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Cuba
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{{Short description|Island country in the Caribbean}}{{redirect|Republic of Cuba|the historical period of the first republic|Republic of Cuba (1902–1959)|other uses|Cuba (disambiguation)}}{{pp-semi-indef|small=yes}}{{use dmy dates|date=April 2021}}- the content below is remote from Wikipedia
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Etymology
Historians believe the name Cuba comes from the TaÃno language; however, "its exact derivation [is] unknown".WEB, Cuba – Cultural institutions {{!, history – geography|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Cuba/Cultural-institutions#toc129488|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|access-date=18 August 2017|page=11|archive-date=18 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170818052221weblink|url-status=live}} The exact meaning of the name is unclear, but it may be translated either as 'where fertile land is abundant' (cubao),WEB,weblinkweblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20090219192148weblink">weblink Alfred Carrada – The Dictionary Of The Taino Language, 19 February 2009, alfredcarrada.org, or 'great place' (coabana).History
Pre-Columbian era
Humans first settled Cuba around 6,000 years ago, descending from migrations from northern South America or Central America.JOURNAL, Fernandes, Daniel M., Sirak, Kendra A., Ringbauer, Harald, Sedig, Jakob, Rohland, Nadin, Cheronet, Olivia, Mah, Matthew, Mallick, Swapan, Olalde, Iñigo, Culleton, Brendan J., Adamski, Nicole, Bernardos, Rebecca, Bravo, Guillermo, Broomandkhoshbacht, Nasreen, Callan, Kimberly, 2021-02-04, A genetic history of the pre-contact Caribbean, Nature, en, 590, 7844, 103–110, 10.1038/s41586-020-03053-2, 0028-0836, 7864882, 33361817, 2021Natur.590..103F, The arrival of humans on Cuba is associated with extinctions of the islands native fauna, particularly its endemic sloths.JOURNAL, Orihuela, Johanset, Viñola, Lázaro W., Jiménez Vázquez, Osvaldo, Mychajliw, Alexis M., Hernández de Lara, Odlanyer, Lorenzo, Logel, Soto-Centeno, J. Angel, December 2020, Assessing the role of humans in Greater Antillean land vertebrate extinctions: New insights from Cuba, Quaternary Science Reviews, en, 249, 106597, 10.1016/j.quascirev.2020.106597, free, The Arawakan-speaking ancestors of the Taino people arrived in Cuba in a separate migration from South America around 1,700 years ago. Unlike the previous settlers of Cuba, the Taino practiced the production of pottery and intensive agriculture. Descendants of the first settlers of Cuba persisted on the western part of the island until Columbian contact, where they were recorded as the Guanahatabey people, who lived a hunter gatherer lifestyle.BOOK,weblink Cuban Archaeology in the Caribbean, 2016-09-20, University Press of Florida, 978-1-68340-002-8, 8–16, en, The Role of the Nicaraguan Rise in the Early Peopling of the Greater Antilles, 10.5744/florida/9781683400028.003.0002, Roksandic, van,Spanish colonization and rule (1492–1898)
After first landing on an island then called Guanahani on 12 October 1492,BOOK, Ted, Henken, Cuba: A Global Studies Handbook,weblink 2008, ABC-CLIO, 978-1-85109-984-9, 30, (gives the landing date in Cuba as 27 October) Christopher Columbus landed on Cuba on 27 October 1492, and landing in the northeastern coast on 28 October.BOOK, Cuba Oficina Del Censo, Cuba: Population, History and Resources 1907,weblink 2009, BiblioBazaar, LLC, 978-1-110-28818-2, 28, (gives the landing date in Cuba as 28 October) Columbus claimed the island for the new Kingdom of Spain{{Harvnb|Gott|2004|p=13}} and named it Isla Juana after John, Prince of Asturias.BOOK, Alfred J., Andrea, Overfield, James H., The Human Record, 1, Letter by Christopher Columbus concerning recently discovered islands, Houghton Mifflin Company, 2005, 8, 978-0-618-37040-5, File:DiegoVelazquezCuellar.jpg|thumb|upright|left|Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar, conquistadorconquistadorIn 1511, the first Spanish settlement was founded by Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar at Baracoa. Other settlements soon followed, including San Cristobal de la Habana, founded in 1514 (southern coast of the island) and then in 1519 (current place), which later became the capital (1607). The indigenous TaÃno were forced to work under the encomienda system,WEB,weblink Encomienda or Slavery? The Spanish Crown's Choice of Labor Organization in Sixteenth-Century Spanish America, LatinAmericanStudies.org, 19 July 2013, 9 May 2006,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20060509061016weblink">weblink live, which resembled the feudal system in medieval Europe.{{Harvnb|McAlister|1984|p=164}} Within a century, the indigenous people were virtually wiped out due to multiple factors, primarily Eurasian infectious diseases, to which they had no natural resistance (immunity), aggravated by the harsh conditions of the repressive colonial subjugation.BOOK, Diamond, Jared M., Jared Diamond, Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies,weblink W.W. Norton & Co, New York, NY, 1998, 978-0-393-03891-0, 26 August 2017, 16 January 2010,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20100116115810weblink">weblink live, In 1529, a measles outbreak killed two-thirds of those few natives who had previously survived smallpox.BOOK, Byrne, Joseph Patrick, Encyclopedia of Pestilence, Pandemics, and Plagues: A-M,weblink ABC-CLIO, 2008, 413, 978-0-313-34102-1, {{Dead link|date=August 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}J. N. Hays (2005). Epidemics and Pandemics: Their Impacts on Human History {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161127014715weblink |date=27 November 2016}}. p.82. {{ISBN|1-85109-658-2}}On 18 May 1539, conquistador Hernando de Soto departed from Havana with some 600 followers into a vast expedition through the American Southeast, in search of gold, treasure, fame and power.Davidson, James West. After the Fact: The Art of Historical Detection Volume 1. Mc Graw Hill, New York 2010, Chapter 1, p. 1 On 1 September 1548, Gonzalo Perez de Angulo was appointed governor of Cuba. He arrived in Santiago, Cuba, on 4 November 1549, and immediately declared the liberty of all natives.{{sfn|Wright|1916|p=183}} He became Cuba's first permanent governor to reside in Havana instead of Santiago, and he built Havana's first church made of masonry.{{sfn|Wright|1916|p=229}}{{efn|After the French captured Havana in 1555, the governor's son, Francisco de Angulo, went to the Viceroyalty of New Spain.{{sfn|Wright|1916|p=246}}}}(File:Darlington map of Cuba 1680.png|thumb|upright=1.35|A map of Cuba, {{Circa|1680}})By 1570, most residents of Cuba comprised a mixture of Spanish, African, and TaÃno heritages. Cuba developed slowly and, unlike the plantation islands of the Caribbean, had a diversified agriculture. Most importantly, the colony developed as an urbanized society that primarily supported the Spanish colonial empire. By the mid-18th century, there were 50,000 slaves on the island, compared to 60,000 in Barbados and 300,000 in Virginia; as well as 450,000 in Saint-Domingue, all of which had large-scale sugarcane plantations.JOURNAL, 1919107, Melvin Drimmer, Reviewed Work: Slavery in the Americas: A Comparative Study of Virginia and Cuba by Herbert S. Klein, The William and Mary Quarterly, 25, 2, Apr 1968, 307–309, 10.2307/1919107, The Seven Years' War, which erupted in 1754 across three continents, eventually arrived in the Spanish Caribbean. Spain's alliance with the French pitched them into direct conflict with the British, and in 1762, a British expedition consisting of dozens of ships and thousands of troops set out from Portsmouth to capture Cuba. The British arrived on 6 June, and by August, had placed Havana under siege.BOOK, Thomas, Hugh, Hugh Thomas, Baron Thomas of Swynnerton, Cuba: The Pursuit of Freedom, Chapter One, 2nd, When Havana surrendered, the admiral of the British fleet, George Pocock and the commander of the land forces George Keppel, the 3rd Earl of Albemarle, entered the city, and took control of the western part of the island. The British immediately opened up trade with their North American and Caribbean colonies, causing a rapid transformation of Cuban society.File:LindsayCambridge.jpg|thumb|A painting of the British capture of Havana in 1762]]Though Havana, which had become the third-largest city in the Americas, was to enter an era of sustained development and increasing ties with North America during this period, the British occupation of the city proved short-lived. Pressure from London on sugar merchants, fearing a decline in sugar prices, forced negotiations with the Spanish over the captured territories.{{clarify|date=May 2021}} Less than a year after Britain captured Havana, it signed the 1763 Treaty of Paris together with France and Spain, ending the Seven Years' War. The treaty gave Britain Florida in exchange for Cuba.{{efn|The French had recommended this to Spain, advising that declining to give up Florida could result in Spain instead losing New Spain and much of their colonies on South American mainland in the future. Many in Britain were disappointed, believing that Florida was a poor return for Cuba and Britain's other gains in the war.}} Cubans constituted one of the many diverse units which fought alongside Spanish forces during the conquest of British West Florida (1779–81).The largest factor for the growth of Cuba's commerce in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth century was the Haitian Revolution. When the enslaved peoples of what had been the Caribbean's richest colony freed themselves through violent revolt, Cuban planters perceived the region's changing circumstances with both a sense of fear and opportunity. They were afraid because of the prospect that slaves might revolt in Cuba as well, and numerous prohibitions during the 1790s of the sale of slaves in Cuba who had previously been enslaved in French colonies underscored this anxiety. The planters saw opportunity, however, because they thought that they could exploit the situation by transforming Cuba into the slave society and sugar-producing "pearl of the Antilles" that Haiti had been before the revolution.BOOK, Freedom's Mirror: Cuba and Haiti in the Age of Revolution, Ferrer, Ada, Ada Ferrer, Cambridge University Press, 2014, 978-1107029422, New York, 5, As the historian Ada Ferrer has written, "At a basic level, liberation in Saint-Domingue helped entrench its denial in Cuba. As slavery and colonialism collapsed in the French colony, the Spanish island underwent transformations that were almost the mirror image of Haiti's."BOOK, Freedom's Mirror: Cuba and Haiti in the Age of Revolution, Ferrer, Ada, Cambridge University Press, 2014, 978-1107029422, New York, 10, Estimates suggest that between 1790 and 1820 some 325,000 Africans were imported to Cuba as slaves, which was four times the amount that had arrived between 1760 and 1790.BOOK, Freedom's Mirror: Cuba and Haiti in the Age of Revolution, Ferrer, Ada, Cambridge University Press, 2014, 978-1107029422, New York, 36, File:Slaves Unloading Ice in Cuba 1832.jpg|thumb|left|Slaves in Cuba unloading ice from 1832}}Although a smaller proportion of the population of Cuba was enslaved, at times, slaves arose in revolt. In 1812, the Aponte Slave Rebellion took place, but it was ultimately suppressed.BOOK, Childs, Matt D., The 1813 Aponte Rebellion in Cuba and the Struggle against Atlantic Slavery, 2006, The University of North Carolina Press, 978-0-8078-5772-4, 320 pages, The population of Cuba in 1817 was 630,980 (of which 291,021 were white, 115,691 were free people of color (mixed-race), and 224,268 black slaves).{{sfn|Scheina|2003|p=352}}{{efn|This was a much higher proportion of free blacks to slaves than in Virginia, for instance, or the other Caribbean islands. Historians such as Magnus Mõrner, who have studied slavery in Latin America, found that manumissions increased when slave economies were in decline, as in 18th-century Cuba and early 19th-century Maryland in the United States.Magnus Mõrner, Race Mixture in Latin America, Boston, 1967, pp. 124–125}}(File:Habana, 1851 LCCN2004667981.jpg|thumb|250px|19th century view of Havana)In part due to Cuban slaves working primarily in urbanized settings, by the 19th century, the practice of had developed (or "buying oneself out of slavery", a "uniquely Cuban development"), according to historian Herbert S. Klein.Herbert S. Klein, Slavery in the Americas: A Comparative Study of Virginia and Cuba, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1967, p. 196 Due to a shortage of white labor, blacks dominated urban industries "to such an extent that when whites in large numbers came to Cuba in the middle of the nineteenth century, they were unable to displace Negro workers." A system of diversified agriculture, with small farms and fewer slaves, served to supply the cities with produce and other goods.In the 1820s, when the rest of Spain's empire in Latin America rebelled and formed independent states, Cuba remained loyal to Spain. Its economy was based on serving the empire. By 1860, Cuba had 213,167 free people of color (39% of its non-white population of 550,000).{{efn|By contrast, Virginia, with about the same number of blacks, had only 58,042 or 11% who were free; the rest were enslaved.}}Independence movements
File:Carlos Manuel de Cespedes.jpg|thumb|upright|left|Carlos Manuel de Céspedes is known as Father of the Homeland in Cuba, having declared its independence from Spain in 1868.{{efn|While Céspedes retained civilian leadership, the military aspects of the Ten Years' War were under the leadership of the Dominican date=January 2023}}}}Full independence from Spain was the goal of a rebellion in 1868 led by planter Carlos Manuel de Céspedes. De Céspedes, a sugar planter, freed his slaves to fight with him for an independent Cuba. On 27 December 1868, he issued a decree condemning slavery in theory but accepting it in practice and declaring free any slaves whose masters present them for military service.{{sfn|Chomsky|Carr|Smorkaloff|2004|pp=115–117}} The 1868 rebellion resulted in a prolonged conflict known as the Ten Years' War. A great number of the rebels were volunteers from the Dominican Republic,{{efn|A group of Dominican exiles, led by Máximo Gómez, Luis Marcano, and Modesto DÃaz, utilizing the experience they had gained in the Dominican Restoration War (1863–65), became instructors of military strategy and tactics. With reinforcements and guidance from the Dominicans, the Cubans defeated Spanish detachments, cut railway lines, and gained dominance over vast sections of the eastern portion of the island.BOOK, Foner, Philip S., Philip S. Foner, Antonio Maceo: The "Bronze Titan" of Cuba's Struggle for Independence, 1989, NYU Press, 21, On 19 February 1874, Gómez and 700 other rebels marched westward from their eastern base and defeated 2,000 Spanish troops at El Naranjo. The Spaniards lost 100 killed and 200 wounded and the rebels a total of 150 killed and wounded.{{sfn|Clodfelter|2017|p=306}} The most significant rebel victory came at the Battle of Las Guasimas, 16–20 March 1874, when 2,050 rebels, led by Antonio Maceo and Gómez, defeated 5,000 Spanish troops with 6 cannons. The five-day battle cost the Spanish 1,037 casualties and the rebels 174 casualties.{{sfn|Clodfelter|2017|p=306}}}} and other countries, as well as numerous Chinese indentured servants.{{sfn|Clodfelter|2017|p=306}}{{efn|A battalion of 500 Chinese fought under the command of General Máximo Gómez in the 1874 Battle of Las Guasimas.JOURNAL,weblink Armando Choy, Gustavo Chui, Moises Sio Wong. 2005. Our History Is Still Being Written: The Story of Three Chinese-Cuban Generals in the Cuban Revolution, Kathleen, Lopez, 1 July 2008, Caribbean Studies (journal), Caribbean Studies, 36, 2, 211–216, go.gale.com, 13 May 2021, 23 September 2021,weblink live, }}{{efn|A monument in Havana honors the Cuban Chinese who fell in the war.{{sfn|Westad|2012|pp=227–228}}}}File:Calixto GarcÃa and William Ludlow in Cuba, 1898.jpg|thumb|Calixto GarcÃa, a general of Cuban separatist rebels (right) with U.S. Brigadier General William LudlowWilliam LudlowThe United States declined to recognize the new Cuban government, although many European and Latin American nations did so.WEB,weblink Historia de las Guerrras de Cuba, cubagenweb.org, 11 May 2007, 8 September 2018,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20180908064028weblink">weblink live, In 1878, the Pact of Zanjón ended the conflict, with Spain promising greater autonomy to Cuba.{{efn|Spain sustained 200,000 casualties, mostly from disease; the rebels sustained 100,000–150,000 dead.{{sfn|Scheina|2003|p={{page needed|date=November 2020}}}}}} In 1879–80, Cuban patriot Calixto GarcÃa attempted to start another war known as the Little War but failed to receive enough support.WEB,weblink The Little War of 1878 – History of Cuba, historyofcuba.com, 11 May 2007, 15 August 2017,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20170815055924weblink">weblink live, Slavery in Cuba was abolished in 1875 but the process was completed only in 1886.