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English Americans
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{{short description|Americans of English birth or descent}}{{about|people of the U.S. with roots in England|the language|American English|other uses|American English (disambiguation)}}{{pp-move}}{{Use mdy dates|date=February 2023}}{{Use American English|date=February 2023}}- the content below is remote from Wikipedia
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| factoids |
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Sense of identity
File:England United States Locator.png|thumb|right|upright=1.35|{{Legend0|#3c9d3c}}England {{Legend0|#ff7500}} United States. Shows the first permanent English settlement of Jamestown in 1607.]]Americans of English heritage are often seen, and identify, as simply “American” due to the many historic cultural ties between England and the U.S. and their influence on the country’s population. Relative to ethnic groups of other European origins, this may be due to the early establishment of English settlements; as well as to non-English groups having emigrated in order to establish significant communities.BOOK,books.google.com/books?id=SoOXrMVp5BsC&q=english+ancestry+united+states&pg=PA37, From Many Strands: Ethnic and Racial Groups in Contemporary America, Stanley, Lieberson, Mary C., Waters, 1988, Russell Sage Foundation, 9780871545435, Since 1776, English Americans have been less likely to proclaim their heritage, unlike other British Americans, Latino Americans, African Americans, Italian Americans, Irish Americans, Native Americans or other ethnic groups. This is a reason why numbers vary drastically between self-identification and estimates. A leading specialist, Charlotte Erickson, found them to be ethnically “invisible,” dismissing the occasional St. George Societies as ephemeral elite clubs that were not in touch with a larger ethnic community.Charlotte Erickson, Invisible immigrants: the adaptation of English and Scottish immigrants in nineteenth-century America (1990) In Canada, by contrast, the English organized far more ethnic activism, as the English competed sharply with the well-organized French and Irish elements.Tanja Bueltmann, and Don MacRaild, “Globalizing St George: English associations in the Anglo-world to the 1930s” Journal of Global History (2012) 7#1 pp. 79–105 In the United States, the Scottish immigrants were much better organized than the English in the 19th century, as were their descendants in the late 20th century.Rowland Berthoff, “Under the Kilt: Variations on the Scottish-American Ground” Journal of American Ethnic History (1982) 1#2 pp. 5–34 onlineNumber of English Americans{| class“wikitable floatright” style@font-size:90%;”
! colspan=“8“|English origins response1700–1775
According to studies and estimates, the ethnic populations in the British American Colonies from 1700 onwards were: (*Georgia not included){|class=“sort wikitable” style="font-size: 95%”Data
National origins: 1790–1900
{{multiple image
| align = right
| direction = vertical
| image1 = National Origins of the White Population of the USA, 1920.png
| width1 = 270
| caption1 = The White Population of the United States in 1920, apportioned according to the National Origins Formula prescribed by §11(c) of the Immigration Act of 1924. About 43.5% of White Americans were deemed to be of colonial stock descended from the population enumerated in 1790, more than 3/4 of whom from Great Britain.REPORT, Investigation of the Immigration and Naturalization Systems of the United States, United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary, U.S. Senate Committee on the Judiciary, Senate Report № 81-1515, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.,www.ilw.com/immigrationdaily/news/2008,0701-senatereport81-1515part5of5.pdf,web.archive.org/web/20220908005206/https://www.ilw.com/immigrationdaily/news/2008,0701-senatereport81-1515part5of5.pdf, April 20, 1950, 768–925, September 8, 2022, September 16, 2022,
| image2 = White Americans by National Origin in the 1790 Census (1909 CPG and 1929 ACLS estimates).png
| width2 = 270
| caption2 = European Americans in 1790, by nationality, according to the preliminary Century of Population Growth estimate in 1909 (top half) and revised American Council of Learned Societies study estimates accepted by the Census Bureau in 1929 (bottom half).BOOK, 1909, A Century of Population Growth. From the First to the Twelfth Census of the United States: 1790–1900., W. S., Rossiter,www2.census.gov/library/publications/decennial/1900/century-of-growth/1790-1900-century-of-growth-part-1.pdf, Washington, D.C., U.S. Bureau of the Census, Chapter XI. Nationality as Indicated by Names of Heads of Families Reported at the First Census, 116–124,web.archive.org/web/20220910221959/https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/decennial/1900/century-of-growth/1790-1900-century-of-growth-part-1.pdf, September 10, 2022, September 16, 2022, BOOK, American Council of Learned Societies. Committee on Linguistic and National Stocks in the Population of the United States, 1932, Report of the Committee on Linguistic and National Stocks in the Population of the United States, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.,books.google.com/books?id=DVA42JB6IYsC&pg=PA101, American Council of Learned Societies, 1086749050,
| alt3 =
}}The ancestries of the population in 1790 (the first national population census) has been estimated by various sources, first in 1909, then again in 1932, 1980 and 1984 by sampling distinctive surnames in the census and assigning them a country of origin. There is debate over the accuracy between the studies with individual scholars and the Federal Government using different techniques and conclusion for the ethnic composition.WEB,www.csun.edu/~hfgeg005/eturner/images/Books/WTP/WTPch5_W_Eur.pdf, People of Western European origin, CSun.edu, April 4, 2020, BOOK,books.google.com/books?id=SoOXrMVp5BsC&q=From+many+strands:+ethnic+and+racial+groups+in+contemporary+Am%C3%A9rica+ear;lier+ethnic+composition+1790&pg=PA38, From Many Strands: Ethnic and Racial Groups in Contemporary America, Stanley, Lieberson, Mary C., Waters, 20 September 1988, Russell Sage Foundation, 21 August 2017, Google Books, 9780871545435, A study published in 1909 titled A Century of Population Growth. From the First to the Twelfth census of the United States: 1790–1900 by the Government Census Bureau estimated the English were 83.5%, 6.7% Scottish, 1.6% Irish, 2.0% Dutch, 0.5% French, 5.6% German and 0.1% all others of the white population for the 12 enumerated states.WEB,www2.census.gov/library/publications/decennial/1900/century-of-growth/1790-1900-century-of-growth-part-1.pdf, A Century of Population Growth. From the First to the Twelfth census of the United States: 1790–1900, census.gov, 1909, April 4, 2020, “Hebrews” (Jews) were less than one-tenth of 1 percent. When the Scotch and Irish are added, British origins would be more than 90% of the European ancestry.WEB,www2.census.gov/library/publications/decennial/1900/century-of-growth/1790-1900-century-of-growth-part-1.pdf, A Century of Population Growth. From the First to the Twelfth census of the United States: 1790–1900, census.gov, 1909, April 4, 2020, WEB,ftp.census.gov/library/publications/decennial/1900/century-of-growth/1790-1900-century-of-growth-part-1.pdf, A Century of Population Growth. From the First to the Twelfth census of the United States: 1790–1900, W. S., Rossiter, 1909, April 4, 2020, BOOK,books.google.com/books?id=1HB2AAAAMAAJ, Surnames in the United States Census of 1790: An Analysis of National Origins of the Population, 1969, 9780806300047, April 4, 2020, Council, American Rearned, Genealogical Publishing Company, The same 1909 data for each state (of the total European population only) of English ancestry were Connecticut 96.2%, Rhode Island 96.0%, Vermont 95.4%, Massachusetts 95.0%, New Hampshire 94.1%, Maine 93.1%, Virginia 85.0%, Maryland 84.0%, North Carolina 83.1%, South Carolina 82.4%, New York 78.2% and Pennsylvania 59.0%.WEB,www2.census.gov/library/publications/decennial/1900/century-of-growth/1790-1900-century-of-growth-part-1.pdf, A Century of Population Growth. From the First to the Twelfth census of the United States: 1790–1900 (pp. 111–117), census.gov, 1909, April 4, 2020, CPG estimated that, of all European Americans in the Continental United States as of 1790, 82.1% were English, followed by 7.0% Scotch, 5.6% German, 2.5% Dutch, 1.9% Irish, and 0.6% French.| direction = vertical
| image1 = National Origins of the White Population of the USA, 1920.png
| width1 = 270
| caption1 = The White Population of the United States in 1920, apportioned according to the National Origins Formula prescribed by §11(c) of the Immigration Act of 1924. About 43.5% of White Americans were deemed to be of colonial stock descended from the population enumerated in 1790, more than 3/4 of whom from Great Britain.REPORT, Investigation of the Immigration and Naturalization Systems of the United States, United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary, U.S. Senate Committee on the Judiciary, Senate Report № 81-1515, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.,www.ilw.com/immigrationdaily/news/2008,0701-senatereport81-1515part5of5.pdf,web.archive.org/web/20220908005206/https://www.ilw.com/immigrationdaily/news/2008,0701-senatereport81-1515part5of5.pdf, April 20, 1950, 768–925, September 8, 2022, September 16, 2022,
| image2 = White Americans by National Origin in the 1790 Census (1909 CPG and 1929 ACLS estimates).png
| width2 = 270
| caption2 = European Americans in 1790, by nationality, according to the preliminary Century of Population Growth estimate in 1909 (top half) and revised American Council of Learned Societies study estimates accepted by the Census Bureau in 1929 (bottom half).BOOK, 1909, A Century of Population Growth. From the First to the Twelfth Census of the United States: 1790–1900., W. S., Rossiter,www2.census.gov/library/publications/decennial/1900/century-of-growth/1790-1900-century-of-growth-part-1.pdf, Washington, D.C., U.S. Bureau of the Census, Chapter XI. Nationality as Indicated by Names of Heads of Families Reported at the First Census, 116–124,web.archive.org/web/20220910221959/https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/decennial/1900/century-of-growth/1790-1900-century-of-growth-part-1.pdf, September 10, 2022, September 16, 2022, BOOK, American Council of Learned Societies. Committee on Linguistic and National Stocks in the Population of the United States, 1932, Report of the Committee on Linguistic and National Stocks in the Population of the United States, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.,books.google.com/books?id=DVA42JB6IYsC&pg=PA101, American Council of Learned Societies, 1086749050,
