these areas varies from about {{convert|77|PD/km2}} in the west-central region to {{convert|2|/km2}} in the arid eastern section.Women
{{unreferenced section|date=March 2021}}Senegal ratified the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women, adopted by the United Nations General Assembly, as well as the additional protocol. Senegal is also a signatory of the African Charter of Human and People’s Rights, which was adopted during the 2003 African Union Summit. However, feminists have been critical of the government’s lack of action in enforcing the protocols, conventions and other texts that have been signed as a means of protecting women’s rights.{{Citation needed|date=January 2024}}Ethnic groups
Senegal has a wide variety of ethnic groups and, as in most West African countries, several languages are widely spoken. According to “CIA World Factbook: Senegal” (2019 estimates), the ethnic groups are Wolof (39%); Fula (probably including the Halpulaar speaking Toucouleur) (27.5%); Serer group (probably including the Serer Cangin peoples (16%); Mandinka (4.9%); Jola (4.2%); Soninke (2.4%); other 5.4% (includes Europeans and persons of Lebanese descent), and other minor ethnic groups like the Bassari, Maures or (Naarkajors)).CIA World Factbook: Senegal. weblink {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230930033916www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/senegal/summaries |date=30 September 2023 }} (retrieved 15 April 2024):- “Wolof 39.7%, Pulaar 27.5%, Sereer 16%, Mandinka 4.9%, Jola 4.2%, Soninke 2.4%, other 5.4% (includes Europeans and persons of Lebanese descent) (2019 est.).”
Languages
French is the official language, spoken by all those who have spent several years in the educational system, in which French is used as the medium of instruction (Koranic schools are also popular, but Arabic is less widely spoken outside of the context of recitation). Overall, speakers of French were estimated to make up 26% of the population in 2022.WEB,www.francophonie.org/, Portail de l’Organisation Internationale de la Francophonie (OIF), Organisation Internationale de la Francophonie, 18 February 2023, 1 June 2013,www.francophonie.org/-Etats-et-gouvernements-.html," title="web.archive.org/web/20130601233227www.francophonie.org/-Etats-et-gouvernements-.html,">web.archive.org/web/20130601233227www.francophonie.org/-Etats-et-gouvernements-.html, live, During the 15th century, many European territories started to engage in trade in Senegal. In the 19th century, France increased its colonial influence in Senegal and thus the number of French-speaking people multiplied continuously. French was ratified as the official language of Senegal in 1960 when the country achieved independence.Most people also speak their own ethnic language while, especially in Dakar, Wolof is the lingua franca.{{citation|title=Wolof|author=National African Language Research Center|publisher=University of Wisconsin |location=Madison}} Pulaar is spoken by the Fulas and Toucouleur. The Serer language is widely spoken by both Serers and non-Serers (including President Sall, whose wife is Serer); so are the Cangin languages, whose speakers are ethnically Serers. Jola languages are widely spoken in the Casamance. Overall Senegal is home to around 39 distinct languages. Several have the legal status of “national languages”: Balanta-Ganja, Arabic, Jola-Fonyi, Mandinka, Mandjak, Mankanya, Noon (Serer-Noon), Pulaar, Serer, Soninke, and Wolof.English is taught as a foreign language in secondary schools and many graduate school programs, and it is the only subject matter that has a special office in the Ministry of Education.