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! Party || CouncillorsGreen Party of England and Wales>Green Party 34Labour Party (UK)>Labour Party 21Liberal Democrats (UK)>Liberal Democrats 8Conservative Party (UK)>Conservative Party 7Between 2012 and 2024, the council was led by a directly elected mayor, the Mayor of Bristol. The post was abolished following a 2022 referendum, in which voters chose to replace it with a council committee system.NEWS, Morris, Steven, 16 November 2012, Bristol mayoral election won by independent George Ferguson, The Guardian,weblink live, 5 May 2014,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20140505141901weblink">weblink 5 May 2014, NEWS, 6 May 2022, Bristol mayor vote: City decides to abolish mayor post, en-GB, BBC News,weblink 6 May 2022, The lord mayor of Bristol is a figurehead elected each May by the city council. The current lord mayor is Councillor Paul Goggin.WEB, Current Lord Mayor In the House of Commons, Bristol is represented by 4 constituencies, West, East, South and North West.WEB, Constituency Map,weblink dead,weblink 23 March 2015, 3 September 2015, Bristol City Council, Since the 2017 general election, all four of the Bristol constituencies have been held by Labour.NEWS, 9 June 2017, General election shocks in Bristol help pave the way for a hung parliament and a new prime minister, Bristol Post,weblink dead, 3 October 2017,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20170715074620weblink">weblink 15 July 2017, The city has a tradition of political activism. Edmund Burke, MP for the Bristol constituency for six years beginning in 1774, insisted that he was a Member of Parliament first and a representative of his constituents' interests second.WEB, Edmund Burke, Speech to the Electors of Bristol,weblink dead,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20140708002901weblink">weblink 8 July 2014, 5 May 2014, University of Chicago, MAGAZINE, Wills, Garry, 14 July 2011, Edmund Burke Against Grover Norquist,weblink The New York Review of Books,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20140505182217weblink">weblink 5 May 2014, 5 May 2014, live, Women's-rights advocate Emmeline Pethick-Lawrence (1867–1954) was born in Bristol,ODNB, Harrison, Brian H., 2004, Lawrence, Emmeline Pethick-, Lady Pethick-Lawrence (1867–1954), suffragette,weblink live, 1, 10.1093/ref:odnb/37846,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20140505144340weblink">weblink 5 May 2014, 5 May 2014, and the left-winger Tony Benn served as MP for Bristol South East in 1950–1960 and again from 1963 to 1983.WEB, Mr Tony Benn,weblink live,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20140706060314weblink">weblink 6 July 2014, 5 May 2014, Hansard, Parliamentary Debates (Hansard), In 1963 the Bristol Bus Boycott, following the Bristol Omnibus Company's refusal to hire black drivers and conductors, drove the passage of the UK's 1965 Race Relations Act.NEWS, Alan Rusbridger, Alan Rusbridger, 10 November 2005, In praise of ... the Race Relations Acts, The Guardian, London,weblink live, 12 May 2007,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20130829194836weblink">weblink 29 August 2013, The 1980 St. Pauls riot protested against racism and police harassment and showed mounting dissatisfaction with the socioeconomic circumstances of the city's Afro-Caribbean residents. Local support of fair trade was recognised in 2005, when Bristol became a fairtrade zone.NEWS, Morris, Steven, 4 March 2005, From slave trade to fair trade, Bristol's new image, The Guardian, London,weblink live, 14 March 2009,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20130829022902weblink">weblink 29 August 2013, Bristol is both a city and a county, since King Edward III granted it a county charter in 1373.{{sfn|Liddy|2005|p=13}} The county was expanded in 1835 to include suburbs such as Clifton, and it was named a county borough in 1889 when that designation was introduced.{{sfn|Rayfield|1985|pp=17–23}}

Former county of Avon

On 1 April 1974, Bristol became a local government district of the county of Avon.WEB, Local Government Bill,weblink live,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20110511175650weblink">weblink 11 May 2011, 7 March 2009, 16 November 1971, Hansard, Parliamentary Debates (Hansard), On 1 April 1996, Avon was abolished and Bristol became a unitary authority.WEB, The Avon (Structural Change) Order 1995,weblink live,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20121113203448weblink">weblink 13 November 2012, 27 January 2013, www.opsi.gov.uk, The former Avon area, called Greater Bristol by the Government Office of the South West (now abolished) and others,WEB, Atkins, 2005, Greater Bristol Strategic Transport Study,weblinkweblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20120311210020weblink">weblink 11 March 2012, 27 January 2013, South West Regional Assembly, refers to the city and the three neighbouring local authorities{{nsmdns}}Bath and North East Somerset, North Somerset and South Gloucestershire previously in Avon.The North Fringe of Bristol, a developed area between the Bristol city boundary and the M4, M5 and M32 motorways (now in South Gloucestershire) was so named as part of a 1987 plan prepared by the Northavon District Council of Avon county.NEWS, 24 July 1987, Town and Country Planning Acts, London Gazette,weblink 29 March 2014,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20131203001107weblink">weblink 3 December 2013,

West of England Combined Authority

The West of England Combined Authority was created on 9 February 2017.WEB, 8 February 2017, The West of England Combined Authority Order 2017,weblink www.legislation.gov.uk, Covering Bristol and the rest of the old Avon county with the exception of North Somerset, the new combined authority has responsibility for regional planning, roads, and local transport, and to a lesser extent, education and business investment. The authority is led by the Mayor of the West of England, currently Dan Norris.

Geography and environment

Boundaries

{{See also|Subdivisions of Bristol}}File:Clifton.bridge.arp.750pix.jpg|alt=Suspension bridge between two brick built towers, over a wooded gorge, showing mud and water at the bottom. In the distance are hills.|thumb|right|Brunel's Clifton Suspension BridgeClifton Suspension BridgeBristol's boundaries can be defined in several ways, including those of the city itself, the developed area, or Greater Bristol.The city council boundary is the narrowest definition of the city itself. However, it unusually includes a large, roughly rectangular section of the western Severn Estuary ending at (but not including) the islands of Flat Holm (in Cardiff, Wales) and Steep Holm.WEB, Area boundary for the Bristol unitary authority,weblink 1 January 2009, NOMIS Labour market statistics, Office for National Statistics, 15 August 2021,weblink dead, This "seaward extension" can be traced back to the original boundary of the County of Bristol laid out in the charterWEB, Great charter of liberties including erection into a County,weblink 2024-03-07, Bristol Archives online catalogue, en-gb, granted to the city by Edward III in 1373.JOURNAL, December 1930, Harding, N. Dermott, Bristol Charters 1155–1373,weblinkweblink" title="ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009weblink">weblink 2022-10-09, live, Bristol Record Society's Publications, Bristol Record Society, 1, 149–165, The Office for National Statistics (ONS) has defined a Bristol Urban Area, which includes developed areas adjoining Bristol but outside the city-council boundary, such as Kingswood, Mangotsfield, Stoke Gifford, Winterbourne, Almondsbury, Easton in Gordano, Whitchurch village, Filton, Patchway and Bradley Stoke, but excludes undeveloped areas within that boundary.WEB, Pointer, Graham, 2005, The UK's major urban areas,weblinkweblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20110628203215weblink">weblink 28 June 2011, 21 June 2011, Focus on People and Migration, Office for National Statistics, File:Avon gorge and cave arp.jpg|alt=Rocky side to a gorge with a platform in front of a cave halfway up. To the right are a road and river. In the distance are a suspension bridge and buildings.|thumb|right|Avon Gorge and Clifton Suspension BridgeClifton Suspension Bridge

Geography

Bristol lies within a limestone area running from the Mendip Hills in the south to the Cotswolds in the northeast.WEB, Cotswolds AONB,weblink live,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20110510091538weblink">weblink 10 May 2011, 12 June 2011, Cotswold AONB, The rivers Avon and Frome cut through the limestone to the underlying clay, creating Bristol's characteristically hilly landscape. The Avon flows from Bath in the east, through flood plains and areas which were marshes before the city's growth. To the west the Avon cuts through the limestone to form the Avon Gorge, formed largely by glacial meltwater after the last ice age.JOURNAL, Hawkins, Alfred Brian, 1973, The geology and slopes of the Bristol region, Quarterly Journal of Engineering Geology and Hydrogeology, 6, 3–4, 185–205, 10.1144/GSL.QJEG.1973.006.03.02, 129044127, The gorge, which helped protect Bristol Harbour, has been quarried for stone to build the city, and its surrounding land has been protected from development as The Downs and Leigh Woods. The Avon estuary and the gorge form the county boundary with North Somerset, and the river flows into the Severn Estuary at Avonmouth. A smaller gorge, cut by the Hazel Brook which flows into the River Trym, crosses the Blaise Castle estate in northern Bristol.Bristol is sometimes described, by its inhabitants, as being built on seven hills, like Rome. From 18th-century guidebooks, these 7 hills were known as simply Bristol (the Old Town), Castle Hill, College Green, Kingsdown, St Michaels Hill, Brandon Hill and Redcliffe Hill.BOOK, Taylor, John,weblink A Book about Bristol: Historical, Ecclesiastical, and Biographical, from Original Research, 1872, Houlston and Sons, 10, Other local hills include Red Lion Hill, Barton Hill, Lawrence Hill, Black Boy Hill, Constitution Hill, Staple Hill, Windmill Hill, Malborough Hill, Nine Tree Hill, Talbot, Brook Hill and Granby Hill.Bristol is {{cvt|106|mi|km}} west of London, {{cvt|77|mi|km}} south-southwest of Birmingham and {{cvt|26|mi|km}} east of the Welsh capital Cardiff. Areas adjoining the city fall within a loosely defined area known as Greater Bristol. Bath is located {{cvt|11|mi}} south east of the city centre, Weston-super-Mare is {{cvt|18|mi}} to the south west and the Welsh city of Newport is {{cvt|19|mi}} to the north west.