{{sfn|Scott|2000|p=3}}{{sfn|Chomsky|Carr|Smorkaloff|2004|pp=37–38}} An exiled dissident named José Martà founded the Cuban Revolutionary Party in New York City in 1892. The aim of the party was to achieve Cuban independence from Spain.BOOK, Ground Warfare: An International Encyclopedia, Part 25, 1, 549, 2002, Stanley, Sandler, ABC-CLIO, 978-1-57607-344-5,weblink 6 September 2009, 8 January 2024,weblink live, In January 1895, Martà traveled to Monte Cristi and Santo Domingo in the Dominican Republic to join the efforts of Máximo Gómez. Martà recorded his political views in the Manifesto of Montecristi.BOOK, Spanish-Americans: Lives And Faces, 171, David, Arias,weblink 2005, 978-1-4120-4717-3, Trafford Publishing, Victoria, BC, Canada, 6 September 2009, 8 January 2024,weblink live, Fighting against the Spanish army began in Cuba on 24 February 1895, but Martà was unable to reach Cuba until 11 April 1895. Martà was killed in the Battle of Dos Rios on 19 May 1895. His death immortalized him as Cuba's national hero.File:Weyler reconcentrados.png|thumb|upright=1.5|Cuban victims of Spanish reconcentration policies ]]Around 200,000 Spanish troops outnumbered the much smaller rebel army, which relied mostly on guerrilla and sabotage tactics. The Spaniards began a campaign of suppression. General Valeriano Weyler, the military governor of Cuba, herded the rural population into what he called , described by international observers as "fortified towns". These are often considered the prototype for 20th-century concentration camps.BOOK, Of Planting and Planning: The Making of British Colonial Cities, Chapman and Hall, Robert K., Home, 1997, 978-0-419-20230-1, 195,weblink 6 September 2009, 8 January 2024,weblink live, Between 200,000BOOK,weblink Liberty, Equality, Power: A History of the American People, Volume II: Since 1863, Concise Edition, John M., Murrin, Paul E., Johnson, Paul E. Johnson, James M., McPherson, James M. McPherson, Alice, Fahs, Gary, Gerstle, Gary Gerstle, 27 February 2013, Cengage Learning, 9781285629544, Google Books, 22 February 2020, 8 January 2024,weblink live, and 400,000 Cuban civilians died from starvation and disease in the Spanish concentration camps, numbers verified by the Red Cross and United States Senator Redfield Proctor, a former Secretary of War. American and European protests against Spanish conduct on the island followed.WEB,weblink Cuban Reconcentration Policy and its Effects, The Spanish–American War, Spanish–American War, 29 January 2007, 24 October 2019,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20191024165715weblink">weblink live, The U.S. battleship USS Maine was sent to protect American interests, but soon after arrival, it exploded in Havana harbor and sank quickly, killing nearly three-quarters of the crew. The cause and responsibility for the sinking of the ship remained unclear after a board of inquiry. Popular opinion in the U.S., fueled by active yellow press, concluded that the Spanish were to blame and demanded action.BOOK, The American Battleship,weblink 18, Samuel Loring, Morison, Samuel Loring Morison, Morison, Samuel Eliot, Samuel Eliot Morison, Polmar, Norman, Norman Polmar, 2003, St. Paul, Minn., MBI Publishing Company, 978-0-7603-0989-6, 15 September 2009, 8 January 2024,weblink live, Spain and the United States declared war on each other in late April 1898.{{efn|Over the previous decades, five U.S. presidents—Polk, Pierce, Buchanan, Grant, and McKinley—had tried to buy the island of Cuba from Spain.{{sfn|Falk|1988|p=64}}WEB, Franklin Pierce: Foreign Affairs, Miller Center,weblinkweblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20160312084210weblink">weblink 12 March 2016, }}{{efn|The Battle of Santiago de Cuba, on 3 July 1898, was the largest naval engagement during the Spanish–American War, and resulted in the destruction of the Spanish Caribbean Squadron. Resistance in Santiago consolidated around Fort Canosa, while major battles between Spaniards and Americans took place at Las Guasimas on 24 June, and at El Caney and San Juan Hill on 1 July, after which the American advance ground to a halt. The Americans lost 81 killed and 360 wounded in taking El Caney, where the Spanish defenders lost 38 killed, 138 wounded and 160 captured. At San Juan, the Americans lost 216 killed and 1,024 wounded; Spanish losses were 58 killed, 170 wounded and 39 captured.{{sfn|Clodfelter|2017|p=255}} Spanish troops successfully defended Fort Canosa, allowing them to stabilize their line and bar the entry to Santiago. The Americans and Cubans began a brutal siege of the city, which surrendered on 16 July after the defeat of the Spanish Caribbean Squadron. Spain had sacrificed more of its sons to hold on to Cuba than she had in attempting to cling on to Mexico and South America,{{sfn|Clodfelter|2017|p=308}} and suffered over 62,000 dead in the Cuban War of Independence (1895–98).}}Republic (1902–1959)
First years (1902–1925)
(File:Raising the Cuban flag on the Governor General's Palace at noon on May 20, 1902.gif|thumb|Raising the Cuban flag on the Governor General's Palace at noon on 20 May 1902)After the Spanish–American War, Spain and the United States signed the Treaty of Paris (1898), by which Spain ceded Puerto Rico, the Philippines, and Guam to the United States for the sum of {{Nowrap|US$20 million}}WEB,weblink Treaty of Peace Between the United States and Spain, 10 December 1898, The Avalon Project, Yale Law School, 6 September 2009, 8 July 2012,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20120708063629weblink">weblink live, and Cuba became a protectorate of the United States. Cuba gained formal independence from the U.S. on 20 May 1902, as the Republic of Cuba.BOOK, Louis A., Pérez, Cuba Between Empires: 1878–1902,weblink 19 July 2013, 1998, University of Pittsburgh Press, 978-0-8229-7197-9, xv, 8 January 2024,weblink live, Under Cuba's new constitution, the U.S. retained the right to intervene in Cuban affairs and to supervise its finances and foreign relations. Under the Platt Amendment, the U.S. leased the Guantánamo Bay Naval Base from Cuba.Following disputed elections in 1906, the first president, Tomás Estrada Palma, faced an armed revolt by independence war veterans who defeated the meager government forces.BOOK, Corruption in Cuba: Castro and Beyond, 63, Sergio, Diaz-Briquets, Jorge F., Pérez-López, University of Texas Press, Austin, 2006, 978-0-292-71321-5,weblink 6 September 2009, 8 January 2024,weblink live, The U.S. intervened by occupying Cuba and named Charles Edward Magoon as Governor for three years. Cuban historians have characterized Magoon's governorship as having introduced political and social corruption.{{Harvnb|Thomas|1998|pp=283–7}}. In 1908, self-government was restored when José Miguel Gómez was elected president, but the U.S. continued intervening in Cuban affairs. In 1912, the Partido Independiente de Color attempted to establish a separate black republic in Oriente Province,BOOK, The War of 1898, and U.S. Interventions, 1898–1934: An Encyclopedia, Benjamin Beede, 134, 1994, Garland Publishing, Garland, New York, 978-0-8240-5624-7,weblink 6 September 2009, 8 January 2024,weblink live, but was suppressed by General Monteagudo with considerable bloodshed.In 1924, Gerardo Machado was elected president. During his administration, tourism increased markedly, and American-owned hotels and restaurants were built to accommodate the influx of tourists. The tourist boom led to increases in gambling and prostitution in Cuba.BOOK, Terry K., Sanderlin, The Last American Rebel in Cuba,weblink 19 July 2013, 24 April 2012, AuthorHouse, 978-1-4685-9430-0, 7, The Wall Street Crash of 1929 led to a collapse in the price of sugar, political unrest, and repression. Protesting students, known as the Generation of 1930, turned to violence in opposition to the increasingly unpopular Machado. A general strike (in which the Communist Party sided with Machado),BOOK, Fulgencio Batista, 1, 50, Argote-Freyre, Frank, Rutgers University Press, New Brunswick, N.J., 2006, 978-0-8135-3701-6,weblink uprisings among sugar workers, and an army revolt forced Machado into exile in August 1933. He was replaced by Carlos Manuel de Céspedes y Quesada.BOOK, Wilber Albert, Chaffee, Gary, Prevost, Cuba: A Different America,weblink 19 July 2013, 1992, Rowman & Littlefield, 978-0-8476-7694-1, 4, 8 January 2024,weblink live,Revolution of 1933–1940
File:1933-Pentarchy w Batista.jpg|thumb|The Pentarchy of 1933. Fulgencio BatistaFulgencio BatistaIn September 1933, the Sergeants' Revolt, led by Sergeant Fulgencio Batista, overthrew Céspedes.BOOK, Jones, Melanie, Jacqueline, West, Cuba: History, South America, Central America and the Caribbean 2002,weblink 19 July 2013, 2001, Routledge, 978-1-85743-121-6, 303, 8 January 2024,weblink live, A five-member executive committee (the Pentarchy of 1933) was chosen to head a provisional government.BOOK, Jaime, Suchlicki, Cuba: From Columbus to Castro and Beyond,weblink 19 July 2013, 2002, Potomac Books, 978-1-57488-436-4, 95, 8 January 2024,weblink live, Ramón Grau San MartÃn was then appointed as provisional president. Grau resigned in 1934, leaving the way clear for Batista, who dominated Cuban politics for the next 25 years, at first through a series of puppet-presidents. The period from 1933 to 1937 was a time of "virtually unremitting social and political warfare".{{Harvnb|DomÃnguez|1978|p=76}} On balance, during the period 1933–1940 Cuba suffered from fragile political structures, reflected in the fact that it saw three different presidents in two years (1935–1936), and in the militaristic and repressive policies of Batista as Head of the Army.Constitution of 1940
A new constitution was adopted in 1940, which engineered radical progressive ideas, including the right to labor and health care.{{sfn|DomÃnguez|1978|p={{page needed|date=December 2023}}}} Batista was elected president in the same year, holding the post until 1944.BOOK, Frank R., Villafana, Expansionism: Its Effects on Cuba's Independence,weblink 19 July 2013, 31 December 2011, Transaction Publishers, 978-1-4128-4656-1, 201, 8 January 2024,weblink live, He is so far the only non-white Cuban to win the nation's highest political office.{{Harvnb|Horowitz|1988|p=662}}BOOK, Cuba, Leslie, Bethell, Leslie Bethell, 978-0-521-43682-3, 1993, Cambridge University Press, {{Harvnb|Sweig|2004|p=4}} His government carried out major social reforms. Several members of the Communist Party held office under his administration.{{sfn|Sweig|2004|p={{page needed|date=December 2023}}}} Cuban armed forces were not greatly involved in combat during World War II—though president Batista did suggest a joint U.S.-Latin American assault on Francoist Spain to overthrow its authoritarian regime.NEWS, Batista's Boot,weblinkweblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20080825011807weblink">weblink 25 August 2008, Time (magazine), Time, 18 January 1943, 20 April 2013, Cuba lost six merchant ships during the war, and the Cuban Navy was credited with sinking the {{GS|U-176}}.BOOK, Polmar, Norman, Norman Polmar, Thomas B., Allen, Thomas B. Allen (author), World War II: The Encyclopedia of the War Years 1941–1945, 230, Batista adhered to the 1940 constitution's strictures preventing his re-election.{{Harvnb|DomÃnguez|1978|p=101}} Ramon Grau San Martin was the winner of the next election, in 1944. Grau further corroded the base of the already teetering legitimacy of the Cuban political system, in particular by undermining the deeply flawed, though not entirely ineffectual, Congress and Supreme Court.{{Harvnb|DomÃnguez|1978|pp=110–1}} Carlos PrÃo Socarrás, a protégé of Grau, became president in 1948. The two terms of the Auténtico Party brought an influx of investment, which fueled an economic boom, raised living standards for all segments of society, and created a middle class in most urban areas.{{Harvnb|Alvarez|2004}}.Coup d'état of 1952
File:HavanaSlums1954.jpg|thumb|right|Slum (bohÃo) dwellings in Havana, Cuba in 1954, just outside Havana baseball stadium. In the background is advertising for a nearby casinocasinoAfter finishing his term in 1944 Batista lived in Florida, returning to Cuba to run for president in 1952. Facing certain electoral defeat, he led a military coup that preempted the election.WEB,weblink A Coup in Cuba, History Today, 7 September 2017, 1 August 2020,weblink live, Back in power, and receiving financial, military, and logistical support from the United States government, Batista suspended the 1940 Constitution and revoked most political liberties, including the right to strike. He then aligned with the wealthiest landowners who owned the largest sugar plantations, and presided over a stagnating economy that widened the gap between rich and poor Cubans.BOOK, Historical Dictionary of the 1950s, James S. Olson, James Stuart, Olson, Greenwood Publishing Group, 2000, 0-313-30619-2, 67–68, Batista outlawed the Cuban Communist Party in 1952.{{Harvnb|Sweig|2004|p=6}} After the coup, Cuba had Latin America's highest per capita consumption rates of meat, vegetables, cereals, automobiles, telephones and radios, though about one-third of the population was considered poor and enjoyed relatively little of this consumption.BOOK, Authoritarian Regimes in Latin America,weblink Paul H., Lewis, Paul H. Lewis, 186, Rowman & Littlefield, Oxford, UK, 978-0-7425-3739-2, 14 September 2009, 2006, 8 January 2024,weblink live, However, in his "History Will Absolve Me" speech, Fidel Castro mentioned that national issues relating to land, industrialization, housing, unemployment, education, and health were contemporary problems.WEB, Fidel Castro: "History Will Absolve Me", college.cengage.com,weblink 4 June 2021, 4 June 2021,weblink live, In 1958, Cuba was a well-advanced country in comparison to other Latin American regions.{{Harvnb|Smith|Llorens|1998}}. Cuba was also affected by perhaps the largest labor union privileges in Latin America, including bans on dismissals and mechanization. They were obtained in large measure "at the cost of the unemployed and the peasants", leading to disparities.{{Harvnb|Baklanoff|1998}}. Between 1933 and 1958, Cuba extended economic regulations enormously, causing economic problems.{{Harvnb|Thomas|1998|p=1173}}. Unemployment became a problem as graduates entering the workforce could not find jobs. The middle class, which was comparable to that of the United States{{How|date=February 2022}}, became increasingly dissatisfied with unemployment and political persecution. The labor unions, manipulated by the previous government since 1948 through union "yellowness", supported Batista until the very end. Batista stayed in power until he resigned in December 1958 under the pressure of the US Embassy and as the revolutionary forces headed by Fidel Castro were winning militarily (Santa Clara city, a strategic point in the middle of the country, fell into the rebels hands on December 31, in a conflict known as the Battle of Santa Clara).BOOK, Padrón, José Luis, Betancourt, Luis Adrián, Batista, últimos dÃas en el poder., 2008, es, Unión, Havana, BOOK, Maureen Ihrie, Salvador Oropesa, World Literature in Spanish: An Encyclopedia: An Encyclopedia,weblink 19 July 2013, 31 October 2011, ABC-CLIO, 978-0-313-08083-8, 262, 8 January 2024,weblink live,Revolution and Communist Party rule (1959–present)
File:CheyFidel.jpg|thumb|upright|left|Che Guevara and Fidel Castro, photographed by Alberto KordaAlberto KordaIn the 1950s, various organizations, including some advocating armed uprising, competed for public support in bringing about political change.BOOK, Aviva, Chomsky, Aviva Chomsky, A History of the Cuban Revolution,weblink 19 July 2013, 23 November 2010, John Wiley & Sons, 978-1-4443-2956-8, 37–38, 8 January 2024,weblink live, In 1956, Fidel Castro and about 80 supporters landed from the yacht Granma in an attempt to start a rebellion against the Batista government. In 1958, Castro's July 26th Movement emerged as the leading revolutionary group. The U.S. supported Castro by imposing a 1958 arms embargo against Batista's government. Batista evaded the American embargo and acquired weapons from the Dominican Republic.{{efn|Dominican Republic strongman Rafael Trujillo and Castro both supported attempts to overthrow each other. On 14 June 1959, a Cuban-supported invasion forceNEWS, Trujillo Reported to Crush Invasion Backed by Cuba; TRUJILLO IS SAID TO HALT INVASION,weblink The New York Times, 24 June 1959, 14 March 2020, 16 August 2021,weblink live, landed from an airplane at Constanza, Dominican Republic, only to be immediately massacred.{{sfn|Scheina|2003b|p=55}} A week later, two yachts offloaded 186 invaders onto Chris-Craft launches for a landing on the North coast. Dominican Air Force pilots fired rockets from their Vampire Jets into the approaching launches, killing all but 30 men, who managed to make it to the beaches at Maimon and Estero Hondo. Trujillo ordered his son, Ramfis, to lead the hunt for the survivors, and soon they were captured. The leaders of the invasion were taken aboard a Dominican Air Force plane and then pushed out in mid-air, falling to their deaths.WEB,weblink The Rafael Trujillo Assassination: Why Did the CIA Follow Through?, 22 December 2016, 13 May 2021, 20 June 2021,weblink live, Militant anti-Castro groups, funded by exiles, by the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) and by Trujillo's Dominican government, carried out armed attacks and set up guerrilla bases in Cuba's mountainous regions. This led to the six-year Escambray rebellion (1959–65), which lasted longer and involved more soldiers than the Cuban Revolution.Ros (2006) pp. 159–201.WEB, Anti-Cuba Bandits: terrorism in past tense,weblinkweblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20070222204658weblink">weblink 22 February 2007, }}By late 1958, the rebels had broken out of the Sierra Maestra and launched a general popular insurrection. After Castro's fighters captured Santa Clara, Batista fled with his family to the Dominican Republic on 1 January 1959. Later he went into exile on the Portuguese island of Madeira and finally settled in Estoril, near Lisbon. Fidel Castro's forces entered the capital on 8 January 1959. The liberal Manuel Urrutia Lleó became the provisional president.