{{citation|website=The Warwick ELT|title=The Status of English and Other Languages in Senegal|author=Oumar Moussa Djigo|date=31 December 2016|url=https://thewarwickeltezine.wordpress.com/2016/12/31/77/|access-date=10 August 2019|archive-date=10 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190810155205thewarwickeltezine.wordpress.com/2016/12/31/77/|url-status=live}} Dakar hosts a couple of Bilingual schools which offer 50% of their syllabus in English. The Senegalese American Bilingual School (SABS), Yavuz Selim, and The West African College of the Atlantic (WACA) train thousands of fluent English speakers in four-year programs. English is widely used by the scientific community and in business, including by the Modou-Modou (illiterate, self-taught businessmen).Portuguese Creole, locally known as Portuguese, is a prominent minority language in Ziguinchor, regional capital of the Casamance, spoken by local Portuguese creoles and immigrants from Guinea-Bissau. The local Cape Verdean community speak a similar Portuguese creole, Cape Verdean Creole, and standard Portuguese. Portuguese was introduced in Senegal’s secondary education in 1961 in Dakar by the country’s first president, Léopold Sédar Senghor. It is currently available in most of Senegal and in higher education. It is especially prevalent in Casamance as it relates with the local cultural identity.WEB,www.instituto-camoes.pt/encarte/encarte98a.htm, A LÃngua Portuguesa no Senegal, 12–25 April 2006, 10 December 2014, José Horta, Instituto Camões, dead,www.instituto-camoes.pt/encarte/encarte98a.htm," title="web.archive.org/web/20160304000233www.instituto-camoes.pt/encarte/encarte98a.htm,">web.archive.org/web/20160304000233www.instituto-camoes.pt/encarte/encarte98a.htm, 4 March 2016, dmy-all, (File:Dakar Roofs - Beach & Ocean (5651584098).jpg|thumb|Aerial view of Yoff Commune, Dakar)A variety of immigrant languages are spoken, such as Bambara (70,000), Mooré (37,000), Kabuverdiano (34,000), Krio (6,100), Vietnamese (2,500), and Portuguese (1,700), mostly in Dakar.While French is the sole official language, a rising Senegalese linguistic nationalist movement supports the integration of Wolof, the common vernacular language of the country, into the national constitution.WEB,www.slateafrique.com/21377/linguistique-senegal-est-il-encore-un-pays-francophone, Le Sénégal est-il encore un pays francophone?, 19 August 2012, 19 August 2012, Pierre Cherruau, 14 November 2019,www.slateafrique.com/21377/linguistique-senegal-est-il-encore-un-pays-francophone," title="web.archive.org/web/20191114083002www.slateafrique.com/21377/linguistique-senegal-est-il-encore-un-pays-francophone,">web.archive.org/web/20191114083002www.slateafrique.com/21377/linguistique-senegal-est-il-encore-un-pays-francophone, live, Senegalese regions of Dakar, Diourbel, Fatick, Kaffrine, Kaolack, Kedougou, Kolda, Louga, Matam, Saint-Louis, Sedhiou, Tambacounda, Thies and Ziguinchor are members of the International Association of Francophone regions.Largest cities
{{See also|List of cities in Senegal}}Dakar, the capital, is by far the largest city in Senegal, with over two million residents.WEB,www.ansd.org/SES2005.pdf, Situation économique et sociale du Sénégal, Agence Nationale de la Statistique et de la Démographie, Government of Senegal, fr, 2005, 18 November 2008Religion
{{Pie chart|thumb = leftHealth
(File:Life expectancy in Senegal.svg|thumb|Development of life expectancy)Life expectancy at birth was estimated to be 66.8 years in 2016 (64.7 years male, 68.7 years female).WEB,www.aho.afro.who.int/profiles_information/images/e/e3/Senegal-Statistical_Factsheet.pdf,www.aho.afro.who.int/profiles_information/images/e/e3/Senegal-Statistical_Factsheet.pdf," title="web.archive.org/web/20140903204256www.aho.afro.who.int/profiles_information/images/e/e3/Senegal-Statistical_Factsheet.pdf,">web.archive.org/web/20140903204256www.aho.afro.who.int/profiles_information/images/e/e3/Senegal-Statistical_Factsheet.pdf, dead, 3 September 2014, Senegal Statistical Factsheet, Factsheet of Health Statistics 2018, Public expenditure on health was at 2.4 percent of the GDP in 2004, whereas private expenditure was at 3.5 percent.WEB,hdrstats.undp.org/en/countries/data_sheets/cty_ds_SEN.html, Human Development Report 2009 – Senegal, Hdrstats.undp.org, 20 June 2010, dead,hdrstats.undp.org/en/countries/data_sheets/cty_ds_SEN.html," title="web.archive.org/web/20100715090901hdrstats.undp.org/en/countries/data_sheets/cty_ds_SEN.html,">web.archive.org/web/20100715090901hdrstats.undp.org/en/countries/data_sheets/cty_ds_SEN.html, 