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{{nobold>Estado Libre y Soberano de Quintana Roo {{smallMexican Spanish>Spanish)}}}}| native_name_lang = esList of states of Mexico>State| image_flag = {{#property:P41}}| flag_size = 160px| flag_alt = | image_shield = {{#property:P94}}| shield_size = 70px| nickname = | motto = | anthem = Himno a Quintana Roo (File:Quintana Roo in Mexico (location map scheme).svg Location in Mexico frameless) {{hlist Yucatán > Campeche Belize: > Corozal District > Orange Walk }} }} }}| map_caption = region:MX-ROO_type:adm1stdisplay=inline,title}}List of sovereign states>Country| subdivision_name = MexicoCapital city>Capital| subdivision_name1 = ChetumalList of cities in Mexico>Largest city| subdivision_name2 = CancúnMunicipalities of Mexico>MunicipalitiesMunicipalities of Quintana Roo>11Sovereign state>AdmissionLANGUAGE=ES ARCHIVE-URL=HTTPS://WEB.ARCHIVE.ORG/WEB/20111012022257/HTTP://WWW.CONGRESOQROO.GOB.MX/DEPENDENCIAS/DIR_BIBLIOTECA/HISTORIA/PALACIO.PDF, October 12, 2011, Territorial evolution of Mexico>OrderTerritorial evolution of Mexico>30th| founder = | seat_type = | seat = | government_footnotes = | leader_party = Governor of Quintana Roo>Governor| leader_name = Mara Lezama Espinosa| leader_title1 = Parliament| leader_name1 = Congress of Quintana Roo| unit_pref = Metricweblinkaccess-date=April 11, 2021, | area_total_km2 = 44705.2| area_land_km2 = | area_water_km2 = | area_water_percent = List of Mexican states by area>Ranked 19th| elevation_m = PUBLISHER=CUENTAME INEGI, April 6, 2011, | elevation_max_m = 230| elevation_max_ft = | elevation_min_m = | elevation_min_ft = DATE=JANUARY 2016, | population_total = 1,857,985| population_as_of = 2020List of Mexican states by population>24th| population_density_km2 = autoList of Mexican states by population density>24th| population_demonym = Quintanarroense| population_note = | demographics_type2 = GDPAUTHOR=CITIBANAMEXDATE=JUNE 13, 2023, August 13, 2023, | demographics2_title1 = Total| demographics2_info1 = MXN 447 billion(US$22.2 billion) (2022)| demographics2_title2 = Per capita| demographics2_info2 = (US$11,479) (2022)Eastern Time Zone>EST| utc_offset1 = −5Postal codes in Mexico>Postal code| postal_code = 77Telephone numbering plan#Area code>Area code| area_code = {hide}Collapsible listArea codes in Mexico by code (900–999)>Area codes|frame_style = border:none; padding: 0;|title_style = |list_style = text-align:left;display:none; Human Development Index>HDIList of Mexican states by HDI>Ranked 16th| website = {{Official URL}}| footnotes = }}Quintana Roo ({{IPAc-en|k|ɪ|n|ËŒ|t|ɑː|n|É™|_|ˈ|r|oÊŠ|(|oÊŠ|)}} {{respell|kin|TAH|nÉ™|_|ROH(|oh)}},WEB,weblink Quintana Roo, Collins English Dictionary, HarperCollins, July 26, 2019, ENCYCLOPEDIA,weblinkweblink dead, September 1, 2022, Quintana Roo, Lexico UK English Dictionary, Oxford University Press, {{IPA-es|kinˈtana ˈro|lang|QuintanaRoo.ogg}}), officially the Free and Sovereign State of Quintana Roo (), is one of the 31 states which, with Mexico City, constitute the 32 federal entities of Mexico. It is divided into 11 municipalities, and its capital city is Chetumal.Quintana Roo is located on the eastern part of the Yucatán Peninsula and is bordered by the states of Campeche to the west and Yucatán to the northwest, and by the Orange Walk and Corozal districts of Belize, along with an offshore borderline with Belize District to the south. As Mexico's easternmost state, Quintana Roo has a coastline to the east with the Caribbean Sea and to the north with the Gulf of Mexico. The state previously covered {{convert|44705|km2|sqmi|sp=us}} and shared a small border with Guatemala in the southwest of the state.WEB, Controversia Constitucional: Estado de Quintana Roo Vs. Estado de Yucatán (3 de Mayo de 1997),weblink Suprema Corte de Justicia de la Nacion, April 6, 2011, dead,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20111124163454weblink">weblink November 24, 2011, WEB, Campeche insiste en que Quintana Roo le invadió terreno,weblink Notisureste, April 6, 2011, However, in 2013, Mexico's Supreme Court of Justice of the Nation resolved the boundary dispute between Quintana Roo, Campeche, and Yucatán stemming from the creation of the Calakmul municipality by Campeche in 1997, siding with Campeche and thereby benefiting Yucatán.WEB, Renuncia Quintana Roo a conflicto limítrofe con Campeche,weblink El Economista, December 7, 2017, Quintana Roo is the home of the city of Cancún, the islands of Cozumel and Isla Mujeres, and the towns of Bacalar, Playa del Carmen and Akumal, as well as the ancient Maya ruins of Chacchoben, Cobá, Kohunlich, Muyil, Tulum, Xel-Há, San Gervasio and Xcaret. The Sian Ka'an biosphere reserve is also located in the state. The statewide population is expanding at a rapid rate due to the construction of hotels and the demand for workers. Many migrants come from Yucatán, Campeche, Tabasco, and Veracruz. The state is frequently hit by severe hurricanes due to its exposed location, the most recent and severe being Hurricane Dean in 2007, which made landfall with sustained winds of {{convert|280|km/h|abbr=on}}, with gusts up to {{convert|320|km/h|abbr=on}}.

