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Treaty of Paris (1898)
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{{short description|Treaty ending the SpanishâAmerican War}}{{For|other treaties of Paris|Treaty of Paris (disambiguation)}}{{Use mdy dates|date=October 2021}}- the content below is remote from Wikipedia
- it has been imported raw for GetWiki
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name | Treaty of Paris| long_name = Treaty of Peace between the United States of America and the Kingdom of Spain| image = {{multiple image |
align | center | border = infobox | total_width = 300 | image_gap = 16 | caption_align = center| direction = horizontal | header_align = left/right/center | footer = | footer_align = left | image1 =Flag of Spain (1785â1873, 1875â1931).svg| width1 = 100 | caption1 = | image2 =Flag of the United States (1896â1908).svg| width2 = 70 | caption2 = |
Paris, France| date_sealed = | date_effective = April 11, 1899| condition_effective = Exchange of ratifications| date_expiration = | date_expiry = | mediators = | negotiators = | original_signatories = | signatories = | Spain | Restoration (Spain)>Spain
| 30 | United States Treaty Series>TS 343; 11 Bevans 615| language = | languages =
| Article IX amended by protocol of March 29, 1900 (United States Treaty Series>TS 344; 11 Treaties and Other International Agreements of the United States of America 1776â1949 | 622). Article III supplemented by convention of November 7, 1900 (United States Treaty Series>TS 345; 11 Bevans 623).}}{{History of Cuba}}{{History of the Philippines}}File:Ph_boundary_in_Treaty_of_Paris_1898.png|thumb|Boundary of the Philippines based on Treaty of Paris (1898) shown in green lines WEB, Treaty of Peace Between the United States and Spain; December 10, 1898,weblink 2024-04-14, Lillian Goldman Law Library at Yale Law SchoolYale Law SchoolThe Treaty of Peace between the United States of America and the Kingdom of Spain, commonly known as the Treaty of Paris of 1898,{{efn|(; )}} was signed by Spain and the United States on December 10, 1898, that ended the SpanishâAmerican War. Under it, Spain relinquished all claim of sovereignty over and title to territories described there as the island of Porto Rico and other islands now under Spanish sovereignty in the West Indies, and the island of Guam in the Marianas or Ladrones, the archipelago known as the Philippine Islands, and comprehending the islands lying within the following line: (details elided),WEB,weblink Treaty of Peace Between the United States and Spain; December 10, 1898, Yale Law School, December 3, 2022, to the United States. The cession of the Philippines involved a compensation of $20 million{{efn|name=inflation}} from the United States to Spain.Puerto Rico is spelled as "Porto Rico" in the treaty. WEB, 2009,weblink Treaty of Peace Between the United States and Spain; December 10, 1898, Yale, May 1, 2009, The treaty came into effect on April 11, 1899, when the documents of ratification were exchanged.BOOK, Charles Henry Butler, The treaty making power of the United States,weblink April 9, 2011, 1902, The Banks Law Pub. Co., 441, It was the first treaty negotiated between the two governments since the 1819 AdamsâOnÃs Treaty.The Treaty of Paris marked the end of the Spanish Empire, apart from some small holdings. It had a major cultural impact in Spain known as the "Generation of '98". It marked the beginning of the United States as a world power. In the U.S., many supporters of the war opposed the treaty, which became one of the major issues in the election of 1900 when it was opposed by Democrat William Jennings Bryan, who opposed imperialism.Paolo E. Coletta, "Bryan, McKinley, and the Treaty of Paris." Pacific Historical Review (1957): 131â146. in JSTOR Republican President William McKinley supported the treaty and was easily reelected.Thomas A. Bailey, "Was the Presidential Election of 1900 a Mandate on Imperialism?." Mississippi Valley Historical Review (1937): 43â52. in JSTORBackgroundThe SpanishâAmerican War began on April 25, 1898, due to a series of escalating disputes between the two nations, and ended on December 10, 1898, with the signing of the Treaty of Paris. It resulted in Spain's loss of its control over the remains of its overseas empire.Library of Congress. "The World of 1898: The SpanishâAmerican War: Introduction." After much of mainland in the Americas had achieved independence, Cubans tried their hand at revolution in 1868â1878, and again in the 1890s, led by José MartÃ. The Philippines at this time also became resistant to Spanish colonial rule. August 26, 1896, presented the first call to revolt, led by Andrés Bonifacio, succeeded by Emilio Aguinaldo y Famy. Aguinaldo then negotiated the Pact of Biak-na-Bato with the Spaniards and went into exile to Hong Kong along with the other revolutionary leaders.The SpanishâAmerican War