India


{{Redirect|Bharat}}{{pp-semi-indef}}{{pp-move-indef}}{{about|the Republic of India}}

factoids

|languages_type=National languagesconstitution.(7)title=(Official languages of India#The Official languages of the Eighth Schedule to the ConstitutionAssamese language>Bengali language>Bodo language>Dogri language>Gujarati language>HindiKannada language>KannadaKashmiri language>KashmiriKonkani language>KonkaniMaithili language>MaithiliMalayalam language>MalayalamMeitei language>ManipuriMarathi language>MarathiNepali language>NepaliOriya language>OriyaPunjabi language>PunjabiSanskrit>Santali language>Sindhi language>Tamil language>Telugu language>Urdu(8)}}|capital=New Delhi|latd=28|latm=36.8|latNS=N|longd=77|longm=12.5|longEW=E|largest_city=MumbaiDemographics of India>IndianFederal republic,
Parliamentary system>Parliamentary democracy(9)President of India>President|leader_name1=Pratibha PatilPrime Minister of India>Prime Minister|leader_name2=Manmohan SinghChief Justice of India>Chief Justice|leader_name3=K. G. BalakrishnanParliament of India>Sansad|upper_house=Rajya Sabha|lower_house=Lok Sabha|area_km2 = 3,287,240|area_sq_mi = 1,269,210|area_rank = 7th|area_magnitude = 1 E12|area_footnote = ^‡|percent_water = 9.56(10)|population_estimate_year = 2010|population_estimate_rank = 2nd(11)|population_census_year = 2001|population_density_km2 = {{#expr:{{IndiaPop}}/3287240 round 1}}|population_density_sq_mi = {{#expr:{{IndiaPop}}/1269210 round 1}}|population_density_rank = 32nd|GDP_PPP_year = 2009(12)|GDP_PPP_rank = 4th|GDP_PPP_per_capita = $2,930(13)|HDI_rank=134th|HDI_category=medium(14)|Gini_year=2004Indian independence movement>Independence|sovereignty_note=from the United Kingdom|established_event1=Declared|established_date1=15 August 1947|established_event2=Republic|established_date2=26 January 1950|currency=Indian rupee (₨)|currency_code=INRIndian Standard Time>IST|utc_offset=+5:30|time_zone_DST=not observed|utc_offset_DST=+5:30|cctld=.inTelephone numbers in India>91|drives_on=leftstate=uncollapsedNon-numbered Footnotes:>* Bharat Ganarajya, that is, the Republic of India in Hindi,(15)}}}}India, officially the Republic of India ( ; see also other Indian languages), is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by geographical area, the second-most populous country, and the most populous democracy in the world. Bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the west, and the Bay of Bengal on the east, India has a coastline of {{convert|7517|km|mi|-2}}.(16) It is bordered by Pakistan to the west;(17) China, Nepal, and Bhutan to the north; and Bangladesh and Myanmar to the east. India is in the vicinity of Sri Lanka, and the Maldives in the Indian Ocean.Home to the Indus Valley Civilisation and a region of historic trade routes and vast empires, the Indian subcontinent was identified with its commercial and cultural wealth for much of its long history.(18) Four major religions, Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism and Sikhism originated here, while Zoroastrianism, Judaism, Christianity and Islam arrived in the first millennium CE and shaped the region's diverse culture. Gradually annexed by the British East India Company from the early eighteenth century and colonised by the United Kingdom from the mid-nineteenth century, India became an independent nation in 1947 after a struggle for independence that was marked by widespread non-violent resistance.(19)India is a republic consisting of 28 states and seven union territories with a parliamentary system of democracy. It has the world's twelfth largest economy at market exchange rates and the fourth largest in purchasing power. Economic reforms since 1991 have transformed it into one of the fastest growing economies in the world;(20) illiteracy, disease, and malnutrition. A pluralistic, multilingual, and multiethnic society, India is also home to a diversity of wildlife in a variety of protected habitats.

Etymology

The name India ({{pron-en|ˈɪndiə}}) is derived from Indus, which is derived from the Old Persian word Hindu, from Sanskrit सिन्धु Sindhu, the historic local appellation for the Indus River.(21) The ancient Greeks referred to the Indians as Indoi (Ινδοί), the people of the Indus.(22) The Constitution of India and common usage in various Indian languages also recognise Bharat (pronounced {{IPA-hns|ˈbʱɑːrʌt̪||hi-Bharat.ogg}}) as an official name of equal status.(23) The name Bharat is derived from the name of the legendary king Bharata (emperor) in Hindu Mythology. Hindustan ({{IPA-all>hɪnd̪ʊˈstɑːnHindustan.ogg}}), originally a Persian language word for “Land of the Hindus” referring to North India>northern India, is also occasionally used as a synonym for all of India.(24)

History

Stone Age rock shelters with paintings at the Bhimbetka rock shelters in Madhya Pradesh are the earliest known traces of human life in India. The first known permanent settlements appeared over 9,000 years ago and gradually developed into the Indus Valley Civilisation,(25) dating back to 3400 Common Era>BCE in western India. It was followed by the Vedic period, which laid the foundations of Hinduism and other cultural aspects of early Indian society, and ended in the 500s BCE. From around 550 BCE, many independent kingdoms and republics known as the Mahajanapadas were established across the country.(26)File:Indischer Maler des 6. Jahrhunderts 001.jpg|thumb|left|alt=Damaged brown painting of a reclining man and woman.|Paintings at the Ajanta Caves in Aurangabad, MaharashtraMaharashtraIn the third century BCE, most of South Asia was united into the Maurya Empire by Chandragupta Maurya and flourished under Ashoka the Great.(27) From the third century CE, the Gupta dynasty oversaw the period referred to as ancient "India's Golden Age."(28)(29) Empires in Southern India included those of the Chalukyas, the Cholas and the Vijayanagara Empire. Science, technology, engineering, art, logic, language, literature, mathematics, astronomy, religion and philosophy flourished under the patronage of these kings.Following invasions from Central Asia between the 10th and 12th centuries, much of North India came under the rule of the Delhi Sultanate and later the Mughal Empire. Under the rule of Akbar the Great, India enjoyed much cultural and economic progress as well as religious harmony.(30)(31) Mughal emperors gradually expanded their empires to cover large parts of the subcontinent. However, in North-Eastern India, the dominant power was the Ahom kingdom of Assam, among the few kingdoms to have resisted Mughal subjugation. The first major threat to Mughal imperial power came from a Hindu Rajput king Maha Rana Pratap of Mewar in the 16th century and later from a Hindu state known as the Maratha confederacy, that dominated much of India in the mid-18thcentury.(32)From the 16th century, European powers such as Portugal, the Netherlands, France, and the United Kingdom established trading posts and later took advantage of internal conflicts to establish colonies in the country. By 1856, most of India was under the control of the British East India Company.(33) A year later, a nationwide insurrection of rebelling military units and kingdoms, known as India's First War of Independence or the Sepoy Mutiny, seriously challenged the Company's control but eventually failed. As a result of the instability, India was brought under the direct rule of the British Crown.File:Nehru Gandhi 1937.jpg|thumb|left|alt=Two smiling men in robes sitting on the ground, with bodies facing the viewer and with heads turned toward each other. The younger wears a white Nehru cap; the elder is bald and wears glasses. A half dozen other people are in the background.|Mahatma Gandhi (right) with Jawaharlal NehruJawaharlal NehruIn the 20th century, a nationwide struggle for independence was launched by the Indian National Congress and other political organisations.(34) Indian leader Mahatma Gandhi led millions of people in several national campaigns of non-violent civil disobedience.(35) On 26 January 1950, India became a republic and a new constitution came into effect.(36)Since independence, India has faced challenges from religious violence, casteism, naxalism, terrorism and regional separatist insurgencies, especially in Jammu and Kashmir and Northeast India. Since the 1990s (:Template:Campaignbox India terrorism|terrorist attacks) have affected many Indian cities. India has unresolved territorial disputes with the People's Republic of China, which in 1962 escalated into the Sino-Indian War, and with Pakistan, which resulted in wars in 1947, 1965, 1971 and 1999. India is a founding member of the United Nations (as British India) and the Non-Aligned Movement. In 1974, India conducted an underground nuclear test(37) and Pokhran-II in 1998, making India a List of states with nuclear weapons#Estimated worldwide nuclear stockpiles>nuclear state.(38) have transformed India into one of the fastest-growing economies in the world, increasing its global clout.(39)