History

{{see also| Territory of Quintana Roo}}File:Templo del dios viento.jpg|thumb|250px|TulumTulumThe area that makes up modern Quintana Roo was long part of Yucatán, sharing its history. With the Caste War of Yucatán, which started in the 1840s, all non-natives were driven from the region. The independent Maya nation of Chan Santa Cruz was based on what is now the town of Felipe Carrillo Puerto. For decades, it maintained considerable independence, having separate trade and treaty relationships with British Honduras, now Belize.The Territory of Quintana Roo was created by decree of President Porfirio Díaz on November 24, 1902. It was named after an early patriot of the Mexican Republic, Andrés Quintana Roo. The Mexican Federal Army succeeded in subjugating most of the indigenous Maya population of the region during the 1910s. In 1913, the area was again declared to be legally part of the state of Yucatán, but was again declared a separate territory in 1915. The territory of Quintana Roo was granted statehood within the United Mexican States on October 8, 1974.In the last quarter of the 20th century and continuing into the 21st, Quintana Roo developed rapidly, with tourism being a driving force, notably with the development of Cancún.

Archaeological findings

Ancient human remains have been discovered in a system of submerged caves and sinkholes in the Tulum area of Quintana Roo. To date, a total of nine skeletons have been found in these caves, including one of the oldest human skeletons found on the American continent. In 2016, underwater archaeological exploration of a cave known as Chan Hol found a skeleton of a female who lived in the region at least 9,900 years ago, during the Paleo-Indian period. Dating revealed that the skeleton was probably about 30 years old at the time of death. According to craniometric measurements, the skull is believed to conform to the mesocephalic pattern, like three other skulls found in Tulum caves. Three different scars on the skull of the woman showed that she was hit with something hard and her skull bones were broken. Her skull also had crater-like deformations and tissue deformities that appeared to be caused by a bacterial relative of syphilis.JOURNAL, Stinnesbeck, Wolfgang, Rennie, Samuel R., Olguín, Jerónimo Avilés, Stinnesbeck, Sarah R., Gonzalez, Silvia, Frank, Norbert, Warken, Sophie, Schorndorf, Nils, Krengel, Thomas, Morlet, Adriana Velázquez, González, Arturo González, New evidence for an early settlement of the Yucatán Peninsula, Mexico: The Chan Hol 3 woman and her meaning for the Peopling of the Americas, PLOS ONE, 15, 2, e0227984, February 5, 2020, 1932-6203, 32023279, 7001910, 2020PLoSO..1527984S, 10.1371/journal.pone.0227984, free, According to study lead researcher Wolfgang Stinnesbeck, "It really looks as if this woman had a very hard time and an extremely unhappy end of her life. Obviously, this is speculative, but given the traumas and the pathological deformations on her skull, it appears a likely scenario that she may have been expelled from her group and was killed in the cave, or was left in the cave to die there”.WEB, Geggel, Laura, 9,900-year-old skeleton of horribly disfigured woman found in Mexican cave,weblink Live Science, Future US Inc, 17 May 2023, February 5, 2020, The skeleton found by the 2016 exploration was {{convert|140|m|yd|-1|abbr=on}} away from a site where a previous expedition found human remains known as Chan Hol 2. Although archaeologists assumed the 2016 expedition had rediscovered Chan Hol 2, Stinnesbeck concluded that the two skeletons represent different individuals.WEB,weblink 9,900-Year-Old Skeleton Discovered in Submerged Mexican Cave Has a Distinctive Skull, PLOS, February 5, 2020, SciTechDaily, en-US, March 19, 2020, Due to their distinctive features, study co-researcher Samuel Rennie suggest the existence of at least two morphologically diverse groups of people living separately in Mexico during the transition from Pleistocene to Holocene.File:Cancun Strand Luftbild (22179809191).jpg|250px|thumb|The city of CancúnCancún