15 July 2010, Health expenditure was at US$72 (PPP) per capita in 2004. The fertility rate ranged 5 to 5.3 between 2005 and 2013, with 4.1 in urban areas and 6.3 in rural areas, as official survey (6.4 in 1986 and 5.7 in 1997) point out.WEB,www.ansd.sn/publications/rapports_enquetes_etudes/enquetes/EDS-continue_2012-2013.pdf, Enquête Démographique et de Santé Continue (EDS-Continue) 2012–2013, July 2013, fr, Republic of Senegal, 27 January 2014, dead,www.ansd.sn/publications/rapports_enquetes_etudes/enquetes/EDS-continue_2012-2013.pdf," title="web.archive.org/web/20131113162733www.ansd.sn/publications/rapports_enquetes_etudes/enquetes/EDS-continue_2012-2013.pdf,">web.archive.org/web/20131113162733www.ansd.sn/publications/rapports_enquetes_etudes/enquetes/EDS-continue_2012-2013.pdf, 13 November 2013, There were six physicians per 100,000 persons in the early 2000s (decade). Infant mortality in Senegal was 157 per 1,000 live births in 1950., but since then it has declined five-fold to 32 per 1,000 in 2018.WEB,childmortality.org/data/Senegal, Infant mortality rate in Senegal, UN Inter-agency Group for Child Mortality Estimation, 27 June 2021, {{Dead link|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} In the past five years infant mortality rates of malaria have dropped. According to a 2013 UNICEF report,UNICEF 2013 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150405083031www.unicef.org/media/files/FGCM_Lo_res.pdf |date=5 April 2015 }}, p. 27. 26% of women in Senegal have undergone female genital mutilation.In March 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic began in Senegal, which led to the imposition of a curfew in the country.WEB, Africa: SA in lockdown, curfews in the west as continent braces for Covid-19 wave,www.rfi.fr/en/africa/20200324-lockdown-curfew-restrictions-africa-coronavirus-covid-19, Radio France Internationale, 24 March 2020, 23 November 2021, 23 November 2021,web.archive.org/web/20211123195213/https://www.rfi.fr/en/africa/20200324-lockdown-curfew-restrictions-africa-coronavirus-covid-19, live, In July 2021, Senegal experienced a significant increase in cases of coronavirus disease.WEB, Senegal seeing significant rise in Delta variant cases,www.aa.com.tr/en/africa/senegal-seeing-significant-rise-in-delta-variant-cases/2306111, ANADOLU AGENCY, 23 November 2021, 23 November 2021,web.archive.org/web/20211123195507/https://www.aa.com.tr/en/africa/senegal-seeing-significant-rise-in-delta-variant-cases/2306111, live, In June 2021, Senegal’s Agency for Universal Health launched sunucmu.com (SunuCMU), a website that the agency hopes will streamline health care in the country. The website is a part of the Minister of State Mohammad Abdallah Dionne’s plan for digitalization. He aims to make Senegal’s health care system effective and sustainable. Using SunuCMU, Senegal hopes to achieve 75 percent coverage within two years of the launch.WEB, 2019-06-28, A New Platform to Improve Health Care in Senegal,www.borgenmagazine.com/health-care-in-senegal/, 2021-07-06, BORGEN, en-US,Education
(File:Senegal students.jpg|thumb|Students in Senegal)Articles 21 and 22 of the Constitution adopted in January 2001 guarantee access to education for all children.“Senegal”. 2005 Findings on the Worst Forms of Child Labor. Bureau of International Labor Affairs, U.S. Department of Labor (2006). This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140109071239www.dol.gov/ilab/media/reports/iclp/tda2005/tda2005.pdf |date=9 January 2014 }} Education is compulsory and free up to the age of 16. The Ministry of Labor has indicated that the public school system is unable to cope with the number of children that must enroll each year. Portuguese is taught at schools at the secondary high school level, given the large Cape Verdean community, and also from Guinea Bissau. There are sizeable Portuguese creole and standard Portuguese speaking communities in Zinguichor and Dakar.Illiteracy is high, particularly among women. The net