| alt3 =
English American population estimates (1790)
The 1909 Century of Population Growth report came under intense scrutiny in the 1920s; its methodology was subject to criticism over fundamental flaws that cast doubt on the accuracy of its conclusions. The catalyst for controversy had been passage of the Immigration Act of 1924, which imposed numerical quotas on each country of Europe limiting the number of immigrants to be admitted out of a finite total annual pool. The size of each national quota was determined by the National Origins Formula, in part computed by estimating the origins of the colonial stock population descended from White Americans enumerated in the 1790 Census.{{citation needed|date=February 2024}}The undercount of other colonial stocks like German Americans and Irish Americans would thus have contemporary policy consequences. When CPG was produced in 1909, the concept of independent Ireland did not even exist. CPG made no attempt to further classify its estimated 1.9% Irish population to distinguish Celtic Irish Catholics of Gaelic Ireland, who in 1922 formed the independent Irish Free State, from the Scotch-Irish descendants of Ulster Scots and Anglo-Irish of the Plantation of Ulster, which became Northern Ireland and remained part of the United Kingdom. In 1927, proposed immigration quotas based on CPG figures were rejected by the President’s Committee chaired by the Secretaries of State, Commerce, and Labor, with the President reporting to Congress “the statistical and historical information available raises grave doubts as to the whole value of these computations as the basis for the purposes intended.“Among the criticisms of A Century of Population Growth:- CPG failed to account for Anglicization of names, assuming any surname that could be English was actually English
- CPG failed to consider first names even when obviously foreign, assuming anyone with a surname that could be English was actually English
- CPG started by classifying all names as Scotch, Irish, Dutch, French, German, Hebrew, or other. All remaining names which could not be classed with one of the 6 other listed nationalities, nor identified by the Census clerk as too exotic to be English, were assumed to be English
- CPG classification was an unscientific process by Census clerks with no training in history, genealogy, or linguistics, nor were scholars in those fields consulted
- CPG estimates were produced by a linear process with no checks on potential errors nor opportunity for peer review or scholarly revision once an individual clerk had assigned a name to a nationality
Census
1980
In 1980, 23,748,772 Americans claimed only English ancestry and another 25,849,263 claimed English along with another ethnic ancestry.WEB,www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial/tables/1980/1980-ancestry/tab02.pdf, Census.gov Persons Who Reported at Least One Specific Ancestry Group for the United States: 1980, Census.gov, 21 August 2017, 13.3 million or 5.9% of the total U.S. population chose to identify as “American” (counted under “not specified“) as also seen in censuses that followed.Ancestry of the Population by State: 1980 (Supplementary Report PC80-S1-10)Issued: April 1983 Below shows the persons who reported at least one specific ancestry are as follows.Single ancestry response by Region, Division and State – 1980 censusMultiple ancestry response by Region, Division and State – 1980 census{|class=“wikitable” style="font-size: 90%”1990
In 1990, the national level response rate for the question was high with 90.4% of the total United States population choosing at least one specific ancestry and 9.6% ignored the question completely. Of those who chose English, 66.9% of people chose it as their first response.Totals for the English showed a considerable decrease from the previous census.WEB, 1990 Census of Population Detailed Ancestry Groups for States,www.census.gov/prod/cen1990/cp-s/cp-s-1-2.pdf, United States Census Bureau, 30 November 2012, 18 September 1992, Responses for “American” slightly decreased both numerically and as a percentage from 5.9% to 5.2% in 1990 with most being from the South.WEB, 1990 Census of Population Detailed Ancestry Groups for States,www.census.gov/prod/cen1990/cp-s/cp-s-1-2.pdf, United States Census Bureau, 30 November 2012, 18 September 1992, {|class=“wikitable” style="font-size: 90%”2000
In the 2000 census, 24.5 million or 8.7% of Americans reported English ancestry, a decline of some eight million people. At the national level, the response rate for the ancestry question fell to 80.1% of the total U.S. population, while 19.9% were unclassified or ignored the question completely. It was the fourth largest ancestral group.Ancestry: 2000 – Census 2000 Brief Some Cornish Americans may not identify as English American or British American, even though Cornwall had been part of England since long before their ancestors arrived in North America. Responses were:First, Second, and Total Responses to the Ancestry Question – by Detailed Ancestry Code: 2000{|class=“wikitable” style="font-size: 90%”2010 ACS
In 2010, the official census did not include a question on origins or ancestry, however the American Community Survey enumerated Americans reporting English ancestry at 27.4 million, 9.0% of the U.S. population; in 2015, 24.8 million, 7.8% of the population. A decade thereafter, in 2020, the U.S. Census Bureau recorded 25.2 million Americans reporting full or partial English ancestry, about 7.7% of the U.S. population.WEB,data.census.gov/cedsci/table?t=Ancestry&tid=ACSDT5Y2020.B04006, Table B04006 – People Reporting Ancestry – 2020 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates, United States Census Bureau, 18 July 2022, live,web.archive.org/web/20220713211542/https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?t=Ancestry&tid=ACSDT5Y2020.B04006, 13 July 2022, WEB,data.census.gov/cedsci/table?tid=ACSDT5Y2015.B04006, Table B04006 – People Reporting Ancestry – 2015 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates, United States Census Bureau, 18 July 2022, live,web.archive.org/web/20220713223827/https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?tid=ACSDT5Y2015.B04006, 13 July 2022,2020
Results for the 2020 United States census showed that English Americans were the largest group in the United States where 25,536,410 (12.5%) identified as “English alone” with a further 21 million choosing English combined with another ethnic origin. The total is 46,550,968 Americans self-identifying as being of English origin representing (19.8%) of the White American alone or in any combination population.WEB,www.census.gov/library/visualizations/interactive/detailed-race-ethnicities-2020-census.html, Detailed Races and Ethnicities in the United States and Puerto Rico: 2020 Census, United States census, September 21, 2023, December 1, 2023, {|class=“wikitable” style="font-size: 90%”Geographical distribution
1980
(File:Englishancestrymap.jpg|thumb|270x270px|Percentages by county in the 1980 census.)In the 1980 United States census,WEB, Persons Who Reported at Least One Specific Ancestry Group for Regions, Divisions and States: 1980,www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial/tables/1980/1980-ancestry/tab03.pdf, United States Census, December 28, 2023, English ancestry was reported to be at around 49.6 million. This number had dramatically declined by the previously mentioned 2000 census, where 24.5 million people reported English ancestry.One main reason for this is because once the American ancestry category was introduced for self-reporting ancestry, many people who previously reported having English origins reported as having “American” ancestry instead.2000
English Americans are found in large numbers throughout the United States, particularly in the Northeast, South and West.{{citation needed|date=February 2024}}Cities
The following are the top 20 highest percentages of people of English ancestry, in U.S. communities (total list of the 101 communities, see source):WEB,www.epodunk.com/ancestry/English.html, Top 101 cities with the most residents of English ancestry (population 500+), 2007-08-02,epodunk.com/ancestry/English.html," title="web.archive.org/web/20071011163452epodunk.com/ancestry/English.html,">web.archive.org/web/20071011163452epodunk.com/ancestry/English.html, 2007-10-11, dead, {| class=“wikitable“|+Top 20 highest cities with over 500 Population: English Ancestry (In Progress)!Rank!City!State!Percent2020 census by state
{{update section|2020 census results|date=October 2023}}According to the 2020 U.S. census, the 10 states with the largest populations of self-reported English Americans are:{| class=“wikitable sortable”History
Early settlement and colonization
{{See also|English overseas possessions}}File:View of James Town Island, Captain John Smith Statue.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.3|Statue of John Smith for the first English settlement in Historic Jamestowne, VirginiaVirginiaEnglish settlement in America began with Jamestown in the Virginia Colony in 1607. With the permission of James I, three ships (the Susan Constant, The Discovery, and The God Speed) sailed from England and landed at Cape Henry in April, under the captainship of Christopher Newport, who had been hired by the London Company to lead expeditions to what is now America.WEB,www.infoplease.com/ce6/people/A0835458.html, Newport, Christopher, Infoplease.com, 17 March 2015, File:The Mayflower Compact 1620 cph.3g07155.