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homophone
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{{Short description|Word that has identical pronunciation as another word, but differs in meaning}}{{About|the term in linguistics||Homophony (disambiguation)}}{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}{{Redirect|Heterography|the practice of writing one language in the script of another|Garshunography}}File:Homograph homophone venn diagram.png|thumb|400px|Venn diagramVenn diagramA homophone ({{IPAc-en|Ë|h|É|m|É|f|oÊ|n|,_|Ë|h|oÊ|m|É|-}}) is a word that is pronounced the same (to a varying extent) as another word but differs in meaning. The two words may be spelled the same, for example rose (flower) and rose (past tense of "rise"), or spelled differently, as in rain, reign, and rein. The term homophone sometimes applies to units longer or shorter than words, for example a phrase, letter, or groups of letters which are pronounced the same as a counterpart. Any unit with this property is said to be homophonous ({{IPAc-en|h|É|Ë|m|É|f|Én|É|s}}).Homophones that are spelled the same are deemed both homographs and homonyms, e.g. the word read, as in "He is well read" (he is very learned) vs. the sentence "I read that book" (I have finished reading that book).{{efn|According to the strict sense of homonyms as words with the same spelling and pronunciation; however, homonyms according to the loose sense common in nontechnical contexts are words with the same spelling or pronunciation, in which case all homophones are also homonyms.DICTIONARY, Homonym, Random House Unabridged Dictionary,weblinkweblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20160304083418weblink">weblink 2016-03-04, Dictionary.com, }}Homophones that are spelled differently are also called heterographs, e.g. to, too, and two.{{linguistics}}- the content below is remote from Wikipedia
- it has been imported raw for GetWiki
Etymology
"Homophone" derives from Greek homo- (á½Î¼Î¿â), "same", and phÅnḠ(ÏÏνή), "voice, utterance".Wordplay and games
Homophones are often used to create puns and to deceive the reader (as in crossword puzzles) or to suggest multiple meanings. The last usage is common in poetry and creative literature. An example of this is seen in Dylan Thomas's radio play Under Milk Wood: "The shops in mourning" where mourning can be heard as mourning or morning. Another vivid example is Thomas Hood's use of birth and berth as well as told and toll'd (tolled) in his poem "Faithless Sally Brown":
His death, which happen'd in his berth,
At forty-odd befell:
They went and told the sexton, and
The sexton toll'd the bell.
In some accents, various sounds have merged in that they are no longer distinctive, and thus words that differ only by those sounds in an accent that maintains the distinction (a minimal pair) are homophonous in the accent with the merger. Some examples from English are: - pin and pen in many southern American accents
- by and buy
- merry, marry, and Mary in most American accents
- The pairs do and due as well as forward and foreword are homophonous in most American accents but not in most English accents
- The pairs talk and torque as well as court and caught are distinguished in rhotic accents, such as Scottish English, and most dialects of American English, but are homophones in some non-rhotic accents, such as British Received Pronunciation
Same-sounding phrases
Same-sounding (homophonous, or homophonic) phrases are often used in various word games. Examples of same-sounding phrases (which may only be true homophones in certain dialects of English) include:- ice cream vs. I scream (as in the phrase I scream. You scream. We all scream for ice cream.)
- euthanasia vs. Youth in Asia
- depend vs. deep end
- Gemini vs. gem in eye vs. Jem and I
- the sky vs. this guy (most notably as a mondegreen in "Purple Haze" by Jimi Hendrix)
- Four Candles vs. fork handles
- real eyes vs. realize vs. real lies (as in the phrase Real eyes realize real lies.)
- philanderers vs. Flanders
- example vs. egg sample
- some others vs. some mothers vs. smothers
- Initiate vs. and then she ate: "My wife ate two sandwiches, initiate a bag o' tater chips."
- Mayonnaise vs. Man, there is: "Mayonnaise a lot of people here tonight."
- Innuendo vs. in your window: "Hey dude I saw a bird fly innuendo."
- Moustache vs. must ask: "I Moustache you a question."