{{sfn|Falk|1988|p=67}}According to Amnesty International, official death sentences from 1959 to 1987 numbered 237 of which all but 21 were carried out.BOOK, When the State Kills: The Death Penalty v. Human Rights, Amnesty International Publications, 1989, 9780862101640, 1017244324, {{NCJ, 117205, |publication-place=New York, United States}} The vast majority of those executed directly following the 1959 Revolution were policemen, politicians, and informers of the Batista regime accused of crimes such as torture and murder, and their public trials and executions had widespread popular support among the Cuban population.ENCYCLOPEDIA, Chase, Michelle, Greg, Grandin, Greg Grandin, Joseph, Gilbert, A Century of Revolution, The Trials,weblink 17 September 2015, 2010, Duke University Press, Durham, NC, 978-0822347378, 163–198, 10.1215/9780822392859, 7 January 2016,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20160107055759weblink">weblink live, File:Guantanamo Naval Base aerial photo 1962.jpg|thumb|Since 1959, Cuba has regarded the U.S. presence in (Guantanamo Bay Naval Base|Guantánamo Bay]] as illegal."US rejects Cuba demand to hand back Guantanamo Bay base {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161207183342weblink |date=7 December 2016 }}". BBC News. 30 January 2015.)The United States government initially reacted favorably to the Cuban Revolution, seeing it as part of a movement to bring democracy to Latin America.BOOK, Stephen G., Rabe, Stephen G. Rabe, Eisenhower and Latin America: The Foreign Policy of Anticommunism,weblink 19 July 2013, 1988, UNC Press Books, 978-0-8078-4204-1, 123–125, Castro's legalization of the Communist Party and the hundreds of executions of Batista agents, policemen, and soldiers that followed caused a deterioration in the relationship between the two countries. The promulgation of the Agrarian Reform Law, expropriating thousands of acres of farmland (including from large U.S. landholders), further worsened relations. In response, between 1960 and 1964 the U.S. imposed a range of sanctions, eventually including a total ban on trade between the countries and a freeze on all Cuban-owned assets in the U.S.BOOK, U.S. International Trade Commission, The Economic Impact of U.S. Sanctions with Respect to Cuba, 978-1-4578-2290-2,weblink Section 2–3, p. 2, DIANE, In February 1960, Castro signed a commercial agreement with Soviet Vice-Premier Anastas Mikoyan.In March 1960, U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower gave his approval to a CIA plan to arm and train a group of Cuban refugees to overthrow the Castro government. The invasion (known as the Bay of Pigs Invasion) took place on 14 April 1961, during the term of President John F. Kennedy. About 1,400 Cuban exiles disembarked at the Bay of Pigs. Cuban troops and local militias defeated the invasion, killing over 100 invaders and taking the remainder prisoner.BOOK, Richard A., Crooker, Cuba,weblink 19 July 2013, 2005, Infobase Publishing, 978-1-4381-0497-3, 43–44, In January 1962, Cuba was suspended from the Organization of American States (OAS), and later the same year the OAS started to impose sanctions against Cuba of similar nature to the U.S. sanctions.WEB,weblink Case Studies in Sanctions and Terrorism: Case 60–3, US v. Cuba (1960– : Castro), Peterson Institute for International Economics, October 2011, 14 February 2017, 14 February 2017,weblink live, The Cuban Missile Crisis of October 1962 almost sparked (World War III#Cuban Missile Crisis: 15–29 October 1962|World War III).BOOK, Polmar, Norman, Gresham, John D., DEFCON-2: Standing on the Brink of Nuclear War During the Cuban Missile Crisis,weblink 17 January 2006, Wiley, Hoboken, 978-0-471-67022-3, 60373348, 223, 18 July 2021, 8 January 2024,weblink live, BOOK, Duncan, Terri Kaye, Stein, R. Conrad, Thirteen Days of Tension: The Cuban Missile Crisis,weblink Movements and Moments That Changed America, 15 July 2020, Rosen Publishing Group, New York, 978-1-72534-219-4, 8, 49, 94, 1203013466, In 1962 American generals proposed Operation Northwoods which would entail committing terrorist attacks in American cities and against refugees and falsely blaming the attacks on the Cuban government, manufacturing a reason for the United States to invade Cuba. This plan was rejected by President Kennedy.WEB, Ruppe, David, 1 May 2001, U.S. Military Wanted to Provoke War With Cuba,weblink 2023-07-03, ABC News, en, 21 April 2019,weblink live, By 1963, Cuba was moving towards a full-fledged communist system modeled on the USSR.BOOK, Faria, Miguel A., Miguel A. Faria, Jr., Cuba in Revolution – Escape From a Lost Paradise, 2002, Hacienda Publishing, Macon, Georgia, 163–228, File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-L0614-040, Berlin, Fidel Castro an der Grenze.jpg|thumb|Fidel Castro and members of the East German PolitburoPolitburoDuring the Cold War, Cuban forces were deployed to all corners of Africa, either as military advisors or as combatants.JOURNAL, Parameters (journal), Parameters, VII, 2, 1977, U.S. Army War College, Cuba and the Regional Balance of Power: Cuba's International Involvement, Marcella, Gabriel, 13,weblink 29 February 2020, 9 February 2023,weblink live, In 1963, Cuba sent 686 troops together with 22 tanks and other military equipment to support Algeria in the Sand War against Morocco.NEWS,weblink MartÃn, Koppel, MartÃn Koppel, Róger, Calero, Róger Calero, Cuba and Algerian revolutions: an intertwined history, 83, 8, The Militant, Havana International Book Fair, New York City, 25 February 2019, 17 March 2020, 19 August 2021,weblink live, The Cuban forces remained in Algeria for over a year, providing training to the Algerian army.{{harvnb|Scheina|2003b|pp=1003–1035}} In 1964, Cuba organized a meeting of Latin American communists in Havana and stoked a civil war in the capital of the Dominican Republic in 1965, which prompted 20,000 U.S. troops to intervene there. Che Guevara engaged in guerrilla activities in Africa and was killed in 1967 while attempting to start a revolution in Bolivia. During the 1970s, Fidel Castro dispatched tens of thousands of troops in support of Soviet-backed wars in Africa. He supported the MPLA in Angola (Angolan Civil War) and Mengistu Haile Mariam in Ethiopia (Ogaden War).{{sfn|DomÃnguez|1989|p={{page needed|date=December 2023}}}}{{multiple image
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}}In November 1975, Cuba deployed more than 65,000 troops and 400 Soviet-made tanks in Angola in one of the fastest military mobilizations in history.WEB,weblink Why the Cuban military machine should intervene in Syria, Rakesh Krishnan, Simha, 21 October 2015, Russia Beyond, 17 March 2020, 17 March 2020,weblink live, South Africa developed nuclear weapons due to the threat to its security posed by the presence of large numbers of Cuban troops in Angola.BOOK, The Nuclear Non-Proliferation Regime: Prospects for the 21st Century, 2016, Springer, 95, In 1976 and again in 1988 at the Battle of Cuito Cuanavale, the Cubans alongside their MPLA allies defeated UNITA rebels and apartheid South African forces.WEB,weblink To so many Africans, Fidel Castro is a hero. Here's why | Fidel Castro | The Guardian, amp.theguardian.com, 1 September 2020, 19 August 2021,weblink live, {{efn|An estimated 5,000 Cubans were killed in action during the Angolan Civil War.MAGAZINE, Williams, John Hoyt,weblink 19 July 2013, The Atlantic, August 1988, 7 June 2011,weblink live, Cuba: Havana's Military Machine, }} In December 1977, Cuba sent its combat troops from Angola, the People's Republic of the Congo, and the Caribbean to Ethiopia, assisted by mechanized Soviet battalions, to help defeat a Somali invasion. On 24 January 1978, Ethiopian and Cuban troops counterattacked, inflicting 3,000 casualties on the Somali forces. In February, Cuban troops launched a major offensive and forced the Somali army back into its own territory.BOOK, Impact of Cuban-Soviet Ties in the Western Hemisphere, Spring 1979: Hearings Before the Subcommittee on Inter-American Affairs of the Committee on Foreign Affairs, House of Representatives, Ninety-sixth Congress, First Session, April 25 and 26, 1979, U.S. Government Printing Office, 11, Cuban forces remained in Ethiopia until 9 September 1989.Despite Cuba's small size and the long distance separating it from the Middle East, Castro's Cuba played an active role in the region during the Cold War. In 1972, a major Cuban military mission consisting of tank, air, and artillery specialists was dispatched to South Yemen. Cuban military advisors were sent to Iraq in the mid-1970s but their mission was canceled after Iraq invaded Iran in 1980. The Cubans were also involved in the Syrian-Israeli War of Attrition (November 1973–May 1974) that followed the Yom Kippur War (October 1973).WEB, Foreign Intervention by Cuba,weblinkweblink 22 January 2017, Israeli sources reported the presence of a Cuban tank brigade in the Golan Heights, which was supported by two brigades.BOOK, Cuba: The International Dimension, 1990,weblink registration, Transaction Publishers, 138, 9780887383243, The Israelis and the Cuban-Syrian tank forces engaged in battle on the Golan front.JOURNAL, Ra'anan, Gavriel D., The Evolution of the Soviet Use of Surrogates in Military Relations with the Third World, with Particular Emphasis on Cuban Participation in Africa,weblink RAND Corporation, 29 June 2021, 31 December 1978, 29 June 2021,weblink live, {{rp|37–38}}The standard of living in the 1970s was "extremely spartan" and discontent was rife.BOOK, The Cambridge History of Latin America, Bethell, Leslie, 978-0-521-62327-8, 13 August 1998, Cambridge University Press,weblink {{Page needed|date=August 2010}} Fidel Castro admitted the failures of economic policies in a 1970 speech. In 1975, the OAS lifted its sanctions against Cuba, with the approval of 16 member states, including the United States. The U.S., however, maintained its own sanctions. In 1979, the U.S. objected to the presence of Soviet combat troops on the island. Following the 1983 coup that resulted in the execution of Grenadian Prime Minister Maurice Bishop and establishment of the military government led by Hudson Austin, U.S. forces invaded Grenada in 1983, overthrowing the Government. Most resistance came from Cuban construction workers, while the Grenadan People's Revolutionary Army and militia surrendered without putting up much of a fight. 24 Cubans were killed, with only 2 of them being professional soldiers, and the remainder were expelled from the island. U.S. casualties amounted to 19 killed, 116 wounded, and 9 helicopters destroyed. During the 1970s and 1980s, Castro supported Marxist insurgencies in Guatemala, El Salvador, and Nicaragua. Cuba gradually withdrew its troops from Angola in 1989–91. An important psychological and political aspect of the Cuban military involvement in Africa was the significant presence of black or mixed-race soldiers among the Cuban forces.{{efn|The presence of a substantial number of blacks and mulattoes in the Cuban forces (40–50 percent in Angola) helped give teeth to Castro's campaign against racism and related prejudice like xenophobia.MAGAZINE, Valenta, Jiri, The Soviet-Cuban Alliance in Africa and the Caribbean, February 1981, 45, 37, The World Today, Royal Institute of International Affairs, 40395260, }} According to one source, more than 300,000 Cuban military personnel and civilian experts were deployed in Africa. The source also states that out of the 50,000 Cubans sent to Angola, half contracted AIDS and that 10,000 Cubans died as a consequence of their military actions in Africa.File:Geneva Ministerial Conference 18-20 May 1998 (9308745700).jpg|thumb|Cuban leader Fidel CastroFidel CastroSoviet troops began to withdraw from Cuba in September 1991,WEB, Cuba,weblink Britannica, 25 April 2023, 18 August 2017, 23 August 2021,weblink live, and Castro's rule was severely tested in the aftermath of the Soviet collapse in December 1991 (known in Cuba as the Special Period). The country faced a severe economic downturn following the withdrawal of Soviet subsidies worth {{Nowrap|$4 billion}} to {{Nowrap|$6 billion}} annually, resulting in effects such as food and fuel shortages.JOURNAL, Health consequences of Cuba's Special Period, 2474886, 2008, 179, 3, 18663207, 257, 10.1503/cmaj.1080068, CMAJ: Canadian Medical Association Journal, WEB,weblinkweblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20160314103057weblink">weblink 14 March 2016, Doing Business with Cuba – The Complete Guide, 12 January 2015, Patricia Maroday, The government did not accept American donations of food, medicines and cash until 1993. On 5 August 1994, state security dispersed protesters in a spontaneous protest in Havana. From the start of the crisis to 1995, Cuba saw its gross domestic product (GDP) shrink by 35%. It took another five years for its GDP to reach pre-crisis levels.{{sfn|Gershman|Gutierrez|2009|p={{page needed|date=December 2023}}}}Cuba has since found a new source of aid and support in the People's Republic of China. In addition, Hugo Chávez, then-President of Venezuela, and Evo Morales, former President of Bolivia, became allies and both countries are major oil and gas exporters. In 2003, the government arrested and imprisoned a large number of civil activists, a period known as the "Black Spring".WEB,weblink Cuba's Long Black Spring, Carlos Lauria, Monica Campbell, MarÃa Salazar, The Committee to Protect Journalists, 18 March 2008, 3 April 2009, 30 August 2011,weblink live, WEB,weblink Cuba – No surrender by independent journalists, five years on from "black spring", Reporters Without Borders, March 2008,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20090702082005weblink">weblink 2 July 2009, In February 2008, Fidel Castro resigned as President of the State Council due to the serious gastrointestinal illness which he had suffered since July 2006.WEB, Castro resigns as Cuban president: official media, Agence France-Presse,weblink 19 February 2008, 19 February 2008, {{dead link|date=July 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}} On 24 February, the National Assembly elected his brother Raúl Castro the new president.NEWS, Raul Castro named Cuban president,weblink BBC News, 24 February 2008, 24 February 2008, 22 June 2018,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20180622045408weblink">weblink live, In his inauguration speech, Raúl promised that some of the restrictions on freedom in Cuba would be removed.NEWS, Byte by byte, The Economist,weblink 19 March 2008, 4 April 2008, 22 March 2008,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20080322204221weblink">weblink live, In March 2009, Raúl Castro removed some of his brother's appointees.NEWS,weblink Raúl Castro replaces top Cuban officials, 2 March 2009, 15 September 2009, The Guardian, London, 10 March 2013,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20130310081342weblink">weblink live, On 3 June 2009, the Organization of American States adopted a resolution to end the 47-year ban on Cuban membership of the group.WEB,weblink China View 2009-06-04: OAS plenary votes to end Cuba's exclusion, News.xinhuanet.com, 4 June 2009, 19 July 2013,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20130821171219weblink">weblink 21 August 2013, The resolution stated, however, that full membership would be delayed until Cuba was "in conformity with the practices, purposes, and principles of the OAS". Fidel Castro wrote that Cuba would not rejoin the OAS, which, he said, was a "U.S. Trojan horse" and "complicit" in actions taken by the U.S. against Cuba and other Latin American nations.WEB,weblink China View 2009-06-04: Cuba's Fidel Castro calls OAS a "U.S. Trojan horse", News.xinhuanet.com, 4 June 2009, 19 July 2013,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20130821175617weblink">weblink 21 August 2013, File:Press conference, Havana.jpg|thumb|right|Raúl Castro and U.S. President Barack ObamaBarack ObamaEffective 14 January 2013, Cuba ended the requirement established in 1961, that any citizens who wish to travel abroad were required to obtain an expensive government permit and a letter of invitation.CNN: "Cuba eases travel restriction for citizens" by Ben Brumfield {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304095615weblink |date=4 March 2016 }} 16 October 2012 |Until now, Cubans had to pay $150 for an exit visa. A resident in the country that the Cuban wanted to visit would also have to write a letter of invitation. Fees associated with the letter ran as high as $200. That's a steep price in a country where the average official monthly income is about $20.BBC: "Leaving Cuba: The difficult task of exiting the island" by Sarah Rainsford {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161207180432weblink |date=7 December 2016 }} 12 July 2012Washington Office on Latin America: "Cubans Allowed to Travel Abroad Without Exit Visas" By Geoff Thale and Clay Boggs {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160402155526weblink |date=2 April 2016 }} 16 October 2012 In 1961 the Cuban government had imposed broad restrictions on travel to prevent the mass emigration of people after the 1959 revolution;BOOK, Henken, Ted, Cuba, 2013, ABC-CLIO, 9781610690126, 245, it approved exit visas only on rare occasions."Cubans line up for the chance to leave" by Girish Gupta {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170710060827weblink |date=10 July 2017 }}, USA Today, 14 January 2013 Requirements were simplified: Cubans need only a passport and a national ID card to leave; and they are allowed to take their young children with them for the first time.PBS: "Cuba Opens Travel Abroad for Most Citizens, Eliminating Exit Visa Requirement" {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161128050947weblink |date=28 November 2016 }} 14 January 2013 However, a passport costs on average five months' salary. Observers expect that Cubans with paying relatives abroad are most likely to be able to take advantage of the new policy.USA Today: "Cubans can leave, but to where and with what?" by Girish Gupta {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170710053815weblink |date=10 July 2017 }}, 11 November 2012 In the first year of the program, over 180,000 left Cuba and returned.{{as of|2014|December|}}, talks with Cuban officials and American officials, including President Barack Obama, resulted in the release of Alan Gross, fifty-two political prisoners, and an unnamed non-citizen agent of the United States in return for the release of three Cuban agents currently imprisoned in the United States. Additionally, while the embargo between the United States and Cuba was not immediately lifted, it was relaxed to allow import, export, and certain limited commerce.WEB,weblink Cuba Frees American Alan Gross, Held for Five Years, NBC News, Andrea Mitchell, Eric McClam, 18 December 2014, 18 December 2014, 21 August 2015,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20150821205750weblink">weblink live, Raúl Castro stepped down from the presidency on 19 April 2018 and Miguel DÃaz-Canel was elected president by the National Assembly following parliamentary elections. Raúl Castro remained the First Secretary of the Communist Party and retained broad authority, including oversight over the president.NEWS,weblink Raul Castro leaving Cuban presidency, not power, Associated Press, 18 April 2018, The 86-year-old former guerrilla remains head of Cuba’s Communist Party, a position that leaves him with broad authority — including much oversight of the man who is replacing him as president., 4 October 2023, 4 June 2021,weblink live, Cuba approved a new constitution in 2019. The optional vote attracted 84.4% of eligible voters. 