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.3|The first self-governing document of Plymouth Colony. English Pilgrims signing the Mayflower CompactMayflower CompactThe second successful colony was Plymouth Colony, founded in 1620 by people who later became known as the Pilgrims. Fleeing religious persecution in the East Midlands in England, they first went to Holland, but feared losing their English identity.WEB,www.bassetlawmuseum.org.uk/projects/bassetlaw.asp?page=pilgrimfathers&mwsquery=%7Btopic%7D=%7Bpilgrim%7D&filename=words.mdf, Bassetlaw Museum, Bassetlawmuseum.org.uk, 21 August 2017,bassetlawmuseum.org.uk/projects/bassetlaw.asp?page=pilgrimfathers&mwsquery=%7Btopic%7D=%7Bpilgrim%7D&filename=words.mdf," title="web.archive.org/web/20071013133508bassetlawmuseum.org.uk/projects/bassetlaw.asp?page=pilgrimfathers&mwsquery=%7Btopic%7D=%7Bpilgrim%7D&filename=words.mdf,">web.archive.org/web/20071013133508bassetlawmuseum.org.uk/projects/bassetlaw.asp?page=pilgrimfathers&mwsquery=%7Btopic%7D=%7Bpilgrim%7D&filename=words.mdf, 13 October 2007, dead, Because of this, they chose to relocate to the New World, with their voyage being financed by English investors. In September 1620, 102 passengers set sail aboard the Mayflower, eventually settling at Plymouth Colony in November.WEB,www.learnenglish.org.uk/magazine/magazine_pilgrims_home.html, Pilgrims – Learn English, Learnenglish.org.uk, 21 August 2017, Of the passengers on the Mayflower, 41 men signed the “Mayflower Compact” aboard ship on November 11, 1620, while anchored in Provincetown Harbor. Signers included Carver, Alden, Standish, Howland, Bradford, Allerton, and Fuller.BOOK,faculty.gordon.edu/hu/bi/Ted_Hildebrandt/NEReligiousHistory/Bradford-Plimoth/Bradford-PlymouthPlantation.pdf, Bradford, William, Bradford’s History “Of Plimoth Plantation”, Hildebrandt, Ted, 1898, Wright & Potter, Boston, Book 2, Anno 1620, 2006-06-01,faculty.gordon.edu/hu/bi/ted_hildebrandt/NEReligiousHistory/Bradford-Plimoth/Bradford-PlymouthPlantation.pdf," title="web.archive.org/web/20160303233832faculty.gordon.edu/hu/bi/ted_hildebrandt/NEReligiousHistory/Bradford-Plimoth/Bradford-PlymouthPlantation.pdf,">web.archive.org/web/20160303233832faculty.gordon.edu/hu/bi/ted_hildebrandt/NEReligiousHistory/Bradford-Plimoth/Bradford-PlymouthPlantation.pdf, 2016-03-03, dead, William Bradford, Edward Winslow (printer G. Mourt [George Morton], Relation or Iournall of the beginning and proceedings of the English Plantation setled at Plimoth in New England, Early English Books Online, p.4 This story has become a central theme in the United States cultural identity.A number of English colonies were established under a system of proprietary governors, who were appointed under mercantile charters to English joint stock companies to found and run settlements.Herbert L. Osgood, “The Proprietary Province as a Form of Colonial Government, II.” American Historical Review 3.1 (1897): 31–55 online.England also took over the Dutch colony of New Netherland (including the New Amsterdam settlement), renaming it the Province of New York in 1664.WEB,www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/database/article_display.cfm?HHID=682, Digital History, Digitalhistory.uh.edu, 21 August 2017,www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/database/article_display.cfm?HHID=682," title="web.archive.org/web/20120418021716www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/database/article_display.cfm?HHID=682,">web.archive.org/web/20120418021716www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/database/article_display.cfm?HHID=682, 18 April 2012, dead, With New Netherland, the English came to control the former New Sweden (in what is now Delaware), which the Dutch had conquered from Sweden earlier. This became part of Pennsylvania.WEB, New Sweden,www.u-s-history.com/pages/h595.html, 17 March 2015, U-s-history.com,English immigration after 1776
Cultural similarities and a common language allowed English immigrants to integrate rapidly and gave rise to a unique Anglo-American culture. An estimated 3.5 million English immigrated to the U.S. after 1776.WEB,www.trivia-library.com/b/people-races-ethnicity-in-the-u-s-english-americans-part-2.htm, Synonyms Thesaurus with Antonyms & Definitions - Synonym.com, Trivia-library.com, 17 March 2015, English settlers provided a steady and substantial influx throughout the 19th century.{{cn|date=May 2024}}{| class=“floatright wikitable” style="font-size:95%;“|+ English immigration to the United StatesPolitical influence
As early colonists of the United States, settlers from England and their descendants often held positions of power and made and enforced laws,WEB,www.historians.org/Projects/GIRoundtable/Commonwealth/Commonwealth4.htm, GI Roundtable Series, Historians.org, 17 March 2015, often because many had been involved in government back in England.ENCYCLOPEDIA, History of Colonial America,encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_1741502191_2/History_of_Colonial_America.html,encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_1741502191_2/History_of_Colonial_America.html," title="web.archive.org/web/20091102005537encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_1741502191_2/History_of_Colonial_America.html,">web.archive.org/web/20091102005537encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_1741502191_2/History_of_Colonial_America.html, 2009-11-02, dead, In the original Thirteen Colonies, most laws contained elements found in the English common law system.Dan Priel, “Conceptions of authority and the Anglo-American common law divide.” American Journal of Comparative Law 65.3 (2017): 609–657.The majority of the Founding Fathers of the United States were of English extraction. A minority were of high social status and can be classified as White Anglo-Saxon Protestant (WASP). Many of the prewar WASP elite were Loyalists who left the new nation.Richard D. Brown, “The Founding Fathers of 1776 and 1787: A collective view.” William and Mary Quarterly (1976) 33#3: 465–480, especially pp 466, 478–79. onlineLanguage
(File:Population speaking English at home by PUMA.png|thumb|310px|upright=2.1|Percentage of Americans aged 5+ speaking English at home in each Public Usage Microdata Area (PUMA) of the fifty states, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico.)English is the most commonly spoken language in the U.S., where it is estimated that two thirds of all native speakers of English live.WEB,www.nvtc.gov/lotw/months/november/USlanguages.html, National Virtual Translation Center, Nvtc.gov, 2017-08-21, The American English dialect developed from English colonization. It serves as the de facto official language, the language in which government business is carried out. According to the 1990 census, 94% of the U.S. population speak only English.BOOK,www.census.gov/population/www/cen2000/phc-t20.html, Summary Tables on Language Use and English Ability: 2000 (PHC-T-20), U.S. Census Bureau, 2008-02-22, Adding those who speak English “well” or “very well” brings this figure to 96%. Only 0.8% speak no English at all as compared with 3.6% in 1890. American English differs from British English in a number of ways, the most striking being in terms of pronunciation (for example, American English retains the pronunciation of the letter “R” after vowels, unlike standard British English, though it still can be heard in several regional dialects in England) and spelling (one example is the “u” in words such as color, favor (US) vs colour, favour (UK)). Less obvious differences are present in grammar and vocabulary. The differences are rarely a barrier to effective communication between American English and British English speakers, but there are certainly enough differences to cause occasional misunderstandings, usually surrounding slang or dialect differences.{{cn|date=May 2024}}Some states, like California, have amended their constitutions to make English the only official language, but in practice, this only means that official government documents must at least be in English, and does not mean that they should be exclusively available only in English. For example, the standard California Class C driver’s license examination is available in 32 different languages.Wes Venteicher, “California DMV reverses decision to eliminate most foreign language options for driver tests” Sacramento Bee May 7, 2021. onlineExpression
“In for a penny, in for a pound” is an expression to mean, (“if you’re going to take a risk at all, you might as well make it a big risk“), is used in the United States which dates back to the colonial period, when cash in the colonies was denominated in Pounds, shillings and Pence.WEB,eh.net/encyclopedia/article/michener.american.colonies.money, Money in the American Colonies | Economic History Services, 2010-04-18, dead,eh.net/encyclopedia/article/michener.american.colonies.money," title="web.archive.org/web/20100611152801eh.net/encyclopedia/article/michener.american.colonies.money,">web.archive.org/web/20100611152801eh.net/encyclopedia/article/michener.american.colonies.money, 2010-06-11, Today, the one-cent coin is commonly known as a penny. A modern alternative expression is “In for a dime, in for a dollar”.{{cn|date=May 2024}}Cultural contributions
Much of American culture shows influences from English culture.File:Motherhood and apple pie.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.2|American cultural icons, apple pie, baseball, and the American flagAmerican flagCuisine
- Apple pie – New England was the first region to experience large-scale English colonization in the early 17th century, beginning in 1620, and it was dominated by East Anglian Calvinists, better known as the Puritans. Baking was a particular favorite of the New Englanders and was the origin of dishes seen today as quintessentially “American”, such as apple pie and the oven-roasted Thanksgiving turkey.Fischer, pp. 74, 114, 134–39. “As American as apple pie” is a well-known phrase used to suggest that something is all-American.
- Roast beef – In the middle of the 17th century a second wave of English immigrants began arriving in North America, settling mainly in the Chesapeake Bay region of Virginia and Maryland, expanding upon the Jamestown settlement. Their roast beef was often served with Yorkshire puddings and horseradish sauce.Mary Randolph, The Virginia house-wife (Univ of South Carolina Press, 1984) p. xxxv, 41–44.
Celebrations
File:Thanksgiving-Brownscombe.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.25|The First Thanksgiving at Plymouth Colony by English Pilgrims in October 1621.]]- Thanksgiving was celebrated by English settlers to give thanks to God for helping the Pilgrims of Plymouth Colony survive the brutal winter. This feast lasted three days, as accounted by attendee Edward Winslow.{{citation|last=Winslow|first=Edward|title=Mourt’s Relation|url=http://factreal.files.wordpress.com/2009/11/heritagepilgrimsmourtsrelationjournalbywinslow.pdf|access-date=November 20, 2013|year=1622|page=133|quote=many of the Indians coming amongst us, and amongst the rest their greatest king Massasoyt, with some ninetie men, whom for three dayes we entertained and feasted|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151125220402factreal.files.wordpress.com/2009/11/heritagepilgrimsmourtsrelationjournalbywinslow.pdf|archive-date=November 25, 2015|url-status=dead}}WEB,www.pilgrimhallmuseum.org/pdf/TG_What_Happened_in_1621.pdf, Primary Sources for ‘The First Thanksgiving’ at Plymouth, Pilgrim Hall Museum, November 26, 2009, The 53 Pilgrims at the First Thanksgiving,www.pilgrimhallmuseum.org/pdf/TG_What_Happened_in_1621.pdf," title="web.archive.org/web/20121224003144www.pilgrimhallmuseum.org/pdf/TG_What_Happened_in_1621.pdf,">web.archive.org/web/20121224003144www.pilgrimhallmuseum.org/pdf/TG_What_Happened_in_1621.pdf, December 24, 2012, dead, William Bradford, Of Plymouth Plantation 1620–1647, 85.