Government

{{Indian symbols}}The Constitution of India, the longest and the most exhaustive constitution of any independent nation in the world, came into force on 26 January 1950.(40) The preamble of the constitution defines India as a sovereign, socialist, secular, democratic republic.(41) India has a bicameral parliament operating under a Westminster-style parliamentary system. Its form of government was traditionally described as being 'quasi-federal' with a strong centre and weaker states,(42) but it has grown increasingly federal since the late 1990s as a result of political, economic and social changes.(43)The President of India is the head of state(44) elected indirectly by an electoral college(45) for a five-year term.(46)(47) The Prime Minister is the head of government and exercises most executive powers.(48) the Prime Minister is by convention supported by the party or political alliance holding the majority of seats in the lower house of Parliament.(49)The Legislature of India is the bicameral Parliament, which consists of the upper house called the Rajya Sabha (Council of States) and the lower house called the Lok Sabha (House of People).(50) The Rajya Sabha, a permanent body, has 245 members serving staggered six year terms.(51) Most are elected indirectly by the state and territorial legislatures in proportion to the state's population.(52) The Supreme Court has original jurisdiction over cases involving fundamental rights and over disputes between states and the Centre, and appellate jurisdiction over the High Courts.(53) It is judicially independent,(54) The role as the ultimate interpreter of the Constitution is one of the most important functions of the Supreme Court.(55)

Administrative divisions

India consists of 28 states and seven Union Territories.(56) Since then, this structure has remained largely unchanged. Each state or union territory is further divided into administrative districts.(57) The districts in turn are further divided into tehsils and eventually into villages.{{India states}}

Politics

File:NorthBlock.jpg|thumb|left|alt=Large building on grassy grounds. A walkway with pedestrians and central reflecting pools leads to the arched entrance. The ground floor is red; the rest of the building is beige. A main cupola is atop the center of the building.|The North Block, in New Delhi, houses key government offices.]]India is the most populous democracy in the world.(58)(59) For most of the years since independence, the federal government has been led by the Indian National Congress (INC).(60) As the 1991 elections gave no political party a majority, the INC formed a minority government under Prime Minister P.V. Narasimha Rao and was able to complete its five-year term.(61)The years 1996–1998 were a period of turmoil in the federal government with several short-lived alliances holding sway. The BJP formed a government briefly in 1996, followed by the United Front coalition that excluded both the BJP and the INC. In 1998, the BJP formed the National Democratic Alliance (NDA) with several other parties and became the first non-Congress government to complete a full five-year term.(62) In the Indian general election, 2004>2004 Indian elections, the INC won the largest number of Lok Sabha seats and formed a government with a coalition called the United Progressive Alliance (UPA), supported by various Left-leaning parties and members opposed to the BJP. The UPA again came into power in the 2009 general election; however, the representation of the Left leaning parties within the coalition has significantly reduced.(63) Manmohan Singh became the first prime minister since Jawaharlal Nehru in 1962 to be re-elected after completing a full five-year term.(64)

Foreign relations and military

File:SU-30MKI-g4sp - edit 2(clipped).jpg|thumb|alt=Indian Air Force's SU-30MKI "Flanker" |The Sukhoi-30 MKI "Flanker" is the Indian Air Force's air superiority fighterair superiority fighterSince its independence in 1947, India has maintained cordial relationships with most nations. It took a leading role in the 1950s by advocating the independence of European colonies in Africa and Asia.(66) India was involved in two brief military interventions in neighbouring countries – Indian Peace Keeping Force in Sri Lanka and Operation Cactus in Maldives. India is a member of the Commonwealth of Nations and a founding member of the Non-Aligned Movement.(67) After the Sino-Indian War and the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965, India's relationship with the Soviet Union warmed and continued to remain so until the end of the Cold War. India has fought two wars with Pakistan over the Kashmir dispute. A third war between India and Pakistan in 1971 resulted in the creation of Bangladesh (then East Pakistan).(68) Additional skirmishes have taken place between the two nations over the Siachen Glacier. In 1999, India and Pakistan fought an undeclared war over Kargil.File:Dmitry Medvedev at the 34th G8 Summit 7-9 July 2008-61.jpg|left|thumb|alt=Two seated men conversing. The first is dressed in Indian clothing and turban and sits before an Indian flag; the second is in a Western business suit and sits before a Russian flag.|India and Russia share an extensive economic, defence and technological relationship.(69) Shown here is PM Manmohan Singh with President Dmitry Medvedev at the 34th G8 Summit34th G8 SummitIn recent years, India has played an influential role in the SAARC, and the WTO.(70) India has provided as many as 55,000 Indian military and Indian police personnel to serve in thirty-five UN peace keeping operations across four continents.(71) Despite criticism and military sanctions, India has consistently refused to sign the CTBT and the NPT, although Prime Minister Manmohan Singh recently stated that India would be willing to join the NPT as a recognized nuclear weapons state (NWS). Recent overtures by the Indian government have strengthened relations with the United States, China and Pakistan. In the economic sphere, India has close relationships with other developing nations in South America, Asia and Africa.India maintains the third-largest military force in the world, which consists of the Indian Army, Navy, Air Force(72) On 10 October 2008 Indo-US civilian nuclear agreement was signed, prior to which India received IAEA and NSG waivers, ending restrictions on nuclear technology commerce with which India became de facto sixth nuclear power in world.(73)