primary enrollment rate was 69 percent in 2005. Public expenditure on education was 5.4 percent of the 2002–2005 GDP. Senegal was ranked 93rd in the Global Innovation Index in 2023, up from 96th in 2019.BOOK, WIPO, Global Innovation Index 2023, 15th Edition,www.wipo.int/global_innovation_index/en/2023/index.html, 2023-10-29, 30 October 2023, World Intellectual Property Organization, 10.34667/tind.46596, 9789280534320, en, 22 October 2023,web.archive.org/web/20231022042128/https://www.wipo.int/global_innovation_index/en/2023/index.html, live, WEB, Global Innovation Index 2019,www.wipo.int/global_innovation_index/en/2019/index.html, 2021-09-02, wipo.int, en, 2 September 2021,web.archive.org/web/20210902101818/https://www.wipo.int/global_innovation_index/en/2019/index.html, live, WEB, 2013-10-28, Global Innovation Index,knowledge.insead.edu/entrepreneurship-innovation/global-innovation-index-2930, 2021-09-02, INSEAD Knowledge, en, 2 September 2021,web.archive.org/web/20210902101622/https://knowledge.insead.edu/entrepreneurship-innovation/global-innovation-index-2930, dead,Culture
Senegal is well known for the West African tradition of storytelling, which is done by griots, who have kept West African history alive for thousands of years through words and music. The griot profession is passed down generation to generation and requires years of training and apprenticeship in genealogy, history and music. Griots give voice to generations of West African society.Eric S. Ross, Culture and Customs of Senegal, Greenwood Press, Westport, CT, 2008 {{ISBN|0-313-34036-6}}The African Renaissance Monument built in 2010 in Dakar is the tallest statue in Africa. Dakar also hosts a film festival, Recidak.NEWS,fr.africatime.com/senegal/articles/apres-dix-annees-dinterruption-les-recidak-nouvelles-arrivent-en-2014, Après dix années d’interruption : Les RECIDAK nouvelles arrivent en 2014, Baba Diop, fr, Africatime, 30 November 2016,fr.africatime.com/senegal/articles/apres-dix-annees-dinterruption-les-recidak-nouvelles-arrivent-en-2014," title="web.archive.org/web/20161130190636fr.africatime.com/senegal/articles/apres-dix-annees-dinterruption-les-recidak-nouvelles-arrivent-en-2014,">web.archive.org/web/20161130190636fr.africatime.com/senegal/articles/apres-dix-annees-dinterruption-les-recidak-nouvelles-arrivent-en-2014, 30 November 2016, dead, The Islamic festival of Eid al-Fitr, known locally as Tabaski, is popularly celebrated by Senegalese people. Despite being predominantly Muslim, the Christian festival of Christmas is also popularly observed, with Christmas trees and decorations lining up the city of Dakar.Cuisine
{{Further|Senegalese cuisine}}Because Senegal borders the Atlantic Ocean, fish is very important. Chicken, lamb, peas, eggs, and beef are also used in Senegalese cooking, but not pork, due to the nation’s largely Muslim population. Peanuts, the primary crop of Senegal, as well as couscous, white rice, sweet potatoes, lentils, black-eyed peas and various vegetables, are also incorporated into many recipes. Meats and vegetables are typically stewed or marinated in herbs and spices, and then poured over rice or couscous, or eaten with bread.Popular fresh juices are made from bissap, ginger, buoy (pronounced ‘buoy’, which is the fruit of the baobab tree, also known as “monkey bread fruit“), mango, or other fruit or wild trees (most famously soursop, which is called corossol in French). Desserts are very rich and sweet, combining native ingredients with the extravagance and style characteristic of the French impact on Senegal’s culinary methods. They are often served with fresh fruit and are traditionally followed by coffee or tea.Music
{{Further|Music of Senegal}}File:Solo cissokho DSC 0448.JPG|thumb|upright|Kora player from Senegal]]Senegal is known across Africa for its musical roots, due to the popularity of mbalax, which originated from the Serer percussive tradition especially the Njuup, it has been popularized by Youssou N’Dour, Omar Pene and others. Sabar drumming is especially popular. The sabar is mostly used in special celebrations such as weddings. Another instrument, the tama, is used in more ethnic groups. Other popular international renowned Senegalese musicians are Ismael Lô, Cheikh Lô, Orchestra Baobab, Baaba Maal, Akon (US-born), Thione Seck, Viviane, Fallou Dieng, Titi, Seckou Keita and Pape Diouf.Cinema