Climate

The climate is oceanic (Köppen: Cfb), milder than most places in England and United Kingdom.WEB, Bristol climate and weather,weblink 13 November 2018, www.wordtravels.com, WEB, Bristol, England Köppen Climate Classification (Weatherbase),weblink 13 November 2018, Weatherbase, Located in southern England, Bristol is one of the warmest cities in the UK with a mean annual temperature of approximately {{cvt|10.5|C|F}}.WEB, 2000, Average annual temperature,weblinkweblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20130801122236weblink">weblink 1 August 2013, 12 May 2007, Meteorological Office, WEB, South West England: climate,weblink live,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20060225164404weblink">weblink 25 February 2006, 25 August 2015, Metereological Office, It is among the sunniest, with 1,541–1,885{{nbsp}}hours of sunshine per year.WEB, 2000, Average annual sunshine,weblink dead,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20140728193119weblink">weblink 28 July 2014, 12 May 2007, Meteorological Office, Although the city is partially sheltered by the Mendip Hills, it is exposed to the Severn Estuary and the Bristol Channel. Rain is fairly evenly distributed throughout the year, with autumn and winter the wetter seasons. The Atlantic Ocean influences Bristol's weather, keeping its average temperature above freezing throughout the year, but winter frosts are frequent and snow occasionally falls from early November to late April. Summers are warm and drier, with variable sunshine, rain and clouds, and spring weather is unsettled.WEB, 2000, Average annual rainfall,weblink dead,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20130719222449weblink">weblink 19 July 2013, 12 May 2007, Meteorological Office, WEB, National Meteorological Library and Archive Fact sheet 7 â€” Climate of South West England,weblink dead,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20140524004028weblink">weblink 24 May 2014, 23 May 2014, Meteorological Office, The weather stations nearest Bristol for which long-term climate data are available are Long Ashton (about {{cvt|5|mi|0}} south west of the city centre) and Bristol Weather Station, in the city centre. Data collection at these locations ended in 2002 and 2001, respectively, and Filton Airfield is currently the nearest weather station to the city.WEB, Weather Station Location,weblink dead,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20121028194153weblink">weblink 28 October 2012, 27 January 2013, Meteorological Office, Temperatures at Long Ashton from 1959 to 2002 ranged from {{cvt|33.5|C|F}} in July 1976WEB, 1976 temperature,weblink live,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20130828083806weblink">weblink 28 August 2013, 27 January 2013, Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute, to {{cvt|-14.4|C|F}} in January 1982.WEB, 1982 temperature,weblink live,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20130828083918weblink">weblink 28 August 2013, 27 January 2013, Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute, Monthly high temperatures since 2002 at Filton exceeding those recorded at Long Ashton include {{cvt|25.7|C|F}} in April 2003,WEB, Filton April temperature,weblink live,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20130828023137weblink">weblink 28 August 2013, 27 January 2013, TuTiempo, {{cvt|34.5|C|F}} in July 2006WEB, Filton July temperature,weblink live,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20130828024839weblink">weblink 28 August 2013, 27 January 2013, TuTiempo, and {{cvt|26.8|C|F}} in October 2011.WEB, Filton Oct temperature,weblink live,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20130828023318weblink">weblink 28 August 2013, 27 January 2013, TuTiempo, The lowest recent temperature at Filton was {{cvt|-10.1|C|F}} in December 2010.WEB, Filton December temperature,weblink live,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20130828030827weblink">weblink 28 August 2013, 27 January 2013, TuTiempo, Although large cities in general experience an urban heat island effect, with warmer temperatures than their surrounding rural areas, this phenomenon is minimal in Bristol.JOURNAL, Hughes, Karen, 2006, The impact of urban areas on climate in the UK: a spatial and temporal analysis, with an emphasis on temperature and precipitation effects, Earth and Environment, 2, 54–83, {{Weather boxFilton,{{efn>Weather station is located {{cvtmiabbr=out}} from the Bristol city centre.}} elevation: {{cvtm0}}, 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1958–present{{efn|From 1958–2002, extremes were recorded at Long Ashton. Since 2002, extremes were recorded at Filton.}}| metric first = y| single line = y| Jan record high C = 14.2| Feb record high C = 18.3| Mar record high C = 21.7| Apr record high C = 25.7| May record high C = 27.4| Jun record high C = 32.5| Jul record high C = 34.5| Aug record high C = 33.3| Sep record high C = 28.3| Oct record high C = 26.8| Nov record high C = 17.5| Dec record high C = 15.8| Jan high C = 8.1| Feb high C = 8.5| Mar high C = 10.8| Apr high C = 13.8| May high C = 17.0| Jun high C = 19.8| Jul high C = 21.7| Aug high C = 21.3| Sep high C = 18.8| Oct high C = 14.8| Nov high C = 11.0| Dec high C = 8.4| year high C = 14.5| Jan mean C = 5.3| Feb mean C = 5.5| Mar mean C = 7.3| Apr mean C = 9.7| May mean C = 12.7| Jun mean C = 15.6| Jul mean C = 17.6| Aug mean C = 17.2| Sep mean C = 14.9| Oct mean C = 11.6| Nov mean C = 8.0| Dec mean C = 5.6| year mean C = 10.9| Jan low C = 2.4| Feb low C = 2.4| Mar low C = 3.7| Apr low C = 5.5| May low C = 8.4| Jun low C = 11.4| Jul low C = 13.4| Aug low C = 13.2| Sep low C = 11.0| Oct low C = 8.3| Nov low C = 5.1| Dec low C = 2.8| year low C = 7.3| Jan record low C = -14.4| Feb record low C = -9.7| Mar record low C = -8.3| Apr record low C = -4.7| May record low C = -2.0| Jun record low C = 0.6| Jul record low C = 4.7| Aug record low C = 3.9| Sep record low C = 0.6| Oct record low C = -3.2| Nov record low C = -6.5| Dec record low C = -11.9| precipitation colour = green| Jan precipitation mm = 82.9| Feb precipitation mm = 57.9| Mar precipitation mm = 53.3| Apr precipitation mm = 47.9| May precipitation mm = 57.8| Jun precipitation mm = 56.3| Jul precipitation mm = 58.7| Aug precipitation mm = 75.1| Sep precipitation mm = 64.3| Oct precipitation mm = 85.5| Nov precipitation mm = 90.0| Dec precipitation mm = 89.9| year precipitation mm = 819.0| unit precipitation days = 1.0 mm| Jan precipitation days = 13.1| Feb precipitation days = 10.4| Mar precipitation days = 10.4| Apr precipitation days = 9.9| May precipitation days = 10.3| Jun precipitation days = 9.7| Jul precipitation days = 9.8| Aug precipitation days = 11.0| Sep precipitation days = 10.4| Oct precipitation days = 12.8| Nov precipitation days = 14.6| Dec precipitation days = 13.5| year precipitation days = 135.8| Jan sun = 61.2| Feb sun = 78.0| Mar sun = 122.6| Apr sun = 174.1| May sun = 206.7| Jun sun = 219.2| Jul sun = 220.5| Aug sun = 189.6| Sep sun = 153.4| Oct sun = 107.8| Nov sun = 68.4| Dec sun = 56.9| year sun = 1658.3Met OfficeHTTPS://WWW.METOFFICE.GOV.UK/RESEARCH/CLIMATE/MAPS-AND-DATA/UK-CLIMATE-AVERAGES/GCNJJ7H5W ACCESS-DATE=2 MAY 2022, Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute>KNMIHTTPS://ECA.KNMI.NL//DOWNLOAD/MILLENNIUM/MILLENNIUM.PHP >TITLE=INDICES DATA – LONG ASHTON STATION 1638 PUBLISHER=KNMI (INSTITUTE) >ARCHIVE-DATE =9 JULY 2018 URL-STATUS =DEAD, }}{{notelist}}

Environment

Bristol was ranked as Britain's most sustainable city (based on its environmental performance, quality of life, future-proofing and approaches to climate change, recycling and biodiversity), topping environmental charity Forum for the Future's 2008 Sustainable Cities Index.WEB, 9 November 2008, Bristol is Britain's greenest city,weblink dead,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20131203011951weblink">weblink 3 December 2013, 27 January 2013, Evening Post, Bristol News and Media, WEB, 25 November 2008, Sustainable Cities Index 2008,weblinkweblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20090418005928weblink">weblink 18 April 2009, 5 July 2009, Forum for the Future, Local initiatives include Sustrans (creators of the National Cycle Network, founded as Cyclebag in 1977){{sfn|Cotton|Grimshaw|2002}} and Resourcesaver, a non-profit business established in 1988 by Avon Friends of the Earth.WEB, Resourcesaver: Home Page,weblinkweblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20110719211447weblink">weblink 19 July 2011, 5 July 2009, Beehive, Bristol News and Media, In 2014 The Sunday Times named it as the best city in Britain in which to live.NEWS, Goss, Alexandra, 23 March 2014, Best places to live in Britain, The Sunday Times, SundayTimes,weblink dead, 18 October 2015,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20151117024337weblink">weblink 17 November 2015, The city received the 2015 European Green Capital Award, becoming the first UK city to receive this award.WEB, 2015-Bristol,weblink live,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20140630013758weblink">weblink 30 June 2014, 22 April 2014, European Commission, In 2019 Bristol City Council voted in favour of banning all privately owned diesel cars from the city centre.WEB, 5 November 2019, Bristol approves clean air diesel ban,weblink 18 January 2020, BBC News, Since then, the plans have been revised in favour of a clean air zone whereby older and more polluting vehicles will be charged to drive through the city centre. The Clean Air Zone came into effect in November 2022.WEB, Bristol Clean Air Zone launches,weblink 2023-03-06, Bristol City Council,

Green belt

The city has green belt mainly along its southern fringes, taking in small areas within the Ashton Court Estate, South Bristol crematorium and cemetery, High Ridge common and Whitchurch, with a further area around Frenchay Farm. The belt extends outside the city boundaries into surrounding counties and districts, for several miles in places, to afford a protection from urban sprawl to surrounding villages and towns.

Demographics{{anchor|Historical population records}}

{| class="wikitable" style="float:right; text-align:center;"|+ Bristol population data! scope="col" |Year !! scope="col" |Population !! scope="col" |Year !! scope="col" |Population 1377 9,518{{sfn1948| 323,698 1607 10,549{{sfn1900| 352,178 1700 20,000 1921 367,831 1801 68,944 1931 384,204 1811 83,922 1941 402,839 1821 99,151 1951 422,399 1831 120,789 1961 425,214 1841 144,803 1971 428,089 1851 159,945 1981 384,883 1861 194,229 1991 396,559 1871 228,513 2001 380,615 1881 262,797 2012 432,500MID-2012 POPULATION ESTIMATES >URL=HTTP://WWW.BRISTOL.GOV.UK/SITES/DEFAULT/FILES/DOCUMENTS/COUNCIL_AND_DEMOCRACY/STATISTICS_AND_CENSUS_INFORMATION/BRIEFING%20NOTE%20-%202012%20POPULATION%20ESTIMATES.PDF ARCHIVE-URL=HTTPS://WWW.WEBCITATION.ORG/6QZ0NJLED?URL=HTTP://WWW.BRISTOL.GOV.UK/SITES/DEFAULT/FILES/DOCUMENTS/COUNCIL_AND_DEMOCRACY/STATISTICS_AND_CENSUS_INFORMATION/BRIEFING%20NOTE%20-%202012%20POPULATION%20ESTIMATES.PDF ACCESS-DATE=17 JUNE 2014, Bristol City Council, 1891 297,525 2017 459,3001 JULY 2018 >TITLE=THE POPULATION OF BRISTOL URL-STATUS=DEAD ARCHIVE-DATE=24 JULY 2018 PUBLISHER=BRISTOL.GOV.UK, According to the 2011 census, 84% of the population was White (77.9% White British, 0.9% White Irish, 0.1% Gypsy or Irish Travellers and 5.1% Other White); 3.6% mixed-race (1.7% white-and-black Caribbean, 0.4% white-and-black African, 0.8% white and Asian and 0.7% other mixed); 5.5% Asian (1.6% Pakistani, 1.5% Indian, 0.9% Chinese, 0.5% Bangladeshi, and 1% other Asian); 6% Black (2.8% African, 1.6% Caribbean, 1.6% Other Black), 0.3% Arab and 0.6% with other heritage. Bristol is unusual among major British towns and cities in its larger black than Asian population.WEB, 2011 Census: Ethnic group, local authorities in England and Wales,weblink live,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20160224143452weblink">weblink 24 February 2016, 12 December 2012, Office for National Statistics, These statistics apply to the Bristol Unitary Authority area, excluding areas of the urban area (2006 estimated population 587,400) in South Gloucestershire, Bath and North East Somerset (BANES) and North Somerset—such as Kingswood, Mangotsfield, Filton and Warmley.WEB, Bristol England through time â€“ Population Statistics â€“ Total Population,weblinkweblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20110510100834weblink">weblink 10 May 2011, 21 June 2009, Great Britain Historical GIS Project, University of Portsmouth, 56.2% of the 209,995 Bristol residents who are employed commute to work using either a car, van, motorbike or taxi, 2.2% commute by rail and 9.8% by bus, while 19.6% walk.WEB, Method of Travel to Work,weblink 9 April 2017, UK Census Data, UKCensusdata.com#sthash.umJUM2up.dpuf, The Runnymede Trust found in 2017 that Bristol "ranked 7th out of the 348 districts of England & Wales (1=worst) on the Index of Multiple Inequality."WEB, Runnymede Trust, Bristol: a city divided?,weblinkweblink 2022-10-09, live, In terms of employment, the report found that "ethnic minorities are disadvantaged compared to white British people nationally, but this is to a greater extent in Bristol, particularly for black groups." Black people in Bristol experience the 3rd highest level of educational inequality in England and Wales.