Geography

{{See also|Geological history of India|Climate of India}}(File:India Geographic Map.jpg|thumb|alt=Map of India. Most of India is yellow (elevation 100–1000 m). Some areas in the south and mideast are brown (above 1000 m). Major river valleys are green (below 100 m).|Topographic map of India.)India, the major portion of the Indian subcontinent, sits atop the Indian tectonic plate, a minor plate within the Indo-Australian Plate.(74)India's defining geological processes commenced seventy-five million years ago, when the Indian subcontinent, then part of the southern supercontinent Gondwana, began a northeastwards drift—lasting fifty million years—across the then unformed Indian Ocean.(75) now forms the Indo-Gangetic Plain.(76) To the west of this plain, and cut off from it by the Aravalli Range, lies the Thar Desert.(77) The original Indian plate now survives as peninsular India, the oldest and geologically most stable part of India, and extending as far north as the Satpura and Vindhya ranges in central India. These parallel ranges run from the Arabian Sea coast in Gujarat in the west to the coal-rich Chota Nagpur Plateau in Jharkhand in the east.(78) To their south, the remaining peninsular landmass, the Deccan Plateau, is flanked on the left and right by the coastal ranges, Western Ghats and Eastern Ghats respectively;(79) the plateau contains the oldest rock formations in India, some over one billion years old. Constituted in such fashion, India lies to the north of the equator between 6°44' and 35°30' north latitude(80) and 68°7' and 97°25' east longitude.(81)India's coast is {{convert|7517|km|mi|-2}} long; of this distance, {{convert|5423|km|mi|-2}} belong to peninsular India, and {{convert|2094|km|mi|-2}} to the Andaman, Nicobar, and Lakshadweep Islands.(82) Important tributaries of the Ganga(Ganges) include the Yamuna and the Kosi, whose extremely low gradient causes disastrous floods every year. Major peninsular rivers whose steeper gradients prevent their waters from flooding include the Godavari, the Mahanadi, the Kaveri, and the Krishna, which also drain into the Bay of Bengal;(83) and the Narmada and the Tapti, which drain into the Arabian Sea.(84) Among notable coastal features of India are the marshy Rann of Kutch in western India, and the alluvial Sundarbans delta, which India shares with Bangladesh.(85) India has two archipelagos: the Lakshadweep, coral atolls off India's south-western coast; and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, a volcanic chain in the Andaman Sea.(86)India's climate is strongly influenced by the Himalayas and the Thar Desert, both of which drive the monsoons.(87) The Himalayas prevent cold Central Asian Katabatic wind from blowing in, keeping the bulk of the Indian subcontinent warmer than most locations at similar latitudes.(88)(89) The Thar Desert plays a crucial role in attracting the moisture-laden southwest summer monsoon winds that, between June and October, provide the majority of India's rainfall.(90)

Flora and fauna

{{Indian image rotation|fauna}}India, which lies within the Indomalaya ecozone, displays significant biodiversity. One of eighteen megadiverse countries, it is home to 7.6% of all mammalian, 12.6% of all avian, 6.2% of all reptilian, 4.4% of all amphibian, 11.7% of all fish, and 6.0% of all flowering plant species.(91) Many List of ecoregions in India>ecoregions, such as the shola forests, exhibit extremely high rates of endemism; overall, 33% of Indian plant species are endemic.(92)(93) India's forest cover ranges from the tropical rainforest of the Andaman Islands, Western Ghats, and North-East India to the coniferous forest of the Himalaya. Between these extremes lie the sal-dominated moist deciduous forest of eastern India; the teak-dominated dry deciduous forest of central and southern India; and the babul-dominated thorn forest of the central Deccan and western Gangetic plain.(94) Important Indian trees include the medicinal neem, widely used in rural Indian herbal remedies. The pipal fig tree, shown on the seals of Mohenjo-daro, shaded Gautama Buddha as he sought enlightenment. According to latest report, less than 12% of India's landmass is covered by dense forests.(95)Many Indian species are descendants of taxa originating in Gondwana, from which the Indian plate separated. Peninsular India's subsequent movement towards, and collision with, the Laurasian landmass set off a mass exchange of species. However, volcanism and climatic changes 20 million years ago caused the extinction of many endemic Indian forms.(96) Soon thereafter, mammals entered India from Asia through two zoogeographical passes on either side of the emerging Himalaya.(97) These include the Asiatic Lion, the Bengal Tiger, and the Indian white-rumped vulture, which suffered a near-extinction from ingesting the carrion of diclofenac-treated cattle.In recent decades, human encroachment has posed a threat to India's wildlife; in response, the system of national parks and protected areas, first established in 1935, was substantially expanded. In 1972, India enacted the Wildlife Protection Act(98) and Project Tiger to safeguard crucial habitat; in addition,the Forest Conservation Act(99)was enacted in 1980. Along with more than five hundred wildlife sanctuaries, India hosts thirteen biosphere reserves,(100) four of which are part of the World Network of Biosphere Reserves; List of Ramsar Sites in India>twenty-five wetlands are registered under the Ramsar Convention.(101)

Economy

{{See also|Economic history of India|Economic development in India|Transport in India}}File:BSE.jpg|thumb|alt=View from ground of a modern 30-story building.|The Bombay Stock Exchange, in Mumbai, is Asia's oldest and India's largest stock exchange by market capitalisationmarket capitalisationFrom the 1950s to the 1980s, India followed socialist-inspired policies. The economy was shackled by extensive regulation, protectionism, and public ownership, leading to pervasive corruption and slow growth.(102)(103)(104) The policy change in 1991 came after an acute balance of payments crisis, and the emphasis since then has been to use foreign trade and foreign investment as integral parts of India's economy.(105)With an average annual GDP growth rate of 5.8% for the past two decades, the economy is among the fastest growing in the world.(106) In 2009, India's nominal GDP stood at USTrillion dollar club.243 trillion, which makes it the twelfth-largest economy in the world.(107) India's nominal per capita income US$1,068 is ranked 128th in the world. If PPP is taken into account, India's economy is the fourth largest in the world at US$3.548 trillion(108) corresponding to a per capita income of US$3,100.(109) File:Nano.jpg|thumb|left|The Tata NanoTata NanoIn the late 2000s, India's economic growth has averaged 7.5% a year, which will double the average income in a decade.(112)(113) The percentage of people living below the World Bank's international poverty line of $1.25 a day (PPP, in nominal terms Rs. 21.6 a day in urban areas and Rs 14.3 in rural areas in 2005) decreased from 60% in 1981 to 42% in 2005.(114) Even though India has avoided famines in recent decades, half of children are underweight, one of the highest rates in the world and nearly double the rate of Sub-Saharan Africa.(115)A 2007 Goldman Sachs report projected that "from 2007 to 2020, India’s GDP per capita will quadruple," and that the Indian GDP will surpass that of the United States before 2050, but India "will remain a low-income country for several decades, with per capita incomes well below its other BRIC peers."(116) Although the Indian economy has grown steadily over the last two decades; its growth has been uneven when comparing different social groups, economic groups, geographic regions, and rural and urban areas.(117) World Bank suggests that the most important priorities should be public sector reform, infrastructure, agricultural and rural development, removal of labor regulations, reforms in lagging states, and combating HIV/AIDS.(118)India has the world's second largest labour force, with 516.3 million people. In terms of output, the agricultural sector accounts for 28% of GDP; the service and industrial sectors make up 54% and 18% respectively. Major agricultural products include rice, wheat, oilseed, cotton, jute, tea, sugarcane, potatoes; cattle, water buffalo, sheep, goats, poultry; fish.(119) Major exports include petroleum products, textile goods, gems and jewelry, software, engineering goods, chemicals, and leather manufactures.(120)(121) India's urban population increased 11-fold during the twentieth century and is increasingly concentrated in large cities. By 2001 there were 35 million-plus population cities in India, with the largest cities, with a population of over 10 million each, being Mumbai, Delhi and Kolkata. However, as of 2001, more than 70% of India's population continues to reside in rural areas.(122)(123)India is the world's most culturally, linguistically and genetically diverse geographical entity after the African continent.(124) India is home to two major linguistic families: Indo-Aryan (spoken by about 74% of the population) and Dravidian (spoken by about 24%). Other languages spoken in India come from the Austro-Asiatic and Tibeto-Burman linguistic families. Neither the Constitution of India, nor any Indian law defines any national language.(125) is the official language of the union.(126) English is used extensively in business and administration and has the status of a 'subsidiary official language;'(127) it is also important in education, especially as a medium of higher education. However, except Hindi no language is spoken by more than 10% of the population of the country. In addition, every state and union territory has its own official languages, and the constitution also recognises in particular 21 "scheduled languages". As per the 2001 census, over 800 million Indians (80.5%) were Hindu. Other religious groups include Muslims (13.4%), Christians (2.3%), Sikhs (1.9%), Buddhists (0.8%), Jains (0.4%), Jews, Zoroastrians and Bahá'ís.(128) Tribals constitute 8.1% of the population.(129) India has the third-highest Muslim population in the world and has the highest population of Muslims for a non-Muslim majority country. India's literacy rate is 64.8% (53.7% for females and 75.3% for males).(130)(131) The national human sex ratio is 944 females per 1,000 males. India's median age is 24.9, and the population growth rate of 1.38% per annum; there are 22.01 births per 1,000 people per year.(132) Malaria is endemic in India.(133) Half of children in India are underweight, one of the highest rates in the world and nearly same as Sub-Saharan Africa.(134) Many women are malnourished, too. There are about 60 physicians per 100,000 people in India.(135){{Template:Largest cities of India}}