Media
Hospitality
Hospitality, in theory, is given such importance in Senegalese culture that it is widely considered to be part of the national identity. The WolofThe word taranga (hospitality), jom (honour), etc., are all Serer from the Serer language, rooted in Serer values and serer religion, not Wolof. See: {{in lang|fr}} Gravrand, Henry, “L’HERITAGE SPIRITUEL SEREER: VALEUR TRADITIONNELLE D’HIER, D’AUJOURD’HUI ET DE DEMAIN” [in] Ethiopiques, numéro 31, révue socialiste de culture négro-africaine, 3e trimestre 1982 weblink {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110901205550ethiopiques.refer.sn/spip.php?article895|date=1 September 2011}} word for hospitality is “teranga” and it is so identified with the pride of Senegal that the national football team is known as Les Lions de la Téranga.{{Original research inline|date=October 2011}}Sport
(File:Lutte sénégalaise Bercy 2013 - Mame Balla-Pape Mor Lô - 32.jpg|thumb|Senegalese Wrestling|left)File:MurPeint-ElHadjDiouf-Dakar-Sénégal.jpg|thumb|upright|Painting of footballer El Hadji DioufEl Hadji DioufSenegalese play many sports. Wrestling and football are the most popular sports in the country. Senegal will host the 2026 Summer Youth Olympics in Dakar, making Senegal the first African country to host an Olympic event.NEWS,www.washingtonpost.com/sports/olympics/senegal-to-be-1st-african-olympic-host-at-2022-youth-games/2018/09/07/4a0d6548-b2c2-11e8-8b53-50116768e499_story.html,web.archive.org/web/20180910164731/https://www.washingtonpost.com/sports/olympics/senegal-to-be-1st-african-olympic-host-at-2022-youth-games/2018/09/07/4a0d6548-b2c2-11e8-8b53-50116768e499_story.html, dead, 10 September 2018, Senegal to be 1st African Olympic host at 2022 Youth Games, The Washington Post, 10 September 2018, WEB,www.aljazeera.com/news/2018/09/senegal-african-nation-host-olympic-event-180907175449927.html, Senegal first African nation to host an Olympic event, Al Jazeera, 10 September 2018, 19 December 2019,web.archive.org/web/20191219142859/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2018/09/senegal-african-nation-host-olympic-event-180907175449927.html, live, Senegalese wrestling is the country’s most popular sportWEB,www.ohio.edu/sportsafrica/communicationmedia/ousmane.htm, Sports in Africa: Communication and Media, 3 April 2015, Ohio University, 30 April 2019,web.archive.org/web/20190430181247/https://www.ohio.edu/sportsafrica/communicationmedia/ousmane.htm, dead, and has become a national obsession.WEB,www.pri.org/stories/2011-06-09/wrestling-solution-poverty-senegal, Wrestling As a Solution to Poverty in Senegal, Skelton, Rose, Werman, Marco, 9 June 2011, PRI, 3 April 2015, 30 April 2019,web.archive.org/web/20190430181231/https://www.pri.org/stories/2011-06-09/wrestling-solution-poverty-senegal, live, It traditionally serves many young men to escape poverty and it is the only sport recognized as developed independently of Western culture.File:Senegal fans Russia 2018.jpg|thumb|Senegalese football fans at the 2018 FIFA World Cup2018 FIFA World CupFootball is a popular sport in Senegal. In 2022 the national team beat Egypt to win the Africa Cup of Nations for the first time, and they were runners-up in 2002 and 2019. They became one of only five African teams to ever reach the quarter-finals of the FIFA World Cup, after Cameroon in 1990 and before Ghana in 2010, defeating holders France in their first game in 2002. Senegal qualified for the 2018 FIFA World Cup in Russia, and for the 2022 FIFA World Cup in Qatar.Senegal has traditionally been one of Africa’s dominant basketball powers. The men’s team performed better than that of any other African nation at the 2014 FIBA World Cup, where they reached the playoffs for the first time. The women’s team won 19 medals at 20 