that followed had overwhelming public support in the United States due to the popular fervor towards supporting Cuban freedom.Pérez, Louis A. (1998). War of 1898: The United States and Cuba in History and Historiography. "Intervention and Intent." pg. 24 On September 16, President William McKinley issued secret written instructions to his emissaries as the SpanishâAmerican War drew to a close:{{blockquote|By a protocol signed at Washington August 12, 1898 . . . it was agreed that the United States and Spain would each appoint not more than five commissioners to treat of peace, and that the commissioners so appointed should meet at Paris not later than October 1, 1898, and proceed to the negotiation and conclusion of a treaty of peace, which treaty should be subject to ratification according to the respective constitutional forms of the two countries.For the purpose of carrying into effect this stipulation, I have appointed you as commissioners on the part of the United States to meet and confer with commissioners on the part of Spain.As an essential preliminary to the agreement to appoint commissioners to treat of peace, this government required of that of Spain the unqualified concession of the following precise demands:
NegotiationsArticle V of the peace protocol between United States and Spain on August 12, 1898Major Events of the SpanishâAmerican War - Topics in Chronicling America (Newspaper and Current Periodical Reading Room, Library of Congress) read as follows:{{blockquote|The United States and Spain will each appoint not more than five commissioners to treat of peace, and the commissioners so appointed shall meet at Paris not later than Oct. 1, 1898, and proceed to the negotiation and conclusion of a treaty of peace, which treaty shall be subject to ratification according to the respective constitutional forms of the two countries.BOOK, Halstead, Murat,weblink The Story of the Philippines and Our New Possessions, Including the Ladrones, Hawaii, Cuba and Porto Rico, 176â178, 1898, }}The composition of the American commission was somewhat unusual in that three of its members were senators, which meant, as many newspapers pointed out, that they would later vote on the ratification of their own negotiations.{{Harvnb|Wolff|2006|p=153}}(Introduction, Decolonizing the History of the PhilippineâAmerican War, by Paul A. Kramer dated December 8, 2005) These were American delegation's members:
RatificationSpanish ratificationIn Madrid, the Cortes Generales, Spain's legislature, rejected the treaty, but Maria Christina signed it as she was empowered to do by a clause in the Spanish constitution.{{Harvnb|Wolff|2006|p=173}}U.S. ratification{|class"wikitable" style"margin:0 0 1em 1em; width: 315px; float:right;" |
160px) | 160px) | 150px) | ||||
George F. Hoar (Massachusetts | -Republican Party (United States)>R) (left), Eugene Hale (Maine | -Republican Party (United States)>R) (center), and George G. Vest (Missouri | -Democratic Party (United States)>D) (right) led the opposition to the ratification of the Treaty of Paris within the Senate. |
Provisions
The Treaty of Paris provided for the independence of Cuba from Spain, but the U.S. Congress ensured indirect U.S. control by the Platt Amendment and the Teller Amendment. Spain relinquished all claims of sovereignty over and title to Cuba. Upon Spain's departure, Cuba was to be occupied by the United States, which would assume and discharge any obligations of international law by its occupation.The treaty also specified that Spain would cede Puerto Rico and the other islands under Spanish sovereignty in the West Indies as well as the island of Guam in the Mariana Islands to the United States.The treaty also specified that Spain would cede the Philippine Islands, including the islands within a specified line, to the United States in exchange for twenty million dollars{{efn|name=inflation}}.Specifics of the cession of the Philippines were later clarified on November 7, 1900, when Spain and the United States signed the Treaty of Washington. This clarified that the territories relinquished by Spain to the United States included any and all islands belonging to the Philippine Archipelago, but lying outside the lines described in the Treaty of Paris. That treaty explicitly named the islands of Cagayan Sulu and Sibutu and their dependencies as among the relinquished territories.WEB,weblink TREATY Between Spain and the United States for Cession of Outlying Islands of the Philippines, November 7, 1900, University of the Philippines, dead,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20120326014901weblink">weblink March 26, 2012, The boundary between the Philippines and North Borneo was further clarified by the Convention Between the United States and Great Britain (1930).BOOK, United States. Dept. of State, Charles Irving Bevans, Treaties and other international agreements of the United States of America, 1776-1949,weblink 1968, Dept. of State; for sale by the Supt. of Docs., U.S. Govt. Print. Off., 473â476,Muslim sultanates issue