90% of those who voted approved of the new constitution and 9% opposed it. The new constitution states that the Communist Party is the only legitimate political party, describes access to health and education as fundamental rights, imposes presidential term limits, enshrines the right to legal representation upon arrest, recognizes private property, and strengthens the rights of multinationals investing with the state.NEWS, Augustin, Ed, Cuba overwhelmingly approves new constitution affirming 'irrevocable' socialism,weblink 10 August 2021, The Guardian, 25 February 2019, 13 August 2021,weblink live, Any form of discrimination harmful to human dignity is banned under the new constitution.Raúl Castro announced at the Eighth Congress of the Communist Party of Cuba, which began on 16 April 2021, that he was retiring as secretary of the Communist Party.WEB,weblink Raúl Castro confirms he is resigning as head of Cuba's Communist party, The Guardian, 16 April 2021, 4 October 2023, 25 September 2023,weblink live, His successor, Miguel DÃaz-Canel, was voted in on 19 April.NEWS,weblink Raul Castro confirms he's retiring, ending long era of Castro leadership in Cuba, Associated Press, Australian Broadcasting Corporation, 17 April 2021, 17 April 2021, 16 April 2021,weblink live, In July 2021, there were several large protests against the government under the banner of Patria y Vida. Cuban exiles also conducted protests overseas.NEWS, 11 July 2021, Protestas en Cuba: manifestantes se concentraron frente a la embajada en Argentina al grito de "Patria y vida", Buenos Aires,weblink 18 January 2023, 12 July 2021,weblink live, WEB, 11 July 2021, Cubanos protestan en el Zócalo conta el régimen de DÃaz Canel,weblink www.proceso.com.mx, 18 January 2023, 18 January 2023,weblink live, NEWS, PERÚ, NOTICIAS EL COMERCIO, 2021-07-12, San Isidro: ciudadanos cubanos realizan una protesta frente a la embajada de su paÃs {{!, VIDEO {{!}} Lima {{!}} nndc {{!}} LIMA |url=https://elcomercio.pe/lima/sucesos/san-isidro-ciudadanos-cubanos-realizan-una-protesta-frente-a-la-embajada-de-su-pais-video-lima-nndc-noticia/ |access-date=2021-07-13 |newspaper=El Comercio |language=es |archive-date=18 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230118202059weblink |url-status=live }} The song associated with the movement received international acclaim including a Latin Grammy Award.MAGAZINE, Flores, Griselda, Cobo, Leila, 19 November 2021, Camilo Is Top Winner, Cuban Anthem 'Patria y Vida' Wins Song of the Year at 2021 Latin Grammys: Winners List,weblink Billboard, 19 November 2021, 20 November 2021,weblink live, On 25 September 2022, Cuba approved a referendum which amended the Family Code to legalise same-sex marriage and allow surrogate pregnancy and same-sex adoption. Gender reassignment surgery and transgender hormone therapy are provided free of charge under Cuba's national healthcare system. The proposed changes were supported by the government and opposed by conservatives and parts of the opposition. Official policies of the Cuban government from 1959 until the 1990s were hostile towards homosexuality, with the LGBT community marginalized on the basis of heteronormativity, traditional gender roles, and strict criteria for moralism.NEWS, Smith, Lydia, 4 January 2018,weblink Inside Cuba's LGBT revolution: How the island's attitudes to sexuality and gender were transformed, The Independent, Havana, 3 May 2023, 14 May 2019,weblink live, NEWS,weblink Cuba Family Code: Country votes to legalise same-sex marriage, BBC News, 26 September 2022, 28 September 2022, 28 September 2022,weblink live, | direction = horizontal
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| image1 = Los jefes angolano y cubano del frente este comandantes dangereaux kimenga y carlos fernandez gondin.webp
| caption1 = Cuban Revolutionary Armed Forces (FAR) commanders in Angola during the Battle of Quifangondo
| image2 = Cuban PT-76 Angola.JPG
| caption2 = A Cuban-manned Soviet PT-76 in Luanda
| image3 = Cubans in Ogaden1.JPG
| caption3 = Cuban artillery crew in Ethiopia during the Ogaden War
Geography
(File:Cuba Topography.png|thumb|Topographic map of Cuba|upright=1.4)Cuba is an archipelago of 4,195 islands, cays and islets located in the northern Caribbean Sea at the confluence with the Gulf of Mexico and the Atlantic Ocean. It lies between latitudes 19° and 24°N, and longitudes 74° and 85°W. The United States (Key West, Florida) lies 150 km (93 miles) across the Straits of Florida to the north and northwest, and The Bahamas (Cay Lobos) 22 km (13.7 mi) to the north. Mexico lies 210 km (130.5 mi) west across the Yucatán Channel (to the closest tip of Cabo Catoche in the State of Quintana Roo).Haiti is 77 km (47.8 mi) east and Jamaica 140 km (87 mi) south. Cuba is the principal island, surrounded by four smaller groups of islands: the Colorados Archipelago on the northwestern coast, the Sabana-Camagüey Archipelago on the north-central Atlantic coast, the Jardines de la Reina on the south-central coast and the Canarreos Archipelago on the southwestern coast.File:Sierra Maestra panorama1.jpg|thumb|Sierra MaestraSierra Maestra The main island, named Cuba, is {{convert|1250|km|abbr=on}} long, constituting most of the nation's land area ({{convert|104338|km2|sqmi|disp=or|abbr=on}}) and is the largest island in the Caribbean and 17th-largest island in the world by land area. The main island consists mostly of flat to rolling plains apart from the Sierra Maestra mountains in the southeast, whose highest point is Pico Turquino ({{convert|1974|m|ft|disp=or|abbr=on}}).The second-largest island is Isla de la Juventud (Isle of Youth) in the Canarreos archipelago, with an area of {{convert|2204|km2|abbr=on}}. Cuba has an official area (land area) of {{convert|109884|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}. Its area is {{convert|110860|km2|sqmi|sigfig=5|abbr=on}} including coastal and territorial waters.Climate
(File:Koppen-Geiger Map CUB present.svg|upright=1.4|thumb|Köppen climate classification of Cuba)With the entire island south of the Tropic of Cancer, the local climate is tropical, moderated by northeasterly trade winds that blow year-round. The temperature is also shaped by the Caribbean current, which brings in warm water from the equator. This makes the climate of Cuba warmer than that of Hong Kong, which is at around the same latitude as Cuba but has a subtropical rather than a tropical climate. In general (with local variations), there is a drier season from November to April, and a rainier season from May to October. The average temperature is {{convert|21|C|F}} in January and {{convert|27|C|F}} in July. The warm temperatures of the Caribbean Sea and the fact that Cuba sits across the entrance to the Gulf of Mexico combine to make the country prone to frequent hurricanes. These are most common in September and October.Hurricane Irma hit the island on 8 September 2017, with winds of {{convert|260|km/h|m/s|abbr=on}},WEB,weblink Florida braces for Hurricane Irma after Cuba landfall, aljazeera.com, 9 September 2017, 9 September 2017,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20170909212031weblink">weblink live, at the Camagüey Archipelago; the storm reached Ciego de Avila province around midnight and continued to pound Cuba the next day.WEB,weblink Brian Thevenot, Robin Respaut, 9 September 2017, The Globe and Mail, Winds whip Florida Keys as Hurricane Irma turns sights northward,weblink 10 September 2017, Reuters, The worst damage was in the keys north of the main island. Hospitals, warehouses and factories were damaged; much of the north coast was without electricity. By that time, nearly a million people, including tourists, had been evacuated. The Varadero resort area also reported widespread damage; the government believed that repairs could be completed before the start of the main tourist season.NEWS,weblink Irma kills 10 people in Cuba, Hilary Clarke, Patrick Oppmann, 12 September 2017, 12 September 2017,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20170912154601weblink">weblink live, Subsequent reports indicated that ten people had been killed during the storm, including seven in Havana, most during building collapses. Sections of the capital had been flooded.Biodiversity
File:Priotelus temnurus -Camaguey, Camaguey Province, Cuba-8.jpg|thumbnail|The Cuban trogon is the island's national bird. Its white, red and blue feathers match those of the uprightCuba signed the Rio Convention on Biological Diversity on 12 June 1992, and became a party to the convention on 8 March 1994.WEB,weblink List of Parties, cbd.int, 9 December 2012, 24 January 2011,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20110124005746weblink">weblink live, It has subsequently produced a National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan, with one revision, that the convention received on 24 January 2008.WEB,weblink Plan de Acción Nacional 2006/2010 sobre la Diversidad Biológica. República de Cuba, cbd.int, 9 December 2012, 17 January 2013,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20130117012409weblink">weblink live, The country's fourth national report to the CBD contains a detailed breakdown of the numbers of species of each kingdom of life recorded from Cuba, the main groups being: animals (17,801 species), bacteria (270), chromista (707), fungi, including lichen-forming species (5844), plants (9107) and protozoa (1440).WEB,weblink IV Informe Nacional al Convento sobre la Diversidad Biológica. República de Cuba. 2009, cbd.int, 9 December 2012, 17 January 2013,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20130117012400weblink">weblink live, The native bee hummingbird or zunzuncito is the world's smallest known bird, with a length of {{convert|55|mm|in|frac=8|abbr=on}}. The Cuban trogon or tocororo is the national bird of Cuba and an endemic species. Hedychium coronarium, named mariposa in Cuba, is the national flower.BOOK, Jaime Suchlicki, Historical Dictionary of Cuba,weblink 2001, Scarecrow Press, 978-0-8108-3779-9, 69–, Cuba is home to six terrestrial ecoregions: Cuban moist forests, Cuban dry forests, Cuban pine forests, Cuban wetlands, Cuban cactus scrub, and Greater Antilles mangroves.JOURNAL, Dinerstein, Eric, Olson, David, Joshi, Anup, Vynne, Carly, Burgess, Neil D., Wikramanayake, Eric, Hahn, Nathan, Palminteri, Suzanne, Hedao, Prashant, Noss, Reed, Hansen, Matt, Locke, Harvey, Ellis, Erle C., Jones, Benjamin, Barber, Charles Victor, Hayes, Randy, Kormos, Cyril, Martin, Vance, Crist, Eileen, Sechrest, Wes, Price, Lori, Baillie, Jonathan E. M., Weeden, Don, Suckling, Kierán, Davis, Crystal, Sizer, Nigel, Moore, Rebecca, Thau, David, Birch, Tanya, Potapov, Peter, Turubanova, Svetlana, Tyukavina, Alexandra, de Souza, Nadia, Pintea, Lilian, Brito, José C., Llewellyn, Othman A., Miller, Anthony G., Patzelt, Annette, Ghazanfar, Shahina A., Timberlake, Jonathan, Klöser, Heinz, Shennan-Farpón, Yara, Kindt, Roeland, Lillesø, Jens-Peter Barnekow, van Breugel, Paulo, Graudal, Lars, Voge, Maianna, Al-Shammari, Khalaf F., Saleem, Muhammad, An Ecoregion-Based Approach to Protecting Half the Terrestrial Realm, BioScience, 67, 6, 2017, 534–545, 0006-3568, 10.1093/biosci/bix014, 28608869, 5451287, It had a 2019 Forest Landscape Integrity Index mean score of 5.4/10, ranking it 102nd globally out of 172 countries.JOURNAL, Grantham, H. S., Duncan, A., Evans, T. D., Jones, K. R., Beyer, H. L., Schuster, R., Walston, J., Ray, J. C., Robinson, J. G., Callow, M., Clements, T., Costa, H. M., DeGemmis, A., Elsen, P. R., Ervin, J., Franco, P., Goldman, E., Goetz, S., Hansen, A., Hofsvang, E., Jantz, P., Jupiter, S., Kang, A., Langhammer, P., Laurance, W. F., Lieberman, S., Linkie, M., Malhi, Y., Maxwell, S., Mendez, M., Mittermeier, R., Murray, N. J., Possingham, H., Radachowsky, J., Saatchi, S., Samper, C., Silverman, J., Shapiro, A., Strassburg, B., Stevens, T., Stokes, E., Taylor, R., Tear, T., Tizard, R., Venter, O., Visconti, P., Wang, S., Watson, J. E. M., Anthropogenic modification of forests means only 40% of remaining forests have high ecosystem integrity – Supplementary Material, Nature Communications, 11, 1, 2020, 5978, 2041-1723, 10.1038/s41467-020-19493-3, 33293507, 7723057, 2020NatCo..11.5978G, According to a 2012 study, Cuba is the only country in the world to meet the conditions of sustainable development put forth by the WWF.JOURNAL, Cabello, Juan José, etal., 2012, An approach to sustainable development: the case of Cuba, Environment, Development and Sustainability, 14, 4, 573–591, 10.1007/s10668-012-9338-8, 2012EDSus..14..573C, 153707220,Government and politics
{{multiple image|total_width = 220| align = right| perrow = 2| image1 = Miguel DÃaz-Canel 2019.jpg| alt1 = Miguel DÃaz-CanelAdministrative divisions
The country is subdivided into 15 provinces and one special municipality (Isla de la Juventud). These were formerly part of six larger historical provinces: Pinar del RÃo, Habana, Matanzas, Las Villas, Camagüey and Oriente. The present subdivisions closely resemble those of the Spanish military provinces during the Cuban Wars of Independence, when the most troublesome areas were subdivided. The provinces are divided into municipalities.(File:CubaSubdivisions.png|thumb|upright=2|Provinces of Cuba){| class="background:transparent"Foreign relations
{{See also|Cuban medical internationalism}}File:Ali Khamenei and Fidel Castro in Non-Aligned Movement meeting in Zimbabwe (1986).jpg|thumb|Fidel Castro and Ali Khamenei at a meeting of the Non-Aligned MovementNon-Aligned MovementCuba has conducted a foreign policy that is uncharacteristic of such a minor, developing country.{{Harvnb|DomÃnguez|1989|p=6}}: "Cuba is a small country, but it has the foreign policy of a big power."{{Harvnb|Feinsilver|1989|p=2}}: "Cuba has projected disproportionately greater power and influence through military might ... through economic largesse ... as a mediator in regional conflicts, and as a forceful and persuasive advocate of Third World interests in international forums. Cuba's scientific achievements, while limited, are also being shared with other Third World countries, thereby furthering Cuban influence and prestige abroad." Under Castro, Cuba was heavily involved in wars in Africa, Central America and Asia. Cuba supported Algeria in 1961–1965{{Harvnb|Gleijeses|1996|pp=159, 161}}: "Cuba's relationship with Algeria in 1961–5 ... clashes with the image of Cuban foreign policy—cynical ploys of a [Soviet] client state—that prevails not only in the United States but also in many European capitals. ... The aid Cuba gave Algeria in 1961–2 had nothing to do with the East-West conflict. Its roots predate Castro's victory in 1959 and lie in the Cubans' widespread identification with the struggle of the Algerian people." and sent tens of thousands of troops to Angola during the Angolan Civil War.{{Harvnb|Gleijeses|2010|p=327}}: "The dispatch of 36,000 Cuban soldiers to Angola between November 1975 and April 1976 stunned the world; ... by 1988, there were 55,000 Cuban soldiers in Angola." Other countries that featured Cuban involvement include Ethiopia,{{Harvnb|Gleijeses|2002|p=392}}: "After Angola, Cuba's largest military intervention was in Ethiopia, where in 1978 16,000 Cuban troops helped repulse the invading Somali army."{{Harvnb|Gebru Tareke|2009|pp=62–3}}. Tareke refers here to the training given to 10 members of the Eritrean Liberation Front in 1968 during the Eritrean struggle for independence. Guinea,{{Harvnb|Gleijeses|1997|p=50}}: "On 14–16 October 1960, [Guinean president Ahmed Sékou] Touré went to Havana. It was the first visit of an African chief of state to Cuba. The following year Cuba's foreign aid programme to Third World governments began when fifteen students from Guinea arrived in Havana to attend the university or technical institutes." Guinea-Bissau,{{Harvnb|Gleijeses|1997|p=45}}: "Joining the rebellion in 1966, and remaining through the war's end in 1974, this was the longest Cuban intervention in Africa before the despatch of troops to Angola in November 1975. It was also the most successful. As the Guinean paper Nõ Pintcha declared, 'The Cubans' solidarity was decisive for our struggle{{' "}}. Mozambique,{{Harvnb|Gleijeses|2002|p=227}}. The Cuban contribution to the independence of Mozambique was not very important. and Yemen.{{sfn|Ramazani|1975|p=91}} Lesser known actions include the 1959 missions to the Dominican Republic.NEWS, Waterloo Daily Courier, 24 June 1959, Waterloo, Iowa, AP 1950 Invasion Wiped Out Says Trujillo, 7, The expedition failed, but a prominent monument to its members was erected in their memory in Santo Domingo by the Dominican government, and they feature prominently at the country's Memorial Museum of the Resistance.WEB, Resistencia 1916–1966,weblink museodelaresistencia.org, 24 April 2013, 26 November 2013,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20131126212007weblink">weblink In 2008, the European Union (EU) and Cuba agreed to resume full relations and cooperation activities.WEB,weblink Joint declarations concerning areas and modalities provisionally identified for cooperation, 26 November 2008, European Commission, 6 September 2009,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20110511102350weblink">weblink 11 May 2011, Cuba is a founding member of the Bolivarian Alliance for the Americas.WEB, Hirst, Joel D., 2 December 2010, The Bolivarian Alliance of the Americas,weblink Council on Foreign Relations, cfr.org, 24 April 2013,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20130615195732weblink">weblink 15 June 2013, At the end of 2012, tens of thousands of Cuban medical personnel worked abroad,WEB, Millman, Joel, 15 January 2011, New Prize in Cold War: Cuban Doctors,weblink The Wall Street Journal, wsj.com, 24 April 2013, 29 September 2023,weblink live, with as many as 30,000 doctors in Venezuela alone via the two countries' oil-for-doctors programme.WEB, Arsenault, Chris, 31 December 2012, Cuban doctors prescribe hope in Venezuela,weblink Al Jazeera English, aljazeera.com, 24 April 2013, 21 September 2020,weblink live, As the article discusses, the oil-for-doctors programme has not been welcomed uncritically in Venezuela. The initial impetus for Cuban doctors' going to Venezuela was a Chavez-government welfare project called Misión Barrio Adentro ({{Harvnb|Albornoz|2006}}).File:Vladimir Putin and Raul Castro (28-09-2015).jpg|thumb|Raúl Castro with Russian President Vladimir PutinVladimir PutinFile:22.06.2023 - Encontro com o Presidente da República de Cuba, Miguel DÃaz-Canel Bermúdez (52994078528).jpg|thumb|Cuban President Miguel DÃaz-Canel with Brazilian President Luiz Inácio Lula da SilvaLuiz Inácio Lula da SilvaIn 1996, the United States, then under President Bill Clinton, brought in the Cuban Liberty and Democratic Solidarity Act, better known as the Helms–Burton Act.