Law
The American legal system also has its roots in English law.WEB,www.llrx.com/features/otherthanenglish.htm, Features – Sources of United States of America Legal Information in Languages Other than English –, LLRX, 17 March 2015, dead,www.llrx.com/features/otherthanenglish.htm," title="web.archive.org/web/20150402140249www.llrx.com/features/otherthanenglish.htm,">web.archive.org/web/20150402140249www.llrx.com/features/otherthanenglish.htm, 2 April 2015, English law prior to the American Revolution is still part of the law of the United States, and provides the basis for many American legal traditions and policies. After the revolution, English law was again adopted by the now independent American States.WEB,usinfo.state.gov/journals/itdhr/0999/ijde/messitte.htm, COMMON LAW V. CIVIL LAW SYSTEMS, Usinfo.state.gov, 21 August 2017,web.archive.org/web/20081114211318/https://usinfo.state.gov/journals/itdhr/0999/ijde/messitte.htm, 14 November 2008, dead,Education
The first American schools opened in the 17th century in New England. Boston Latin School was founded in 1635 and is both the first public school and oldest existing school in the United States.WEB,www.bls.org/cfml/l3tmpl_history.cfm, History of Boston Latin School—oldest public school in America, BLS Web Site, 2007-06-01Music
- National anthem – The Star-Spangled Banner takes its melody from the 18th-century English song “The Anacreontic Song” written by John Stafford Smith for the Anacreontic Society, a men’s social club in London. The lyrics were written by Francis Scott Key of English descent. This became a well-known and recognized patriotic song throughout the United States, which was officially designated as the U.S. national anthem in 1931.WEB
, John Stafford Smith: Composer of the Star Spangled Banner
,www.visit-gloucestershire.co.uk/gloucester/smith.htm
, dead,www.visit-gloucestershire.co.uk/gloucester/smith.htm" title="web.archive.org/web/20070711181457www.visit-gloucestershire.co.uk/gloucester/smith.htm">web.archive.org/web/20070711181457www.visit-gloucestershire.co.uk/gloucester/smith.htm
, 2007-07-11
, WEB,www.bcpl.net/~etowner/anthem.html, Fort McHenry – National Anthem, 21 July 2007, 21 August 2017, dead,www.bcpl.net/%7Eetowner/anthem.html," title="web.archive.org/web/20070721004503www.bcpl.net/%7Eetowner/anthem.html,">web.archive.org/web/20070721004503www.bcpl.net/%7Eetowner/anthem.html, 21 July 2007, WEB,www.contemplator.com/america/ssbanner.html, Star Spangled Banner, Lesley Nelson, Contemplator.com, 17 March 2015, ,www.visit-gloucestershire.co.uk/gloucester/smith.htm
, dead,www.visit-gloucestershire.co.uk/gloucester/smith.htm" title="web.archive.org/web/20070711181457www.visit-gloucestershire.co.uk/gloucester/smith.htm">web.archive.org/web/20070711181457www.visit-gloucestershire.co.uk/gloucester/smith.htm
, 2007-07-11
- Hail to the Chief – is the song to announce the arrival or presence of the President of the United States. English songwriter James Sanderson ({{Circa|1769|1841}}), composed the music and was first performed in 1812 in New York.BOOK,books.google.com/books?id=wREkCQAAQBAJ&q=hail+to+the+chief+patriotic+songs+james+sanderson&pg=PA131, The Fourth of July Encyclopedia, James R., Heintze, 9 January 2007, McFarland, 21 August 2017, Google Books, 9780786477166,
- The Liberty Song – written by John Dickinson of English descent in 1768 to the music of Englishman William Boyce’s “Heart of Oak”, is perhaps the first patriotic song written in America. The song contains the line “by uniting we stand, by dividing we fall”, the first recorded use of the sentiment.
- America (My Country, ‘Tis of Thee) – whose melody was indirectly derived from the British national anthem,WEB
,lcweb2.loc.gov/diglib/ihas/loc.natlib.ihas.200000012/default.html
, My country ‘tis of thee [Song Collection]
, The Library of Congress
, 2009-01-20
, also served as a de facto anthem before the adoption of “The Star-Spangled Banner.“BOOK, Snyder, Lois Leo, Louis Leo Snyder, Encyclopedia of Nationalism, Paragon House, 1990, 13, 1-55778-167-2, registration,archive.org/details/encyclopediaofna00snyd/page/13, , My country ‘tis of thee [Song Collection]
, The Library of Congress
, 2009-01-20
- Amazing Grace – written by English poet and clergyman John Newton became such an icon in American culture that it has been used for a variety of secular purposes and marketing campaigns, placing it in danger of becoming a cliché.WEB,www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=894060, Amazing Grace, 29 December 2002, NPR.org, 17 March 2015,
- Yankee Doodle – is written and accredited to Englishman Richard Shuckburgh an army doctor. The tune comes from the English nursery rhyme Lucy Locket.BOOK, Lomax, John A., Lomax, Alan, American Ballads and Folk Songs, 521,books.google.com/books?id=Dn0cSe2ecuoC, 9780486282763, January 1994, Courier Corporation,
Sports
File:Henry Chadwick (NYPL b13537024-56451) (cropped).jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Henry Chadwick’s early contributions to the development of the game is often called the “Father of Baseball”.WEB,www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-devon-33239318, The Englishman dubbed the father of baseball, July 6, 2015, BBC NewsBBC News- Baseball was invented in England.NEWS, Why isn’t baseball more popular in the UK?, BBC News, 26 July 2013,www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-23425907, July 26, 2013, English lawyer William Bray recorded a game of baseball on Easter Monday 1755 in Guildford, Surrey; Bray’s diary was verified as authentic in September 2008.NEWS,news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/7622026.stm, BBC NEWS – UK – England – Baseball ‘origin’ uncovered, news.bbc.co.uk, 17 September 2008, 17 March 2015, WEB,www.bbc.co.uk/southtoday/content/articles/2008/09/09/baseball_feature.shtml, BBC – South Today – Features – Baseball history, Bbc.co.uk, 17 March 2015, This early form of the game was apparently brought to North America by British immigrants. The first appearance of the term that exists in print was in “A Little Pretty Pocket-Book” in 1744, where it is called Base-Ball.WEB,www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/othersports/baseball/2799671/Major-League-Baseball-told-Your-sport-is-British-not-American.html,ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/othersports/baseball/2799671/Major-League-Baseball-told-Your-sport-is-British-not-American.html, 2022-01-12, subscription, live, Major League Baseball told: Your sport is British, not American, Telegraph staff and agencies, 11 September 2008, Telegraph.co.uk, 17 March 2015, {{cbignore}}
- American football traces its roots to early versions of rugby football, played in England and first developed in American universities in the mid-19th century.BOOK,books.google.com/books?id=dhBw1RpvhLwC&q=The+new+American+sport+history+american+football+rugby&pg=PA89, The New American Sport History, 17 March 2015, 9780252065675, Pope, S. W., Pope, Steven W., 1997, University of Illinois Press,
Most common family last names
In 2010, the top ten family names in the United States, seven have English origins or having possible mixed British Isles heritage, the other three being of Spanish and/or Basque origin.WEB,www.census.gov/topics/population/genealogy/data/2010_surnames.html, Frequently Occurring Surnames from the 2010 Census, United States Census Bureau, 25 April 2020, Many African Americans have their origins in slavery (i.e. slave name) and ancestrally came to bear the surnames of their former owners. Many freed slaves either created family names themselves or adopted the name of their former master. Due to anti-German xenophobia during the first and second world wars, some German families anglicized their names.BOOK, Hawgood, John, The Tragedy of German-America, Arno Press, 1970, New York, For example, changing “Schmidt” to “Smith,” causing an increase of English names. {|class=“sort wikitable sortable” style="font-size: 90%”English place names in the United States
{{Refimprove|section|date=May 2024}}{{multiple image
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| caption1 = Boston, Massachusetts named after Boston, Lincolnshire, England.
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| caption2 = In 1664, the English renamed “New York” after (James II of England) the Duke of York.BOOK, The Historical Atlas of New York City: A Visual Celebration of 400 Years of New York City’s History, Homberger, Eric, 2005, 34, Owl Books, 0-8050-7842-8,
| alt2 =
}}This is a short partial list of places in the United States named after places in England as a result of the many English settlers and explorers; in addition, some places were named after the English royal family. These include the region of New England and some of the following:| direction = vertical
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| image2 = Statue of Liberty with One World Trade Center.jpg
| width2 = 270
| caption2 = In 1664, the English renamed “New York” after (James II of England) the Duke of York.BOOK, The Historical Atlas of New York City: A Visual Celebration of 400 Years of New York City’s History, Homberger, Eric, 2005, 34, Owl Books, 0-8050-7842-8,
| alt2 =
Alabama
- Birmingham after Birmingham, England
- Bradford, Alabama, named for Bradford in Yorkshire.BOOK, Foscue, Virginia, 1989, Place Names in Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama, Tuscaloosa, The University of Alabama Press, 0-8173-0410-X,
- Brighton after Brighton, Sussex, England
- Leeds, Alabama, named for the city of Leeds in Yorkshire.WEB, Leeds,www.shelbyal.com/796/Leeds:~:text=Named%20for%20Leeds%2C%20West%20Yorkshire,incorporated%20on%20April%2027th%2C%201887., Shelby County, Alabama – Official Website, 8 August 2023,
- Sheffield, Alabama after Sheffield, England.