Bristol conurbation

The population of Bristol's contiguous urban area was put at 551,066 by the ONS based on Census 2001 data.WEB, The UKs major urban areas,weblinkweblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20110628203215weblink">weblink 28 June 2011, 12 May 2007, Census 2001, Office for National Statistics, In 2006 the ONS estimated Bristol's urban-area population at 587,400,WEB, The Population of Bristol,weblinkweblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20100918070115weblink">weblink 18 September 2010, 12 June 2011, Bristol City Council, 5, PDF, making it England's sixth-most populous city and tenth-most populous urban area.At {{cvt|3599|PD/km²|0}} it has the seventh-highest population density of any English district.WEB, 10 October 2006, ONS 2005 Mid-Year Estimates,weblink live,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20070302063319weblink">weblink 2 March 2007, 12 May 2007, Office for National Statistics, According to data from 2019, the urban area has the 11th-largest population in the UK with a population of 670,000.WEB,weblink United Kingdom: Urban Areas, Citypopulation.de, 22 November 2020, In 2007 the European Spatial Planning Observation Network (ESPON) defined Bristol's functional urban area as including Weston-super-Mare, Bath and Clevedon with a total population of 1.04 million, the twelfth largest of the UK.European Spatial Planning Observation Network, Study on Urban Functions (Project 1.4.3) {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924002318weblink |date=24 September 2015 }}, Final Report, Chapter 3, (ESPON, 2007){{clear}}

Economy

File:BristolTheNails.jpg|thumb|right|upright|alt=Two ornate metal pillars with large dishes on top in a paved street, with an eighteenth-century stone building behind, upon which can be seen the words "Tea Blenders Estabklishec 177-". People sitting at café-style tables outside. On the right are iron railings.|Two of the four Nails (bronze tables used for conducting business) in Corn StreetCorn StreetBristol has a long history of trade, originally exporting wool cloth and importing fish, wine, grain and dairy products;WEB, Henry Bush, 1828, Chapter 3: Murage, keyage and pavage,weblink live,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20150512160253weblink">weblink 12 May 2015, 8 June 2015, Bristol Town Duties: A collection of original and interesting documents etc., Institute of Historical Research, later imports were tobacco, tropical fruits and plantation goods. Major imports are motor vehicles, grain, timber, produce and petroleum products.WEB, UK Port Freight Statistics,weblink live,weblink 24 December 2013, 25 August 2015, Department for Transport, PORT0210, PORT0303, The city's economy also relies on the aerospace, defence, media, information technology, financial services and tourism industries.WEB, Bristol Local Economic Assessment March 2011,weblinkweblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20121117004736weblink">weblink 17 November 2012, 29 March 2014, Bristol City Council, WEB, Towns & Cities: VisitBritain Corporate Site,weblinkweblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20120605203405weblink">weblink 5 June 2012, 27 March 2015, VisitBritain, The Ministry of Defence (MoD)'s Procurement Executive, later known as the Defence Procurement Agency and Defence Equipment and Support, moved to its headquarters to Abbey Wood, Filton, in 1995. This organisation, with a staff of 12,000 to 13,000, procures and supports MoD equipment.WEB, History of the Ministry of Defence,weblink live,weblink 3 December 2013, 27 January 2013, Ministry of Defence, One of the UK's most popular tourist destinations, Bristol was selected in 2009 as one of the world's top-ten cities by international travel publishers Dorling Kindersley in their Eyewitness guides for young adults.NEWS, Mrath, 23 December 2008, DK Eyewitness Travel top 10 cities of the world, Bristol Post,weblink dead, 12 June 2011,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20131203004602weblink">weblink 3 December 2013, Bristol is one of the eight-largest regional English cities that make up the Core Cities Group, and is ranked as a Gamma level global city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network, the fourth-highest-ranked English city.WEB, The World According to GaWC 2020,weblink 31 August 2020, GaWC – Research Network, Globalization and World Cities, In 2017 Bristol's gross domestic product was £88.448{{nbsp}}billion.WEB, Land Use Management for Sustainable European Cities (LUMASEC),weblink live,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20150905215700weblink">weblink 5 September 2015, 25 August 2015, URBACT, European Union, Its per capita GDP was £46,000 ($65,106, €57,794), which was some 65% above the national average, the third-highest of any English city (after London and Nottingham) and the sixth-highest of any city in the United Kingdom (behind London, Edinburgh, Glasgow, Belfast and Nottingham).WEB, Sub-regional: Gross value added1 (GVA) at current basic price,weblinkweblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20110511222553weblink">weblink 11 May 2011, 12 June 2011, Office for National Statistics, xls, According to the 2011 census, Bristol's unemployment rate (claiming Jobseeker's Allowance) was three per cent, compared with two per cent for South West England and the national average of four per cent.WEB, Lead Key Figures,weblink dead,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20140729125608weblink">weblink 29 July 2014, Office for National Statistics, Although Bristol's economy no longer relies upon its port, which was moved to docks at Avonmouth during the 1870sWEB, N. M., Herbert, 1988, Gloucester, 1835–1985: Economic development to 1914,weblink live,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20150623014802weblink">weblink 23 June 2015, 8 June 2015, A History of the County of Gloucester: Volume 4: The City of Gloucester, Institute of Historical Research, and to the Royal Portbury Dock in 1977 as ship size increased, it is the largest importer of cars to the UK. Until 1991, the port was publicly owned; it is leased, with £330{{nbsp}}million invested and its annual tonnage increasing from 3.9{{nbsp}}million long tons (4{{nbsp}}million tonnes) to 11.8{{nbsp}}million (12{{nbsp}}million).WEB, Bristol (Avonmouth),weblink live,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20140416184227weblink">weblink 16 April 2014, 29 March 2014, Ports and Harbours of the UK, Tobacco importing and cigarette manufacturing have ceased, but the importation of wine and spirits continues.WEB, 2011, About Averys Wine Merchants,weblinkweblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20120415204436weblink">weblink 15 April 2012, 27 January 2013, Averys of Bristol, The financial services sector employs 59,000 in the city,WEB, Professional Services,weblinkweblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20130424020151weblink">weblink 24 April 2013, 29 March 2014, Invest in Bristol, and 50 micro-electronics and silicon design companies employ about 5,000. In 1983 Hewlett-Packard opened its national research laboratory in Bristol.WEB, About the Region,weblinkweblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20101123204151weblink">weblink 23 November 2010, 27 January 2013, Silicon Southwest, WEB, HP Lab, Bristol, UK,weblink live,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20090408145710weblink">weblink 8 April 2009, 22 March 2009, Hewlett Packard, In 2014 the city was ranked seventh in the "top 10 UK destinations" by TripAdvisor.WEB, Top 10 cities global travellers most want to visit, 8 April 2014,weblink live,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20160130005535weblink">weblink 30 January 2016, 30 December 2015, ITV, During the 20th century, Bristol's manufacturing activities expanded to include aircraft production at Filton by the Bristol Aeroplane Company and aircraft-engine manufacturing by Bristol Aero Engines (later Rolls-Royce) at Patchway. Bristol Aeroplane was known for their World War I Bristol Fighter{{sfn|Boyne|2002|p=105}} and World War II Blenheim and Beaufighter planes.{{sfn|Boyne|2002|p=105}} During the 1950s they were a major English manufacturer of civilian aircraft, known for the Freighter, Britannia and Brabazon. The company diversified into automobile manufacturing during the 1940s, producing hand-built, luxury Bristol Cars at their factory in Filton, and the Bristol Cars company was spun off in 1960.WEB, A brief history of the Bristol Marque,weblinkweblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20061007123103weblink">weblink 7 October 2006, 29 August 2007, Bristol Owners Club, The city also gave its name to Bristol buses, which were manufactured in the city from 1908 to 1983: by Bristol Tramways until 1955, and from 1955 to 1983 by Bristol Commercial Vehicles.WEB, A brief history of Bristol Tramways and Carriage Co, Bristol Omnibus Co and Bristol Commercial Vehicles,weblink dead,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20150906013704weblink">weblink 6 September 2015, 25 August 2015, Bristol Vintage Bus Group, File:Concorde on Bristol.jpg|thumb|left|alt=A view from below of an aeroplane in flight, with a slender fuselage and swept back wings.|Final ConcordeConcordeFilton played a key role in the Anglo-French Concorde supersonic airliner project during the 1960s. The British Concorde prototype made its maiden flight from Filton to RAF Fairford on 9 April 1969, five weeks after the French test flight.NEWS, Staff, 2 March 1969, BBC On This Day: 2 March 1969: Concorde flies for the first time, BBC, London,weblink live, 22 June 2011,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20110903062944weblink">weblink 3 September 2011, In 2003 British Airways and Air France decided to discontinue Concorde flights, retiring the aircraft to locations (primarily museums) worldwide. On 26 November 2003 Concorde 216 made the final Concorde flight, returning to Bristol Filton Airport as the centrepiece of a proposed air museum which is planned to include the existing Bristol Aero collection (including a Bristol Britannia).WEB, Concorde at Filton,weblink live,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20150718023502weblink">weblink 18 July 2015, 8 June 2015, Bristol Aero Collection, The aerospace industry remains a major sector of the local economy.WEB, Dr Doug Naysmith â€“ Bristol Northwest,weblinkweblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20090603210702weblink">weblink 3 June 2009, 14 March 2008, ePolitix.com, Major aerospace companies in Bristol include BAE Systems, a merger of Marconi Electronic Systems and BAe (the latter a merger of BAC, Hawker Siddeley and Scottish Aviation). AirbusWEB, Airbus in UK,weblinkweblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20080822031810weblink">weblink 22 August 2008, 20 March 2009, Airbus, and Rolls-Royce are also based at Filton, and aerospace engineering is an area of research at the University of the West of England. Another aviation company in the city is Cameron Balloons, who manufacture hot air balloons;WEB, Balloon Fiesta: How to make a hot-air balloon,weblink live,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20090131114612weblink">weblink 31 January 2009, 31 December 2008, BBC Bristol, each August the city hosts the Bristol International Balloon Fiesta, one of Europe's largest hot-air balloon festivals.NEWS, BBC â€“ Bristol â€“ Balloon Fiesta â€“ Balloon Fiesta: Don Cameron, BBC News,weblink live, 5 February 2009,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20090201102136weblink">weblink 1 February 2009, In 2005 Bristol was named by the UK government one of England's six science cities.NEWS, What does 'Science City' mean?, BBC,weblink live, 25 August 2015,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20151006072621weblink">weblink 6 October 2015, WEB, 16 September 2005, Cities gather to plot scientific route to economic growth,weblink live,weblink 6 September 2015, University of York, A £500{{nbsp}}million shopping centre, Cabot Circus, opened in 2008 amidst predictions by developers and politicians that the city would become one of England's top ten retail destinations.NEWS, Bristol shopping centre Cabot Circus will lift city into top 10 say business leaders, Bristol Post,weblink dead, 12 June 2011,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20131203004231weblink">weblink 3 December 2013, The Bristol Temple Quarter Enterprise Zone, focused on creative, high-tech and low-carbon industries around Bristol Temple Meads railway station,NEWS, 8 July 2013, An enterprising idea with a radically new approach, Bristol Post,weblink dead, 18 March 2015,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20150402095845weblink">weblink 2 April 2015, was announced in 2011NEWS, 8 June 2011, Aim to create 20,000 jobs by revitalising derelict land around Temple Meads, Bristol, Bristol Post,weblink dead, 18 August 2011,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20131203004234weblink">weblink 3 December 2013, and launched the following year. The {{cvt|70|ha|adj=on}} Urban Enterprise Zone has streamlined planning procedures and reduced business rates. Rates generated by the zone are channelled to five other designated enterprise areas in the region:NEWS, 7 June 2011, Land near Temple Meads named as Bristol enterprise zone, BBC,weblink live, 18 March 2015,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20140331193401weblink">weblink 31 March 2014, Avonmouth, Bath, Bristol and Bath Science Park in Emersons Green, Filton, and Weston-super-Mare. Bristol is the only big city whose wealth per capita is higher than that of Britain as a whole. With a highly skilled workforce drawn from its universities, Bristol claims to have the largest cluster of computer chip designers and manufacturers outside Silicon Valley {{Citation needed|reason=No source for this claim|date=April 2022}}. The wider region has one of the biggest aerospace hubs in the UK, centred on Airbus, Rolls-Royce and GKN at Filton airfield.NEWS, Brown, John Murray, 30 October 2014, Bristol to become smart city laboratory, Financial Times,weblink live, subscription,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20160520160353weblink">weblink 20 May 2016, {{Clear}}{{Panorama }}