Culture

File:Taj Mahal in March 2004.jpg|thumb|The Taj Mahal in Agra was built by Shah Jahan as memorial to wife Mumtaz Mahal. It is a UNESCO World Heritage SiteWorld Heritage SiteIndia's culture is marked by a high degree of syncretism(137) and cultural pluralism.(138) It has managed to preserve established traditions while absorbing new customs, traditions, and ideas from invaders and immigrants and spreading its cultural influence to other parts of Asia, mainly South East and East Asia.Traditional Indian society is defined by relatively strict social hierarchy. The Indian caste system describes the social stratification and social restrictions in the Indian subcontinent, in which social classes are defined by thousands of endogamous hereditary groups, often termed as jātis or castes.(139) Traditional Indian family values are highly respected, and multi-generational patriarchal joint families have been the norm, although nuclear family are becoming common in urban areas.(140) Marriage is thought to be for life,(141) Child marriage is still a common practice, with half of women in India marrying before the legal age of 18.(142)(143)Indian cuisine is characterised by a wide variety of regional styles and sophisticated use of herbs and spices. The staple foods in the region are rice (especially in the south and the east) and wheat (predominantly in the north).(144) Spices such as black pepper that are now consumed world wide are originally native to the Indian subcontinent. Chili pepper, which was introduced by the Portuguese is also very much used within Indian Cuisine.(145){{Indian image rotation|culture}}Traditional Indian dress varies across the regions in its colours and styles and depends on various factors, including climate. Popular styles of dress include draped garments such as sari for women and dhoti or lungi for men; in addition, stitched clothes such as salwar kameez for women and kurta-pyjama and European-style trousers and shirts for men, are also popular.Many Indian festivals are religious in origin, although several are celebrated irrespective of caste and creed. Some popular festivals are Diwali, Ganesh Chaturthi, Ugadi, Thai Pongal, Holi, Onam, Vijayadashami, Durga Puja, Eid ul-Fitr, Bakr-Id, Christmas, Buddha Jayanti and Vaisakhi.(146) India has three national holidays. Other sets of holidays, varying between nine and twelve, are officially observed in individual states. Religious practices are an integral part of everyday life and are a very public affair.Indian architecture is one area that represents the diversity of Indian culture. Much of it, including notable monuments such as the Taj Mahal and other examples of Mughal architecture and South Indian architecture, comprises a blend of ancient and varied local traditions from several parts of the country and abroad. Vernacular architecture also displays notable regional variation.Indian music covers a wide range of traditions and regional styles. Classical music largely encompasses the two genres – North Indian Hindustani, South Indian Carnatic traditions and their various offshoots in the form of regional folk music. Regionalised forms of popular music include filmi and folk music; the syncretic tradition of the bauls is a well-known form of the latter.Indian dance too has diverse folk and classical forms. Among the well-known folk dances are the bhangra of the Punjab, the bihu of Assam, the chhau of West Bengal, Jharkhand and sambalpuri of Orissa and the ghoomar of Rajasthan. Eight dance forms, many with narrative forms and mythological elements, have been accorded classical dance status by India's National Academy of Music, Dance, and Drama. These are: bharatanatyam of the state of Tamil Nadu, kathak of Uttar Pradesh, kathakali and mohiniyattam of Kerala, kuchipudi of Andhra Pradesh, manipuri of Manipur, odissi of Orissa and the sattriya of Assam.(147)Theatre in India often incorporates music, dance, and improvised or written dialogue.(148) Often based on Hindu mythology, but also borrowing from medieval romances, and news of social and political events, Indian theatre includes the bhavai of state of Gujarat, the jatra of West Bengal, the nautanki and ramlila of North India, the tamasha of Maharashtra, the burrakatha of Andhra Pradesh, the terukkuttu of Tamil Nadu, and the yakshagana of Karnataka.(149)The Indian film industry is the largest in the world.(150) Bollywood, based in Mumbai, makes commercial Hindi films and is the most prolific film industry in the world.(151) Established traditions also exist in Bengali, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi, Tamil, and Telugu language cinemas.(152)The earliest works of Indian literature were transmitted orally and only later written down.(153) These included works of Sanskrit literature – such as the early Vedas, the epics Mahābhārata and Ramayana, the drama Abhijñānaśākuntalam (The Recognition of Śakuntalā), and poetry such as the Mahākāvya(154) – and the Tamil language Sangam literature.(155) Among Indian writers of the modern era active in Indian languages or English, Rabindranath Tagore won the Nobel Prize in 1913.

Sports

File:IPL T20 Chennai vs Kolkata.JPG|thumb|alt=Cricketers in a game in front of nearly-full stands.|A 2008 Indian Premier League Twenty20 cricket match being played between the Chennai Super Kings and Kolkata Knight RidersKolkata Knight RidersIndia's official national sport is field hockey, administered by the Indian Hockey Federation. The Indian field hockey team won the 1975 Men's Hockey World Cup and 8 gold, 1 silver and 2 bronze medals at the Olympic games. However, cricket is the most popular sport; the India national cricket team won the 1983 Cricket World Cup and the 2007 ICC World Twenty20, and shared the 2002 ICC Champions Trophy with Sri Lanka. Cricket in India is administered by the Board of Control for Cricket in India, and domestic competitions include the Ranji Trophy, the Duleep Trophy, the Deodhar Trophy, the Irani Trophy and the Challenger Series. In addition Indian cricket league and Indian premier league organise Twenty20 competitions.Tennis has become increasingly popular, owing to the victories of the India Davis Cup team. Association football is also a popular sport in northeast India, West Bengal, Goa and Kerala.(156) The Indian national football team has won the South Asian Football Federation Cup several times. Chess, commonly held to have originated in India, is also gaining popularity with the rise in the number of Indian Grandmasters.(157) Traditional sports include kabaddi, kho kho, and gilli-danda, which are played nationwide. India is also home to the ancient martial arts, Kalarippayattu and Varma Kalai.The Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna and the Arjuna Award are India's highest awards for achievements in sports, while the Dronacharya Award is awarded for excellence in coaching. India hosted or co-hosted the 1951 and the 1982 Asian Games, the 1987 and 1996 Cricket World Cup. It is also scheduled to host the 2010 Commonwealth Games and the 2011 Cricket World Cup.{{clear}}

See also

• Outline of India
• Index of India-related articles

Notes

1. HTTP://WWW.INDIA.GOV.IN/KNOWINDIA/STATE_EMBLEM.PHPINSCRIPTION>ACCESSDATE=2007-06-17NATIONAL INFORMATICS CENTRE>NATIONAL INFORMATICS CENTRE(NIC),