California
- Jesmond Dene, named after Jesmond Dene in Newcastle upon Tyne.WEB,www.weekenddriver.com/roadtrip/deneF/dene.html, “Jesmond Dene”, March 22, 2024, March 4, 2016,www.weekenddriver.com/roadtrip/deneF/dene.html," title="web.archive.org/web/20160304002453www.weekenddriver.com/roadtrip/deneF/dene.html,">web.archive.org/web/20160304002453www.weekenddriver.com/roadtrip/deneF/dene.html, dead,
- Keswick, for Keswick, Cumberland
- Westminster after Westminster in London
- Exeter after Exeter, Devon
- Windsor after Windsor, Berkshire
Connecticut
{{Refimprove|section|date=May 2024}}- Avon after Avon, England
- Colchester after Colchester, England
- Cornwall after Cornwall, England
- Danbury after Danbury, Essex, England
- Enfield after Enfield, London, England
- Greenwich after Greenwich, England
- Guilford after Guildford, England
- Kent after Kent, England
- Litchfield after Lichfield, England
- New London after London, England
- Norwich after Norwich, England
- Stamford after Stamford, Lincolnshire, England
- Stratford named after Stratford-upon-Avon, Warwickshire, owing to the English town’s prestige as the birthplace of playwright William Shakespeare (1564–1616).BOOK, The Connecticut Magazine: An Illustrated Monthly,books.google.com/books?id=qoEyAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA334, 1903, Connecticut Magazine Company, 334,
- Windsor after Windsor, Berkshire, in England
Delaware
- Dover after Dover, England{{cn|date=May 2024}}
- Wilmington named by Proprietor Thomas Penn after his friend Spencer Compton, Earl of Wilmington, who was prime minister in the reign of George II of Great Britain.{{cn|date=May 2024}}
Florida
- Windermere, named for Windermere, Westmorland,WEB, Town of Windermere,www.orangecountyfl.net/BoardofCommissioners/District1Commissioner/District1Communities/TownofWindermere.aspx:~:text=Windermere%20was%20bestowed%20its%20name,after%20England’s%20famous%20Lake%20Windermere., Orange County Government - Florida, 5 April 2024, the largest lake of the Lake District and England.
Georgia
- Georgia was named after King George II.WEB,www.netstate.com/states/intro/md_intro.htm, The State of Maryland, Netstate.com, 17 March 2015,
- Acton, for Acton, London.BOOK, Krakow, Kenneth, Georgia Place Names: Their History and Origins, 1975, Winship Press, 0-915430-00-2, 57–67, V,
- Camden County, for English jurist Sir Charles Pratt, Earl of Camden (1714–1794).
- Chatsworth, for Chatsworth, DerbyshireBOOK, Krakow, Kenneth, Georgia Place Names: Their History and Origins, 1975, Winship Press, 0-915430-00-2, V,
- Cumberland Island, named for Prince William, Duke of Cumberland (1721–1765).
- Dungeness, on Cumberland Island, named for Dungeness in Kent, where the Duke of Cumberland held a county seat.
- Epworth, for Epworth, Lincolnshire.
- Eton, for Eton College, Berkshire
- Fairburn, for Fairburn, Yorkshire.BOOK,www.kenkrakow.com/gpn/f.pdf, Georgia Place-Names: Their History and Origins, Winship Press, Krakow, Kenneth K., 1975, Macon, GA, 76, 0-915430-00-2,
- Liverpool, for Liverpool, Lancashire.BOOK,www.kenkrakow.com/gpn/l.pdf, Georgia Place-Names: Their History and Origins, Winship Press, Krakow, Kenneth K., 1975, Macon, GA, 0-915430-00-2,
- Malvern, for Malvern, Worcestershire.
- Manchester, Georgia, for Manchester, LancashireBOOK,www.kenkrakow.com/gpn/m.pdf, Georgia Place-Names: Their History and Origins, Winship Press, Krakow, Kenneth K., 1975, Macon, GA, 0-915430-00-2,
- Midway River, possibly for River Medway, Kent.
- Oglethorpe, after James Oglethorpe (1696–1785), an English Member of Parliament.
- Oxford, for Oxford University, Oxfordshire.WEB,www.scribd.com/doc/104116387/Oxford-Historic-District-Newton-County-Georgia, Oxford Historic District, Newton County, Georgia, National Register of Historic Places, 2012-08-27,
- Saint George’s Parish (now Burke County), for Saint George, the Patron Saint of England.BOOK,www.kenkrakow.com/gpn/s.pdf, Georgia Place-Names: Their History and Origins, Winship Press, Krakow, Kenneth K., 1975, Macon, GA, 0-915430-00-2,
- Tweed, after the River Tweed in southeastern Scotland and Northumberland in northern England.BOOK,www.kenkrakow.com/gpn/t.pdf, Georgia Place-Names: Their History and Origins, Winship Press, Krakow, Kenneth K., 1975, Macon, GA, 234, 0-915430-00-2,
- Wilmington Island, for Spencer Compton, Earl of Wilmington (1673–1743).
- Winchester, for Winchester, Hampshire.BOOK,www.kenkrakow.com/gpn/w.pdf, Georgia Place-Names: Their History and Origins, Winship Press, Krakow, Kenneth K., 1975, Macon, GA, 234, 0-915430-00-2,
- Windsor, for Windsor, Berkshire.
- Wooster, for George Wooster, the Englishman who established the first post office here in the 1870s.
- York, Georgia, named for York, the county town of Yorkshire in northern England.BOOK,www.kenkrakow.com/gpn/x.pdf, Georgia Place-Names: Their History and Origins, Winship Press, Krakow, Kenneth K., 1975, Macon, GA, 0-915430-00-2,
Illinois
- Albion, named for Albion, a poetic name for England derived from an ancient name for Britain.
- Brereton, possibly for Brereton, Staffordshire.BOOK, Callary, Edward, Place Names of Illinois, 2010, University of Illinois Press, Illinois, 9780252090707,books.google.com/books?id=ZvHgwa-XImcC,
- Burton, for Burton upon Trent, Staffordshire.
- Chesterfield, probably for Chesterfield, Derbyshire.
- Lincolnshire, named for Lincolnshire, a county in England.
- Stratford, probably for Stratford-upon-Avon, in honour of the English town being the birthplace of William Shakespeare (1564–1616).
Indiana
- Avon, named for Avon, an English river name.BOOK, Dept. of English and Journalism, Indiana names, v.1-3,babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=inu.30000054436682;view=1up;seq=29, 1970–72, Indiana State University, 15,
- Darlington, named for Darlington, County Durham, for its links to Quakerism.BOOK, Dept. of English and Journalism, Indiana names, v.1-3,babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=inu.30000054436682;view=1up;seq=29, 1970–72, Indiana State University, 15,
Kentucky
File:Cumberland_Falls_2005_05_20a.jpeg|right|thumb|The English county name “Cumberland” is commonly replicated in Appalachia, such as at Cumberland River (pictured). The Duke of Cumberland appealed to northern English settlers for his victory at Culloden (1746)David Hackett Fischer, Albion’s Seed (Oxford University Press, 1989)]]- Cumberland River in Kentucky and northern Tennessee (with Cumberland Gap, Mountains and Plateau), named in the 1750s for the northern English county of Cumberland, if not the Duke of Cumberland.BOOK,archive.org/details/bub_gb_luoxAQAAMAAJ, The Register of the Kentucky State Historical Society, Volume 1, Kentucky State Historical Society, 1903,
- Epworth, for Epworth, Lincolnshire.
- London, for London
- Manchester, Kentucky, for Manchester, Lancashire.
- Kingston, possibly for Kingston upon Hull, East Riding of Yorkshire.
- Middlesboro, founded as “Middlesborough”, for the town now known as Middlesbrough, North Riding of Yorkshire.Rennick, Robert. Kentucky Place Names, University Press of Kentucky (Lexington), 1987, weblink. Accessed 26 August 2013.
- Newstead, for Newstead Abbey, Nottinghamshire.
- Stanford, for Stamford, Lincolnshire.
- Richardsville, named for English-born wagonmaker Thomas Richards (1812–1896).
- Wendover, for Wendover, Buckinghamshire
- Williba, for Willoughby, Lincolnshire
Maine
- Berwick, named for Berwick-upon-Tweed, Northumberland.
- Kittery, for Kittery Court, Kingswear, Devon.
- Leeds, for Leeds, West Riding of Yorkshire.NEWS,news.google.com/newspapers?id=3aQgAAAAIBAJ&sjid=FWkFAAAAIBAJ&pg=1463%2C5719635, Some Maine town names, The Lewiston Daily Sun, Jun 13, 1928, 17 October 2015, Yates, Edgar A.P., 4,
- Newcastle, for Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1st Duke of Newcastle (1693–1768).{{Citation
| last = Varney
| first = George J.
| title = Gazetteer of the state of Maine. Newcastle
| place = Boston
| publisher = Russell
| year = 1886
| url =history.rays-place.com/me/newcastle-me.htm }}
| first = George J.
| title = Gazetteer of the state of Maine. Newcastle
| place = Boston
| publisher = Russell
| year = 1886
| url =history.rays-place.com/me/newcastle-me.htm }}
- Winthrop, for Suffolk-born John Winthrop (1588–1649), the 2nd colonial Governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony.
Maryland
- Maryland named so for Queen Henrietta Maria (Queen Mary).WEB,www.netstate.com/states/intro/md_intro.htm, The State of Maryland, netstate.com,
- Anne Arundel County, named for Lady Ann Arundell (1615–1649), the daughter of Wiltshire noble Thomas Arundell, 1st Baron Arundell of Wardour.
- Barton, named for Barton-upon-Humber, Lincolnshire, the hometown of the father of an early settler.
- Chevy Chase, named for “The Battle of Chevy Chase”, a 15th-century English ballad about a hunt led by the Earl of Northumberland.
- Cumberland, for Prince William, Duke of Cumberland (1721–1765).
- Manchester, named for Manchester, England.
- Pomfret, named for Pontefract, West Riding of Yorkshire.
Massachusetts
- Andover, for Andover, Hampshire
- Attleboro, for Attleborough, Norfolk.
- Beverly, after Beverley, East Riding of Yorkshire.
- Billerica, for Billericay, Essex
- Boston after Boston, LincolnshireWEB,www.iboston.org/mcp.php?pid=taleOfTwoBostons, A Tale of Two Bostons – iBoston, Iboston.org, 21 August 2017,
- Boxford, for Boxford, Suffolk
- Braintree after Braintree, Essex
- Cambridge, for Cambridge, Cambridgeshire.
- Chelmsford, for Chelmsford, Essex
- Framingham, for Framlingham, Suffolk
- Gloucester after Gloucester, Gloucestershire
- Groton, for Groton, Suffolk
- Hadley, for Hadleigh, Suffolk.