{{sfn|Roy|2000|p={{page needed|date=December 2023}}}}{{efn|Roy's study was described as "systematic and fair" by Jorge DomÃnguez.JOURNAL, DomÃnguez, Jorge I., 2001, Reviews: Cuba, the United States, and the Helms-Burton Doctrine: International Reactions by JoaquÃn Roy, Journal of Latin American Studies, 33, 4, 888–890, 3653779, 10.1017/s0022216x0133626x, 145691025, }} In 2009, United States President Barack Obama stated on 17 April, in Trinidad and Tobago that "the United States seeks a new beginning with Cuba",WEB,weblink Obama Says U.S., Cuba Taking Critical Steps Toward a New Day, 21 April 2009, Bureau of International Information Programs, U.S. Department of State, 6 September 2009,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20091130044737weblink">weblink 30 November 2009, and reversed the Bush Administration's prohibition on travel and remittances by Cuban-Americans from the United States to Cuba.WEB,weblink U.S. Administration Announcement on U.S. Policy Toward Cuba, 13 April 2009, Bureau of International Information Programs, U.S. Department of State, 6 September 2009,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20090830041229weblink">weblink 30 August 2009, Five years later, an agreement between the United States and Cuba, popularly called the "Cuban thaw", brokered in part by Canada and Pope Francis, began the process of restoring international relations between the two countries. They agreed to release political prisoners and the United States began the process of creating an embassy in Havana.NEWS, Daniel Trotta and Steve Holland, U.S., Cuba restore ties after 50 years,weblink 13 January 2015, Reuters, 17 December 2014, Havanna and Washington, 15 January 2016,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20160115200949weblink">weblink live, NEWS, Baker, Peter, 17 December 2014, U.S. to Restore Full Relations With Cuba, Erasing a Last Trace of Cold War Hostility,weblink 13 January 2015, The New York Times, 5 November 2015,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20151105152931weblink">weblink live, NEWS, Frances Robles, Julie Hirschfeld Davis, 18 December 2014, U.S. Frees Last of the 'Cuban Five,' Part of a 1990s Spy Ring,weblink 13 January 2015, The New York Times, 29 September 2023,weblink live, NEWS, Parlapiano, Alicia, 17 December 2014, How America's Relationship With Cuba Will Change,weblink 13 January 2015, The New York Times, 29 September 2023,weblink live, NEWS, Mark Landler and Michael R. Gordon, 17 December 2014, Journey to Reconciliation Visited Worlds of Presidents, Popes and Spies,weblink 13 January 2015, The New York Times, 29 September 2023,weblink live, This was realized on 30 June 2015, when Cuba and the U.S. reached a deal to reopen embassies in their respective capitals on 20 July 2015NEWS, Jackson, David, Obama, Cuba announce embassy openings,weblink 1 July 2015, 1 July 2015, 29 September 2023,weblink live, and reestablish diplomatic relations.NEWS, Jaffe, Greg, U.S. and Cuba reach deal to reopen embassies and reestablish ties,weblink The Washington Post, 30 June 2015, 22 April 2022,weblink live, Earlier in the same year, the White House announced that President Obama would remove Cuba from the American government's list of nations that sponsor terrorism,NEWS,weblink Cuba to Be Removed From U.S. List of Nations That Sponsor Terrorism, Archibold, Randal C., Davis, Julie Hirschfield, The New York Times, 14 April 2015, 15 April 2015, 1 October 2015,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20151001153816weblink">weblink live, WEB,weblink Obama Nixing Cuba From List of State Sponsors of Terrorism, Gamboa, Suzanne, Abdullah, Halimah, NBC News, 14 April 2015, 15 April 2015, 3 October 2023,weblink live, which Cuba reportedly welcomed as "fair".WEB,weblink Cuba praises 'fair' US pledge on terrorism list, BBC News, 15 April 2015, 15 April 2015, 29 September 2023,weblink live, On 17 September 2017, the United States considered closing its Cuban embassy following mysterious medical symptoms experienced by its staff.NEWS,weblink Tillerson Says U.S. May Close Cuba Embassy Over Mystery Ailments, Harris, Gardiner, 17 September 2017, The New York Times, 29 October 2017, 0362-4331, 29 October 2017,weblink live, In the wake of the Russian invasion of Ukraine and the ongoing international isolation of Russia, Cuba emerged as one of the few countries that maintained friendly relations with the Russian Federation.NEWS,weblink Despite Cuba's important history of solidarity with Ukraine, Russia remains a key ally, William Kelly, The Washington Post, 29 March 2022, 28 April 2023, 9 June 2022,weblink live, WEB,weblink Cuba and Russia Strengthen Strategic Partnership, dialogo-americas.com, 6 January 2023, 28 April 2023, 28 April 2023,weblink live, Cuban president Miguel Diaz-Canel visited Vladimir Putin in Moscow in November 2022, where the two leaders opened a monument of Fidel Castro, as well as speaking out against U.S. sanctions against Russia and Cuba.WEB,weblink Evoking Castro, Putin and Cuban leader pledge to deepen ties, Reuters, 22 November 2022, 28 April 2023, 28 April 2023,weblink live,Embargo by the United States (1960–present)
Since 1960, the U.S. embargo on Cuba stands as one of the longest-running trade and economic measures in bilateral relations history, having endured for almost six decades. This action was initiated in response to a wave of nationalizations that impacted American properties valued at over US$1 billion, the then U.S.WEB, Padinger, Germán, 2021-11-09, En qué consiste el embargo comercial de Estados Unidos sobre Cuba,weblink 2023-10-07, CNN, es, 23 September 2023,weblink live, President, Dwight Eisenhower, instated an embargo that prohibited all exports to Cuba, with the exception of medicines and certain foods. This measure was intensified in 1962 under the administration of John F. Kennedy, extending the restrictions to Cuban imports, based on the Foreign Assistance Act approved by Congress in 1961. During the Missile Crisis in 1962, the United States even imposed a naval blockade on Cuba, but this was lifted following the resolution of the crisis. The embargo, however, remained in place and has been modified on several occasions over the years.The Cuban Democracy Act of 1992 states that sanctions will continue "so long as it continues to refuse to move toward democratization and greater respect for human rights".WEB, 1992, Cuban Democracy Act,weblink 6 September 2009, U.S. Department of State, 15 November 2020,weblink live, {{Primary source inline|date=May 2022}} American diplomat Lester D. Mallory wrote an internal memo on April 6, 1960, arguing in favor of an embargo: "The only foreseeable means of alienating internal support is through disenchantment and disaffection based on economic dissatisfaction and hardship. [...] to decrease monetary and real wages, to bring about hunger, desperation and overthrow of government."BOOK,weblink Foreign Relations of the United States, 6 April 1960, Office of the Historian, Foreign Service Institute - United States Department of State, Washington, 499. Memorandum From the Deputy Assistant Secretary of State for Inter-American Affairs (Mallory) to the Assistant Secretary of State for Inter-American Affairs (Rubottom), If the above are accepted or cannot be successfully countered, it follows that every possible means should be undertaken promptly to weaken the economic life of Cuba. If such a policy is adopted, it should be the result of a positive decision which would call forth a line of action which, while as adroit and inconspicuous as possible, makes the greatest inroads in denying money and supplies to Cuba, to decrease monetary and real wages, to bring about hunger, desperation and overthrow of government., 13 May 2022, 27 September 2016,weblink live, BOOK, Yaffe, Helen,weblink Sanctions at War, 9 December 2021, 9789004501201, Studies in Critical Social Sciences, 129–147, Chapter 8 US Sanctions Cuba ‘to Bring About Hunger, Desperation and the Overthrow of the Government’, 10.1163/9789004501201_009, 17 May 2022, 245412919, 17 May 2022,weblink live, The UN General Assembly has passed a resolution every year since 1992 condemning the embargo and stating that it violates the Charter of the United Nations and international law.WEB, September 2009, The US Embargo Against Cuba: Its Impact on Economic and Social Rights,weblink 29 December 2013, Amnesty International, 4 August 2020,weblink live, Cuba considers the embargo a human rights violation.WEB, 7 November 2019, Cuba: UN Members overwhelmingly support end of US embargo, as Brazil backs Washington,weblink 2 January 2021, UN News, 16 January 2021,weblink live, File:Havana11.JPG|thumb|Propaganda sign in front of the United States Interests Section in HavanaUnited States Interests Section in HavanaThe impact and effectiveness of the embargo have been subjects of intense debate. While some argue it has been "extraordinarily porous" and isn't the primary cause of Cuba's economic hardships, others see it as a pressure mechanism aimed at driving change in the Cuban government. According to Arturo Lopez Levy, a professor of international relations, it would be more appropriate to refer to the measure as a "blockade" or "siege", as it goes beyond mere trade restrictions. Other critics of the Cuban government argue that the embargo has been used by the government as an excuse to justify its own economic and political shortcomings.On 17 December 2014, United States President Barack Obama announced the re-establishment of diplomatic relations with Cuba, pushing for Congress to put an end to the embargo,NEWS, Historic thaw in U.S., Cuba standoff, CNN,weblink 19 December 2014, 2 January 2015,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20150102035252weblink">weblink live, as well as the United States-run Guantanamo Bay detention camp. These diplomatic improvements were later reversed by the Trump Administration, which enacted new rules and re-enforced the business and travel restrictions which were loosened by the Obama Administration.WEB, Lederman, Josh, U.S. tightens travel rules to Cuba, blacklists many businesses,weblinkweblink 22 April 2019, 13 May 2022, chicagotribune.com, These sanctions were inherited and strengthened by the Biden Administration.WEB, 31 July 2021, U.S. issues new Cuba sanctions, Biden promises more to come,weblink 13 May 2022, Reuters, 16 May 2022,weblink live, Despite the embargo, Cuba has maintained trade relations with other countries. According to 2019 data, China stands as Cuba's main trading partner, followed by countries such as Spain, the Netherlands, Germany, and Cyprus. Cuba's main exports include tobacco, sugar, and alcoholic beverages, while it primarily imports chicken meat, wheat, corn, and condensed milk.Military
{{As of|2018}}, Cuba spent about {{Nowrap|US$91.8 million}} on its armed forces or 2.9% of its GDP.WEB,weblink SIPRI Military Expenditure Database | SIPRI, www.sipri.org, 19 July 2021, 2 May 2019,weblink live, In 1985, Cuba devoted more than 10% of its GDP to military expenditures. During the Cold War, Cuba built up one of the largest armed forces in Latin America, second only to that of Brazil.WEB,weblink Cuban armed forces and the Soviet military presence, 24 March 2009,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20090324232416weblink">weblink 24 March 2009, From 1975 until the late 1980s, Soviet military assistance enabled Cuba to upgrade its military capabilities. After the loss of Soviet subsidies, Cuba scaled down the numbers of military personnel, from 235,000 in 1994 to about 49,000 in 2021.WEB,weblink Cuban army called key in any post-Castro scenario, 15 August 2006, Redorbit, 30 December 2019, 17 August 2021,weblink live, WEB, Military Size By Country 2021,weblink 2021-07-19, worldpopulationreview.com, 19 July 2021,weblink live, In 2017, Cuba signed the UN treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons.WEB,weblink Chapter XXVI: Disarmament – No. 9 Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons, United Nations Treaty Collection, 7 July 2017, 10 August 2019, 30 December 2022,weblink live,Law enforcement
{{See also|Crime in Cuba}}File:Cuba police car 01.JPG|thumb|A Lada Riva police car in HolguÃnHolguÃnAll law enforcement agencies are maintained under Cuba's Ministry of the Interior, which is supervised by the Revolutionary Armed Forces. In Cuba, citizens can receive police assistance by dialing "106" on their telephones.WEB,weblink Emergency Phone Numbers, Whatlatinamerica.com, 10 June 2013, 9 May 2013,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20130509135031weblink">weblink live, The police force, which is referred to as "PolicÃa Nacional Revolucionaria" or PNR is then expected to provide help. The Cuban government also has an agency called the Intelligence Directorate that conducts intelligence operations and maintains close ties with the Russian Federal Security Service.WEB,weblink Vyacheslav Volodin: for us, Cuba is a symbol of the struggle for independence, struggle for self-determination of the people, State Duma, 22 November 2022, 28 April 2023, 28 April 2023,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20230428005729weblink">weblink live, The US Justice Department considers Cuba a significant counterintelligence threat.NEWS, Strobel, Brett Forrest and Warren P., How Cuba Recruits Spies to Penetrate Inner Circles of the U.S. Government,weblink 2024-03-17, WSJ, en-US,Human rights
{{See also|LGBT rights in Cuba|Women in Cuba|Censorship in Cuba|Cuban dissident movement}}File:Damas de Blanco demonstration in Havana, Cuba.jpg|thumb|Ladies in White demonstration in HavanaHavanaIn 2003, the European Union (EU) accused the Cuban government of "continuing flagrant violation of human rights and fundamental freedoms".WEB,weblink EU-Cuba relations, 4 September 2003, European Communities, 6 September 2009, 5 September 2009,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20090905060853weblink">weblink {{As of|2009|post=,}} it has continued to call regularly for social and economic reform in Cuba, along with the unconditional release of all political prisoners.BOOK, Laursen, F., The EU in the Global Political Economy, P.I.E. Peter Lang, 2009, 978-90-5201-554-5,weblink 279, 14 October 2016, 9 February 2023,weblink live, Cuba was ranked 19th by the number of imprisoned journalists of any nation in {{As of|2021|bare=y}} according to various sources, including the Committee to Protect Journalists and Human Rights Watch.WEB,weblink Attacks on the Press in 2021, 9 December 2021, Committee to Protect Journalists, 13 May 2022, 13 May 2022,weblink live, BOOK, World Report 2008: Events of 2007, Seven Stories Press, 2008, 978-1-58322-774-9, Human Rights Watch, 207,weblink Human Rights Watch, Cuba ranks 171st out of 180 on the {{As of|2020|bare=y}} World Press Freedom Index.WEB, Cuba - Constant ordeal for independent media,weblink October 14, 2021, Reporters without Borders, 6 October 2021,weblink live, In July 2010, the unofficial Cuban Human Rights Commission said there were 167 political prisoners in Cuba, a fall from 201 at the start of the year. The head of the commission stated that long prison sentences were being replaced by harassment and intimidation.NEWS,weblink Number of Cuban political prisoners dips – rights group, 5 July 2010, 2 June 2014, BBC News, 5 June 2014,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20140605082130weblink">weblink live,Economy