2. NATIONAL ANTHEM – KNOW INDIA PORTALACCESSDATE=2007-08-31NATIONAL INFORMATICS CENTRE>NATIONAL INFORMATICS CENTRE(NIC), 2007,



3. HTTP://PARLIAMENTOFINDIA.NIC.IN/LS/DEBATES/VOL12P1.HTM>TITLE=CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY OF INDIA — VOLUME XIINATIONAL INFORMATICS CENTRE>NATIONAL INFORMATICS CENTRE(NIC)DATE=1950-01-24PUBLISHER=PARLIAMENTOFINDIA.NIC.IN, NATIONAL INFORMATICS CENTRE, The composition consisting of the words and music known as Jana Gana Mana is the National Anthem of India, subject to such alterations in the words as the Government may authorise as occasion arises; and the song Vande Mataram, which has played a historic part in the struggle for Indian freedom, shall be honoured equally with Jana Gana Mana and shall have equal status with it.,



4. WEB, National Song – Know India portal,weblink 2009-06-11National Informatics Centre>National Informatics Centre(NIC), 2007,



5. WEB, The Union: Official Language,weblink 2009-06-11Ministry of Home Affairs (India)>Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of IndiaNational Informatics Centre>National Informatics Centre(NIC), 2007,



6. WEB, Notification No. 2/8/60-O.L., dated 27 April 1960Ministry of Home Affairs (India)>Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of IndiaNational Informatics Centre>National Informatics Centre(NIC),weblink 2009-06-11,



7. HTTP://BETA.THEHINDU.COM/NEWS/NATIONAL/ARTICLE94695.ECE PUBLISHER=THE HINDU ACCESSDATE=27 JANUARY 2010,



8. WEB, Official Languages Resolution, 1968Ministry of Home Affairs (India)>Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of IndiaNational Informatics Centre>National Informatics Centre(NIC),weblink 2009-06-11, .



9. INDIA AT A GLANCE>WORK=KNOW INDIA PORTALNATIONAL INFORMATICS CENTRE>NATIONAL INFORMATICS CENTRE(NIC)ACCESSDATE=2007-12-07,



10. HTTP://WWW.INDIASTAT.COM/ AUTHOR=INDIASTAT, 2010-01-27,



11. HTTP://CENSUSINDIA.GOV.IN/CENSUS_DATA_2001/INDIA_AT_GLANCE/POPU1.ASPXWORK=CENSUS OF INDIA, 2001ACCESSDATE=2009-04-25,



12. HTTP://WWW.IMF.ORG/EXTERNAL/PUBS/FT/WEO/2009/02/WEODATA/WEOREPT.ASPX?SY=2006&EY=2009&SCSM=1&SSD=1&SORT=COUNTRY&DS=.&BR=1&C=534&S=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC%2CLP&GRP=0&A=&PR1.X=40&PR1.Y=15 PUBLISHER=INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND, 2009-10-01,



13. |GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 130th|GDP_nominal = |colwidth=30em.242 trillion|GDP_nominal_rank = 12th|GDP_nominal_year = 2009|GDP_nominal_per_capita = |colwidth=30em,017|GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 143rd|HDI_year=2007 HTTP://HDR.UNDP.ORG/EN/MEDIA/HDR_2009_EN_COMPLETE.PDFPUBLISHER=THE UNITED NATIONS, 2009-10-05,



14. HTTPS://WWW.CIA.GOV/LIBRARY/PUBLICATIONS/THE-WORLD-FACTBOOK/FIELDS/2172.HTMLDATE=15 MAY 2008THE WORLD FACTBOOK>PUBLISHER=CIA, 2008-06-06,



15. written in the Devanāgarī script. See also Official names of India>‡ This is the figure as per the United Nations though the Indian government lists the total area as 3,287,260 square kilometres.TOTAL AREA OF INDIA>URL=HTTP://LCWEB2.LOC.GOV/FRD/CS/PROFILES/INDIA.PDFFORMAT=PDFCOUNTRY STUDIES, INDIA>PUBLISHER=LIBRARY OF CONGRESS{{NDASH, Federal Research Divisionquote=The country’s exact size is subject to debate because some borders are disputed. The Indian government lists the total area as 3,287,260 square kilometres and the total land area as 3,060,500 square kilometres; the United Nations lists the total area as 3,287,263 square kilometres and total land area as 2,973,190 square kilometres.}}



16. JOURNAL, Kumar, V. Sanil, K. C. Pathak, P. Pednekar, N. S. N. Raju, Coastal processes along the Indian coastline, Current Science, 91, 4, 2006, 530–536, PDF,weblink



17. Footnote: The Government of India also considers Afghanistan to be a bordering country. This is because it considers the entire state of Jammu and Kashmir to be a part of India including the portion bordering Afghanistan. A ceasefire sponsored by the United Nations in 1948 froze the positions of Indian and Pakistani-held territory. As a consequence, the region bordering Afghanistan is in Pakistan-administered Kashmir.



18. Oldenburg, Phillip. 2007. "India: History," Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia 2007. Archived 2009-11-01.



19. BOOK, Concise Encyclopedia, Dorling Kindersley, Dorling Kindersley Limited, 1997, 455, 0-7513-5911-4, written by John Farndon.,



20. however, it still suffers from poverty,Poverty estimates for 2004–05, Planning commission, Government of India, March 2007. Accessed: 25 August 2007.



21. "India", Oxford English Dictionary, second edition, 2100a.d. Oxford University Press.



22. BOOK, A. L., Basham, The Wonder That Was India, South Asia Books, 2000, 0283992573,



23. WEB, Official name of the Union,weblink Courts Informatics Division, National Informatics Centre, Ministry of Comm. and Information Techaccessdate=2007-08-08,



24. HINDUSTAN>URL=HTTP://WWW.BRITANNICA.COM/EBCHECKED/TOPIC/266465/HINDUSTANPUBLISHER=ENCYCLOPæDIA BRITANNICA, INC., 2007,



25. WEB, Introduction to the Ancient Indus Valley,weblinkyear= 1996



26. KRISHNA REDDY > TITLE = INDIAN HISTORY PUBLISHER = TATA MCGRAW HILL ISBN = 0070483698, A107,



27. WEB, Maurya dynasty,weblink Jona Lendering, 2007-06-17,



28. WEB,weblink Gupta period has been described as the Golden Age of Indian history, 2007-10-03, National Informatics Centre (NIC),



29. Heitzman, James. (2007). "Gupta Dynasty," Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia 2007. Archived 2009-10-31.



30. WEB,weblink The Mughal Legacy,



31. WEB,weblink The Mughal World : Life in India's Last Golden Age,



32. The Mughals: The Marathas.



33. WEB,weblink History : Indian Freedom Struggle (1857–1947), 2007-10-03, National Informatics Centre, National Informatics Centre (NIC), And by 1856, the British conquest and its authority were firmly established.,



34. BOOK, Claude, Markovits, A History of Modern India, 1480–1950, Anthem South Asian Studies, Anthem Press, 2004, 345, 1-84331-152-6,



35. On 15 August 1947, India gained independence from British rule, but at the same time the Muslim-majority areas were partitioned to form a separate state of Pakistan.BOOK, Concise Encyclopedia, Dorling Kindersley, Dorling Kindersley Limited, 1997, 322, 0-7513-5911-4, written by John Farndon.,



36. WEB, CIA Factbook: India, CIA Factbook,weblink 2007-03-10,



37. WEB, India Profile,weblink 2007-06-20, 2003Nuclear Threat Initiative>Nuclear Threat Initiative (NTI),



38. Beginning in 1991, significant economic reformsPAPER, Montek Singh Ahluwalia, Economic Reforms in India since 1991: Has Gradualism Worked?, Journal of Economic Perspectives, 2002,weblink MS Word, 2007-06-13,



39. WEB,weblink India is the second fastest growing economy, 2007-08-05, Economic Research Service (ERS), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA),



40. BOOK, Pylee, Moolamattom Varkey, Constitutional Government in India, 2004, S. Chand, 4, The Longest Constitutional Document,weblink 2007-10-31, 8121922038, 2nd,



41. JOURNAL, Dutt, Sagarika, 1998, Identities and the Indian state: An overview, Third World Quarterly, 19, 3, 411–434, 10.1080/01436599814325, at p. 421.