In various languages
English
There are sourcesWEB, Burkardt, J., Multinyms, Fun / wordplay, Florida State University, Department of Scientific Computing,weblinkweblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20160825095711weblink">weblink 2016-08-25, which maintain lists of homophones (words with identical pronunciations but different spellings) and even 'multinyms.' There is disagreement among such lists due to dialectical variations in pronunciation and archaic uses. In English, concerning groups of homophones (excluding proper nouns), there are approximately 88 triplets, 24 quadruplets, 2 quintuplets, 1 sextet, 1 septet, and 1 questionable octet (possibly a second septet). The questionable octet is:
raise, rays, rase, raze, rehs, res, reais, [race]
Other than the common words raise, rays, and race this octet includes - raze â a verb meaning "to demolish, level to the ground" or "to scrape as if with a razor"
- rase â an archaic verb meaning "to erase"
- rehs â the plural of reh, a mixture of sodium salts found as an efflorescence in India
- res â the plural of re, a name for one step of the musical scale; obsolete legal term for "the matter" or "incident"
- reais â the plural of real, the currency unit of Brazil
- Ayr â a town in Scotland
- Aire â a river in Yorkshire
- Eyre â legal term and various geographic locations
- heir â one who inherits
- air â the ubiquitous atmospheric gas that people breathe; a type of musical tune
- err â to make an error
- ere â poetic / archaic "before"
- e'er â poetic "ever" (some speakers)
- are â a defunct, small, metric unit of area
Brazilian Portuguese
The Portuguese language has one of the highest numbers of homophones and consequently homographs in the world. Homophonic words include: "Jogo" - I throw, "Jogo" - I play, "Jogo" - Match (Sports), and "Jogo" - Game (This last one is controversial, with dialects like Paulistano considering it non-homophonic, while dialects like Caipira consider it only homophonic, noting that these are two Brazilian dialects.)For example, "Cinto" is a homophone for 9 other words, totalizing 10.(Oxford Languages)! Although they are homophones, most of them are also homographs !- Cinto - a strip of varying width made of fabric, leather, or other material, worn around the waist and tied with a bow or fastened with a buckle or other closure.
- Cinto - any strap or band that encircles the waist or trunk for safety purposes.
- Cinto - synonymous with "CÃS" (waistband).
- Cinto - that which surrounds and/or limits a space; fence.
- Cinto - a ring that encircles something; belt.
- Cinto - "A metal cinto reinforces the columns."
- Cinto - synonymous with "ANILHA" (ring).
- Cinto - a long, narrow bag that travelers attach to the waist or carry over the shoulder.
- Sinto - to touch and feel the texture.
- Sinto - to become sensitive to something
German
There are many homophones in present-day standard German. As in other languages, however, there exists regional and/or individual variation in certain groups of words or in single words, so that the number of homophones varies accordingly. Regional variation is especially common in words that exhibit the long vowels ä and e. According to the well-known dictionary Duden, these vowels should be distinguished as /É:/ and /e:/, but this is not always the case, so that words like Ãhre (ear of corn) and Ehre (honor) may or may not be homophones.Individual variation is shown by a pair like Gäste (guests) â Geste (gesture), the latter of which varies between /ËÉ¡e:stÉ/ and /ËÉ¡ÉstÉ/ and by a pair like Stiel (handle, stalk) â Stil (style), the latter of which varies between /ÊtiËl/ and /stiËl/.Besides websites that offer extensive lists of German homophones,See, e.g. WEB, Homophone und homonyme im deutschen Homophone, de, yumpu.com,weblink 2020-03-15, live,weblink 2021-03-08, there are others which provide numerous sentences with various types of homophones.See Fausto Cercignani, WEB,weblink Beispielsätze mit deutschen Homophonen, de, Example sentences with German homophones,weblink 2020-05-29, In the German language homophones occur in more than 200 instances. Of these, a few are triples like- Waagen (weighing scales) â Wagen (cart) â wagen (to dare)
- Waise (orphan) â Weise (way, manner) â weise (wise)