Geography

{{see also|:Category:Landforms of Quintana Roo}}{{summarize|date=February 2021}}

Climate

According to the Köppen climate classification, much of the state has a tropical wet and dry climate (Aw) while the island of Cozumel has a tropical monsoon climate (Am).WEB, MEDIO FÍSICO,weblink Enciclopedia de Los Municipios y Delegaciones de México, Instituto para el Federalismo y el Desarrollo Municipal, February 1, 2016, es, The mean annual temperature is {{convert|26|C|1}}.WEB, Clima,weblink Información por entidad, Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía, February 1, 2016, es, The hottest months are April and August, in which the average high is {{convert|33|C|1}}, while January is the coldest month with an average low of {{convert|17|C|1}}. Extreme temperatures can range from a low of {{convert|10|C|1}} in the coldest months to {{convert|36|C|1}} in the hottest months. Quintana Roo averages {{convert|1,300|mm|in|abbr=on}} of precipitation per year, which falls throughout the year, though June to October are the wetter months. Hurricanes can occasionally hit the coastal areas during the hurricane season, particularly from September to November. 2020 was a historic year for hurricanes in Quintana Roo, with a record-breaking 31 tropical systems formed, of which four affected the state.WEB, December 1, 2020, 2020 Atlantic Hurricane season finally comes to an end,weblink December 8, 2020, Riviera Maya News, en-US,

Wildlife

{{See also|:Category:Flora of Quintana Roo}}{| class="toc" cellpadding=0 cellspacing=2 width=800px style="float:center; margin: 0.5em 0.5em 0.5em 1em; padding: 0.5e"Flora and fauna of Quintana Roo(File:FL fig04.jpg|125px)(File:Mazama americana in Barbados Wildlife Reserve 07.jpg|125px)(File:Hawksbill Turtle.jpg|125px)(File:Crax rubra (Great Curassow) - male.jpg|125px)(File:Large american crocodile.jpg|125x125px)Trichechus manatusMazama pandoraEretmochelys imbricataCrax rubraCrocodylus acutus(File:Yucatan Spider Monkey (Ateles geoffroyi yucatanensis) (6766684927).jpg|120x120px)(File:Pivoting king vulture.jpg|120px)(File:Tamandua mexicana.jpg|120px)(File:Coati.jpg|120px)(File:Boa constrictor (2).jpg|120px)Ateles geoffroyiSarcoramphus papaTamandua mexicanaNasua naricaBoa constrictor(File:Ceiba pentandra 0008.jpg|120px)(File:Árbol de Guancaste.jpg|120px)(File:Mangroves in Puerto Rico.JPG|120px)(File:Haematoxylon campechianum0.jpg|120px)(File:Bixa orellana with fruits in Hyderabad, AP W IMG 1453.jpg|120px)Ceiba pentandraEnterolobium cyclocarpumRhizophora mangleHaematoxylum campechianumBixa orellana

Biotic situation of the Yucatán Peninsula

The Yucatán Peninsula is one of the most forested areas of the world in terms of biotic mass per hectare. However, anthropological, biological and governmental experts have determined that Quintana Roo is 'facing a faunal crisis'. Many medium to large game animals are disappearing due to hunting and habitat loss. While its population is relatively small, Quintana Roo is experiencing both a population influx and an increase in tourism. This only increases the pressure on the plants and animals native to the area.