42. BOOK, Wheare, K.C., Federal Government, 4th, 1964, Oxford University Press, 28,



43. BOOK, Echeverri-Gent, John, Politics in India's Decentred Polity, Ayres, Alyssa, Oldenburg, Philip, Quickening the Pace of Change, India Briefing, London, M.E. Sharpe, 2002, 076560812X, 19–53., at pp. 19–20; JOURNAL, Sinha, Aseema, The Changing Political Economy of Federalism in India, India Review, 3, 1, 2004, 25–63, 10.1080/14736480490443085, 25, at pp. 25–33.



44. JOURNAL, Sharma, Ram, 1950, Cabinet Government in India, Parliamentary Affairs, 4, 1, 116–126,



45. WEB,weblink Election of President, 2007-09-02, The Constitution Of India, Constitution Society, The President shall be elected by the members of an electoral college.,



46. BOOK, Gledhill, Alan, The Republic of India: The Development of Its Laws and Constitution, 2nd, 1964, Stevens and Sons, 112,



47. WEB,weblink Tenure of President's office, 2007-09-02, The Constitution Of India, Constitution Society, The President shall hold office for a term of five years from the date on which he enters upon his office.,



48. Appointed by the President,WEB,weblink Appointment of Prime Minister and Council of Ministers, 2007-09-02, The Constitution Of India, Constitution Society, The Prime Minister shall be appointed by the President and the other Ministers shall be appointed by the President on the advice of the Prime Minister.,



49. The executive branch consists of the President, Vice-President, and the Council of Ministers (the Cabinet being its executive committee) headed by the Prime Minister. Any minister holding a portfolio must be a member of either house of parliament. In the Indian parliamentary system, the executive is subordinate to the legislature, with the Prime Minister and his Council being directly responsible to the lower house of the Parliament.BOOK, K.M., Matthew, Manorama Yearbook 2003, Malayala Manorama, 8190046187, 524, 2003,



50. BOOK, Gledhill, Alan, The Republic of India: The Development of Its Laws and Constitution, 2nd, 1964, Stevens and Sons, 127,



51. WEB,weblink Our Parliament A brief description of the Indian Parliament, 2007-06-16, www.parliamentofindia.gov.in,



52. 543 of the Lok Sabha's 545 members are directly elected by popular vote to represent individual constituencies for five year terms. The other two members are nominated by the President from the Anglo-Indian community if the President is of the opinion that the community is not adequately represented.India has a unitary three-tier judiciary, consisting of the Supreme Court, headed by the Chief Justice of India, 21 High Courts, and a large number of trial courts.JOURNAL, Neuborne, Burt, 2003, The Supreme Court of India, International Journal of Constitutional Law, 1, 1, 476–510, 10.1093/icon/1.3.476, at p. 478.



53. WEB,weblink Jurisdiction of the Supreme Court, 2007-10-21, Supreme Court of India, National Informatics Centre,



54. and has the power to declare the law and to strike down Union or State laws which contravene the Constitution.JOURNAL, Sripati, Vuayashri, 1998, Toward Fifty Years of Constitutionalism and Fundamental Rights in India: Looking Back to See Ahead (1950–2000), American University International Law Review, 14, 2, 413–496, at pp. 423–424.



55. BOOK, Pylee, Moolamattom Varkey, Constitutional Government in India, 2004, S. Chand, 314, The Union Judiciary: The Supreme Court,weblink 2007-11-02, 8121922038, 2nd,



56. All states, and the two union territories of Puducherry and the National Capital Territory of Delhi, have elected legislatures and governments patterned on the Westminster model. The other five union territories are directly ruled by the Centre through appointed administrators. In 1956, under the States Reorganisation Act, states were formed on a linguistic basis.WEB,weblink States Reorganisation Act, 1956, Constitution of India, Commonwealth Legal Information Institute, 2007-10-31, ; See also: Political integration of India.



57. WEB,weblink Districts of India, 2007-11-25, National Informatics Centre, National Informatics Centre (NIC), Government of India,



58. NEWS,weblink Country profile: India, 2007-03-21, 9 January 2007, BBC,



59. WEB,weblink World's Largest Democracy to Reach One Billion Persons on Independence Day, 2007-12-06, United Nations Department of Economic and Social AffairsCommission on Population and Development>Population Division,



60. Politics in the states have been dominated by several national parties including the INC, the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), the Communist Party of India (Marxist) (CPI(M)) and various regional parties. From 1950 to 1990, barring two brief periods, the INC enjoyed a parliamentary majority. The INC was out of power between 1977 and 1980, when the Janata Party won the election owing to public discontent with the state of emergency declared by the then Prime Minister Indira Gandhi. In 1989, a Janata Dal-led National Front coalition in alliance with the Left Front coalition won the elections but managed to stay in power for only two years.BOOK, Bhambhri, Chandra Prakash, Politics in India 1991–92, Shipra Publications, 1992, 978-8185402178, 118, 143,



61. WEB,weblink Narasimha Rao passes away, The Hindu, 2008-11-02,



62. WEB,weblink The effective space of party competition, Patrick Dunleavy, Rekha Diwakar, Christopher DunleavyLondon School of Economics>London School of Economics and Political Science, 2007-10-01



63. BOOK, Hermann, Kulke, Dietmar Rothermund, A History of India, Routledge, 2004, 978-0415329194, 384,



64. NEWS,weblink Second UPA win, a crowning glory for Sonia's ascendancy, 16 May 2009, Business Standard, 2009-06-13,



65. WEB,weblink Typhoon vs. SU-30MKI: The 2007 Indra Dhanush Exercise, 2009-04-01, 2007-08-08, Defence Aviation,



66. WEB,weblink Significance of the Contribution of India to the Struggle Against Apartheid1 by M. Moolla,



67. WEB, History of Non Aligned Movement,weblink 2007-08-23,



68. BOOK, A History of the Twentieth Century, 2002,weblink 486–87, Martin Gilbert, 006050594X, 2008-11-03, HarperCollins, London,



69. WEB,weblink 30/12/2005-India-Russia relations, an overview, Embassy of India, Moscow, 2009-02-15,



70. India's negotiation positions at the WTO.



71. WEB, India and the United Nations,weblink 2006-04-22,



72. and auxiliary forces such as the Paramilitary Forces, the Coast Guard, and the Strategic Forces Command. The President of India is the supreme commander of the Indian Armed Forces. India maintains close defence cooperation with Russia, Israel and France, who are the chief suppliers of arms. The Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) oversees indigenous development of sophisticated arms and military equipment, including ballistic missiles, fighter aircraft and main battle tanks, to reduce India's dependence on foreign imports. India became a nuclear power in 1974 after conducting an initial nuclear test, Operation Smiling Buddha and further underground testing in 1998. India maintains a "no first use" nuclear policy.WEB,weblink No More Ambiguity: India's Nuclear Policy, 2007-06-07, PDF, Brig. Vijai K. Nair (Indian Army],