Spanish
Although Spanish has far fewer homophones than English, they are far from being non-existent. Some are homonyms, such as basta, which can either mean 'enough' or 'coarse', and some exist because of homophonous letters. For example, the letters b and v are pronounced exactly alike, so the words basta (coarse) and vasta (vast) are pronounced identically.WEB, 51 Spanish Words That Sound Exactly Like Other Spanish Words,weblink 2022-08-27, ThoughtCo, en, Other homonyms are spelled the same, but mean different things in different genders. For example, the masculine noun el capital means 'capital' as in 'money', but the feminine noun la capital means 'capital city'.NEWS, 37 Spanish Nouns Whose Meanings Change With Gender,weblink 2022-08-27, ThoughtCo, en,Japanese
There are many homophones in Japanese, due to the use of Sino-Japanese vocabulary, where borrowed words and morphemes from Chinese are widely used in Japanese, but many sound differences, such as the original words' tones, are lost.{{citation needed|date=December 2021}} These are to some extent disambiguated via Japanese pitch accent (i.e. vs. , both pronounced nihon, but with different pitches), or from context, but many of these words are primarily or almost exclusively used in writing, where they are easily distinguished as they are written with different kanji; others are used for puns, which are frequent in Japanese.An extreme example is kikÅ (hiragana: ), which is the pronunciation of at least 22 words (some quite rare or specialized, others common; all these examples are two-character compounds), including:{{div col begin|colwidth=12em}}- (organization / mechanism)
- (travelogue)
- (rare)
- (horseback riding)
- (school (respectful))
- (outstanding achievement)
- (word for "you" used by men addressing male equals or inferiors)
- (draft)
- (eccentricity)
- (contrivance)
- (stopping at port)
- (returning to school)
- (breathing exercise, qigong)
- (contribute an article / a written piece)
- (armor, e.g. of a tank)
- (homeward voyage)
- (remarkable effect)
- (season / climate)
- (stoma)
- (setting to work)
- (climate)
- (returning to port)
- (paper)
- (hair)
- (god / spirit)
- (up)
Korean
The Korean language contains a combination of words that strictly belong to Korean and words that are loanwords from Chinese. Due to Chinese being pronounced with varying tones and Korean's removal of those tones, and because the modern Korean writing system, Hangeul, has a more finite number of phonemes than, for example, Latin-derived alphabets such as that of English, there are many homonyms with both the same spelling and pronunciation.For example- '{{Korean|hangul=íì¥(å粧)íë¤|hanja=|rr=|mr=|labels=no|context=}}': 'to put on makeup' vs. '{{Korean|hangul=íì¥(ç«è¬)íë¤|hanja=|rr=|mr=|labels=no|context=}}': 'to cremate'
- '{{Korean|hangul=()|hanja=|rr=|mr=|labels=no|context=}}': 'inheritance' vs. '{{Korean|hangul=ì ì°()|hanja=|rr=|mr=|labels=no|context=}}': 'miscarriage'
- '{{Korean|hangul=|hanja=|rr=|mr=|labels=no|context=}}': 'fart' vs. '{{Korean|hangul=()|hanja=|rr=|mr=|labels=no|context=}}': 'guard'
- 'ë°¤[ë°¤Ë]': 'chestnut' vs. 'ë°¤': 'night'
- 'í문(å¸å)': 'learning' vs. 'í문(èé)': 'anus'.
Mandarin Chinese
Due to phonological constraints in Mandarin syllables (as Mandarin only allows for an initial consonant, a vowel, and a nasal or retroflex consonant in respective order), there are only a little over 400 possible unique syllables that can be produced,WEB, 2017-07-07, Is there any similarity between Chinese and English?, Learn Mandarin Chinese Online, Study Online Mandarin Chinese Courses, en-US,weblink 2020-12-18, live,weblink 2021-01-25, compared to over 15,831 in the English language.WEB, Barker, 2016-08-22, Syllables, Linguistics, New York University,weblink 2020-12-17,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20160822211027weblink">weblink 2016-08-22, Chinese has an entire genre of poems taking advantage of the large amount of homophones called one-syllable articles, or poems where every single word in the poem is pronounced as the same syllable if tones are disregarded. An example is the Lion-Eating Poet in the Stone Den.Like all Chinese languages, Mandarin uses phonemic tones to distinguish homophonic syllables; Mandarin has five tones. A famous example,- mÄ (å¦) means "mother"