Culture

Arts

(File:Coopers' Hall front.jpg|thumb|alt=An imposing eighteenth-century building with three entrance archways, large first-floor windows and an ornate peaked gable end above.|The Coopers Hall, entrance to the Bristol Old Vic Theatre Royal complex)File:Bristol pw from ms.jpg|thumb|alt=A long two-storey building with 4 cranes in front on the quayside. Two tugboats are moored at the quay.|Site of the former Bristol Industrial Museum, now the M ShedM ShedBristol has a thriving current and historical arts scene. Some of the modern venues and modern digital production companies have merged with legacy production companies based in old buildings around the city. In 2008 the city was a finalist for the 2008 European Capital of Culture, although the title was awarded to Liverpool.WEB, Six Cities Make Short List For European Capital of Culture 2008,weblink dead,weblink 12 May 2010, 12 June 2011, Department for Culture, Media and Sport, The city was designated "City of Film" by UNESCO in 2017 and has been a member of the Creative Cities Network since then.WEB, 2 November 2017, Bristol announced as a UNESCO City of Film,weblink Bristol Vision Institute, University of Bristol, 3 October 2018, 16 August 2021,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20210816064813weblink">weblink dead, The Bristol Old Vic, founded in 1946 as an offshoot of The Old Vic in London, occupies the 1766 Theatre Royal (607 seats) on King Street; the 150-seat New Vic (a studio-type theatre), and a foyer and bar in the adjacent Coopers' Hall (built in 1743). The Theatre Royal, a grade I listed building,{{NHLE |num=1209703 |desc=The Theatre Royal |access-date=27 August 2015 |fewer-links=yes }}WEB, Grade I Listed Buildings in Bristol,weblink dead,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20120110140244weblink">weblink 10 January 2012, 27 January 2013, Bristol City Council, is the oldest continuously operating theatre in England.NEWS, Rowe, Mark, 27 March 2005, England special: In the footsteps of Bristol's slave traders, The Independent on Sunday archived at Nexis, Independent News and Media, fee required,weblink live, subscription, 21 July 2009,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20110515185353weblink">weblink 15 May 2011, The Bristol Old Vic Theatre School (which originated in King Street) is a separate company, and the Bristol Hippodrome is a 1,951-seat theatre for national touring productions. Other smaller theatres include the Tobacco Factory, QEH, the Redgrave Theatre at Clifton College, The Wardrobe Theatre, Bristol Improv Theatre, and the Alma Tavern. Bristol's theatre scene features several companies as well as the Old Vic, including Show of Strength, Shakespeare at the Tobacco Factory and Travelling Light. Theatre Bristol is a partnership between the city council, Arts Council England and local residents to develop the city's theatre industry.WEB, About Us,weblink live,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20080517071121weblink">weblink 17 May 2008, 8 May 2008, Theatre Bristol, Several organisations support Bristol theatre; the Residence (an artist-led community) provides office, social and rehearsal space for theatre and performance companies,WEB, 20 January 2013, About,weblink live,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20140317033730weblink">weblink 17 March 2014, 28 March 2014, Residence, and Equity has a branch in the city.WEB, Bristol and West General Branch,weblink live,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20080505063932weblink">weblink 5 May 2008, 8 May 2008, Equity, File:Banksy-ps2.jpg|thumb|upright|left|alt=A painting on a building showing a naked man hanging by one hand from a window sill. A man in a suit looks out of the window, shading his eyes with his right hand, behind him stands a woman in her underwear.|Well Hung Lover, one of many BanksyBanksyThe city has many venues for live music, its largest the 2,000-seat Bristol Beacon, previously Colston Hall, named after Edward Colston. Others include the Bristol Academy, The Fleece, The Croft, the Exchange, Fiddlers, the Victoria Rooms, Rough Trade, Trinity Centre, St George's Bristol and several pubs, from the jazz-oriented The Old Duke to rock at the Fleece and indie bands at the Louisiana.NEWS, Reid, Melanie, 18 July 2007, A student's guide to ... University of Bristol, The Times, UK,weblink live, subscription, 14 March 2009,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20100606070653weblink">weblink 6 June 2010, WEB, Bristol's music scene,weblink live,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20170105084648weblink">weblink 5 January 2017, 4 January 2017, PortCities Bristol, In 2010 PRS for Music called Bristol the UK's most musical city, based on the number of its members born there relative to the city's population.NEWS, 12 March 2010, Bristol is Britain's 'most musical city', BBC,weblink live, 9 April 2010,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20100316060143weblink">weblink 16 March 2010, Since the late 1970s Bristol has been home to bands combining punk, funk, dub and political consciousness. With trip hop and Bristol Sound artists such as Tricky,WEB, Erlewine, Stephen Thomas, Tricky > Overview, {{AllMusic, artist, p132766, yes, |access-date=15 March 2009 |publisher=All Music}} PortisheadWEB, Erlewine, Stephen Thomas, Portishead > Biography, {{AllMusic, artist, p45223, yes, |access-date=15 March 2009 |publisher=All Music}} and Massive Attack,WEB, Ankeny, Jason, Massive Attack > Biography, {{AllMusic, artist, p13625, yes, |access-date=15 March 2009 |publisher=All Music}} the list of bands from Bristol is extensive. The city is a stronghold of drum and bass, with artists such as Roni Size's Mercury Prize-winning Reprazent,WEB, Cooper, Sean, Roni Size > Biography, {{AllMusic, artist, p199290, yes, |access-date=15 March 2009 |publisher=All Music}} as DJ Krust,WEB, Bush, John, Krust > Overview, {{AllMusic, artist, p199939, yes, |access-date=15 March 2009 |publisher=All Music}} More RockersWEB, Prato, Greg, More Rockers > Overview,weblinkweblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20021119052725weblink">weblink 19 November 2002, 15 March 2009, dead, All Music, and TC.WEB, TC – New Songs, Playlists & Latest News – BBC Music,weblink 26 September 2017, BBC, Musicians were at the centre of the broader Bristol urban-culture scene which received international media attention during the 1990s.WEB, Blagging and Boasting,weblink live,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20110612165116weblink">weblink 12 June 2011, 16 June 2011, Metroactive Music, Metro Publishing Inc, The Downs Festival is also a yearly occurrence where both local and well-known bands play. Since its inception in 2016, it has become a major event in the city.The Bristol Museum and Art Gallery houses a collection encompassing natural history, archaeology, local glassware, Chinese ceramics and art. The M Shed museum opened in 2011 on the site of the former Bristol Industrial Museum.NEWS, 17 June 2011, Bristol's £27 m M Shed museum opens, BBC News Bristol,weblink live, 26 July 2013,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20110828193540weblink">weblink 28 August 2011, Both are operated by Bristol Culture and Creative Industries, which also runs three historic houses{{nsmdns}}the Tudor Red Lodge, the Georgian House and Blaise Castle House; and Bristol Archives.WEB, 2013, Bristol City Council: Museums and galleries,weblinkweblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20130401183740weblink">weblink 1 April 2013, 25 July 2013, Bristol City Council, The 18th- and 19th-century portrait painter Thomas Lawrence, 19th-century architect Francis Greenway (designer of many of Sydney's first buildings) were born in the city. The graffiti artist Banksy is believed to be from Bristol, and many of his works are on display in the city.File:Wallace&GromitModels2019.jpg|thumb|Clay models of Wallace and GromitWallace and GromitThe Watershed Media Centre and Arnolfini gallery (both in dockside warehouses) exhibit contemporary art, photography and cinema, and the city's oldest gallery is at the Royal West of England Academy in Clifton.WEB, 2009, A Short History of the RWA,weblinkweblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20110716064532weblink">weblink 16 July 2011, 21 July 2011, Royal West of England Academy, The nomadic Antlers Gallery opened in 2010, moving into empty spaces on Park Street, on Whiteladies Road and in the Purifier House on Bristol's Harbourside.NEWS, Antlers gallery takes over Purifier House on Bristol Harbourside, Bristol Post,weblink live, 24 October 2015,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20151117021457weblink">weblink 17 November 2015, Stop-motion animation films and commercials (produced by Aardman Animations) are made in Bristol, such as Wallace and Gromit and Chicken Run, while Aardman has also branched out into computer-animation, such as Arthur Christmas.WEB, Aardman Animations Biography,weblink live,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20081202150949weblink">weblink 2 December 2008, 7 March 2009, Screen Online, NEWS, First Look: Director Sarah Smith Talks Aardman's Arthur Christmas: Exclusive Photos,weblink 8 December 2023, Indie Wire, Robert Newton, Bobby Driscoll and other cast members of the 1950 Walt Disney film Treasure Island (some scenes were filmed along the harbourside) visited the city along with Disney himself. Bristol is home to the regional headquarters of BBC West and the BBC Natural History Unit.JOURNAL, Davies, Gail, 1998, Networks of nature: Stories of Natural History Film-Making from the BBC,weblink live, UCL ePrints, 11–15,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20150906093640weblink">weblink 6 September 2015, 22 August 2015, Locations in and around Bristol have featured in the BBC's natural-history programmes, including Animal Magic (filmed at Bristol Zoo).WEB, About Johnny,weblink live,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20160410230219weblink">weblink 10 April 2016, 29 March 2014, BBC, Bristol is the birthplace of 18th-century poets Robert SoutheyODNB, Southey, Robert (1774–1843),weblink Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, 18 April 2015, live,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20160206005850weblink">weblink 6 February 2016, 10.1093/ref:odnb/26056, 2004, and Thomas Chatterton.WEB, Chatterton â€“ Bristol's boy poet,weblink live,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20090108200617weblink">weblink 8 January 2009, 20 December 2008, BBC, Southey (born on Wine Street in 1774) and his friend, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, married the Fricker sisters from the city.JOURNAL, Webb, Samantha, 2006, 'Not so pleasant to the taste': Coleridge in Bristol during the mixed bread campaign of 1795, Romanticism, 12, 1, 5–14, 10.1353/rom.2006.0009, free, William Wordsworth spent time in Bristol,{{sfn|Newlyn|2001|p=7}} where Joseph Cottle published Lyrical Ballads in 1798. Actor Cary Grant was born in Bristol, and comedians from the city include Justin Lee Collins,NEWS, Morris, Sophie, 11 December 2006, Justin Lee Collins: My Life in Media, The Independent, London,weblink 7 March 2009,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20150701203012weblink">weblink 1 July 2015, Lee Evans,WEB, Lee Evans Biography (1964–),weblink live,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20090303073024weblink">weblink 3 March 2009, 7 March 2009, Film Reference, Russell HowardNEWS, Cavendish, Dominic, 1 March 2008, Russell Howard: Russell who is not a brand, The Daily Telegraph, London,weblink dead, 21 July 2011,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20120516015828weblink">weblink 16 May 2012, 0307-1235, 49632006, and writer-comedian Stephen Merchant.NEWS, Ellen, Barbara, 5 November 2006, Barbara Ellen meets the 6 ft 7in comedy giant Stephen Merchant, The Guardian, London,weblink live, 7 March 2009,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20131205040424weblink">weblink 5 December 2013, The author John Betjeman wrote a poem called "Bristol".WEB, J. Betjeman, 3 July 2009, Poem: Bristol by John Betjeman,weblink 13 August 2020, BBC, It begins:{{Poem quote|text=Green upon the flooded Avon shone the after-storm-wet-sky,Quick the struggling withy branches let the leaves of autumn fly,And a star shone over Bristol, wonderfully far and high.|sign = John Betjeman|title = Bristol}}