- Haverhill, for Haverhill, Suffolk
- Hingham, for Hingham, Norfolk
- Holland, for Henry Fox, 1st Baron Holland (1705–1774)
- Ipswich, for Ipswich, Suffolk
- Kragsyde, for Cragside, Northumberland
- Lancaster, for Lancaster, Lancashire, the hometown of an early settler.
- Leominster after Leominster, Herefordshire
- Lynn, for King’s Lynn, Norfolk
- Malden, for Maldon, Essex
- Manchester-by-the-Sea, for Manchester, Lancashire
- Marlborough after Marlborough, Wiltshire
- Northampton after Northampton, Northamptonshire
- Newton, for Newton, Norfolk
- Plymouth, for Plymouth, Devon, the port from which the first Pilgrim settlers departed in 1620
- Rowley, for Rowley, East Riding of Yorkshire
- Shrewsbury, named after George Talbot, 6th Earl of Shrewsbury
- Southampton after Southampton, HampshireWEB,www.epodunk.com/cgi-bin/genInfo.php?locIndex=3141, ePodunk, Epodunk.com, 21 August 2017,www.epodunk.com/cgi-bin/genInfo.php?locIndex=3141," title="web.archive.org/web/20171107232910www.epodunk.com/cgi-bin/genInfo.php?locIndex=3141,">web.archive.org/web/20171107232910www.epodunk.com/cgi-bin/genInfo.php?locIndex=3141, 7 November 2017, dead,
- Springfield after Springfield, Essex
- Sunderland, after Charles Spencer, 3rd Earl of Sunderland (1675–1722)
- Topsfield, for Toppesfield, Essex
- Woburn, for Woburn, Bedfordshire
- Worcester, after Worcester, Worcestershire, England
- Wrentham, for Wrentham, Suffolk
Michigan
- Birmingham, Oakland County after Birmingham, West Midlands.WEB,www.michigan.org/article/trip-idea/how-did-michigan-cities-get-their-names:~:text=The%20name%20Birmingham%20was%20chosen,after%20England%27s%20biggest%20industrial%20center., How Did Michigan Cities Get Their Names?, October 16, 2018,
Missouri
- Leeds, an area of Kansas City, named for Leeds, West Yorkshire.WEB,shsmo.org/manuscripts/ramsay/ramsay_jackson.html, Jackson County Place Names, 1928–1945 (archived), The State Historical Society of Missouri, October 16, 2016,shsmo.org/manuscripts/ramsay/ramsay_jackson.html," title="web.archive.org/web/20160624070750shsmo.org/manuscripts/ramsay/ramsay_jackson.html,">web.archive.org/web/20160624070750shsmo.org/manuscripts/ramsay/ramsay_jackson.html, June 24, 2016,
New Hampshire
- New Hampshire state (after HampshireWEB, The State of New Hampshire - An Introduction to the Granite State from NETSTATE.COM,www.netstate.com/states/intro/nh_intro.htm, 21 August 2017, Netstate.com, )
- Cheshire County, for Cheshire.
- Croydon, named for Croydon, Surrey.New Hampshire Town Names and Whence They Came {{ISBN|978-0-872-33009-2}} p. 9
- Dover, for Dover, Kent
- Hillsborough County, after Wills Hill, 1st Earl of Hillsborough (1718–1793).
- Manchester after Manchester, EnglandWEB,boulter.com/nh/, New Hampshire, boulter.com, 21 August 2017,
- Strafford County, for William Wentworth, 2nd Earl of Strafford (1626–1695).
New Jersey
- Amwell, for Amwell, Hertfordshire.
- Andover, for Andover, Hampshire
- Beverly, for Beverley, East Riding of Yorkshire
- Burlington County with Burlington for Bridlington, East Riding of YorkshireHutchinson, Viola L. Origin of New Jersey Place Names, New Jersey Public Library Commission, May 1945. Accessed August 28, 2015.
- Camden named by local Jacob Cooper after Charles Pratt, 1st Earl Camden.Hutchinson, Viola L. The Origin of New Jersey Place Names, New Jersey Public Library Commission, May 1945. Accessed December 1, 2017.
- Chesterfield, for Chesterfield, Derbyshire.
- Cumberland County named for Prince William, Duke of Cumberland (1721–1765).
- Deal, for Deal, Kent
- Deptford, for the port Deptford, Kent.
- Dover, for Dover, Kent
- Essex County, for the county English county Essex.
- Gloucester County and Gloucester City after the city of Gloucester / county of Gloucestershire in England.Kane, Joseph Nathan; and Aiken, Charles Curry. The American Counties: Origins of County Names, Dates of Creation, and Population Data, 1950–2000, p. 112. Scarecrow Press, 2005. {{ISBN|0810850362}}. Accessed January 21, 2013.
- Kenilworth, for Kenilworth Castle, Warwickshire
- Leeds Point, for Daniel Leeds, 17th century local surveyor born in Leeds, West Riding of Yorkshire.
- Mansfield, for Mansfield, Nottinghamshire.
- Margate City, for Margate, Kent
- New Durham, for Durham, County Durham.
- Newark for Newark-on-Trent, Nottinghamshire.
- Penns Grove, Penns Neck and Pennsville, for English Quaker William Penn (1644–1718).
- Shrewsbury, for Shrewsbury, Shropshire.
- Somerset County with Somerville, for the English county Somerset.
- Stafford, New Jersey, named for the English county of Staffordshire, of which Stafford is the county town.
- Woolwich, for Woolwich, London.
New York
- Cornwall (originally “New Cornwall“) after the county of Cornwall in southwest England
- Liverpool Village after Liverpool England.
- New York City (after the Duke of YorkWEB,www.50states.com/newyork.htm, New York State Information – Symbols, Capital, Constitution, Flags, Maps, Songs, 50states.com, 21 August 2017, )
- New York (State) (also after the Duke of York)
- Scarsdale, after Scarsdale in northern Derbyshire, England.
- Suffolk County after Suffolk, England
North Carolina
- The province, named Carolina (The Carolinas-North and South) to honor King Charles I of England, was divided into SC and NC in 1729, although the actual date is the subject of debate.WEB,www.carolana.com/Carolina/thesplit.html, The Split – One Colony Becomes Two, Carolana.com, 21 August 2017,
- Bladen County, named for Yorkshire-born politician Martin Bladen (1680–1746).
- Charlotte, North Carolina named after Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz
- Craven County, named after Yorkshire-born nobleman William Craven, 1st Earl of Craven (1608–1697).
- Hyde County, for the Cheshire-born 1st Governor of North Carolina Edward Hyde (1667–1712).
- Onslow County, after Middlesex-born Arthur Onslow (1691–1768), Speaker of the House of Commons.
- Raleigh after Sir Walter Raleigh, one of the first English explorers of the Carolinas.
- Wickham Precinct (now Hyde County), from Temple Wycombe, Buckinghamshire
Ohio
- Kendal, Ohio after Kendal, England.WEB, Town of Kendal,springhillhistorichome.org/history-kendal-ohio/:~:text=The%20town%20was%20named%20after,flock%20at%20Spring%20Hill%20Farm., Spring Hill Historic Home, 9 August 2023,
- Liverpool, Medina County Ohio and East Liverpool, Ohio, after Liverpool, England.
Pennsylvania
{{multiple image| align = right| direction = vertical| image1 = Philly Street Commons.jpg| width1 = 250| caption1 = Pennsylvania and the Delaware Valley were settled from the century by Quakers from the North Midlands and Pennines of England, with many Pennsylvania place names reflecting this settlement.| alt1 = | image2 = Buckingham Friends BucksCo PA from SE.jpg| width2 = 250| caption2 = Quaker architecture in the state mirrors that in England.David Hackett Fischer, Albion’s Seed (Oxford University Press, 1989)| alt2 = }}- Bedford and Bedford County after Bedford, England
- Berks County after Berkshire (pronounced “Barkshire”), England
- Bristol and Bristol Township after Bristol, EnglandBOOK, Espenshade, A. Howry, Pennsylvania Place Names,babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015012934249;view=1up;seq=41, 1925, The Evangelical Press, Harrisburg, PA, 37,
- Bucks County after Buckinghamshire, England
- Carlisle, after Carlisle, England which, like the northern English city, is in a county called Cumberland.
- Chester County and Chester after Chester, England
- Darby derived from Derby (pronounced “Darby”), the county town of Derbyshire (pronounced “Darbyshire”)BOOK,archive.org/details/bub_gb_9V1IAAAAMAAJ, The Origin of Certain Place Names in the United States, Govt. Print. Off., Gannett, Henry, 1905,
- Horsham after Horsham (pronounced “Hor-sham”), England
- Lancaster County and Lancaster after the city of Lancaster in the county of Lancashire in England, the native home of John Wright, one of the early settlers.WEB,www.docheritage.state.pa.us/documents/lancasterpetition.asp, PHMC Doc Heritage: Lancaster County Petition, 7 August 2006, 21 August 2017, dead,www.docheritage.state.pa.us/documents/lancasterpetition.asp," title="web.archive.org/web/20060807113052www.docheritage.state.pa.us/documents/lancasterpetition.asp,">web.archive.org/web/20060807113052www.docheritage.state.pa.us/documents/lancasterpetition.asp, 7 August 2006,
- Liverpool, for Liverpool, Lancashire.
- Malvern, for the Malvern Hills in England.
- Marple, after Marple in the Cheshire Pennines.
- New Castle after Newcastle upon Tyne, England
- Northampton County after Northamptonshire, England
- Pendle Hill, named for Pendle Hill, Lancashire.Pendle Hill Beginnings {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090101081640www.pendlehill.org/about/history.php |date=2009-01-01 }}
- Reading, Berks County after Reading (pronounced “Redding”), Berkshire (pronounced “Barkshire”), England
- Sheffield, for Sheffield, West Riding of Yorkshire
- Swarthmore, named for Swarthmoor, Lancashire.