- má (麻) means "hemp"
- mÄ (马) means "horse"
- mà (éª) means "scold"
- ma (å) is a yes / no question particle
Vietnamese
It is estimated that there are approximately 4,500 to 4,800 possible syllables in Vietnamese, depending on the dialect.WEB, vietnamese tone marks pronunciation, pronunciator.com,weblink 2021-02-05, live,weblink 2022-05-18, The exact number is difficult to calculate because there are significant differences in pronunciation among the dialects. For example, the graphemes and digraphs "d", "gi", and "r" are all pronounced /z/ in the Hanoi dialect, so the words dao (knife), giao (delivery), and rao (advertise) are all pronounced /zaw˧/. In Saigon dialect, however, the graphemes and digraphs "d", "gi", and "v" are all pronounced /j/, so the words dao (knife), giao (delivery), and vao (enter) are all pronounced /jaw˧/.Pairs of words that are homophones in one dialect may not be homophones in the other. For example, the words sắc (sharp) and xắc (dice) are both pronounced /sÄk˧˥/ in Hanoi dialect, but pronounced /ÊÄk˧˥/ and /sÄk˧˥/ in Saigon dialect respectively.{{See also|Vietnamese phonology}}Psychological research
Pseudo-homophones
Pseudo-homophones are pseudowords that are phonetically identical to a word. For example, groan/grone and crane/crain are pseudo-homophone pairs, whereas plane/plain is a homophone pair since both letter strings are recognised words. Both types of pairs are used in lexical decision tasks to investigate word recognition.JOURNAL, Martin, R.C., 1982, The pseudohomophone effect: The role of visual similarity in non-word decisions, Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 34A, Pt 3, 395â409, 10.1080/14640748208400851, 6890218, 41699283,Use as ambiguous information
Homophones, specifically heterographs, where one spelling is of a threatening nature and one is not (e.g. slay/sleigh, war/wore) have been used in studies of anxiety as a test of cognitive models that those with high anxiety tend to interpret ambiguous information in a threatening manner.JOURNAL, Mogg, K., Bradley, B.P., Miller, T., Potts, H., Glenwright, J., Kentish, J., 1994, Interpretation of homophones related to threat: Anxiety or response bias effects?, Cognitive Therapy and Research, 18, 5, 461â477, 10.1007/BF02357754, 36150769,See also
- "Do-Re-Mi", a show tune from The Sound of Music that uses homophones (e.g. "doe", "ray", "me") to explain the notes in the solfège scale
- Homograph
- Homonym
- Synonym
- Dajare, a type of wordplay involving similar-sounding phrases
- Perfect rhyme
- Wiktionary
- (wikt:Appendix:List of dialect-independent homophones|List of dialect-independent homophones)
- (wikt:Appendix:List of dialect-dependent homophones|List of dialect-dependent homophones)
Footnotes
{{notelist}}References
{{reflist|22em}}Sources
- BOOK
, Franklyn, Julian
, 1966
, Which Witch?
, 1st
, New York, NY
, Dorset Press
, 0-88029-164-8
, , 1966
, Which Witch?
, 1st
, New York, NY
, Dorset Press
, 0-88029-164-8
- BOOK
, Room, Adrian
, 1996
, An Alphabetical Guide to the Language of Name Studies
, Lanham and London, UK
, The Scarecrow Press
, 978-081083169-8
,weblink
, 2020-12-23, live
,weblink
, 2021-04-14
, , 1996
, An Alphabetical Guide to the Language of Name Studies
, Lanham and London, UK
, The Scarecrow Press
, 978-081083169-8
,weblink
, 2020-12-23, live
,weblink
, 2021-04-14
- BOOK
, Stewart, Garrett
, 2015
, The Deed of Reading: Literature, writing, language, philosophy
, Ithaca, NY and London, UK
, Cornell University Press
, 978-150170170-2
,weblink
, 2020-12-23, live
,weblink
, 2021-04-14
, , 2015
, The Deed of Reading: Literature, writing, language, philosophy
, Ithaca, NY and London, UK
, Cornell University Press
, 978-150170170-2
,weblink
, 2020-12-23, live
,weblink
, 2021-04-14
External links
{{wiktionary}}- Homophone.com â a list of American homophones with a searchable database.
- Reed's homophones â a book of sound-alike words published in 2012
- Homophones.ml â a collection of homophones and their definitions
- Homophone Machine â swaps homophones in any sentence
- Useful tips ... English homophones â homophones list, activities and worksheets
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