Architecture

File:Kings Weston House, Bristol. The Garden Front. Sir John Vanbrugh, 1712.jpg|thumb|alt=Large, square two-storey house at the end of a dirt path|Garden front of John Vanbrugh's Kings Weston HouseKings Weston HouseFile:llandoger.trow.overall.arp.jpg|thumb|right|alt=A seventeenth-century timber-framed building with three gables and a traditional inn sign showing a picture of a sailing barge. Some drinkers sit at benches outside on a cobbled street. Other old buildings are further down the street, and in the background part of a modern office building can be seen.|The Llandoger TrowLlandoger TrowBristol has 51 Grade I, 500 Grade II* and over 3,800 Grade II listed buildingsWEB, Bristol City Council: Listed buildings register: Listed buildings,weblinkweblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20120106130440weblink">weblink 6 January 2012, 27 January 2013, Bristol City Council, in a variety of architectural styles, from medieval to modern. During the mid-19th century Bristol Byzantine, a style unique to the city, was developed, and several examples have survived. Buildings from most architectural periods of the United Kingdom can be seen in the city. Surviving elements of the fortifications and castle date to the medieval period,{{sfn|Burrough|1970|p=3}} and the Church of St James dates back to the 12th century.{{NHLE |num=1282067 |desc=Church of St James |access-date=27 August 2015 |fewer-links=yes }}The oldest Grade I listed buildings in Bristol are religious. St James' Priory was founded in 1129 as a Benedictine priory by Earl Robert of Gloucester, the illegitimate son of Henry I.{{NHLE|desc=Church of St James |num=1282067 |access-date=18 October 2015 |fewer-links=yes }} The second-oldest is Bristol Cathedral and its associated Great Gatehouse.{{NHLE|desc=The Great Gatehouse |num=1202132 |access-date=18 October 2015 |fewer-links=yes }} Founded in 1140, the church became the seat of the bishop and cathedral of the new Diocese of Bristol in 1542. Most of the medieval stonework, particularly the Elder Lady Chapel, is made from limestone taken from quarries around Dundry and Felton with Bath stone being used in other areas.{{NHLE|desc=Cathedral Church of St Augustine, including Chapter House and cloisters |num=1202129 |access-date=18 October 2015 |fewer-links=yes }} Amongst the other churches included in the list is the 12th-century St Mary Redcliffe which is the tallest building in Bristol. The church was described by Queen Elizabeth I as "the fairest, goodliest, and most famous parish church in England."{{sfn|Burrough|1970|pp=13–14}}Secular buildings include The Red Lodge, built in 1580 for John Yonge as a lodge for a larger house that once stood on the site of the present Bristol Beacon (previously known as Colston Hall). It was subsequently added to in Georgian times and restored in the early 20th century.{{NHLE |num=1202417 |desc=Red Lodge |access-date=27 August 2015 |fewer-links=yes }} St Bartholomew's Hospital is a 12th-century town house which was incorporated into a monastery hospital founded in 1240 by Sir John la Warr, 2nd Baron De La Warr ({{circa|1277–1347}}), and became Bristol Grammar School from 1532 to 1767, and then Queen Elizabeth's Hospital 1767–1847. The round piers predate the hospital, and may come from an aisled hall, the earliest remains of domestic architecture in the city, which was then adapted to form the hospital chapel.{{NHLE|desc=Nos.17, 18 AND 19 St Bartholomew's Hospital |num=1202066 |access-date=18 October 2015 |fewer-links=yes }} Three 17th-century town houses which were attached to the hospital were incorporated into model workers' flats in 1865, and converted to offices in 1978. St Nicholas's Almshouses were built in 1652{{NHLE|desc=St Nicholas' Almshouses, Nos.1–10 |num=1209635 |access-date=21 February 2007 |fewer-links=yes }} to provide care for the poor. Several public houses were also built in this period, including the Llandoger Trow{{NHLE|desc=Llandoger Trow |num=1202324 |access-date=22 February 2007 |fewer-links=yes }} on King Street and the Hatchet Inn.{{NHLE|desc=No.1 The Palace Hotel |num=1219436 |access-date=15 May 2007 |fewer-links=yes }}Manor houses include Goldney Hall, where the highly decorated Grotto dates from 1739.{{NHLE|desc=Grotto approximately 85 metres south of Goldney House |num=1202104 |access-date=18 October 2015 |fewer-links=yes }} Commercial buildings such as the Exchange{{NHLE|desc=The Exchange |num=1298770 |access-date=18 October 2015 |fewer-links=yes }} and Old Post Office{{NHLE|desc=No.48 Old Post Office |num=1187390 |access-date=18 October 2015 |fewer-links=yes }} from the 1740s are also included in the list. Residential buildings include the Georgian Portland Square{{NHLE|desc=Nos.1–6 (Consecutive) and attached area railings |num=1202443 |access-date=18 October 2015 |fewer-links=yes }} {{NHLE|desc=Nos.14–17 (Consecutive) and attached area railings |num=1282179 |access-date=18 October 2015 |fewer-links=yes }} {{NHLE|desc=Nos.18–21 (Consecutive) and attached area railings |num=1208823 |access-date=18 October 2015 |fewer-links=yes }} {{NHLE|desc=Nos.22–28 (Consecutive) and attached area railings |num=1202444 |access-date=18 October 2015 |fewer-links=yes }} {{NHLE|desc=Nos.31–34 (Consecutive) and attached area railings |num=1208879 |access-date=18 October 2015 |fewer-links=yes }} {{NHLE|desc=Nos.7–13 (Consecutive) and attached area railings |num=1208806 |access-date=18 October 2015 |fewer-links=yes }} and the complex of small cottages around a green at Blaise Hamlet, which was built around 1811 for retired employees of Quaker banker and philanthropist John Scandrett Harford, who owned Blaise Castle House.{{NHLE|desc=Circular Cottage |num=1202262 |access-date=18 October 2015 |fewer-links=yes }} {{NHLE|desc=Dial Cottage |num=1282246 |access-date=18 October 2015 |fewer-links=yes }} {{NHLE|desc=Diamond Cottage |num=1282285 |access-date=18 October 2015 |fewer-links=yes }} {{NHLE|desc=Double Cottage |num=1202260 |access-date=18 October 2015 |fewer-links=yes }} {{NHLE|desc=Dutch Cottage |num=1207760 |access-date=18 October 2015 |fewer-links=yes }} {{NHLE|desc=Oak Cottage |num=1207747 |access-date=18 October 2015 |fewer-links=yes }} {{NHLE|desc=Rose Cottage |num=1202261 |access-date=18 October 2015 |fewer-links=yes }} {{NHLE|desc=Sweetbriar Cottage |num=1282247 |access-date=18 October 2015 |fewer-links=yes }} {{NHLE|desc=Vine Cottage |num=1202263 |access-date=18 October 2015 |fewer-links=yes }} The 18th-century Kings Weston House, in northern Bristol, was designed by John Vanbrugh and is the only Vanbrugh building in any UK city outside London. Almshouses{{NHLE |num=1209635 |desc=St Nicholas' Almshouses |access-date=27 August 2015 |fewer-links=yes }} and pubs from the same period{{NHLE |num=1202324 |desc=Llandoger Trow Public House |access-date=27 August 2015 |fewer-links=yes}} intermingle with modern development. Several Georgian squares were designed for the middle class as prosperity increased during the 18th century.{{sfn|Foyle|2004|pp=19–21}} During World War II, the city centre was heavily bombed during the Bristol Blitz.WEB, Pictorial Record of Bristol's History,weblinkweblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20070322080553weblink">weblink 22 March 2007, 29 March 2014, Bristol History, The central shopping area near Wine Street and Castle Street was particularly hard-hit, and the Dutch House and St Peter's Hospital were destroyed. Nevertheless, in 1961 John Betjeman called Bristol "the most beautiful, interesting and distinguished city in England".{{sfn|Winstone|1985|p=124}}