Ecosystems and animals

There are four generalized ecosystems in Quintana Roo—tropical forests, or jungle; savanna, mangrove forests, and coral reefs. One of the byproducts of traditional and large-scale agriculture is the creation of additional habitats, such as second growth forests and fields/pastures.Villa Rojas, Alfonso. 1945. The Maya

Birds

Also affected by the loss of habitat due to both agriculture and development, birds are one of the region's most varied animal assets. Hundreds of species reside in Quintana Roo permanently, with hundreds of others either wintering there or using it as a stopover on the long journey into South America. As a result, many birders come to the area annually in search of the rare and unexpected.

Demographics

{{Largest cities| country = Quintana Roo div_1 =Benito Juárez Municipality, Quintana Roo{{!}} Benito Juárez img_1 = Playacancun1.JPG div_2 =Solidaridad Municipality{{!}} Solidaridad img_2 = Serie_de_fotografías_en_Playa_del_Carmen_20.jpg div_3 =Othón P. Blanco, Quintana Roo{{!}} Othón P. Blanco img_3 = Chetumal-1.JPG div_4 = Cozumelimg_4 = Palacio_Municipal,_Cozumel_-_20140724_(2).jpg div_5 = Tulum, Quintana Roo{{!}} Tulum| pop_5 =33,374 div_6 = Felipe Carrillo Puerto Municipality{{!}} Felipe Carrillo Puerto| pop_6 = 30,754 div_7 = Solidaridad Municipality{{!}} Solidaridad| pop_7 = 22,878 div_8 =Benito Juárez Municipality, Quintana Roo{{!}} Benito Juárez| pop_8 = 19,789 div_9 = Puerto Morelos Municipality{{!}} Puerto Morelos| pop_9 = 19,205 div_10 = José María Morelos Municipality{{!}} Jose María Morelos| pop_10 = 13,332}}{{Historical populations| align = none|type =|footnote =PUBLISHER=GEOHIVE URL-STATUS=DEAD ARCHIVE-DATE=MARCH 11, 2012, | 9109 10966 10620 18752 26967 50169 88150 225985 493277 703536 874963 1135309 1325578 1501562 1857985}}

Municipalities

The State of Quintana Roo is divided into 11 municipalities (), each headed by a municipal president:NEWS, Silvia, Hernández, Bacalar, el décimo municipio de Q. Roo,weblink El Universal (México), El Universal, February 2, 2011, April 12, 2011, {{div col|colwidth=20em}}

• Bacalar
• Benito Juarez
• Othón P. Blanco
• Puerto Morelos
• Cozumel
• Felipe Carrillo Puerto
• Isla Mujeres
• Solidaridad
• Tulum
• José María Morelos
• Lázaro Cárdenas

{{div col end}}

Tourism

File:Cancun aerial photo by safa.jpg|thumb|200px|Aerial view of CancúnCancún(File:IslaContoy-PeterMaas.JPG|thumb|200px|Beach of Contoy Island)File:Cozumel Punta Sur View-27527.jpg|thumb|200px|Beach of Punta Sur at south at the CozumelCozumelQuintana Roo's tourist boom began in the 1970s.Anderson, E. N. and Felix Medina Tzuc. 2005. Animals and the Maya in Southeast Mexico. University of Arizona Press. Tucson, Arizona. Tourism resulted in the development of coastal hotels and resorts, in addition to ecotourism inland and in coastal regions, which have increased the development of the region as well as the gross domestic product.Daltabuit, Magali and Oriol Pi-Sunyer. 1990. Tourism Development in Quintana Roo, Mexico. Cultural Survival Quarterly 14.2, 9-13. Quintana Roo ranks sixth among Mexican states according to the United Nations Human Development index (HDI).Encyclopædia Britannica 2008. "Quintana Roo". Encyclopædia Britannica Online. weblink Retrieved February 21, 2008.The Riviera Maya is located along the Caribbean coastline, including Cancún, Playa del Carmen, Puerto Morelos, Akumal and Cozumel.There are a number of Mayan archeological sites in Quintana Roo, including Chacchoben, Coba, Kohunlich, Muyil, San Gervasio, Tulum, Xcaret, Xelha, and Yo'okop.Projections for the tourism economy of Quintana Roo have been optimistic, based on multiple attractions, from the Maya ruins to the lush forests and beautiful beaches. However, long-term problems include the effect on the local environment, economic stresses of development and population, and "economic marginalization" of the Maya natives.