73. INDIA, US SEAL 123 AGREEMENT, Times of India, Times of India, 11 October 2008, .



74. JOURNAL, Ali, Jason R., Jonathan C. Aitchison, Greater India, Earth-Science Reviews, 72, 3–4, 2005, 170–173, 10.1016/j.earscirev.2005.07.005, ali,



75. The subcontinent's subsequent collision with the Eurasian Plate and subduction under it, gave rise to the Himalayas, the planet's highest mountains, which now abut India in the north and the north-east. In the former seabed immediately south of the emerging Himalayas, plate movement created a vast trough, which, having gradually been filled with river-borne sediment,{{Harvnb|Dikshit|Schwartzberg|2007|p=7.|Ref=dikshit}}



76. JOURNAL, Prakash, B., Sudhir Kumar, M. Someshwar Rao, S. C. Giri, Holocene tectonic movements and stress field in the western Gangetic plains, Current Science, 79, 4, 2000, 438–449,weblink



77. {{Harvnb>Dikshit2007Ref=dikshit}}



78. {{Harvnb|Dikshit|Schwartzberg|2007|p=8.|Ref=dikshit}}



79. {{Harvnb|Dikshit|Schwartzberg|2007|pp=9–10.|Ref=dikshit}}



80. India's northernmost point is the region of the disputed Siachen Glacier in Jammu and Kashmir; however, the Government of India regards the entire region of the former princely state of Jammu and Kashmir (including the Northern Areas currently administered by Pakistan) to be its territory, and therefore assigns the longitude 37° 6' to its northernmost point.



81. {{Harv|Government of India|2007|p=1.}}



82. According to the Indian naval hydrographic charts, the mainland coast consists of the following: 43% sandy beaches, 11% rocky coast including cliffs, and 46% mudflats or marshy coast.File:India north.jpg|left|thumb|alt = Green pasture in the foreground, a water body in the mid-ground, and mountains in the background. Cloud shadows are visible on the mountains, while the highest peaks that are farthest away have a scattering of snow.|The Himalayas form the mountainous landscape of Northern India. Seen here is Ladakh in Jammu & KashmirJammu & KashmirMajor Himalayan-origin rivers that substantially flow through India include the Ganga (Ganges) and the Brahmaputra, both of which drain into the Bay of Bengal.{{Harvnb|Dikshit|Schwartzberg|2007|p=15.|Ref=dikshit}}



83. {{Harvnb|Dikshit|Schwartzberg|2007|p=16.|Ref=dikshit}}



84. {{Harvnb|Dikshit|Schwartzberg|2007|p=17.|Ref=dikshit}}



85. {{Harvnb|Dikshit|Schwartzberg|2007|p=12.|Ref=dikshit}}



86. {{Harvnb|Dikshit|Schwartzberg|2007|p=13.|Ref=dikshit}}



87. {{Harvnb|Chang|1967|pp=391–394.}}



88. {{harvnb|Posey|1994|p=118.|Ref=posey}}



89. {{harvnb|Wolpert|2003|p=4.|Ref=wol}}



90. Four major climatic groupings predominate in India: tropical wet, tropical dry, subtropical humid, and montane.{{harvnb|Heitzman|Worden|1996|p=97.|Ref=worden}}



91. WEB, Biodiversity Profile of India (Text Only),weblink Dr S.K.Puri



92. Botanical Survey of India. 1983. Flora and Vegetation of India — An Outline. Botanical Survey of India, Howrah. p. 24.



93. Valmik Thapar, Land of the Tiger: A Natural History of the Indian Subcontinent, 1997. ISBN 978-0520214705.



94. Tritsch, M.E. 2001. Wildlife of India Harper Collins, London. 192 pages. ISBN 0-00-711062-6.



95. Deforestation to blame for early summer. Times of India. 26 February 2007.



96. K. Praveen Karanth. (2006). Out-of-India Gondwanan origin of some tropical Asian biota.



97. Consequently, among Indian species, only 12.6% of mammals and 4.5% of birds are endemic, contrasting with 45.8% of reptiles and 55.8% of amphibians. Notable endemics are the Nilgiri leaf monkey and the brown and carmine Beddome's toad of the Western Ghats. India contains 172, or 2.9%, of IUCN-designated threatened species.Groombridge, B. (ed). 1993. The 1994 IUCN Red List of Threatened Animals IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK. lvi + 286 pp.



98. WEB, The Wildlife Protection Act, 1972,weblink Helplinelaw.com, 2007-06-16, 2000,



99. WEB, The Forest Conservation Act, 1980,weblink AdvocateKhoj.com, 2007-11-29, 2007,



100. WEB, Biosphere Reserves of India,weblink



101. WEB, The List of Wetlands of International Importance,weblink 2007-06-20, 4 June 2007, The Secretariat of the Convention of on Wetlands, 18, PDF,



102. BOOK, An American's Guide to Doing Business in India, Eugene M. Makar, 2007,



103. In 1991, the nation liberalised its economy and has since moved towards a market-based system.WEB,weblink Economic survey of India 2007: Policy Brief, OECD,



104. WEB,weblink The India Report, Astaire Research,



105. BOOK,weblink India's Open-Economy Policy: Globalism, Rivalry, Continuity, Jalal Alamgir, Routledge,



106. WEB,weblink The Puzzle of India's Growth, workThe Telegraph, 2006-06-26, 2008-09-15,



107. WEB,weblink South Asia :: India, CIA, 2010-03-03,



108. Country Comparison :: GDP (purchasing power parity)



109. Country Comparison :: GDP - per capita (PPP)



110. NEWS,weblink The Nano, world's cheapest car, to hit Indian roads, 23 March 2009, Reuters, 2009-08-27,



111. NEWS,weblinkweblink 6 October 2008, Wall Street Journal, 2009-08-27,



112. Despite India's impressive economic growth over recent decades, it still contains the largest concentration of poor people in the world, and has a higher rate of malnutrition among children under the age of three (46% in year 2007) than any other country in the world.WEB,weblink 7 May 2009, Inclusive Growth and Service delivery: Building on India’s Success, 29 May 2006, World Bank,



113. NEWS,weblink 8 May 2009, Indian children suffer more malnutrition than in Ethiopia, Jeremy, Page, 22 February 2007, The Times,



114. WEB,weblink New Global Poverty Estimates — What it means for India, World Bank,



115. WEB,weblink India: Undernourished Children: A Call for Reform and Action, World Bank,



116. WEB,weblink India’s Rising Growth Potential, Goldman Sachs, 2007,



117. WEB,weblink "Inclusive Growth and Service delivery: Building on India’s Success", World Bank, 2006, 2007-04-28, PDF,



118. WEB,weblink India Country Overview 2008, World Bank,



119. Major industries include textiles, chemicals, food processing, steel, transport equipment, cement, mining, petroleum, machinery, software. India's trade has reached a relatively moderate share of 24% of GDP in 2006, up from 6% in 1985. In 2008, India's share of world trade was about 1.68%.Exporters get wider market reach



120. Major imports include crude oil, machinery, gems, fertilizer, chemicals.

     Demographics

     {{See also|Religion in India|Languages of India|Ethnic groups of South Asia}}(File:India population density map en.svg|thumb|right|alt=Map of India. High population density areas (above 1000 persons per square kilometer) are the Lakshadweep Islands, Kolkata and other parts of the Ganga (Ganges) river basin, Mumbai, Bangalore, and the southwest coast. Low density areas (below 100) include the western desert, east Kashmir, and the eastern frontier.|Population density map of India.)With an estimated population of 1.2 billion, India is the world's second most populous country. The last 50 years have seen a rapid increase in population due to medical advances and massive increase in agricultural productivity made by the green revolution.The end of India's green revolution?. BBC News. 29 May 2006.