Sport

Bristol is represented by professional teams in all the major national sports. Bristol City and Bristol Rovers are the city's main football clubs. Bristol Bears (rugby union) and Gloucestershire County Cricket Club are also based in the city.The two Football League clubs are Bristol City and Bristol Rovers{{nsmdns}}the former being the only club from the city to play in the precursor to the Premier League. Non-league clubs include Bristol Manor Farm, Hengrove Athletic, Brislington, Roman Glass St George and Bristol Telephones. Bristol City, formed in 1894, were Division One runners-up in 1907 and lost the FA Cup final in 1909. In the First Division in 1976, they then sank to the bottom professional tier before reforming after a 1982 bankruptcy. 28 October 2000 is a date of significance in the city as it is the last time Bristol Rovers were above Bristol City in the Football league. Bristol City were promoted to the second tier of English football in 2007, losing to Hull City in the playoff for promotion to the Premier League that season.NEWS, Bristol City 0–1 Hull, BBC,weblink live, 13 October 2015,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20080526223822weblink">weblink 26 May 2008, Bristol City Women were formally based at Twerton Park, but now share Ashton Gate as a home venue with the men's team and occasionally relocate to The Robins High Performance Centre in Failand for cup games.WEB, Bristol Academy Women Club History,weblink dead,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20151122234818weblink">weblink 22 November 2015, 27 October 2015, Bristol Academy Women, File:Ashton Gate & Bridge.jpg|thumb|left|alt=In the foreground twentieth century housing can be seen amidst trees and on the right a tower block of flats. In the middle distance a complex of red coloured buildings can be seen and behind that a steep sided gorge with a suspension bridge spanning it. Eighteenth century terraces on the right side of the gorge, the slopes of which are heavily wooded and a tower can be seen in the distance on the skyline.|Ashton Gate Stadium, with the Clifton Suspension Bridge over the Avon GorgeAvon GorgeFile:Uplands StandBRFC.JPG|thumb|left|The Memorial Stadium, home of Bristol Rovers ]]Bristol Rovers, the oldest professional football team in the city, were formed in 1883 and promoted back into the football league in 2015. They were third-tier champions twice (Division Three South in 1952–53 and Division Three in 1989–90), Watney Cup Winners (1972) and runners-up for the Johnstone's Paint Trophy (2006–07) although have never played in England's top Division. The club has planning permission for a new 21,700-capacity all-seater stadium at the University of the West of England's Frenchay campus. Construction was due to begin in mid-2014, but in March 2015 the sale of the Memorial Stadium site (needed to finance the new stadium) was in jeopardy.WEB, 20 March 2014, Potted History,weblink dead,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20140320222736weblink">weblink 20 March 2014, 21 March 2014, Bristol Post, NEWS, McCormick, Ken, 27 March 2015, Bristol Rovers board asks fans to keep any anti-Sainsbury's protests "lawful and peaceful", Bristol Post,weblink dead, 18 April 2015,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20150418220405weblink">weblink 18 April 2015, Bristol Manor Farm are the highest-ranked non-league club within the city boundaries. They play their games at The Creek, Sea Mills,NEWS, 16 April 2018, Information, Manor Farm Online,weblink 5 July 2018, 5 July 2018,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20180705175606weblink">weblink dead, in the north of Bristol. Formed in 1960, the club currently play in the Southern League Division One South having finished the 2016–17 Western League season as champions. They reached the quarter-finals of the FA Vase in 2015–16.WEB, Football Club History Database – Bristol Manor Farm,weblink 5 July 2018, www.fchd.info, The city is also home to Bristol Bears,WEB, Bristol Rugby : History Page,weblinkweblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20080731171020weblink">weblink 31 July 2008, 16 March 2009, Bristol Rugby, formed in 1888 as Bristol Football Club by the merger of the Carlton club with rival Redland Park. Westbury Park declined the merger and folded, with many of its players joining what was then Bristol Rugby.WEB, 1888–1910,weblinkweblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20120319233428weblink">weblink 19 March 2012, 27 September 2015, Bristol Rugby, Bristol Rugby has often competed at the highest level of the sport since its formation in 1888.WEB, History,weblinkweblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20110609204809weblink">weblink 9 June 2011, 12 June 2011, Bristol Rugby, The club played at the Memorial Ground, which it shared with Bristol Rovers from 1996. Although Bristol Rugby owned the stadium when the football club arrived, a decline in the rugby club's fortunes led to a transfer of ownership to Bristol Rovers. In 2014 Bristol Rugby moved to their new home, Ashton Gate Stadium (home to Bristol Rovers' rivals Bristol City), for the 2014–15 season.WEB, Guide to Ashton Gate,weblinkweblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20140819131726weblink">weblink 19 August 2014, 25 August 2015, Bristol Rugby, NEWS, 13 February 2014, Safe standing: Bristol Rugby back Bristol City's Ashton Gate plans, BBC Sport, BBC,weblink live, 25 August 2015,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20140302123853weblink">weblink 2 March 2014, They changed their name from Bristol Rugby to Bristol Bears to coincide with their return to Premiership Rugby in 2018–19.Dating from 1901, the Bristol Combination and its 53 clubs promote rugby union in the city and help support Bristol Bears.WEB, Bristol Combination History,weblink live,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20160119215228weblink">weblink 19 January 2016, 18 October 2015, Pitcheroo, The most prominent of Bristol's smaller rugby clubs include Clifton Rugby, Dings Crusaders, and Cleve. Rugby league is represented in Bristol by the Bristol Sonics.WEB, About Us,weblink live,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20151011144449weblink">weblink 11 October 2015, 18 October 2015, Bristol Sonics, The first-class cricket club Gloucestershire County Cricket ClubWEB, Gloucestershire County Cricket Club,weblink live,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20090306212455weblink">weblink 6 March 2009, 16 March 2009, Gloucestershire County Cricket Club, has its headquarters and plays the majority of its home games at the Bristol County Ground, the only major international sports venue in the south-west of England. It was formed by the family of W. G. Grace.WEB, About Us,weblink live,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20160307022330weblink">weblink 7 March 2016, 5 March 2016, Gloucestershire Cricket, The club is arguably Bristol's most successful, achieving a period of success between 1999 and 2006 when it won nine trophies and became the most formidable one-day outfit in England, including winning a "double double" in 1999 and 2000 (both the Benson and Hedges Cup and the C&G Trophy), and the Sunday League in 2000. Gloucestershire CCC also won the Royal London One-Day Cup in 2015.The Bristol Flyers basketball team have competed in the British Basketball League, the UK's premier professional basketball league, since 2014.WEB, 18 June 2013, Bristol Flyers Awarded BBL Franchise for 2014,weblink live,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20160106055134weblink">weblink 6 January 2016, 27 October 2015, Hoopsfix, Bristol Aztecs play in Britain's premier American football competition, the BAFA National Leagues.WEB, Bristol Aztecs,weblinkweblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20090107002432weblink">weblinkHistory/Britball%20Teams/BristolAztecs.html, 7 January 2009, 27 October 2015, Britball Now, In 2009 ice hockey returned to Bristol after a 17-year absence, with the Bristol Pitbulls playing at Bristol Ice Rink; after its closure, it shared a venue with Oxford City Stars.WEB, Rink-share arrangement with Bristol Pitbulls, http:oxfordcitystars.com/rink-share-arrangement-with-bristol-pitbulls/, dead,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20160106195416weblink">weblink 6 January 2016, 27 October 2015, Oxford City Stars, Bristol sponsors an annual half marathon and hosted the 2001 IAAF World Half Marathon Championships.WEB, Bristol Half Marathon,weblink dead,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20150925201616weblink">weblink 25 September 2015, 27 October 2015, Run Bristol, Athletic clubs in Bristol include Bristol and West AC, Bitton Road Runners and Westbury Harriers. Bristol has staged finishes and starts of the Tour of Britain cycle raceNEWS, Prideaux, Sophie, 10 September 2014, When will the Tour of Britain be in Bristol today?, Bristol Post,weblink dead, 27 October 2015,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20140912043611weblink">weblink 12 September 2014, and facilities in the city were used as training camps for the 2012 London Olympics.WEB, About the Centre for Sport,weblink live,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20151007215209weblink">weblink 7 October 2015, 27 October 2015, University of the West of England, The Bristol International Balloon Fiesta, a major UK hot-air ballooning event, is held each summer at Ashton Court.WEB, 14 April 2008, Balloon Fiesta celebrates 30 years,weblink live,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20090131114607weblink">weblink 31 January 2009, 16 March 2009, BBC Bristol, (File:Bristol International Balloon Fiesta.JPG|thumb|alt=A large number of hot air balloons taking off from a field which is surrounded by tents and stalls. The sun is low in the sky and balloons can be seen flying into the distance.|Bristol International Balloon Fiesta).Bristol Underwater Hockey club are the city's competitive team for the sport.WEB,weblink Bristol Octopush Club - Bristol Under Water Hockey Club, They train at Hengrove Park Leisure Centre. In the 2023 Nationals Competition, Bristol came 4th in group C.WEB,weblink Finals 2023 - Results, In the 2023 Nautilus Tournament, Bristol A finished 2nd in Division 2 with Bristol B finishing 4th in Division 6.WEB,weblink Nautilus 2023 Results,

Dialect

{{further|Culture in Bristol#Dialect}}File:Cabot Tower (600px).jpg|thumb|upright|alt=An ornate brick tower surrounded by trees. The tower has balconies and is surmounted by a pitched roof with an ornate figure at the apex.|Cabot Tower, seen from the Brandon Hill park]]A dialect of English (West Country English), known as Bristolian, is spoken by longtime residents, who are known as Bristolians.WEB, Famous Bristolians,weblink dead,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20120425091723weblink">weblink 25 April 2012, 12 November 2011, Mintinit.com, Bristol natives have a rhotic accent, in which the post-vocalic r in car and card is pronounced (unlike in Received Pronunciation). The city is regarded as one of the last locations in England, along with Blackburn, to preserve the traditional English rhotic R sound.NEWS, Pinkstone, Joe, 2023-12-16, The two remaining places where people have traditional English accents, en-GB, The Telegraph,weblink 2023-12-19, 0307-1235, The unique feature of this accent is the 'Bristol (or terminal) l', in which l is appended to words ending in a or o.{{sfn|Hughes|2012|pp=86–88}} Whether this is a broad l or a w is a subject of debate,WEB, Staff, 14 August 2003, Calling All Bristolians,weblink live,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20120120132253weblink">weblink 20 January 2012, 19 June 2011, BBC, with area pronounced 'areal' or 'areaw'. The ending of Bristol is another example of the Bristol l. Bristolians pronounce -a and -o at the end of a word as -aw (cinemaw). To non-natives, the pronunciation suggests an l after the vowel.JOURNAL, Gick, Bryan, 1999, A gesture-based account of intrusive consonants in English,weblink dead, Phonology, 16, 29–54, 10.1017/s0952675799003693, 61173209,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20130412043850weblink">weblink 12 April 2013, WEB, Trudgill, Peter, Dialect Contact, Dialectology and Sociolinguistics,weblinkweblink 2 April 2015, 12 March 2015, University of Fribourg, Until recently,{{When|date=September 2022}} Bristolian was characterised by retention of the second-person singular, as in the doggerel "Cassn't see what bist looking at? Cassn't see as well as couldst, casst? And if couldst, 'ouldn't, 'ouldst?" The West Saxon bist is used for the English art,{{sfn|Black|1996|p=172}} and children were admonished with "Thee and thou, the Welshman's cow". In Bristolian, as in French and German, the second-person singular was not used when speaking to a superior (except by the egalitarian Quakers). The pronoun thee is also used in the subject position ("What bist thee doing?"), and I or he in the object position ("Give he to I.").{{sfn|Strohmeyer|2009|p=13}} Linguist Stanley Ellis, who found that many dialect words in the Filton area were linked to aerospace work, described Bristolian as "a cranky, crazy, crab-apple tree of language and with the sharpest, juiciest flavour that I've heard for a long time".{{sfn|Elmes|2005|p=39}}

Religion

{{Pie chart|label1=No religion|label2=Christianity|label3=Islam|label4=Hinduism|label5=Buddhism|label6=Sikhism|label7=Judaism|label8=Other religion|label9=Not stated|value1=51.4|value2=32.2|value3=6.7|value4=0.8|value5=0.6|value6=0.5|value7=0.3|value8=0.8|value9=6.9|color1=DarkOrange|color2=Red|color3=Green|color4=Yellow|color5=Blue|color6=DarkKhaki|color7=Purple|color8=White|color9=Grey|caption=Religion in Bristol (2021)WEB,weblink How life has changed in Bristol: Census 2021, }}In the 2011 United Kingdom census, 46.8% of Bristol's population identified as Christian and 37.4% said they were not religious; the English averages were 59.4% and 24.7%, respectively. Islam is observed by 5.1% of the population, Buddhism by 0.6%, Hinduism by 0.6%, Sikhism by 0.5%, Judaism by 0.2% and other religions by 0.7%; 8.1% did not identify with a religion.WEB, 2011 Census: Religion, local authorities in England and Wales,weblink live,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20130126035854weblink">weblink 26 January 2013, 12 December 2012, United Kingdom Census 2011, Office for National Statistics, Among the notable Christian churches are the Anglican Bristol Cathedral and St Mary Redcliffe and the Roman Catholic Clifton Cathedral. Nonconformist chapels include Buckingham Baptist Chapel and John Wesley's New Room in Broadmead.WEB, The New Room Bristol â€“ John Wesley's Chapel in the Horsefair,weblink live,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20090309234414weblink">weblink 9 March 2009, 15 March 2009, The New Room Bristol, After St James' Presbyterian Church was bombed on 24 November 1940, it was never again used as a church;{{sfn|Duncan|Webb|1990|p=86}} although its bell tower remains, its nave was converted into offices.WEB, Marchant, Neil, The Presbyterian Churches of Bristol,weblink dead,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20130925000023weblink">weblink 25 September 2013, 5 May 2014, Church Crawler, The city has eleven mosques,WEB, Mosques in Bristol,weblink live,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20130602192457weblink">weblink 2 June 2013, 27 January 2013, All Mosques Together, several Buddhist meditation centres,WEB, Bristol Buddhist Forum,weblink dead,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20110515143029weblink">weblink 15 May 2011, 15 March 2009, Bristol Buddhist Forum, a Hindu temple,WEB, Bristol Hindu Temple,weblink live,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20150928171418weblink">weblink 28 September 2015, 27 September 2015, Culture 24, Reform and Orthodox-Jewish synagoguesWEB, Synagogues in Bristol â€“ Shuls in Bristol â€“ Jewish Temples in Bristol,weblink live,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20081204172221weblink">weblink 4 December 2008, 15 March 2009, Maven Search, and four Sikh temples.WEB, Sikhism,weblink live,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20140524023158weblink">weblink 24 May 2014, 23 May 2014, Bristol Multi Faith Forum, WEB, Ramgharia Sikh Temple (Gurwara),weblink dead,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20120305153032weblink">weblink 5 March 2012, 23 August 2009, England's Past for Everyone in Bristol, Victoria County History, WEB, UK Gurdwara List: Avon,weblink dead,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20120105063346weblink">weblink 5 January 2012, 23 August 2009, British Organisation of Sikh Students,