Education

Universities

• Instituto Tecnológico de Cancún, Cancún
• Instituto Tecnológico de Chetumal, Chetumal
• University of Quintana Roo, Chetumal
• Intercultural Maya University of Quintana Roo, José María Morelos
• Universidad Anáhuac Cancún, Cancún
• Universidad del Caribe, Cancún
• Universidad Tecnológica de la Riviera Maya, Playa del Carmen
• Universidad La Salle Cancún, Cancún
• Universidad TecMilenio, Cancún

Media

Newspapers of Quintana Roo include: Diario de Quintana Roo, Diario Respuesta, El Periódico de Quintana Roo, El Quintanarroense, Novedades de Quintana Roo, and Por Esto! WEB, Sistema de Información Cultural, Gobierno de Mexico, es, March 11, 2020,weblink Publicaciones periódicas en Quintana Roo, WEB,weblink Latin American & Mexican Online News, Research Guides, University of Texas at San Antonio Libraries, US, March 7, 2020,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20200307192643weblink">weblink

Sports

File:Estadiopotros.JPG|thumb|upright=1.35|Estadio Andrés Quintana Roo in CancúnCancúnSoccer club Atlante F.C. was founded in 1916 in Mexico City and moved to Cancun in 2007 due to poor attendance.WEB,weblink :: Atlante Futbol Club ::, April 15, 2011, The club announced a return to Mexico City in 2020,WEB, Atlante regresa a la CDMX y jugará en el Estadio Azul,weblink El Financiero, June 27, 2020, Spanish, February 3, 2021, concurrently with the relocation of Cafetaleros de Chiapas to Cancún and its rebranding as Cancún F.C.WEB, Moreno, Marcos, Cafetaleros se muda a Quintana Roo y nace Cancún FC,weblink Radio Fórmula, June 26, 2020, Spanish, February 3, 2021, They play in the Mexican second division Liga de Expansión MX at Estadio Andrés Quintana Roo.In addition to soccer, the city has a professional baseball team, the Quintana Roo Tigers, which began playing at the Estadio de Béisbol Beto Ávila in Cancún in the 2006 season.WEB,weblink .TIGRES DE QUINTANAROO., April 15, 2011, The Tigers made it to the Mexican League series (analogous to MLB's World Series) in 2009, but lost to the Saraperos de Saltillo 4 games to 2.WEB,weblink 2009 Playoffs - MiLB.com Events - The Official Site of Minor League Baseball, April 15, 2011,

Time zone

On February 1, 2015, Quintana Roo officially adopted a new time zone, Southeastern, which is five hours behind Coordinated Universal Time ((UTC−05:00)). Quintana Roo does not observe daylight saving time, so Southeastern Time is constant throughout the year. Southeastern Time (ST) is the same as Eastern Standard Time (EST) and Central Daylight Time (CDT). This means that in the winter, Quintana Roo has the same time as regions observing EST, such as the eastern U.S., eastern Canada, Cuba, and Jamaica; and in the summer, Quintana Roo has the same time as regions observing CDT, such as central Mexico.WEB, Quintana Roo estrena horario mañana (Spanish),weblink February 1, 2015, es, WEB, Mexico's Quintana Roo Gears Up for Feb. 1 Time Change,weblink TravelPulse, February 10, 2015, NEWS, Haynes, Danielle, Cancun switches to Eastern time zone,weblink February 10, 2015, UPI, January 29, 2015, WEB, Cancun Region Gets Longer Evenings,weblink Time and Date, February 10, 2015, January 14, 2015, WEB, Boletín 266 .- Celebra SECTUR reforma a ley del sistema de horario en los Estados Unidos Mexicanos,weblink Mexican Ministry of Tourism, March 8, 2015, es, WEB, DECRETO por el que se reforman los artículos 2 y 3 de la Ley del Sistema de Horario en los Estados Unidos Mexicanos,weblink Official Journal of the Federation, Mexican Interior Ministry, March 8, 2015, es, Quintana Roo changed to Southeastern Time for economic reasons, including:

• Allowing tourists in areas such as Cancun, Cozumel, and Playa del Carmen to spend more time (and money) at beaches, restaurants, historic sites, and other venues.
• Reducing electricity usage by hotels, restaurants, and other facilities.

Before Quintana Roo adopted the Southeastern time zone (officially referred to as zona sureste in Mexico), it had been part of the Central time zone (zona centro).