Included in the cession of the Philippines were three Moro sultanates in the southern Philippines, the Sultanate of Maguindanao, the Sultanate of Sulu, and the Confederation of sultanates in Lanao. The texts of the Spanish and English copies of the treaties and agreements ceded these to the United States, but {{cn span|the local language's copy of the texts always emphasized the sovereignty and independence of the sultanates and actually included provisions of tribute (similar to the British leasing of Hong Kong from the Qing Dynasty) to be paid to the rulers by the Spanish and the Americans for a handful of lightly garrisoned coastal outposts in the sultanates. Suzerainty, not sovereignty, was the relationship between Spain and these three sultanates, implying that the Spanish Empire did not have the right to include Mindanao and the Sulu Archipelago in the Treaty of Paris.|date=May 2023}}Aftermath
In the United States
Victory in the SpanishâAmerican War turned the United States into a world power because the attainment of the territories of Guam, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines expanded its economic dominance in the Pacific. Its growth continued to have effects on U.S. foreign and economic policy well into the next century.De Ojeda, Jaime. "The SpanishâAmerican War of 1898: A Spanish View." Library of Congress: Hispanic Division. Furthermore, McKinley's significant role in advancing the ratification of the treaty transformed the presidential office from a weaker position to a prototype of the stronger presidency that is more seen today.Koenig, Louis W. (1982). "The Presidency of William McKinley" by Lewis L. Gould: Review. Presidential Studies Quarterly, Vol. 12, No. 3: pg. 448.In Spain
The Generation of '98 in Spain comprised those Spanish writers deeply impacted by the events and committed to cultural and aesthetic renewal. They were associated with modernism. The term refers to the moral, political and social crisis in Spain produced by the humiliating loss of the worldwide empire. The intellectuals are known for their criticism of the Spanish literary and educational establishments, which they saw as steeped in conformism, ignorance, and a lack of any true spirit. Their criticism was coupled with and heavily connected to the group's dislike for the Restoration Movement that was occurring in Spanish government.WEB,weblink The Generation of '98 overview, 2011, classicspanishbooks.com, Herbert Ramsden, "The Spanish âGeneration of 1898â: I. The history of a concept." Bulletin of the John Rylands Library 56.2 (1974): 463-491. weblink" title="scholar.archive.org/work/4m3lviilgfdtxlnngdewt7waem/access/waybackweblink">online A few years after the war, during the reign of Alfonso XIII, Spain improved its commercial position and maintained close relations with the United States, which led to the signing of commercial treaties between the two countries in 1902, 1906 and 1910. Spain would turn its attention to its possessions in Africa (especially northern Morocco, Spanish Sahara and Spanish Guinea) and would begin to rehabilitate itself internationally after the Algeciras Conference of 1906.Antonio ÃÃguez Bernal, «Las relaciones polÃticas, económicas y culturales entre España y los Estados Unidos en los siglos XIX y XX», p. 94.In the Philippines
Philippine revolutionaries had declared independence from Spain on June 12, 1898, and resisted the imposition of American sovereignty. The 1899 Battle of Manila between American and Filipino forces on February 4-5, 1899 ignited the Philippine-American War, which concluded with an American victory in 1902.In Mindanao
The United States fought long brutal wars against the Moro sultanates in Mindanao from 1899 to 1913. It annexed the Sultanate of Maguindanao and the Confederation of sultanates in Lanao in 1905 after the Battle of the Malalag River and then annexed the Sultanate of Sulu in 1913 after the Battle of Bud Bagsak.Robert A. Fulton. Moroland: The History of Uncle Sam and the Moros 1899â1920 (2009) pp 43-58See also
{{Wikisource}}Notes
{{Notelist}}References
{{Reflist}}Further reading
^ BOOK, Grenville, J.A.S., Young, G.B., Yale University, Politics, Strategy, and American Diplomacy: Studies in Foreign Policy, 1873-1917, Yale University Press, 1966, 978-0-300-00511-0,weblinkExternal links
{{Commons category|Treaty of Paris, 1898}}- Law.yale.edu: Treaty of Peace Between the United States and Spain
- Msc.edu.ph: 1898 Treaty of Paris â full text of the Treaty of Paris ending the SpanishâAmerican War.
- Library of Congress Guide to the SpanishâAmerican War
- PBS: Crucible of Empire: The SpanishâAmerican War Senate Debate over Ratification of the Treaty of Paris
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