Bars and nightlife

Bristol has been awarded Purple Flag statusWEB, Our Values,weblink dead,weblink 21 September 2015, 23 March 2017, www.atcm.org, on many of its districts, which shows that it meets or surpasses the standards of excellence in managing the evening and night-time economy.DJ Mag{{'s}} top 100 club list ranked Motion as the 19th-best club in the world in 2016.NEWS, Top 100 Clubs 2016, DJMag.com,weblink live, 23 March 2017,weblink 7 March 2017, This is up 5 spots from 2015. Motion is host to some of the world's top DJs, and leading producers. Motion is a complex made up of different rooms, outdoor space and a terrace that looks over the river Avon.WEB, Motion Bristol – West + Wales nightclub,weblink live,weblink 7 January 2017, 23 March 2017, Resident Advisor, In 2011, Motion was transformed from a skate park into the rave spot it is today.NEWS, Motion, Time Out Bristol,weblink live, 23 March 2017,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20160427112948weblink">weblink 27 April 2016, In:Motion is an annual series which takes place each autumn and delivers 12 weeks of music and dancing. The club, on Avon Street, behind Temple Meads train station,WEB, www.motionbristol.com,weblink live,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20170112130613weblink">weblink 12 January 2017, 23 March 2017, Motion Bristol, does not limit itself to playing one genre of music. Party-goers can hear everything from disco, house, techno, grime, drum and bass or hip hop, depending on the night. In 2020 and 2021, Motion adapted many of its indoor events into outdoor events. Some of these included Bingo Lingdo.WEB, Whats on,weblink 2021-08-12, Motion Bristol, en-GB, Other famous clubs in the city include Lakota and Thekla.The Attic Bar is a venue located in Stokes Croft.NEWS, Attic Bar, Time Out Bristol,weblink live, 23 March 2017,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20160302113903weblink">weblink 2 March 2016, Equipped with a sound system and stage which are used every weekend for gigs of every genre, the bar and the connected Full Moon Pub were rated by The Guardian, a British daily paper, as one of the top ten clubs in the UK.NEWS, Coldwell, Will, 19 February 2015, 10 of the best UK clubs – chosen by the experts, The Guardian,weblink live, 3 October 2017,weblink 18 March 2017, Located by Bristol's harbourside, The Apple is a cider bar which opened in 2004, in a converted Dutch barge, offering a range of 40 different ciders.WEB, The Apple,weblink live,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20161126180620weblink">weblink 26 November 2016, 23 March 2017, applecider.co.uk, In 2014, the Great British Pub Awards ranked The Apple as the best cider bar in the UK.WEB, Home – The Great British Pub Awards,weblink live,weblink 14 April 2017, 23 March 2017, The Great British Pub Awards,

Media

(File:Bristol. Whiteladies Rd. BBC Broadcasting House.jpg|thumb|alt=|BBC Broadcasting House as seen from Whiteladies Road)Bristol is home to the regional headquarters of BBC West and the BBC Natural History Unit based at Broadcasting House, which produces television, radio and online content with a natural history or wildlife theme. These include nature documentaries, including The Blue Planet and Planet Earth. The city has a long association with David Attenborough's authored documentaries, including Life on Earth.WEB, BBC Natural History Unit,weblink live,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20101209075503weblink">weblink 9 December 2010, 13 October 2015, BBC, It was made public in 2021 that the BBC was moving the production of many of its programmes from Broadcasting House to Bridgewater House in Finzels Reach in Bristol City Centre.WEB, Gogarty, Conor, 2021-05-28, BBC Studios to leave historic Bristol HQ,weblink 2021-08-12, BristolLive, en, Bristol has two daily newspapers, the Western Daily Press and the Bristol Post (both owned by Reach plc); and a Bristol edition of the free Metro newspaper (owned by DMGT). The Bristol Cable specialises in investigative journalism with a quarterly print edition and website.Aardman Animations is a Bristol-based animation studio, known for the characters Wallace and Gromit and Morph. Its films include Chicken Run (2000), Early Man (2018), shorts such as Creature Comforts and Adam and TV series like Shaun the Sheep and Timmy Time.The city has several radio stations, including BBC Radio Bristol, Heart West, Greatest Hits Radio Bristol & The South West, Hits Radio Bristol, Kiss, and BCfm, a community based station. Bristol's television productions include Points West for BBC West, Endemol productions such as Deal or No Deal, The Crystal Maze, and ITV News West Country for ITV West Country. The hospital drama Casualty, formerly filmed in Bristol, moved to Cardiff in 2012.NEWS, 26 March 2009, BBC's Casualty to move to Wales, BBC News,weblink live, 28 March 2009,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20090818005302weblink">weblink 18 August 2009, In October 2018, Channel 4 announced that Bristol would be home to one of its 'Creative Hubs', as part of their move to produce more content outside of London.WEB, C4 confirms Leeds as National HQ, Bristol & Glasgow Creative Hubs – Channel 4 – Info – Press,weblink 5 November 2018, www.channel4.com, Publishers in the city have included 18th-century Bristolian Joseph Cottle, who helped introduce Romanticism by publishing the works of William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge.{{sfn|Madden|1972|p=419}} During the 19th century, J.W. Arrowsmith published the Victorian comedies Three Men in a Boat (by Jerome K. Jerome) and The Diary of a Nobody by George and Weedon Grossmith.{{sfn|Jerome|1889}} The contemporary Redcliffe Press has published over 200 books covering all aspects of the city.WEB, 2012, About Us,weblink live,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20120219144354weblink">weblink 19 February 2012, 18 April 2012, Redcliffe Press, Bristol is home to YouTube video developers and stylists The Yogscast, with founders Simon Lane and Lewis Brindley having moved their operations from Reading to Bristol in 2012.WEB, 11 June 2014, Company profile: Yogscast,weblink live,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20150402110552weblink">weblink 2 April 2015, 12 March 2015, TechSpark,

Education

(File:Victoria Rooms (750px).jpg|thumb|alt= A Palladian style nineteenth century stone building with a large colonnaded porch. In front a large metal statue on a pedestal and fountains with decorations.|The Victoria Rooms, owned by the University of Bristol)Bristol has two major institutions of higher education: the University of Bristol, a redbrick chartered in 1909;WEB, Staff, 2011, How the University is run,weblink live,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20110706102039weblink">weblink 6 July 2011, 20 June 2011, Bristol University, and the University of the West of England, opened as Bristol Polytechnic in 1969, which became a university in 1992.WEB, Staff, 2011, UWE history timeline,weblink live,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20110717095746weblink">weblink 17 July 2011, 20 June 2011, UWE Bristol, The University of Law also has a campus in the city. Bristol has two further education institutions (City of Bristol College and South Gloucestershire and Stroud College) and two theological colleges: Trinity College, and Bristol Baptist College. The city has 129 infant, junior and primary schools,WEB, List of primary schools in Bristol,weblink live,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20131203003349weblink">weblink 3 December 2013, 27 January 2013, Bristol City Council, 17 secondary schools,WEB, List of secondary schools in Bristol,weblink live,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20150403103832weblink">weblink 3 April 2015, 27 January 2013, Bristol City Council, and three learning centres. After a section of north London, Bristol has England's second-highest number of private school places.NEWS, Polly, Curtis, 29 January 2008, To have and have not, The Guardian, London,weblink live, 29 January 2008,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20131204205114weblink">weblink 4 December 2013, Independent schools in the city include Clifton College, Clifton High School, Badminton School, Bristol Grammar School, Queen Elizabeth's Hospital (the only all-boys school) and the Redmaids' School (founded in 1634 by John Whitson, which claims to be England's oldest girls' school).WEB, A Brief History,weblink live,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20150928141523weblink">weblink 28 September 2015, 27 September 2015, Redmaids' High School, File:University of bristol tower after cleaning arp.jpg|thumb|right|upright|alt=A tall stone nineteenth century with shields on the visible sides and a pepperpot upper storey. In front, traffic and pedestrians on a busy street. |The Wills Memorial Building on Park Street, part of the university]]In 2005, Chancellor of the Exchequer Gordon Brown named Bristol one of six English 'science cities',MAGAZINE, 20 September 2005, UK designates six 'Science Cities' to spearhead economic growth,weblink Times Higher Education,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20150418233333weblink">weblink 18 April 2015, 18 April 2015, live, and a £300{{nbsp}}million science park was planned at Emersons Green.NEWS, 20 April 2006, City science park partner named, BBC News,weblink live, 6 May 2007,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20090111151003weblink">weblink 11 January 2009, Research is conducted at the two universities, the Bristol Royal Infirmary and Southmead Hospital, and science outreach is practised at We The Curious, the Bristol Zoo, the Bristol Festival of Nature and the CREATE Centre.WEB, Create Centre,weblinkweblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20120107143653weblink">weblink 7 January 2012, 27 January 2013, Bristol City Council, The city has produced a number of scientists, including 19th-century chemist Humphry DavyNEWS, Sir Humphry Davy (1778–1829), BBC News,weblink live, 7 March 2009,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20090204211346weblink">weblink 4 February 2009, (who worked in Hotwells). Physicist Paul Dirac (from Bishopston) received the 1933 Nobel Prize for his contributions to quantum mechanics.WEB, Dirac biography,weblink live,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20090314093417weblink">weblink 14 March 2009, 7 March 2009, www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk, Cecil Frank Powell was the Melvill Wills Professor of Physics at the University of Bristol when he received the 1950 Nobel Prize for, among other discoveries, his photographic method of studying nuclear processes. Colin PillingerWEB, barnstormpr â€“ The website of Professor Colin Pillinger, CBE FRS,weblinkweblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20120218205618weblink">weblink 18 February 2012, 27 January 2013, colinpillinger.com, was the planetary scientist behind the Beagle 2 project, and neuropsychologist Richard Gregory founded the Exploratory (a hands-on science centre which was the predecessor of At-Bristol/We The Curious).WEB, Professor Richard Gregory on-line,weblink live,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20090305024554weblink">weblink 5 March 2009, 7 March 2009, www.richardgregory.org, Initiatives such as the Flying Start Challenge encourage an interest in science and engineering in Bristol secondary-school pupils; links with aerospace companies impart technical information and advance student understanding of design.WEB, Flying Start Challenge,weblink live,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20090205010234weblink">weblink 5 February 2009, 16 March 2009, www.flyingstartchallenge.co.uk, The Bloodhound SSC project to break the land speed record is based at the Bloodhound Technology Centre on the city's harbourside.NEWS, 19 March 2012, Bloodhound Diary, BBC,weblink live, 30 March 2012,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20120322012139weblink">weblink 22 March 2012,