{{Further|Dual economy of Cuba|Rationing in Cuba|Sociolismo|United States embargo against Cuba}}(File:GDP per capita development of Cuba.svg|thumb|right|Historical GDP per capita development)The Cuban state asserts its adherence to socialist principles in organizing its largely state-controlled planned economy. Most of the means of production are owned and run by the government and most of the labor force is employed by the state. Recent years have seen a trend toward more private sector employment. By 2006, public sector employment was 78% and private sector 22%, compared to 91.8% to 8.2% in 1981.WEB,weblinkweblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20071009163422weblink">weblink 9 October 2007, Social Policy at the crossroads, oxfamamerica.org, 5 February 2009, Government spending is 78.1% of GDP.NEWS,weblink What countries have a planned economy?, Reference, 18 October 2016, 26 August 2017,weblink live, Since the early 2010s, following the initial market reforms, it has become popular to describe the economy as being, or moving toward, market socialism.NEWS, Plummer, Robert,weblink Cuba inches towards market socialism, March 27, 2011, BBC, October 22, 2022, 29 September 2023,weblink live, BOOK, Feinberg, Richard, Open for Business: Building the New Cuban Economy, 214–215, June 14, 2016, Publisher: Brookings Institution Press, 9780815727699, WEB, LeoGrande, William,weblink Is Cuba's Vision of Market Socialism Sustainable?, July 31, 2018, October 22, 2022, 3 February 2023,weblink live, Any firm that hires a Cuban must pay the Cuban government, which in turn pays the employee in Cuban pesos.WEB,weblink Cuba's repressive machinery: Summary and recommendations, Human Rights Watch, 1999, 4 December 2016, 22 May 2019,weblink live, The average monthly wage {{as of|2013|July|lc=y}} was 466 Cuban pesos—about US$19. However, after a reform in January 2021, the minimum wage is about 2100 CUP (US$18) and the median wage is about 4000 CUP (US$33).{{citation needed|date=August 2022}}Cuba had Cuban pesos (CUP) set at par with the US dollar before 1959.NEWS, Cuba's economy: Money starts to talk,weblink The Economist, 19 July 2013, 20 July 2013, 24 February 2015,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20150224013150weblink">weblink live, Every Cuban household has a ration book (known as libreta) entitling it to a monthly supply of food and other staples, which are provided at nominal cost.NEWS, Inequality: The deal's off,weblink The Economist, 21 July 2013, 24 March 2012, 12 June 2018,weblink live, According to the Havana Consulting Group, in 2014, remittances to Cuba amounted to US$3,129 million, the seventh highest in Latin America.NEWS, CUBA: The Fastest Growing Remittances Market in Latin America,weblink 29 May 2022, The Havana Consulting Group & Tech, 23 June 2016, 7 March 2022,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20220307204623weblink">weblink live, In 2019, remittances had grown to US$6,616 million, but dropped down to US$1,967 million in 2020, due to the COVID-19 pandemic.NEWS, EnvÃo de remesas a Cuba cayó el 54,14 % en 2020, según expertos,weblink 29 May 2022, On Cuba News, 24 November 2020, Spanish, 29 September 2023,weblink live, The pandemic has also devastated Cuba's tourist industry, which along with a tightening of U.S. sanctions, has led to large increase in emigration among younger working-age Cubans. It has been described as a crisis that is "threatening the stability" of Cuba, which "already has one of the hemisphere’s oldest populations".NEWS, Augustin, Ed, Robles, Frances, 'Cuba Is Depopulating': Largest Exodus Yet Threatens Country's Future, The New York Times,weblink 11 December 2022, New York Times, 10 December 2022, 29 August 2023,weblink live, According to a controversial 2023 report by the Cuban Observatory of Human Rights (OCDH), 88% of Cuban citizens live in extreme poverty. The report stated that Cubans were concerned about food security and the difficulty in acquiring basic goods.WEB, 2023-09-29, Un informe asegura que el 88% de los cubanos vive en la pobreza extrema,weblink 2023-09-29, infobae, es-ES, 29 September 2023,weblink live, According to the World Bank, Cuba's GDP per capita was $9,500 as of 2020.WEB,weblink GDP per capita (current US$) - Cuba, World Bank, 3 January 2024, 1 August 2023,weblink live, But according to the CIA World Factbook, it was $12,300 as of 2016.WEB,weblink Cuba, CIA, 3 January 2024, 12 August 2021,weblink live, The United Nations Development Programme gave Cuba a Human Development Index (HDI) of 0.764 in 2021.WEB,weblink Human Development Index (HDI), United Nations Development Programme, 3 January 2024, 10 June 2022,weblink live, The same United Nations agency estimated the country's Multidimensional Poverty Index of 0.003 in 2023.WEB,weblink 2023 Global Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI), 11 July 2023, United Nations Development Programme, 3 January 2024, 13 July 2023,weblink live, In 2005, Cuba had exports of {{Nowrap|US$2.4 billion}}, ranking 114 of 226 world countries, and imports of {{Nowrap|US$6.9 billion}}, ranking 87 of 226 countries.WEB, 29 June 2006,weblink Rank Order Exports, The World Factbook, CIA, 30 April 2014, 19 August 2016,weblink Its major export partners are Canada 17.7%, China 16.9%, Venezuela 12.5%, Netherlands 9%, and Spain 5.9% (2012).WEB,weblink Cuba, The World Factbook, CIA, 6 April 2009, 12 August 2021,weblink live, Cuba's major exports are sugar, nickel, tobacco, fish, medical products, citrus fruits, and coffee; imports include food, fuel, clothing, and machinery. Cuba presently holds debt in an amount estimated at {{Nowrap|$13 billion}},WEB, Calzon, Frank, 13 March 2005,weblink Cuba makes poor trade partner for Louisiana, Center for a Free Cuba, 7 September 2009,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20080513073046weblink">weblink 13 May 2008, approximately 38% of GDP.WEB,weblink Rank Order – GDP (purchasing power parity), CIA Fact Book, 9 July 2006, 4 June 2011,weblink According to The Heritage Foundation, Cuba is dependent on credit accounts that rotate from country to country. Cuba's prior 35% supply of the world's export market for sugar has declined to 10% due to a variety of factors, including a global sugar commodity price drop that made Cuba less competitive on world markets.WEB, 6 December 2001,weblink Cuba's Sugar Industry and the Impact of Hurricane Michele, International Agricultural Trade Report, 9 July 2006,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20060623123242weblink">weblink 23 June 2006, It was announced in 2008 that wage caps would be abandoned to improve the nation's productivity.WEB, Cuba to abandon wage caps,weblink The Guardian, 7 May 2015, Lee, Glendinning, 12 June 2008, 20 June 2015,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20150620091712weblink">weblink live, Cuba's leadership has called for reforms in the country's agricultural system. In 2008, Raúl Castro began enacting agrarian reforms to boost food production, as at that time 80% of food was imported. The reforms aim to expand land use and increase efficiency.NEWS,weblink Cuban leader looks to boost food production, CNN, 17 April 2008, 14 September 2009, 6 December 2017,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20171206084002weblink">weblink live, Venezuela supplies Cuba with an estimated {{convert|110000|oilbbl|m3}} of oil per day in exchange for money and the services of some 44,000 Cubans, most of them medical personnel, in Venezuela.NEWS, Venezuela's Maduro pledges continued alliance with Cuba,weblink 19 July 2013, Reuters, 22 December 2015,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20151222221531weblink">weblink live, WEB, Cuba Ill-Prepared for Venezuelan Shock,weblink Association for the Study of the Cuban Economy, 23 July 2013,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20130423062457weblink">weblink 23 April 2013, (File:Havana - Cuba - 2756.jpg|thumb|Cubans are now permitted to own small businesses in certain sectors.){{As of|2010|alt=In 2010}}, Cubans were allowed to build their own houses. According to Raúl Castro, they could now improve their houses, but the government would not endorse these new houses or improvements.WEB,weblink Gobierno de Castro otorga a cubanos permiso para construir viviendas "por esfuerzo propio" en, Noticias24.com, 7 November 2010, 12 October 2017,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20171012090759weblink">weblink There is virtually no homelessness in Cuba,WEB, Alliance, Community, 13 September 2011, Homeless in Cuba? Not Likely,weblink 2 January 2021, Community Alliance, 7 January 2021,weblink live, WEB, 20 June 2017, Opinion: Universal healthcare, no illiteracy and other Cuban feats under a U.S. embargo,weblink 2 January 2021, Los Angeles Times, 21 January 2021,weblink live, and 85% of Cubans own their homesJOURNAL, Grein, John, 1 January 2015, Recent Reforms in Cuban Housing Policy,weblink International Immersion Program Papers, 2 January 2021, 5 September 2021,weblink live, and pay no property taxes or mortgage interest. Mortgage payments may not exceed 10% of a household's combined income.{{Citation needed|reason=unbiased source needed|date=May 2020}}.On 2 August 2011, The New York Times reported that Cuba reaffirmed its intent to legalize "buying and selling" of private property before the year's end. According to experts, the private sale of property could "transform Cuba more than any of the economic reforms announced by President Raúl Castro's government".NEWS,weblink The New York Times, Damien, Cave, Cuba Prepares for Private Property, 2 August 2011, 26 February 2017, 22 December 2016,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20161222142756weblink">weblink live, It would cut more than one million state jobs, including party bureaucrats who resist the changes.NEWS,weblink Cuba National Assembly approves economic reforms, 2 August 2011, BBC News, 21 June 2018, 28 November 2018,weblink live, The reforms created what some call "New Cuban Economy".WEB, CategorÃa: Lucha de nuestros pueblos,weblink Los nuevos lineamientos económicos, Semanarioaqui.com, 1 April 2014, 23 April 2014, 12 October 2017,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20171012091219weblink">weblink live, WEB,weblink New Cuban Economy, 23 April 2014,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20130730061603weblink">weblink 30 July 2013, In October 2013, Raúl said he intended to merge the two currencies, but {{as of|2016|August|lc=y}}, the dual currency system remains in force.File:Cuba 2013-01-23 (8503121480).jpg|thumb|Tobacco fields in Viñales ]]In 2016, the Miami Herald wrote, "... about 27 percent of Cubans earn under $50 per month; 34 percent earn the equivalent of $50 to $100 per month; and 20 percent earn $101 to $200. Twelve percent reported earning $201 to $500 a month; and almost 4 percent said their monthly earnings topped $500, including 1.5 percent who said they earned more than $1,000."Study: Cubans don't make much, but it's more than state salaries indicate {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170904013753weblink |date=4 September 2017 }}, Miami Herald, 12 July 2016In May 2019, Cuba imposed rationing of staples such as chicken, eggs, rice, beans, soap and other basic goods. (Some two-thirds of food in the country is imported.) A spokesperson blamed the increased U.S. trade embargo although economists believe that an equally important problem is the massive decline of aid from Venezuela and the failure of Cuba's state-run oil company which had subsidized fuel costs.NEWS, Cuba rations chicken, eggs and rice as economic crisis worsens, 10 May 2019,weblink National Post, 12 May 2019, Cuba imports roughly two-thirds of its food at an annual cost of more than $2.7 billion and brief shortages of individual products have been common for years. In recent months, a growing number of products have started to go missing for days or weeks at a time, and long lines have sprung up within minutes of the appearance of scarce products like chicken or flour., In June 2019, the government announced an increase in public sector wages of about 300%, specifically for teachers and health personnel.NEWS, Cuba announces increase in wages as part of economic reform,weblink 8 June 2021, AP, NBC News, 8 June 2021,weblink live, In October, the government allowed stores to purchase house equipment and similar items, using international currency, and send it to Cuba by emigration. The leaders of the government recognized that the new measures were unpopular but necessary to contain the capital flight to other countries as Panamá where Cuban citizens traveled and imported items to resell on the island. Other measures included allowing private companies to export and import, through state companies, resources to produce products and services in Cuba.File:La Habana Cuba.jpg|thumb|Hotel Parque Central in Havana]]On January 1, 2021, Cuba's dual currency system was formally ended, and the convertible Cuban peso (CUC) was phased out, leaving the Cuban peso (CUP) as the country's sole currency unit. Cuban citizens had until June 2021 to exchange their CUCs. However, this devalued the Cuban peso and caused economic problems for people who had been previously paid in CUCs, particularly workers in the tourism industry.NEWS, Cuba eliminates the CUC and announces currency unification,weblink 18 February 2022, Miami Herald, 11 December 2020, 27 January 2021,weblink live, NEWS, Forde, Kaelyn, Cuba protests: The economic woes driving discontent,weblink 18 February 2022, Al Jazeera, 16 July 2021, en, 15 August 2021,weblink live, Also, in February, the government dictated new measures to the private sector, with prohibitions for only 124 activities,NEWS, Cuba opens up its economy to private businesses,weblink 8 June 2021, BBC, 7 February 2021, 28 May 2021,weblink live, in areas like national security, health and educational services.NEWS, Cuba to reform economy, allow more private enterprise,weblink 8 June 2021, Daily Friend, 8 February 2021, 8 June 2021,weblink live, The wages were increased again, between 4 and 9 times, for all the sectors. Also, new facilities were allowed to the state companies, with much more autonomy.NEWS, What will Cuba's new single currency mean for the island?,weblink 8 June 2021, Al Jazeera, 1 January 2021, 17 June 2021,weblink live, The first problem with the new reform, in terms of public opinion, were electricity prices, but that was amended quickly. Other measures corrected were in the prices for private farmers.{{citation needed|date=February 2022}} In July 2020, Cuba opened new stores accepting only foreign currency while simultaneously eliminating a special tax on the U.S. dollarNEWS, Cuba opens foreign currency-only shops, ends tax on dollar,weblink 8 June 2021, AP, ABCnews, 8 June 2021,weblink live, to combat an economic crisis arising initially due to economic sanctions imposed by the Trump administration,NEWS, Chalfant, Morgan, Trump announces new sanctions on Cuba,weblink 8 June 2021, MSNnews, 23 September 2020, 8 June 2021,weblink live, then later worsened by a lack of tourism during the coronavirus pandemic. These economic sanctions have since been sustained by the Biden administration.NEWS, Biden administration decided to keep Cuba in the "bad boys" list,weblink 8 June 2021, 26 May 2021, 8 June 2021,weblink live,Resources
Cuba's natural resources include sugar, tobacco, fish, citrus fruits, coffee, beans, rice, potatoes, and livestock. Cuba's most important mineral resource is nickel, with 21% of total exports in 2011.WEB,weblink World Competitiveness Map, International Trade Center, 9 November 2013,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20131109163626weblink">weblink 9 November 2013, The output of Cuba's nickel mines that year was 71,000 tons, approaching 4% of world production.WEB,weblink Nickel, United States Geological Survey, 9 November 2013, 9 May 2013,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20130509061155weblink">weblink live, {{As of| 2013}} its reserves were estimated at 5.5 million tons, over 7% of the world total. Sherritt International of Canada operates a large nickel mining facility in Moa. Cuba is also a major producer of refined cobalt, a by-product of nickel mining.WEB,weblink The Mineral Industry of Cuba, Ivette E. Torres, 1997, U.S. Geological Survey, 6 September 2009, 12 October 2017,weblink live, Oil exploration in 2005 by the US Geological Survey revealed that the North Cuba Basin could produce about {{convert|4.6|Goilbbl|m3}} to {{convert|9.3|Goilbbl|m3}} of oil. In 2006, Cuba started to test-drill these locations for possible exploitation.NEWS,weblink Wayne S. Smith, After 46 years of failure, we must change course on Cuba, The Guardian, 1 November 2006, 6 September 2009, London, 17 June 2020,weblink live,Tourism
File:Camaguey rooftops 2.jpg|thumb|Historic Centre of CamagüeyCamagüeyFile:Varaderos beach (5982433102).jpg|thumb|VaraderoVaraderoTourism was initially restricted to enclave resorts where tourists would be segregated from Cuban society, referred to as "enclave tourism" and "tourism apartheid".{{Harvnb|Espino|2000}}. Contact between foreign visitors and ordinary Cubans were illegal between 1992 and 1997.{{Harvnb|Corbett|2002|p=33}}. The rapid growth of tourism during the Special Period had widespread social and economic repercussions in Cuba, and led to speculation about the emergence of a two-tier economy.JOURNAL,weblink Tourism in Cuba During the Special Period, Elisa, Facio, Maura Toro-Morn, and Anne R. Roschelle, University of Iowa College of Law, Transnational Law & Contemporary Problems, 14, 119, Spring 2004,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20060822042043weblink">weblink 22 August 2006, {{Nowrap|1.9 million}} tourists visited Cuba in 2003, predominantly from Canada and the European Union, generating revenue of {{Nowrap|US$2.1 billion}}.WEB, December 2005,weblink Background Note: Cuba, U.S. Department of State, 9 July 2006, 22 January 2017,weblink live, Cuba recorded 2,688,000 international tourists in 2011, the third-highest figure in the Caribbean (behind the Dominican Republic and Puerto Rico).WEB, UNWTO Tourism Highlights, 2013 Edition,weblink Tourism Trends and Marketing Strategies UNWTO, 21 July 2013,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20130718115306weblink">weblink 18 July 2013, The medical tourism sector caters to thousands of European, Latin American, Canadian, and American consumers every year.A recent study indicates that Cuba has a potential for mountaineering activity, and that mountaineering could be a key contributor to tourism, along with other activities, e.g. biking, diving, caving. Promoting these resources could contribute to regional development, prosperity, and well-being.JOURNAL, Apollo, M., Rettinger, R., 7 March 2018, Mountaineering in Cuba: improvement of true accessibility as an opportunity for regional development of communities outside the tourism enclaves, Current Issues in Tourism, 22, 15, 1797–1804, 10.1080/13683500.2018.1446920, 158535778, 1368-3500, The Cuban Justice minister downplays allegations of widespread sex tourism.NEWS, Tamayo, Juan O., Cuba's Justice Minister says the government fights prostitution, Miami Herald, 16 October 2013,weblink 2 January 2014,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20131017051027weblink">weblink 17 October 2013, According to a Government of Canada travel advice website, "Cuba is actively working to prevent child sex tourism, and a number of tourists, including Canadians, have been convicted of offenses related to the corruption of minors aged 16 and under. Prison sentences range from 7 to 25 years."WEB, Travel Advice and Advisories for Cuba: Sex tourism, 16 November 2012,weblink Government of Canada, 4 January 2014, 10 May 2019,weblink live, Some tourist facilities were extensively damaged on 8 September 2017 when Hurricane Irma hit the island. The storm made landfall in the Camagüey Archipelago; the worst damage was in the keys north of the main island, however, and not in the most significant tourist areas.NEWS,weblink Storm Gains Strength as It Nears Florida, The New York Times, 9 September 2017, 9 September 2017, 9 September 2017,weblink live,Transport