African Championships, more than twice as many medals as any competitor. When the country hosted the 2019 FIBA Women’s AfroBasket, 15,000 fans flocked to the Dakar Arena which is registered as a record attendance for basketball in Africa.NEWS, Getting to know Africa’s flashy basketball arenas,www.fiba.basketball/news/getting-to-know-africas-flashy-basketball-arenas, 10 December 2020, FIBA, 2 September 2019, 7 January 2021,web.archive.org/web/20210107193242/https://www.fiba.basketball/news/getting-to-know-africas-flashy-basketball-arenas, live, Senegal was one of the continent’s pioneers in basketball as it established one of Africa’s first competitive leagues.NEWS, Lee, Nxumalo, Basketball’s next frontier is Africa,www.newframe.com/basketballs-next-frontier-is-africa/, 11 January 2021, New Frame, 20 December 2020, 16 January 2021,web.archive.org/web/20210116062357/https://www.newframe.com/basketballs-next-frontier-is-africa/, dead, In 2016, the NBA announced the launch of an Elite’s Academy in Africa, and more precisely in Senegal.WEB,www.nba.com/article/2016/12/21/nba-academy-africa, NBA to open academy in Africa in 2017, National Basketball Association, 26 December 2016, 9 October 2019,web.archive.org/web/20191009110034/https://www.nba.com/article/2016/12/21/nba-academy-africa, live, The country hosted the Paris–Dakar rally from 1979 until 2007. The Dakar Rally was an off-road endurance motorsport race which followed a course from Paris, France, to Dakar, Senegal. The competitors used off-road vehicles to cross the difficult geography. The last race was held in 2007, before the 2008 rally was canceled a day before the event due to security concerns in Mauritania.WEB,www.theguardian.com/world/2008/jan/05/france.sport, Dakar rally cancelled at last minute over terrorist threat, Hamilos, Paul, 4 January 2008, The Guardian, 10 February 2018, 24 April 2019,web.archive.org/web/20190424135531/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/jan/05/france.sport, live, The Ocean X-Prix of the electric off-road championship Extreme E was also hosted in Senegal.See also
Explanatory notes
{{notelist}}References
{{Reflist}}Further reading
- Babou, Cheikh Anta, Fighting the Greater Jihad: Amadu Bamba and the Founding of the Muridiyya of Senegal, 1853–1913, (Ohio University Press, 2007)
- Behrman, Lucy C, Muslim Brotherhood and Politics in Senegal, (iUniverse.com, 1999)
- Buggenhage, Beth A, Muslim Families in Global Senegal: Money Takes Care of Shame, (Indiana University Press, 2012)
- Bugul, Ken, The Abandoned Baobab: The Autobiography of a Senegalese Woman, (University of Virginia Press, 2008)
- EB1911, Senegal (colony), 24, Cana, Frank Richardson, 640–644, 1,
- Foley, Ellen E, Your Pocket is What Cures You: The Politics of Health in Senegal, (Rutgers University Press, 2010)
- Gellar, Sheldon, Democracy in Senegal: Tocquevillian Analytics in Africa, (Palgrave Macmillan, 2005)
- Glover, John, Sufism and Jihad in Modern Senegal: The Murid Order, (University of Rochester Press, 2007)
- Kane, Katharina, Lonely Planet Guide: The Gambia and Senegal, (Lonely Planet Publications, 2009)
- Kueniza, Michelle, Education and Democracy in Senegal, (Palgrave Macmillan, 2011)
- Mbacké, Khadim, Sufism and Religious Brotherhoods in Senegal, (Markus Wiener Publishing Inc., 2005)
- Streissguth, Thomas, Senegal in Pictures, (Twentyfirst Century Books, 2009)
- Various, Insight Guide: Gambia and Senegal, (APA Publications Pte Ltd., 2009)
- Various, New Perspectives on Islam in Senegal: Conversion, Migration, Wealth, Power, and Femininity, (Palgrave Macmillan, 2009)
- Various, Senegal: Essays in Statecraft, (Codesria, 2003)
- Various, Street Children in Senegal, (GYAN France, 2006)
External links
{{Sister project links|voy=Senegal}}- Celebrate Senegal Independence Day ( in Senegal)
- {{Official websitewww.sec.gouv.sn/}} {{in lang|fr}}
- Country Profile from BBC News
- Senegal. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
- {{curlie|Regional/Africa/Senegal}}
- {{wikiatlas|Senegal}}
- Trade
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