- Trafford for Trafford, Lancashire.
- Warminster after the small town of Warminster in the county of Wiltshire, at the western extremity of Salisbury Plain, England.WEB, WARMINSTER TOWNSHIP HISTORY, 5 March 2013,warminstertownship.org/about-warminster-township/, Township of Warminster, 2015-07-31,
- Warrington after Warrington, EnglandWEB, WARRINGTON TOWNSHIP HISTORY,www.warringtontownship.org/about-us/history/township-history/, Township of Warrington, 2017-12-01,
- Warwick after Warwick, EnglandWEB, WARWICK TOWNSHIP HISTORY,www.warwick-bucks.com/town-history-2/, Township of Warwick, 2017-12-01,
- Westmoreland County, for Westmorland, a county in northwest England.
- York, Pennsylvania, named for York, the county town of the English county of Yorkshire, the ancestral home county of many Quaker settlers in the region.
South Carolina
- Charleston, South Carolina, named after Charles II of England
Tennessee
- Amherst, for the Kent-born general Jeffery Amherst, 1st Baron Amherst (1717–1779).
- Carlisle, if not for the Pennsylvania city, then named for Carlisle, Cumberland.
- Cumberland City, for the county Cumberland in northwest England.
- Harrogate, named after Harrogate, Yorkshire, northern England.BOOK, Miller, Larry, Tennessee Place Names, 2001, Indiana University Press, 0-253-33984-7,books.google.com/books?id=zOzPQYkkbaAC, October 16, 2020,
- Kingsport, named for English-born James King (born 1752), who established a mill in the area in 1773.
- Manchester, after Manchester, Lancashire, England, for hopes that it, like the English Manchester, would become a similarly prosperous industrial city.WEB,tngenweb.org/coffee/history/, Coffee County, TNGenWeb, October 16, 2011, 20 June 2018,
- Rugby, after Rugby School, Rugby, Warwickshire.
- Westmoreland, named after Westmorland, a county in northwest England.
Texas
- Bronte, named for English novelist Charlotte Brontë (1816–1855).
- Cheapside, after Cheapside, a London street.BOOK, Tarpley, Fred, 1001 Texas Place Names, 5 July 2010, University of Texas Press, 9780292786936,books.google.com/books?id=R4B7n7pJyZIC,
- Derby, after Derby, England.
- Liverpool, after Liverpool, a port city traditionally in Lancashire, England.
- Newcastle, after Newcastle upon Tyne, northeast England.
Vermont
- St. Albans, named after St Albans in Hertfordshire, England.
Virginia
- The name Virginia was first applied by Queen Elizabeth I (the “Virgin Queen“) and Sir Walter Raleigh in 1584.In 1584 Sir Walter Raleigh sent Philip Amadas and Arthur Barlowe to lead an exploration of what is now the North Carolina coast, and they returned with word of a regional “king” named “Wingina.” This was modified later that year by Raleigh and the Queen to “Virginia”, perhaps in part noting her status as the “Virgin Queen.” BOOK, Names on the Land: A Historical Account of Place-Naming in the United States,archive.org/details/namesofland0000unse, registration, Stewart, George, George R. Stewart, 1945, Random House, New York, 22,
- Bath County, named for Bath, Somerset.BOOK, Salmon, Emily J., Campbell, Edward D.C., The Hornbook of Virginia History : A Ready-Reference Guide to the Old Dominion’s People, Places, and Past, 1994, Library of Virginia, Richmond, 0884901777, 161, 4th,
- Charles City, named for Charles I of England (1600–1649)
- Chesterfield County, for Philip Stanhope, 4th Earl of Chesterfield (1694–1773).
- Crewe, for Crewe, Cheshire
- Exmore, for Exmoor, Devon.
- Farnham, for Farnham, Surrey.
- Gloucester County, named for Henry Stuart, Duke of Gloucester (1640–1660).
- Hampstead, for Hampstead, London
- Isle of Wight County, for Isle of Wight, English Channel.
- James River, for James I of England (1566–1625)
- Keswick, Albermarle County, for Keswick, Cumberland.
- Leedstown, formerly Leeds, for Leeds, Yorkshire.BOOK, Meade, William, Old Churches, Ministers and Families of Virginia, Volume 2, 1891, J. B. Lippincott Company, Virginia,books.google.com/books?id=SWF5AAAAMAAJ,
- Malvern Hill, named for the Malvern Hills, southwestern England.
- Norfolk after the county of Norfolk, England
- Northampton, from Northamptonshire, a county in the English South Midlands.
- Northumberland County, Virginia, after Northumberland, a county in northeast England.WEB,www.slideshare.net/TTC_Media/virginia-county-names-a-history, Virginia County Names – A History, September 21, 2013,
- Portsmouth after Portsmouth, EnglandWEB, City of Portsmouth History,www.portsmouthva.gov/474/History, City of Portsmouth, 2017-12-01,
- Richmond named by William Byrd II after Richmond, London where he spent part of his childhood.
- Stafford County with Stafford, from Staffordshire, of which Stafford is the county town.
- Suffolk after the county of Suffolk, England
- Sunderland Creek (now Lagrange Creek), for Henry Spencer, 1st Earl of Sunderland (1620–1643), if not for Sunderland, County Durham.
- Surry County, for Surrey, a county in southeast England.
- Westmoreland County, Virginia, after Westmorland, a county in northwest England.
- Yorkshire, Virginia for the county Yorkshire in northern England.
West Virginia
- Arden, Berkeley County, named for Arden in Warwickshire.
- Carlisle, named for Carlisle, Cumberland, the ancestral home of an early settler.BOOK, Kenny, Hamill, West Virginia Place Names: Their Origin and Meaning, Including the Nomenclature of the Streams and Mountains,babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015009099824;view=1up;seq=184, 1945, The Place Name Press, Piedmont, WV, 156, 169, 231, 234, 349, 379, 548, 557, 565, 588,
- Chester, possibly for Chester, the county town of Cheshire.
- England Run, a river in Braxton County and tributary of the Little Kanawha, named after England itself.
- English, named for the nationality of many coal miners in the area.
- Evenwood, named for Evenwood, County Durham, the birthplace of the parents of T.W. Raine, an early inhabitant.
- Hallidon, named after Halidon Hill, the site of a 1333 battle in Northumberland, near the Anglo-Scottish border.
- Kendalia, named for the original landowner, Mr. Kendall who was also born at Kendal, Westmorland, England.
- Liverpool, named for Liverpool, England, to which timber from the area was regularly exported.
- Romney, named for Romney, one of the Cinque Ports.
- Saint Albans, probably for St Albans, Hertfordshire.
- Scarbro, named for Scarborough in the North Riding of Yorkshire, owing to the prevalence of “Scarbrough” as a local surname.
- Selbyville, named in 1870 for Lord Thomas Selby, a member of the English gentry.
- Skelton, named for Skelton near York in the North Riding of Yorkshire, the home of a local industrialist.
Wisconsin
- Chilton, Wisconsin, from Chillington Hall, Staffordshire, the English ancestral home of an early settler.