Demographics
{|class="wikitable" style="float: right; margin-left: 10px"! colspan="4" style="text-align:center; background:#cfb;"|Population{{UN_Population|ref}}Largest cities
{{See also|List of cities in Cuba}}{{Largest cities| country = CubaEthnoracial groups
{{bar boxMigration
Immigration
Immigration and emigration have played a prominent part in Cuba's demographic profile. Between the 18th and early 20th century, large waves of Canarian, Catalan, Andalusian, Galician, and other Spanish people immigrated to Cuba. Between 1899 and 1930 alone, close to a million Spaniards entered the country, though many would eventually return to Spain.WEB,weblink La inmigración entre 1902 y 1920, Tau.ac.il, 7 November 2010,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20090606060146weblink">weblink 6 June 2009, Other prominent immigrant groups included French,WEB, Etat des propriétés rurales appartenant à des Français dans l'île de Cuba,weblink Cuban Genealogy Center, 10 July 2007, 19 July 2013, Portuguese, Italian, Russian, Dutch, Greek, British, and Irish, as well as small number of descendants of U.S. citizens who arrived in Cuba in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. As of 2015, the foreign-born population in Cuba was 13,336 inhabitants per the World Bank data.WEB, International migrant stock, total - Cuba {{!, Data |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SM.POP.TOTL?locations=CU |access-date=2022-09-08 |website=data.worldbank.org}}Emigration
File:6.6.10CubanParadeUCByLuigiNovi5.jpg|thumb|North Hudson, New Jersey, is home to a large Cuban AmericanCuban AmericanPost-revolution Cuba has been characterized by significant levels of emigration, which has led to a large and influential diaspora community. During the three decades after January 1959, more than one million Cubans of all social classes—constituting 10% of the total population—emigrated to the United States, a proportion that matches the extent of emigration to the U.S. from the Caribbean as a whole during that period.ENCYCLOPEDIA, Powell, John, Cuban immigration, Encyclopedia of North American Immigration,weblink 30 November 2016, 68–71, Facts on File, 2005, 9781438110127, {{sfn|Pedraza|2007|p={{page needed|date=December 2023}}}}{{Harvnb|Falk|1988|p=74}}: "[A] tenth of the entire Caribbean population has ... [emigrated to the U.S.] over the past 30 years".WEB,weblink 19 July 2013, 3 September 2002,weblink 9 July 2009, US Census Press Releases, {{sfn|Pedraza|2007|p=5}} Prior to 13 January 2013, Cuban citizens could not travel abroad, leave or return to Cuba without first obtaining official permission along with applying for a government-issued passport and travel visa, which was often denied.WEB, 31 December 2005,weblink HRW.org, Essential Background: Overview of human rights issues in Cuba, Human Rights Watch, 13 April 2018,weblink 5 March 2016, Those who left the country typically did so by sea, in small boats and fragile rafts.On 9 September 1994, the U.S. and Cuban governments agreed that the U.S. would grant at least 20,000 visas annually in exchange for Cuba's pledge to prevent further unlawful departures on boats.NEWS,weblink Visa Lottery for Cubans, Associated Press, 13 October 1994, The New York Times, 16 January 2019, 0362-4331, In 2023, Cuba is undergoing its most severe socioeconomic crisis since the fall of the Soviet Union, leading to a record number of Cubans fleeing the island.WEB, Hull, Christopher, Kent, James Clifford, 2023-02-20, Cuba sufre el mayor éxodo ante su peor crisis desde el colapso de la URSS,weblink 2023-10-08, The Conversation, en, In 2022 alone, the number of Cubans trying to enter the United States, primarily through the Mexican border, surged from 39,000 in 2021 to over 224,000. Many have resorted to selling their homes at very low prices to afford one-way flights to Nicaragua, hoping to travel through Mexico to reach the U.S. For those remaining among the island's 11 million inhabitants, life grows increasingly desperate. Internal migration has led to overpopulation in the capital, Havana, resulting in people living in makeshift shelters or overcrowded buildings, some of which are on the brink of collapse. The island's persistent shortages of food and medicine can be attributed to the U.S. trade embargo in place since 1962 and stringent government control over the economy since 1959. Regular power outages harken back to the early 1990s, a time when Soviet subsidies ended, plunging the island into economic hardship.Cuba's "Special Period" saw the country relying heavily on foreign tourism and the earnings of nationals working abroad. The pandemic, however, severely affected this revenue stream, decreasing the number of tourists by 75% in 2020. Monetary reforms in 2021 introduced shocks of inflation, further exacerbating the country's food scarcity and boosting the black market's prominence. Despite the increasing hardships, the Cuban spirit remains resilient. Access to the internet since 2018 and widespread use of social media have fueled calls for political and economic liberalization. The power of the internet was evident during the Cuban protests of 2021, which were promptly suppressed by the police, with many prominent artists and bloggers detained.As of 2013 the top emigration destinations were the United States, Spain, Italy, Puerto Rico, and Mexico.WEB, Cuba Migration Profiles,weblink 16 January 2019, UNICEF, Following a tightening of U.S. sanctions and damage to the tourist industry by the COVID-19 pandemic, emigration has accelerated. In 2022, more than 2% of the population (almost 250,000 Cubans out of 11 million) migrated to the United States, and thousands more went to other countries, a number "larger than the 1980 Mariel boatlift and the 1994 Cuban rafter crisis combined", which were Cuba's previous largest migration events.Fertility
File:Cuba single age population pyramid 2020.png|thumb|Population age pyramid of Cuba in 2020]]As of 2022 Cuba's fertility rate is 1.582 births per woman.WEB, Cuba Fertility Rate 1950-2022,weblink Macrotrends, 19 December 2022, Cuba's drop in fertility is among the largest in the Western HemisphereWEB, 1997,weblink United Nations World Fertility Patterns 1997, United Nations, 9 July 2006, and is attributed largely to unrestricted access to legal abortion: Cuba's abortion rate was 58.6 per 1000 pregnancies in 1996, compared to an average of 35 in the Caribbean, 27 in Latin America overall, and 48 in Europe. Similarly, the use of contraceptives is also widespread, estimated at 79% of the female population (in the upper third of countries in the Western Hemisphere).JOURNAL,weblink The Incidence of Abortion Worldwide, Stanley K. Henshaw, Susheela Singh, Taylor Haas, International Family Planning Perspectives, 1999, 25(Supplement):S30 – S38, 19 January 1999, 25, 30–38, 11 May 2006,Languages
The official language of Cuba is Spanish and the vast majority of Cubans speak it. Spanish as spoken in Cuba is known as Cuban Spanish and is a form of Caribbean Spanish. LucumÃ, a dialect of the West African language Yoruba, is also used as a liturgical language by practitioners of SanterÃa,BOOK, Brandon, George, Santeria from Africa to the New World,weblink registration, lucumi language., 56, Indiana University Press, 978-0-253-21114-9, 1 March 1997, and so only as a second language.WEB,weblink Lucumi: A Language of Cuba (Ethnologue), 10 March 2010, Haitian Creole is the second-most spoken language in Cuba, and is spoken by Haitian immigrants and their descendants.NEWS,weblink Cuban Creole choir brings solace to Haiti's children, 10 March 2010, BBC News, Other languages spoken by immigrants include Galician and Corsican.WEB,weblink Languages of Cuba, 31 October 2010,Religion
File:Havana Cathedral crop.jpg|thumb|Havana CathedralHavana CathedralIn 2010, the Pew Forum estimated that religious affiliation in Cuba is 59.2% Christian, 23% unaffiliated, 17.4% folk religion (such as santerÃa), and the remaining 0.4% consisting of other religions.WEB, Religious Composition by Country,weblink Global Religious Landscape, Pew Forum, 9 July 2013,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20130909201109weblink">weblink 9 September 2013, In a 2015 survey sponsored by Univision, 44% of Cubans said they were not religious and 9% did not give an answer while only 34% said they were Christian.NEWS, Cubans love the pope and the Catholic Church, but they're just not that into religion, The Washington Post,weblink 2021-07-20, 0190-8286, Cuba is officially a secular state. Religious freedom increased through the 1980s,{{Harvnb|Smith|1996|p=105}}: "The expansion of religious liberty began more than a decade ago, for example, and Cuban citizens, by and large, are free to practice their faiths without fear of persecution." with the government amending the constitution in 1992 to drop the state's characterization as atheistic.{{Harvnb|DomÃnguez|2003|p=4}}.Roman Catholicism is the largest religion, with its origins in Spanish colonization. Despite less than half of the population identifying as Catholics in 2006, it nonetheless remains the dominant faith.WEB,weblink Catholic church in Cuba strives to re-establish the faith, David Einhorn, National Catholic Reporter, 31 March 2006, 7 September 2009, Pope John Paul II and Pope Benedict XVI visited Cuba in 1998 and 2011, respectively, and Pope Francis visited Cuba in September 2015.NEWS,weblink Pope Francis in Cuba: pontiff arrives in Santiago – as it happened, Woolf, Nicky, The Guardian, 21 March 2016, Holpuch, Amanda, Bruno, Angela, Watts, Jonathan in, Kirchgaessner, Stephanie, 22 September 2015, WEB, Cuba to Free 3,500 Prisoners Ahead of Pope Visit,weblink Voice of America, voanews.com, 11 September 2015, 11 September 2015,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20160115200947weblink">weblink 15 January 2016, Prior to each papal visit, the Cuban government pardoned prisoners as a humanitarian gesture.NEWS, Miroff, Nick, Cuba pardons more than 3,500 prisoners ahead of Pope Francis visit,weblink The Washington Post, 11 September 2015, 11 September 2015, WEB, Alexander, Harriett, 11 September 2015, Cuba pardons 3,522 prisoners ahead of Pope Francis visit, telegraph.co.uk,weblink 11 September 2015,weblink 10 January 2022, subscription, live, The Telegraph, {{cbignore}}The government's relaxation of restrictions on house churches in the 1990s led to an explosion of Pentecostalism, with some groups claiming as many as 100,000 members. However, Evangelical Protestant denominations, organized into the umbrella Cuban Council of Churches, remain much more vibrant and powerful.BOOK, Edmonds, E.B., Gonzalez, M.A., Caribbean Religious History: An Introduction,weblink NYU Press, 2010, 171, 978-0-8147-2250-3, The religious landscape of Cuba is also strongly defined by syncretisms of various kinds. Christianity is often practiced in tandem with SanterÃa, a mixture of Catholicism and mostly African faiths, which include a number of cults. La Virgen de la Caridad del Cobre (the Virgin of Cobre) is the Catholic patroness of Cuba, and a symbol of Cuban culture. In SanterÃa, she has been syncretized with the goddess Oshun. A breakdown of the followers of Afro-Cuban religions showed that most practitioners of Palo Mayombe were black and dark brown-skinned, most practitioners of Vodú were medium brown and light brown-skinned, and most practitioners of Santeria were light brown and white-skinned.BOOK, Dodson, Jualynne E., Millet Batista, José, Sacred Spaces and Religious Traditions in Oriente Cuba, 12–13, UNM Press, 2008, Cuba also hosts small communities of Jews (500 in 2012), Muslims, and members of the Baháʼà Faith.WEB, 13 June 2005,weblink Government officials visit Baha'i center, Baha'iWorldNewsService.com, Several well-known Cuban religious figures have operated outside the island, including the humanitarian and author Jorge Armando Pérez.Education
File:Entrada Universidad de la Habana.jpg|right|thumb|University of HavanaUniversity of HavanaThe University of Havana was founded in 1728 and there are a number of other well-established colleges and universities. In 1957, just before Castro came to power, the literacy rate was as low as fourth in the region at almost 80% according to the United Nations, yet higher than in Spain. Castro created an entirely state-operated system and banned private institutions. School attendance is compulsory from ages six to the end of basic secondary education (normally at age 15), and all students, regardless of age or gender, wear school uniforms with the color denoting grade level. Primary education lasts for six years, secondary education is divided into basic and pre-university education.WEB,weblink The Cuban Education System: Lessons and Dilemmas. Human Development Network Education. World Bank, 5 April 2007, 10 August 2011,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20110810172258weblink">weblink Cuba's literacy rate of 99.8 percentWEB,weblink unstats – Millennium Indicators, Mdgs.un.org, 23 June 2010, 7 November 2010, 21 January 2012,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20120121152701weblink">weblink dead, is the tenth-highest globally, largely due to the provision of free education at every level.NEWS,weblink Latin lessons: What can we Learn from the World's most Ambitious Literacy Campaign?, The Independent, 7 November 2010, 19 July 2013, Cuba's high school graduation rate is 94 percent.Getting a Reading on High Literacy in Cuba {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160408223929weblink |date=8 April 2016}}. Teachers College, Columbia University. 22 December 2009.Higher education is provided by universities, higher institutes, higher pedagogical institutes, and higher polytechnic institutes. The Cuban Ministry of Higher Education operates a distance education program that provides regular afternoon and evening courses in rural areas for agricultural workers. Education has a strong political and ideological emphasis, and students progressing to higher education are expected to have a commitment to the goals of Cuba. Cuba has provided free education to foreign nationals from disadvantaged backgrounds at the Latin American School of Medicine.WEB, Students graduate from Cuban school,weblink NBC News, 25 July 2007, 7 November 2010, NEWS, Cuba-trained US doctors graduate,weblink BBC News, 25 July 2007, 7 September 2009, According to the Webometrics Ranking of World Universities, the top-ranking universities in the country are Universidad de la Habana (1680th worldwide), Instituto Superior Politécnico José Antonio EcheverrÃa (2893rd) and the University of Santiago de Cuba (3831st).WEB, Cuba,weblink Ranking Web of Universities, 23 July 2015,Health
(File:Life expectancy development in Cuba.svg|thumb|Life expectancy development in Cuba)After the revolution, Cuba established a free public health system.Cuba's life expectancy at birth is 79.87 years (77.53 for males and 82.35 for females). This ranks Cuba 59th in the world and 4th in the Americas, behind Canada, Chile and the United States.{{Citation |title=Central America :: Cuba — The World Factbook – Central Intelligence Agency |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/cuba/ |date=6 June 2023 |access-date=12 June 2023}} Infant mortality declined from 32 infant deaths per 1,000 live births in 1957, to 10 in 1990–95,WEB,weblink World population Prospects: The 2006 Revision: Highlights, United Nations., 19 July 2013, 6.1 in 2000–2005 and 5.13 in 2009. Historically, Cuba has ranked high in numbers of medical personnel and has made significant contributions to world health since the 19th century. Today, Cuba has universal health care and despite persistent shortages of medical supplies, there is no shortage of medical personnel.{{Harvnb|Whiteford|Branch|2008|p=2}} Primary care is available throughout the island and infant and maternal mortality rates compare favorably with those in developed nations. That an impoverished nation like Cuba has health outcomes rivaling the developed world is referred to by researchers as the Cuban Health Paradox.WEB,weblink Cuba's Most Valuable Export: Its Healthcare Expertise, Frist, Bill, 8 June 2015, Forbes, 18 November 2018, Cuba ranks 30th on the 2019 Bloomberg Healthiest Country Index, the highest ranking of a developing country.NEWS, Miller, Lee J., Lu, Wei, 24 February 2019, These Are the World's Healthiest Nations,weblink Bloomberg, 16 March 2019, The Cuban healthcare system, renowned for its medical services, has emphasized the export of health professionals through international missions, aiding global health efforts.WEB, Ramos, Javier, 2021-11-18, La otra cara de Cuba: el negocio de las batas blancas,weblink 2023-10-08, Global Voices en Español, es, However, while these missions generate significant revenue and serve as a tool for political influence, domestically, Cuba faces challenges including medication shortages and disparities between medical services for locals and foreigners. Despite the income from these missions, only a small fraction of the national budget has been allocated to public health, underscoring contrasting priorities within the nation's healthcare strategy.Disease and infant mortality increased in the 1960s immediately after the revolution, when half of Cuba's 6,000 doctors left the country.Cuba: A Different America, By Wilber A. Chaffee, Gary Prevost, Rowland and Littlefield, 1992, p. 106 Recovery occurred by the 1980s, and the country's health care has been widely praised.{{Harvnb|Feinsilver|1989|pp=4–5}}: "Its success has been acclaimed by Dr. Halfdan Mahler, the Director-General of the World Health Organization (WHO), and Dr. Carlysle Guerra de Macedo, Director-General of the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO), as well as by medical professionals from the United States and other capitalist countries who have observed the Cuban health system in action. Despite U.S. hostility toward Cuba, a U.S. government document stated in 1982 that the 'Cuban Revolution has managed social achievements, especially in education and health care, that are highly respected in the Third World ..., [including] a national health care program that is superior in the Third World and rivals that of numerous developed countries.