121. Food First/Institute for Food and Development Policy.



122. BOOK, Dyson, Tim, Visaria, Pravin, Migration and urbanization:Retrospect and prospects, Dyson,weblink Tim, Casses, Robert, Visaria, Leela, Twenty-first century India: population, economy, human development, and the environment, 115–129, Oxford University Press, 2004, 0199243352,



123. BOOK, Ratna, Udit, Interface between urban and rural development in India,weblink 271–272, Dutt, Ashok K., Thakur, Baleshwar, City, Society, and Planning: PlanningEssays in honour of Prof. A.K. Dutt, Concept Publishing Company, 2007, 8180694615,



124. WEB, Country Profile: India,weblink 2007-06-24, Library of Congress – Federal Research Division, December, 2004, PDF,



125. Hindi, with the largest number of speakers,WEB, Languages by number of speakers according to 1991 census, Central Institute of Indian Languages,weblink mdy, 2 August 2007,



126. Mallikarjun, B. (Nov., 2004), Fifty Years of Language Planning for Modern Hindi–The Official Language of India, Language in India, Volume 4, Number 11. ISSN 1930-2940.



127. WEB, Notification No. 2/8/60-O.L. (Ministry of Home Affairs), dated 27 April 1960,weblink mdy, 4 July 2007,



128. WEB, Census of India 2001, Data on Religion, Census of India,weblink mdy, 22 November 2007,



129. WEB, Tribes: Introduction, Ministry of Tribal Affairs, Government of India,weblink mdy, 12 April 2007, National Informatics Centre,



130. The state of Kerala has the highest literacy rate at 91% while Bihar has the lowest at 47%.WEB,weblink Kerala's literacy rate, Government of Kerala, 2007-12-13, kerala.gov.in,



131. WEB,weblink Census Statistics of Bihar: Literacy Rates, Literacy rate of Bihar, 2007-12-13, Government of Bihar,



132. According to the World Health Organization 900,000 Indians die each year from drinking contaminated water and breathing in polluted air.WEB,weblink India's Medical Emergency, Simon, Robinson, 1 May 2008, TIME magazine,



133. WEB,weblink Status of Malaria in India,



134. WEB,weblink India: Undernourished Children: A Call for Reform and Action, World Bank,



135. WEB,weblink Doctors per one hundred thousand people in India, IndiaReports,



136. WEB,weblink Taj Mahal, 28 September 2007, mdy, UNESCO World Heritage Centre, World Heritage List, The World Heritage List includes 851 properties forming part of the cultural and natural heritage which the World Heritage Committee considers as having outstanding universal value.,



137. JOURNAL, Das, N.K., 2006, July, Cultural Diversity, Religious Syncretism and People of India: An Anthropological Interpretation, Bangladesh e-Journal of Sociology, 3, 2nd, ISSN 1819-8465,weblink 2007-09-27, The pan-Indian, civilizational dimension of cultural pluralism and syncretism encompasses ethnic diversity and admixture, linguistic heterogeneity as well as fusion, and variations as well as synthesis in customs, behavioural patterns, beliefs and rituals,



138. BOOK, Baidyanath, Saraswati, Interface of Cultural Identity Development, 1stEdition,weblink 2007-06-08, 81-246-0054-6, Cultural Pluralism, National Identity and Development, 2006, xxi+290 pp, true, Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts, New Delhi,



139. "India – Caste". Encyclopædia Britannica Online.



140. An overwhelming majority of Indians have their marriages arranged by their parents and other respected family members, with the consent of the bride and groom.BOOK, Medora, Nilufer, Mate Selection Across Cultures, Mate selection in contemporary India: Love marriages versus arranged marriages, Hamon, Raeann R. and Ingoldsby, Bron B., 209–230, SAGE, 0761925929, 2003,



141. and the divorce rate is extremely low.WEB,weblink Divorce Rate In India,



142. NEWS,weblink BBC News, Child marriages targeted in India, 2001-10-24, 2010-01-05,



143. WEB,weblink State of the World’s Children-2009, UNICEF, 2009,



144. Delphine, Roger, "The History and Culture of Food in Asia", in {{Harvnb|Kiple|Kriemhild|2000|pp=1140–1151.}}



145. {{Harvnb|Achaya|1994}}, {{Harvnb|Achaya|1997}}



146. WEB,weblink 18 Popular India Festivals, 2007-12-23,



147. 1. "South Asian arts: Techniques and Types of Classical Dance" From: Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 12 Oct. 2007. 2. Sangeet Natak Academi (National Academy of Music, Dance, and Drama, New Delhi, India). 2007. Dance Programmes. 3. Kothari, Sunil. 2007. Sattriya dance of the celibate monks of Assam, India. Royal Holloway College, University of London.



148. {{Harvnb|Lal|1998}}.



149. {{Harv|Karanth|1997|p=26}}. Quote: "The {{IAST|Yakṣagāna}} folk-theatre is no isolated theatrical form in India. We have a number of such theatrical traditions all around Karnataka... In far off Assam we have similar plays going on by the name of Ankia Nat, in neighouring Bengal we have the very popular Jatra plays. Maharashtra has Tamasa. (p. 26.)



150. NEWS,weblink Country profile: India, 2007, BBC, 2009-08-19,



151. {{Harvnb|Dissanayake|Gokulsing|2004}}.



152. {{Harvnb|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen (editors)|1999}}.



153. {{Harvnb|MacDonell|2004|pp=1–40.}}



154. {{Harvnb|Johnson|1998}}, {{Harvnb|MacDonell|2004|pp=1–40}}, and {{Harvnb|Kalidasa|Johnson (editor)|2001}}.



155. 1. Encyclopaedia Britannica (2008), "Tamil Literature." Quote: "Apart from literature written in classical (Indo-Aryan) Sanskrit, Tamil is the oldest literature in India. Some inscriptions on stone have been dated to the 3rd century BC, but Tamil literature proper begins around the 1st century AD. Much early poetry was religious or epic; an exception was the secular court poetry written by members of the sangam, or literary academy (see Sangam literature)." 2. {{Harvnb|Ramanujan|1985|pp=ix–x.}} Quote: "These poems are 'classical,' i.e. early, ancient; they are also 'classics,' i.e. works that have stood the test of time, the founding works of a whole tradition. Not to know them is not to know a unique and major poetic achievement of Indian civilisation. Early classical Tamil literature (c. 100 BC–AD 250) consists of the Eight Anthologies (Eţţuttokai), the Ten Long Poems (Pattuppāţţu), and a grammar called the Tolkāppiyam or the 'Old Composition.' ... The literature of classical Tamil later came to be known as Cankam (pronounced Sangam) literature. (pp. ix–x.)"



156. {{Harvnb|Majumdar|Bandyopadhyay|2006|pp=1–5.}}



157. NEWS,weblink Anand crowned World champion, 2008-10-29, Rediff, 2008-10-29,

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External links

{{sisterlinks}}

• Government of India – Official government portal (in English)
• {{CIA World Factbook link|in|India}}
• India at UCB Libraries GovPubs
• {{dmoz|Regional/Asia/India}}
• {{wikiatlas|India}}
• {{wikitravel}}

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