See also

• Cenote

Notes

{{notelist}}{{reflist|30em}}

References

• Dumond, Don E.1985 The Talking Crosses of Yucatán: A New Look at their History. Ethnohistory 32(4):291–308.
• Freidel, David., Schele, Linda., et al. 1993 Maya Cosmos: Three thousand years on the Shaman's Path. New York: W. Morrow
• Harrison, Peter D. 1985 Some Aspects of Preconquest Settlement in Southern Quintana Roo, Mexico. Lowland Maya Settlement Patterns edited by Wendy Ashmore Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, A School of American Research Book.
• Villa Rojas, Alfonso. 1945 The Maya of East Central Quintana Roo: The Pagan-Christian Religious Complex. Washington, D.C.: Carnegie Institution.

Further reading

• Anderson, E. N. and Felix Medina Tzuc. Animals and the Maya in Southeast Mexico. University of Arizona Press. Tucson, Arizona. 2005.
• Brannon, Jeffery T. and Gilbert M. Joseph. Eds. 1991 Land, labor & capital in modern Yucatán: essays in regional history and political economy. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press.
• Barton Bray, David, Marcelo Carreon, Leticia Merino, and Victoria Santos. "On the Road to Sustainable Forestry: The Maya of Quintana Roo are Striving to Combine Economic Efficiency, Ecological Sustainability, and a Democratic Society." Cultural Survival Quarterly 17.1, 38–41. 1993.
• Daltabuit, Magali and Oriol Pi-Sunyer. 1990. Tourism Development in Quintana Roo, Mexico. Cultural Survival Quarterly 14.2, 9-13. weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20051219230755weblink">Cultural Survival
• Dumond, Don E. 1997 The Machete and the Cross. Campesino Rebellion in Yucatán. Lincoln and London: University of Nebraska Press.
• Encyclopædia Britannica 2008. Quintana Roo. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. Accessed 2008-02-21.
• Forero, Oscar A. and Michael R. Redclift. "The Role of the Mexican State in the Development of Chicle Extraction in Yucatán, and the Continuing Importance of Coyotaje." Journal of Latin American Studies 38.1, 65–93. 2006.
• Gabbert, Wolfgang. Becoming Maya—Ethnicity and Social Inequality in Yucatán Since 1500. University of Arizona Press. Tucson, Arizona. 2004.
• Hervik, Peter. Mayan People Within and Beyond Boundaries—Social Categories and Lived Identity in Yucatán. Harwood Academic Publishers. Amsterdam, the Netherlands. 1999.
• Jones, Grant D. Maya Resistance to Spanish Rule—Time and History on a Colonial Frontier. University of New Mexico Press. Albuquerque, New Mexico. 1989.
• Juarez, Ana M. 2002. "Ecological Degradation, Global Tourism, and Inequality: Maya Interpretations of the Changing Environment in Quintana Roo, Mexico". Human Organization 61.2, 113–124.
• Morely, Sylvanus Griswold. The Ancient Maya. Stanford University Press. Stanford, California. 1947.
• Morely, Sylvanus Griswold and George W. Brainerd. The Ancient Maya, 3rd ed. Stanford University Press. Stanford, California. 1956.
• Pi-Sunyer, Oriol and R. Brooke Thomas. 1997. Tourism, Environmentalism, and Cultural Survival in Quintana Roo. "In" Life and Death Matters: Human Rights at the End of the Millennium. Barbara R. Johnston, ed. p. 187-212. Walnut Creek, California. Altamira Press.
• Roys, Ralph L. The Political Geography of the Yucatán Maya. Carnegie Institution of Washington Publication 613. Washington, D. C. 1957.
• Rugeley, Terry. 2004 "Yaxcabá and the caste war of Yucatán: An Archaeological Perspective" In Alexander, Rani T. ed. Yaxcabá and the caste war of Yucatán Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press
• Schlesinger, Victoria. Animals and Plants of the Ancient Maya: A Guide. University of Texas Press. Austin, Texas. 2001.
• Sharer, Robert J. The Ancient Maya, 4th ed. Stanford University Press. Stanford, California. 1983.
• Villa Rojas, Alfonso. The Maya of East Central Quintana Roo. Carnegie Institute of Washington Publication 559. Washington, D. C. 1945.
• Young, Peter A, ed. Secrets of the Maya. Hatherleigh Press. Long Island City, New York. 2003
• weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20130406130712weblink">Link to tables of population data from Census of 2005 INEGI: Instituto Nacional de Estadística, Geografía e Informática

External links

{{Commons category}}{{Wikivoyage}}

• {{osmrelation|2614434}}
• Quintana Roo State Government official website {{in lang|es}}

{{Quintana Roo}}{{States of Mexico}}{{Authority control}}