{{' "}} The Communist government stated that universal health care was a priority of state planning and progress was made in rural areas.Lundy, Karen Saucier. Community Health Nursing: Caring for the Public's Health. Jones and Bartlett: 2005, p. 377. After the revolution, the government increased rural hospitals from one to 62. Like the rest of the Cuban economy, medical care suffered from severe material shortages following the end of Soviet subsidies in 1991, and a tightening of the U.S. embargo in 1992.BOOK, Global Health Policy, Local Realities: The Fallacy of the Level Playing Field, 69,weblink Whiteford, Linda M., Manderson, Lenore, Lynne Rienner Publishers, Boulder, Col., 2000, 978-1-55587-874-0, 14 September 2009, Challenges include low salaries for doctors,NEWS, Editorial, 16 May 2015, Be more libre,weblink economist.com, 20 May 2015, poor facilities, poor provision of equipment, and the frequent absence of essential drugs.WEB, The Committee Office, House of Commons,weblink Cuban Health Care Systems and its implications for the NHS Plan, Select Committee on Health, 28 March 2001, 19 July 2013,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20130821213607weblink">weblink 21 August 2013, Cuba has the highest doctor-to-population ratio in the world and has sent thousands of doctors to more than 40 countries around the world.{{sfn|Breier|Wildschut|2007|pp=16, 81}} According to the World Health Organization, Cuba is "known the world over for its ability to train excellent doctors and nurses who can then go out to help other countries in need".WEB, Cuban medical team heading for Sierra Leone,weblink World Health Organisation, 27 July 2021,weblink 14 September 2014, 14 September 2014, {{as of|2014|September|}}, there are around 50,000 Cuban-trained health care workers aiding 66 nations.Cuban medical team heading for Sierra Leone {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161228051729weblink |date=28 December 2016 }}. World Health Organization. September 2014. Cuban physicians have played a leading role in combating the Ebola virus epidemic in West Africa.Alexandra Sifferlin (5 November 2014). Why Cuba Is So Good at Fighting Ebola {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161010165009weblink |date=10 October 2016 }}. Time. Retrieved 28 April 2015. Preventative medicine is very important within the Cuban medical system, which provides citizens with easy to obtain regular health checks.Import and export of pharmaceutical drugs is done by the Quimefa Pharmaceutical Business Group (FARMACUBA) under the Ministry of Basic Industry (MINBAS). This group also provides technical information for the production of these drugs.WEB,weblink Centro de Promoción del Comercio Exterior y la Inversión Extranjera de Cuba – CEPEC, Cepec.cu, 10 June 2013,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20120620084258weblink">weblink 20 June 2012, Isolated from the West by the US embargo, Cuba developed the successful lung cancer vaccine, Cimavax, which is now available to US researchers for the first time, along with other novel Cuban cancer treatments. The vaccine has been available for free to the Cuban population since 2011.Erin Schumaker (14 May 2015). Cuba's Had A Lung Cancer Vaccine For Years, And Now It's Coming To The U.S. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160503231329weblink |date=3 May 2016 }} The Huffington Post. Retrieved 18 May 2015. According to Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center CEO Candace Johnson: "They've had to do more with less, so they've had to be even more innovative with how they approach things. For over 40 years, they have had a preeminent immunology community."Rob Quinn (12 May 2015). USA about to get Cuba's lung cancer vaccine {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160423115808weblink |date=23 April 2016 }}. USA Today. Retrieved 14 May 2015. During the thaw in Cuba–U.S. relations starting in December 2014 under the Obama administration, a growing number of U.S. lung cancer patients traveled to Cuba to receive vaccine treatment. The end of the thaw under the Trump Administration has resulted in a tightening of travel restrictions, making it harder for U.S. citizens to travel to Cuba for treatment.NEWS, Jacobs, Sally, 10 January 2018, Cuba has a lung cancer vaccine. Many U.S. patients can't get it without breaking the law, USA Today,weblink 16 October 2018, In 2015, Cuba became the first country to eradicate mother-to-child transmission of HIV and syphilis,WEB,weblinkweblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20150702063246weblink">weblink 2 July 2015, WHO validates elimination of mother-to-child transmission of HIV and syphilis in Cuba, WHO, 30 June 2015, 30 August 2015, a milestone hailed by the World Health Organization as "one of the greatest public health achievements possible".WEB, O'Carroll, Lisa, 30 June 2015, Cuba first to eliminate mother-to-baby HIV transmission, theguardian.com,weblink 1 July 2015,Diet and Nutrition in the Cuban Household
The traditional diet in Cuban households has raised international concerns due to its lack of micronutrients and diversity. According to the World Food Programme (WFP), an entity of the United Nations, the average diet in Cuba lacks adequate nutritional quality. This is attributed to various factors, including limited availability of nutrient-rich foods, socioeconomic issues, and poor dietary habits.WEB, 2023-04-05, Un informe de la ONU señala que los cubanos de 14 a 60 años sufren de malnutrición,weblink 2023-10-08, 14ymedio, es, The WFP's annual report on Cuba supports previous testimonies and evidence, pointing to a concerning situation. Even though the country has rolled out food subsidy programs, many backed by the WFP, the populace's diet remains nutritionally insufficient. Specifically, rationed food covers only a small percentage of the daily energy, protein, and fat requirements for the population aged 14 to 60.Such deficiencies have led to health issues like overweight and obesity, largely due to a diet high in sugars and salts. Additionally, there is a significant disparity in accessing proper nutrition. Individuals without access to foreign currencies and remittances are the most affected. The inadequacy of the minimum wage to meet recommended nutritional requirements is another concern highlighted in the report. The political and socioeconomic landscape has influenced this scenario. The implementation of the "Tarea Ordenamiento," an economic reform that removed many food subsidies, has spurred alarming inflation, intensifying the shortage of basic foods like cereals, vegetables, dairy, and meat. As a result, Cuban households spend between 55% and 65% of their income on food, a proportion deemed disproportionate compared to international standards.Nevertheless, the report acknowledges the Cuban government's efforts in areas like social protection and universal access to basic services. It highlights Cuba's position in the Human Development Report 2021-2022 and the extensive COVID-19 vaccination coverage. To address food security challenges, the WFP has enhanced its collaboration with Cuban authorities. In 2022, the organization procured essential foods and macronutrients worth $10.7 million in response to alarming figures about anemia prevalence in infants.Amid this nutritional crisis, international interventions and collaborations are anticipated to alleviate the food and nutrition issues plaguing the Cuban populace.Culture
Architecture
File:CU La Habana 9709 028 (17229424611).jpg|thumb|The 18th-century entrance of the Castillo del PrÃncipeCastillo del PrÃncipeArchitecture in Cuba was mainly manifested during the colonial period. It brought the culture of Spain with its Baroque influence. The first villas (settlements) were constituted by a church surrounded by several houses. These houses had an interior or central courtyard and were covered with grilles. There are magnificent religious buildings such as the BasÃlica de San Francisco of Havana. In addition, large forts were built for defense, preventing the attack of pirates and buccaneers. There are several old historic centers in Cuba that were built during the Spanish colonial period, the most remarkable are the four cities inscribed as World Heritage Sites by UNESCO, Havana, Camagüey, Cienfuegos and Trinidad, which has great architectural bastions of all currents and trends from Baroque, Neoclassical to eclectic art, and other preserved colonial towns such as Santiago de Cuba, Matanzas or Remedios.During the Republican period, large buildings were built, such as the Capitol, modeled after the one in Washington, and other large buildings such as the Focsa and the Habana Hilton, later the Habana Libre. One of the most outstanding Cuban architects of the second half of the 20th century was Antonio Quintana Simonetti.After the triumph of the Revolution, architecture received a strong Soviet influence with its desire for symmetry and space saving, and entire new neighborhoods were built in the style of the working-class quarters of Moscow or Minsk. When the Berlin Wall fell, architecture received more diverse currents and there was a boom in 5 star hotels with impressive glass and steel facades in the style of modern skyscrapers in Manhattan or other Latin American metropolises such as Mexico City or Caracas.Literature
Cuban literature began to find its voice in the early 19th century. Dominant themes of independence and freedom were exemplified by José MartÃ, who led the Modernist movement in Cuban literature. Writers such as Nicolás Guillén and José Z. Tallet focused on literature as social protest. The poetry and novels of Dulce MarÃa Loynaz and José Lezama Lima have been influential. Romanticist Miguel Barnet, who wrote Everyone Dreamed of Cuba, reflects a more melancholy Cuba.weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20070214100357weblink">Costa Rica – Journey into the Tropical Garden of EdenAlejo Carpentier was important in the magic realism movement. Writers such as Reinaldo Arenas, Guillermo Cabrera Infante, and DaÃna Chaviano, Pedro Juan Gutiérrez, Zoé Valdés, Guillermo Rosales and Leonardo Padura have earned international recognition in the post-revolutionary era, though many of these have felt compelled to continue their work in exile due to ideological control of media by the Cuban authorities. However, some Cuban writers continue living and writing in Cuba, including Nancy Morejón.WEB, Nancy Morejón,weblink 2021-07-20, Smith College,Music
{{multiple image| align = left| total_width = 220| image1 = Gloria Estefan 2009.jpg| alt1 = | caption1 = | image2 = Celia Cruz 1.jpg| alt2 = | caption2 = | footer = Gloria Estefan and Celia Cruz}}Cuban music is very rich and is the most commonly known expression of Cuban culture. The central form of this music is son, which has been the basis of many other musical styles like "Danzón de nuevo ritmo", mambo, cha-cha-chá and salsa music. Rumba ("de cajón o de solar") music originated in the early Afro-Cuban culture, mixed with Spanish elements of style.BOOK, Moore, Robin, Nationalizing Blackness: Afrocubanismo and Artistic Revolution in Havana, 1920–1940, 1997, University of Pittsburgh Press, 978-0-8229-5645-7, The Tres was invented in Cuba from Spanish cordophone instruments models (the instrument is actually a fusion of elements from the Spanish guitar and lute). Other traditional Cuban instruments are of African origin, TaÃno origin, or both, such as the maracas, güiro, marÃmbula and various wooden drums including the mayohuacán.Popular Cuban music of all styles has been enjoyed and praised widely across the world. Cuban classical music, which includes music with strong African and European influences, and features symphonic works as well as music for soloists, has received international acclaim thanks to composers like Ernesto Lecuona. Havana was the heart of the rap scene in Cuba when it began in the 1990s. In December 2012, the director of the Cuban Music Institute, Orlando Vistel, threatened to bar sexually explicit songs and music videos from public radio and television.WEB,weblink Cuban Government Censors Reggaeton and "Sexually Explicit" Songs, ABC News, 6 December 2012, 19 July 2013,Dance
Cuban culture encompasses a wide range of dance forms.BOOK, Daniel, Yvonne, Rumba: Dance and Social Change in Contemporary Cuba, 1995, Indiana University Press, Bloomington, IN, 28,weblink 9780253209481, Danzón was the official musical genre and dance of Cuba.Urfé, Odilio 1965. El danzón. La Habana. Mambo music and dance developed originally in Cuba, with further significant developments by Cuban musicians in Mexico and the US. The cha-cha-cha is another dance of Cuban origin,Orovio, Helio 2004. Cuban music from A to Z. p50 while the Cuban bolero originated in Santiago de Cuba in the last quarter of the 19th century.Cristobal Diaz offers 1885: "el bolero, creado aproximadamente para 1885". Diaz Ayala, Cristobal 1999. Cuando sali de la Habana 1898-1997: cien años de música cubana por el mundo. 3rd ed, Cubanacán, San Juan P.R. p24-25 Concert dance is supported by the government and includes internationally renowned companies such as the Ballet Nacional de Cuba.BOOK, John, S., Contemporary Dance in Cuba: Tecnica Cubana as Revolutionary Movement, McFarland & Company, 2012, 978-0-7864-9325-8,weblink 23, Salsa dancing originated in Cuba and Cuban salsa is danced around the world.Media
(File:WiFi_Internet_Access_Havanna.JPG|thumb|Users of a public WiFi hotspot in Havana, Cuba)ETECSA opened 118 cybercafes across the country in 2013.WEB, Cuba's New Internet Service is Also No Bed of Roses,weblink MIT Technology Review, 19 July 2013, The government of Cuba provides an online encyclopedia website called EcuRed that operates in a "wiki" format.WEB, 13 December 2010, Cuba launches Wikipedia-like online encyclopedia,weblinkweblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20160304050027weblink">weblink 4 March 2016, Reuters, Internet access is controlled, and e-mail is closely monitored.WEB,weblinkweblink" title="archive.today/20110727014516weblink">weblink 27 July 2011, Internet in Cuba, Reporters Without Borders, Since 2018, access to Internet by mobile data is available. In 2019, 7.1 million Cubans could access the Internet.NEWS, El acceso a internet en Cuba llega a 7,1 millones de usuarios en 2019,weblink 3 June 2021, EFE, 26 February 2020, The prices of connections, since{{clarify|date=June 2021}} WiFi zones, or mobile data, or from houses through "Nauta Hogar" service have been decreasing, especially since the economic reform of January 2021, when all the salaries increased by at least 5 times, and the prices of Internet remain in the same point.NEWS, Internet access in Cuba: How data plans work on the Island,weblink 3 June 2021, WEB,weblink El acceso a internet en Cuba llega a 7,1 millones de usuarios en 2019, In 2021, it was reported that 7.7 million Cuban people have Internet access.NEWS, Digital 2021: Cuba,weblink 3 June 2021, 11 February 2021, There were 6.14 million mobile connections in Cuba in January 2021.Cuisine
(File:Cubanfood.jpg|thumb|A traditional meal of ropa vieja (shredded flank steak in a tomato sauce base), black beans, yellow rice, plantains and fried yuca with beer)File:La Havane (1) Tamales pliés.jpg|thumb|Cuban-style tamaletamaleCuban cuisine is a fusion of Spanish and Caribbean cuisines. Cuban recipes share spices and techniques with Spanish cooking, with some Caribbean influence in spice and flavor. Food rationing, which has been the norm in Cuba for the last four decades, restricts the common availability of these dishes.{{Harvnb|Alvarez|2001}}. The traditional Cuban meal is not served in courses; all food items are served at the same time.The typical meal could consist of plantains, black beans and rice, ropa vieja (shredded beef), Cuban bread, pork with onions, and tropical fruits. Black beans and rice, referred to as moros y cristianos (or moros for short), and plantains are staples of the Cuban diet. Many of the meat dishes are cooked slowly with light sauces. Garlic, cumin, oregano, and bay leaves are the dominant spices.{{citation needed|date=April 2024}}Sports
Due to historical associations with the United States, many Cubans participate in sports that are popular in North America, rather than sports traditionally played in other Latin American nations. Baseball is the most popular. Other popular sports include volleyball, boxing, athletics, wrestling, basketball and water sports.Cuban Sports whatcuba.com, accessed 23 February 2021. Cuba is a dominant force in amateur boxing, consistently achieving high medal tallies in major international competitions. Boxers Rances Barthelemy and Erislandy Lara defected to the U.S. and Mexico respectively.WEB,weblink Cuban boxer defected unsuccessfully 38 times before realizing U.S. dream, sports.yahoo.com, 18 June 2015, WEB,weblink From Cuba to world champion: Arduous defection continues to drive Erislandy Lara, Lem, Satterfield, PBC Boxing, 10 June 2015, Cuba also provides a national team that competes in the Olympic Games.WEB,weblink Cuba – Comité OlÃmpico Cubano – National Olympic Committee, Olympic.org, 10 June 2013, Jose R. Capablanca was a Cuban world chess champion from 1921 to 1927.See also
Notes
{{notelist}}{{Clear}}References
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External links
{{Sister project links|auto=1|wikt=y|v=y}}- weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20110209123658weblink">Official site of the Government of Cuba {{in lang|es}}
- weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20080830044824weblink">Cuba from University of Colorado Boulder Libraries
- Cuba. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
- Key Development Forecasts for Cuba from International Futures
- {{curlie|Regional/Caribbean/Cuba}}
- {{Wikiatlas|Cuba}}
- content above as imported from Wikipedia
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