- Ripon, Wisconsin, after Ripon, North Yorkshire, the English ancestral home city of one of its earliest settlers, John S. Horner.BOOK, Chicago and North Western Railway Company, A History of the Origin of the Place Names Connected with the Chicago & North Western and Chicago, St. Paul, Minneapolis & Omaha Railways,books.google.com/books?id=OspBAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA118, 1908, 118,
Notable people
{{image frame| border = noPresidents of English descent
Most of the presidents of the United States have had English ancestry.HTTP://GENEALOGYOFPRESIDENTS.BLOGSPOT.COM/>TITLE=GENEALOGY AND ANCESTRY OF BARACK OBAMA AND THE OTHER U.S. PRESIDENTS, The extent of English heritage varies. Earlier presidents were predominantly of colonial English Yankee origin. Later presidents’ ancestry can often be traced to ancestors from multiple nations in Europe, including England. The presidents who have lacked recent English ancestry are Martin Van Buren, Dwight D. Eisenhower, John F. Kennedy, and Donald Trump.POWELL>FIRST1=KIMBERLY18th century
George Washington,WEB,www.americanheritage.com/people/presidents/washington_george.shtml, AmericanHeritage.com / The Presidents: George Washington, 10 July 2010, 21 August 2017, dead,www.americanheritage.com/people/presidents/washington_george.shtml," title="web.archive.org/web/20100710153430www.americanheritage.com/people/presidents/washington_george.shtml,">web.archive.org/web/20100710153430www.americanheritage.com/people/presidents/washington_george.shtml, 10 July 2010, BOOK,books.google.com/books?id=p8RBlp8bNpwC, Historic Homes of the American Presidents, Irvin Haas, 1992, Courier Dover Publications19th century
Thomas Jefferson, James MadisonWEB,www.americanheritage.com/people/presidents/madison_james.shtml, February 14, 2010, dead,americanheritage.com/people/presidents/madison_james.shtml," title="web.archive.org/web/20100102162020americanheritage.com/people/presidents/madison_james.shtml,">web.archive.org/web/20100102162020americanheritage.com/people/presidents/madison_james.shtml, The Fourth President • 1809–1817: James Madison, January 2, 2010, John Quincy Adams, Andrew Jackson,WEB,www.americanheritage.com/people/presidents/, The Presidents, Andrew Jackson, American Heritage.com, 19 November 2009, dead,www.americanheritage.com/people/presidents/," title="web.archive.org/web/20060210002715www.americanheritage.com/people/presidents/,">web.archive.org/web/20060210002715www.americanheritage.com/people/presidents/, 10 February 2006, Jackson, Elmer Martin (1985). Keeping the lamp of remembrance lighted: a genealogical narrative with pictures and charts about the Jacksons and their allied families. Maryland: Hagerstown Bookbinding and Printing Co. p. 9. William Henry Harrison,WEB,www.americanheritage.com/people/presidents/harrison_william.shtml, February 14, 2010, dead,americanheritage.com/people/presidents/harrison_william.shtml," title="web.archive.org/web/20100102161455americanheritage.com/people/presidents/harrison_william.shtml,">web.archive.org/web/20100102161455americanheritage.com/people/presidents/harrison_william.shtml, The Ninth President • 1841–1841: illiam Henry Harrison, January 2, 2010, John Tyler,WEB,www.americanheritage.com/people/presidents/tyler_john.shtml, AmericanHeritage.com / The Presidents: John Tyler, 2 January 2010, 21 August 2017, dead,www.americanheritage.com/people/presidents/tyler_john.shtml," title="web.archive.org/web/20100102162841www.americanheritage.com/people/presidents/tyler_john.shtml,">web.archive.org/web/20100102162841www.americanheritage.com/people/presidents/tyler_john.shtml, 2 January 2010, Zachary Taylor, Millard Fillmore,WEB,www.americanheritage.com/people/presidents/fillmore_millard.shtml, AmericanHeritage.com / The Presidents: Millard Fillmore, 11 May 2010, 21 August 2017, dead,www.americanheritage.com/people/presidents/fillmore_millard.shtml," title="web.archive.org/web/20100511125604www.americanheritage.com/people/presidents/fillmore_millard.shtml,">web.archive.org/web/20100511125604www.americanheritage.com/people/presidents/fillmore_millard.shtml, 11 May 2010, Franklin Pierce,WEB,www.americanheritage.com/people/presidents/pierce_franklin.shtml, February 14, 2010, dead,www.americanheritage.com/people/presidents/pierce_franklin.shtml," title="web.archive.org/web/20100206130120www.americanheritage.com/people/presidents/pierce_franklin.shtml,">web.archive.org/web/20100206130120www.americanheritage.com/people/presidents/pierce_franklin.shtml, The Fourteenth President • 1853–1857: Franklin Pierce, February 6, 2010, Abraham Lincoln,BOOK,archive.org/details/ancestryabraham00leagoog, 160, swanton morley lincoln norfolk., The Ancestry of Abraham Lincoln, 1909, James Henry, Lea, John Robert, Hutchinson, Houghton Mifflin, 21 August 2017, Internet Archive, WEB,www.genbox.com/reports/webs/Pedc101.htm, Ancestors of Abraham Lincoln, Genbox.com, 17 March 2015, Andrew Johnson,WEB,www.americanheritage.com/people/presidents/johnson_andrew.shtml, AmericanHeritage.com / The Presidents: Andrew Johnson, 11 May 2010, 21 August 2017, dead,www.americanheritage.com/people/presidents/johnson_andrew.shtml," title="web.archive.org/web/20100511125618www.americanheritage.com/people/presidents/johnson_andrew.shtml,">web.archive.org/web/20100511125618www.americanheritage.com/people/presidents/johnson_andrew.shtml, 11 May 2010, Ulysses S. Grant, Rutherford B. Hayes,WEB,www.americanheritage.com/people/presidents/hayes_rutherford.shtml, February 14, 2010, dead,americanheritage.com/people/presidents/hayes_rutherford.shtml," title="web.archive.org/web/20100102163641americanheritage.com/people/presidents/hayes_rutherford.shtml,">web.archive.org/web/20100102163641americanheritage.com/people/presidents/hayes_rutherford.shtml, The Nineteenth President • 1877–1881: Rutherford Birchard Hayes, January 2, 2010, James A. Garfield,WEB,www.americanheritage.com/people/presidents/garfield_james.shtml, February 14, 2010, dead,americanheritage.com/people/presidents/garfield_james.shtml," title="web.archive.org/web/20100102162649americanheritage.com/people/presidents/garfield_james.shtml,">web.archive.org/web/20100102162649americanheritage.com/people/presidents/garfield_james.shtml, The Twentieth President • 1881–1881: James Abram Garfield, January 2, 2010, Chester A. Arthur, Grover Cleveland, Benjamin Harrison, William McKinley.20th century
Theodore Roosevelt, William Howard Taft,WEB, John T., Marck,www.aboutfamouspeople.com/article1118.html, William H. Taft, aboutfamouspeople.com, 2008-04-14, WEB,www.americanheritage.com/people/presidents/, The Presidents, William Taft, American Heritage.com, 19 November 2009, dead,www.americanheritage.com/people/presidents/," title="web.archive.org/web/20060210002715www.americanheritage.com/people/presidents/,">web.archive.org/web/20060210002715www.americanheritage.com/people/presidents/, 10 February 2006, Warren G. Harding,WEB,library.thinkquest.org/TQ0312172/harding.html, Warren Gamaliel Harding, thinkquest.com, 2008-04-16, Calvin Coolidge,WEB,www.americanheritage.com/people/presidents/coolidge_calvin.shtml, February 14, 2010, dead,americanheritage.com/people/presidents/coolidge_calvin.shtml," title="web.archive.org/web/20100102163013americanheritage.com/people/presidents/coolidge_calvin.shtml,">web.archive.org/web/20100102163013americanheritage.com/people/presidents/coolidge_calvin.shtml, The Thirtieth President • 1923–1929: Calvin Coolidge, January 2, 2010, Herbert Hoover, Franklin D. Roosevelt, Harry S. Truman,WEB, John T, Marck,www.aboutfamouspeople.com/article1124.html, Harry S. Truman, aboutfamouspeople.com, 2008-04-16, WEB,www.americanheritage.com/people/presidents/, The Presidents, Harry S Truman, American Heritage.com, 19 November 2009, dead,www.americanheritage.com/people/presidents/," title="web.archive.org/web/20060210002715www.americanheritage.com/people/presidents/,">web.archive.org/web/20060210002715www.americanheritage.com/people/presidents/, 10 February 2006, Lyndon B. Johnson, Richard Nixon, Gerald Ford, Jimmy Carter,WEB,www.jimmycarterlibrary.org/documents/jec/genealog.phtml, Jimmy Carter Library, Jimmycarterlibrary.org, 17 March 2015, Ronald Reagan,WEB,www.americanheritage.com/people/presidents/, The Presidents, Ronald Reagan, American Heritage.com, 19 November 2009, dead,www.americanheritage.com/people/presidents/," title="web.archive.org/web/20060210002715www.americanheritage.com/people/presidents/,">web.archive.org/web/20060210002715www.americanheritage.com/people/presidents/, 10 February 2006, George H. W. Bush,NEWS,www.theguardian.com/world/2005/jan/27/usa.angeliquechrisafis, Scion of traitors and warlords: why Bush is coy about his Irish links, Guardian, 13 July 2010, London, Angelique, Chrisafis, 2005-01-27, WEB,homepage.eircom.net/%257Eseanjmurphy/dir/pres.htm, American Presidents with Irish Ancestors, Directory of Irish Genealogy, 15 April 2008, Bill Clinton.21st century
George W. Bush,NEWS,news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/politics/1011151.stm, BBC News – UK POLITICS – George W Bush, Essex boy, News.bbc.co.uk, 7 November 2000, 17 March 2015, Barack Obama,WEB,www.americanheritage.com/people/presidents/obama_barack.shtml, September 9, 2010, dead,www.americanheritage.com/people/presidents/obama_barack.shtml," title="web.archive.org/web/20100710153938www.americanheritage.com/people/presidents/obama_barack.shtml,">web.archive.org/web/20100710153938www.americanheritage.com/people/presidents/obama_barack.shtml, The Forty-Fourth President • 2009–present: Barack Hussein Obama, July 10, 2010, WEB,www.wargs.com/political/obama.html, Ancestry of Barack Obama, William Addams Reitwiesner, 2009-12-02, Joe Biden.WEB, ‘Joe Biden will be the first US president to have Sussex ancestry’,www.chichester.co.uk/news/people/joe-biden-will-be-first-us-president-have-sussex-ancestry-3034906, 15 January 2021,See also
- American ethnicity
- Ancestral background of presidents of the United States
- Americans or American people
- Anglo America
- Anglo-Celtic Australian
- Boston Brahmin
- British American
- Demographic history of the United States
- English (ethnic group)
- English diaspora
- England
- Immigration to the United States
- Maps of American ancestries
- Old Stock Americans
- Scotch-Irish American
- Scottish American
- Anglo-American relations
- Welsh American
- White Anglo-Saxon Protestants
- English people in Paraguay
- English settlement in Nicaragua
- English Canadians
- English Australians
- English New Zealanders
- English Argentines
- English Chileans
References
{{notelist}}{{Reflist}}Further reading
- Berthoff, Rowland. British Immigrants in Industrial America, 1790–1950 (1953). online
- Bridenbaugh, Carl. Vexed and Troubled Englishmen, 1590–1642 (1976). online
- Erickson, Charlotte. Invisible Immigrants: The Adaptation of English and Scottish Immigrants in Nineteenth-Century America (1972).
- Furer, Howard B., ed. The British in America: 1578–1970 (1972). online; chronology and documents
- Hanft, Sheldon. “English Americans.” in Gale Encyclopedia of Multicultural America, edited by Thomas Riggs, (3rd ed., vol. 2, Gale, 2014), pp. 73–86. Online
- Richards, Eric. Britannia’s children: emigration from England, Scotland, Wales and Ireland since 1600 (A&C Black, 2004) online.
- Shepperson, Wilbur S. British emigration to North America; projects and opinions in the early Victorian period (1957) online
- Tennenhouse, Leonard. The Importance of Feeling English: American Literature and the British Diaspora, 1750–1850 (2007). online
- Van Vugt, William E. “British (English, Scottish, Scots Irish, and Welsh) and British Americans, 1870–1940’.” in Elliott Barkan, ed., Immigrants in American History: Arrival, Adaptation, and Integration (2013): 4:237+.
- Van Vugt, William E. British Buckeyes: The English, Scots, and Welsh in Ohio, 1700–1900 (2006).
- Van Vugt, William E. Britain to America: mid-nineteenth-century immigrants to the United States (University of Illinois Press, 1999).
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