Transport

Rail

{{Bristol railway map|collapse=yes}}Bristol has two principal railway stations. Bristol Temple Meads (near the city centre) has Great Western Railway services which include high-speed trains to London Paddington and local, regional and CrossCountry trains. Bristol Parkway, north of the city in Gloucestershire, but within the conurbation, has high-speed Great Western Railway services to Swansea, Cardiff Central and London Paddington, and CrossCountry services reaching Birmingham, Manchester and Edinburgh. A limited service to London Waterloo, via Clapham Junction used to operate, from Temple Meads was operated by South Western Railway this service stopped in December 2021 because of a shortage of train drivers and there are scheduled coach links to most major UK cities.WEB, West of England Joint Local Transport Plan 3 2O11 â€“ 2O26,weblinkweblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20140416183307weblink">weblink 16 April 2014, 29 March 2014, West of England Partnership, File:Bristol Temple Meads station (6466232797).jpg|thumb|left|Bristol Temple Meads station ]]Bristol's principal surviving suburban railway is the Severn Beach Line to Avonmouth and Severn Beach. Although Portishead Railway's passenger service was a casualty of the Beeching cuts, freight service to the Royal Portbury Dock was restored from 2000 to 2002 with a Strategic Rail Authority rail-freight grant. The MetroWest scheme, formerly known as The Greater Bristol Metro, proposes to increase the city's rail capacityWEB, Greater Bristol Metro,weblink live,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20110515034151weblink">weblink 15 May 2011, 20 September 2009, West of England Partnership, including the restoration of a further {{cvt|3|mi|km|0}} of track on the line to Portishead (a dormitory town with one connecting road), and a further commuter rail line from Bristol Temple Meads to Henbury, on an existing freight line. Following numerous delays, the two lines are due to be opened in 2026.WEB,weblink Portishead to Bristol rail line gets final approval, BBC, 15 November 2022, 15 November 2022, WEB,weblink Bristol YTL Arena inaccessible by train until 2026, BBC, 31 October 2022, 15 November 2022,

Roads

The M4 motorway connects the city on an east–west axis from London to West Wales, and the M5 is a north–south west axis from Birmingham to Exeter. The M49 motorway is a shortcut between the M5 in the south and the M4 Severn Crossing in the west, and the M32 is a spur from the M4 to the city centre. The Portway connects the M5 to the city centre, and was the most expensive road in Britain when opened in 1926.NEWS, 3 July 1926, New Bristol Road, The Times, Times Digital Archive,weblink subscription, 10 August 2016, 11, WEB, Avonmouth Bridge (J18 to J19),weblink dead,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20160922204554weblink">weblink 22 September 2016, 10 August 2016, The Motorway Archive, As of 2019, Bristol is working on plans for a Clean Air Zone to reduce pollution, which could involve charging the most polluting vehicles to enter the city centre.NEWS, 22 January 2019, Mayor 'stalling on city clean air plan', BBC News,weblink WEB,weblink Bristol threatened with legal action over lack of NOx plan, www.fleetnews.co.uk, File:Somerset north portbury dock.jpg|thumb|left|alt=Royal Portbury Dock.|Port of BristolPort of BristolPrivate car use is high in the city, leading to traffic congestion costing an estimated £350{{nbsp}}million per year.WEB, 2006, Joint Local Transport Plan,weblinkweblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20101024204219weblink">weblink 24 October 2010, 22 July 2009, B&NES, Bristol City, North Somerset and South Gloucestershire councils, Bristol allows motorcycles to use most of the city's bus lanes and provides secure, free parking for them.WEB, Motorcycles,weblink live,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20130405161630weblink">weblink 5 April 2013, 27 January 2013, Bristol City Council,

Public transport

{{further|Buses in Bristol}}Public transport in the city consists primarily of a First West of England bus network. Other providers are Abus,WEB, Abus,weblink live,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20150828195601weblink">weblink 28 August 2015, 29 August 2015, Abus, Stagecoach West, and Stagecoach South West.WEB, Ulink,weblink dead,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20140902094733weblink">weblink 2 September 2014, 29 August 2015, University of the West of England, WEB, Wessex,weblink live,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20150901052229weblink">weblink 1 September 2015, 29 August 2015, Wessex, Bristol's bus service has been criticised as unreliable and expensive, and in 2005 FirstGroup was fined for delays and safety violations.NEWS, 21 January 2011, First Bus fined for late buses in Bristol and Somerset, BBC News,weblink live, 18 April 2015,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20150925223445weblink">weblink 25 September 2015, NEWS, 25 July 2005, Bus firm must reduce city fleet, BBC News,weblink live, 6 May 2007,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20080309120817weblink">weblink 9 March 2008, Although the city council has included a light rail system in its local transport plan since 2000, it has not yet funded the project; Bristol was offered European Union funding for the system, but the Department for Transport did not provide the required additional funding.WEB, March 2006, Memorandum on Government Discrimination against Innovative Low-cost Light Rail in favour of Urban Diesel Buses,weblinkweblink 13 October 2008, 1 January 2009, Sustraco / H.M. Treasury, As of 2019, a four-line mass transit network with potential underground sections radiating from Bristol Temple Meads is proposed; a southern line to Bristol Airport, a northern line to Aztec West, a northeastern line Bristol & Bath Science Park and a southeastern line to Brislington or Keynsham.WEB,weblink Final Draft Mass Transit Feasibility Study, thebristolmayor.com, 15 November 2022, In 2006, a project to develop a bus rapid transit system (BRT) named MetroBus was started,NEWS, 2014-08-15, Bristol Metrobus scheme 'could cut journey times by 75%', en-GB, BBC News,weblink 2022-11-07, with the purpose of providing a faster and more reliable service than buses, improving transport infrastructure and reducing congestion.WEB, MetroBus,weblink 24 April 2018, Travelwest, The project was approved by the government in December 2013, and in June 2017, it was announced that First would operate the buses,NEWS, 2017-06-20, First Bristol named as Metrobus operator, en-GB, BBC News,weblink 2022-11-07, and the service branding was restyled as 'metrobus'. metrobus services commenced in 2018, with the opening of a route between Emersons Green and Bristol City Centre (route m3).NEWS, 2018-04-05, Bristol's Metrobus routes to start running in May, en-GB, BBC News,weblink 2022-11-07, Further routes were introduced between Cribbs Causeway and Hengrove Park (route m1), and between Long Ashton Park and Ride and Bristol City Centre (route m2).WEB, metrobus,weblink 2022-11-07, Travelwest, en-US, In May 2022, it was announced that a fourth route would open in Spring the following year to connect Cribbs Causeway with Bristol Parkway Railway Station (route m4),NEWS, 2022-05-26, Latest Bristol Metrobus service to open in Spring 2023, en-GB, BBC News,weblink 2022-11-07, this route eventually began operating between Bristol City Centre and Cribbs Causeway via Bristol Parkway.WEB,weblink metrobus m4 timetable, 2023-12-07, Three park and ride sites serve Bristol.WEB, Park and Ride,weblink live,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20140328095146weblink">weblink 28 March 2014, 29 March 2014, Travel West, The city centre has water transport operated by Bristol Ferry Boats, Bristol Packet Boat Trips and Number Seven Boat Trips, providing leisure and commuter service in the harbour.WEB, Ferry Services,weblinkweblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20100703075904weblink">weblink 3 July 2010, 22 August 2010, Bristol City Council,

Cycling

Bristol was designated as England's first "cycling city" in 2008 and one of England's 12 "Cycling demonstration" areas.NEWS, 19 June 2008, Bristol named first cycling city, BBC News,weblink live, 16 March 2009,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20090619142521weblink">weblink 19 June 2009, It is home to Sustrans, the sustainable transport charity. The Bristol and Bath Railway Path links it to Bath, and was the first part of the National Cycle Network. The city also has urban cycle routes and links with National Cycle Network routes to The rest of the Country. Cycling trips increased by 21% from 2001 to 2005.

Air

File:Bristol airport overview.jpg|thumb|left|alt=An aerial view of an airport with one main runway, car parks on the left and right, and aircraft parked outside terminal buildings on the right. |Bristol AirportBristol AirportIn 2019 Bristol Airport (BRS) was ranked the eighth busiest airport in the United Kingdom. It handled nearly 8.9 million passengers, an over 3% increase compared with 2018.WEB,weblink CAA Airport Data 2019, 21 June 2020, caa.co.uk, UK Civil Aviation Authority, 21 June 2020, {{clear left}}

International relations

File:castle.park.bristol.arp.jpg|thumb|alt=The walls and tower of an old ruined church set in a paved area and surrounded by a park. On the left is water with some pontoons moored and in the background office blocks, streets and church spires.|St Peter's ruined church in Castle Park, Bristol]]Bristol was among the first cities to adopt town twinning after World War II.BOOK, Langenohl, Andreas,weblink Town Twinning, Transnational Connections, and Trans-local Citizenship Practices in Europe, 2015, Palgrave Macmillan, 978-1-137-02123-6, 18, WEB, A history of town twinning,weblink dead,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20160122221951weblink">weblink 22 January 2016, 30 December 2015, MDRT, Twin towns include:

• Bordeaux, FranceWEB, Bordeaux â€“ Rayonnement européen et mondial,weblinkweblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20130207154903weblink">weblink 7 February 2013, 29 July 2013, Mairie de Bordeaux, fr, WEB, British towns twinned with French towns,weblink dead,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20130705094933weblink">weblink 5 July 2013, 11 July 2013, Archant Community Media Ltd, (since 1947)
• Hanover, GermanyWEB, Hanover â€“ Twinn Towns,weblinkweblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20110724012346weblink">weblink 24 July 2011, 17 July 2009, Region of Hannover, de, (since 1947; one of the first post-war twinnings of British and German cities)
• Porto, Portugal (since 1984)WEB, International Relations of the City of Porto,weblinkweblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20120113054303weblink">weblink 13 January 2012, 8 June 2015, City of Porto,
• Tbilisi, Georgia (since 1988)WEB, Tbilisi Sister Cities,weblinkweblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20130724120155weblink">weblink 24 July 2013, 5 August 2013, Tbilisi City Hall, Tbilisi Municipal Portal,
• Puerto Morazán, Nicaragua (since 1989)WEB, UK twinning links with towns, communities, schools and universities in Nicaragua,weblink live,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20140505142942weblink">weblink 5 May 2014, 5 May 2014, Nicaragua Solidarity Campaign,
• Beira, Mozambique (since 1990)JOURNAL, Sharp, David, September 2008, Twinning, Cities, and Health: Opportunities Being Missed?, Journal of Urban Health, 85, 5, 637–638, 10.1007/s11524-008-9293-8, 2527438, 18563572,
• Guangzhou, China (since 2001)WEB, Sister Cities,weblink 18 November 2019, Guangzhou International, The People's Government of Guangzhou Municipality, 21 December 2019,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20191221124217weblink">weblink dead, WEB, Bristol City â€“ Town twinning,weblink live,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20130122000358weblink">weblink 22 January 2013, 27 January 2013, Bristol City Council,

Freedom of the City

People and military units receiving the Freedom of the City of Bristol include:

• Billy Hughes: 20 May 1916.WEB,weblink Freedom of the City of Bristol, dead, www.aph.gov.au,weblink 2019-05-18,
• Kipchoge Keino: 5 July 2012.WEB,weblink Kenyan athlete to be made freeman of Bristol, 5 July 2012, ITV News,
• Peter Higgs: 4 July 2013.NEWS,weblink Peter Higgs receives the freedom of the city of Bristol, BBC News, 4 July 2013,
• Sir David Attenborough: 17 December 2013.NEWS,weblink Sir David Attenborough awarded freedom of Bristol, BBC News, 17 December 2013,
• The Rifles: 2007, 2015.WEB,weblink Rifles march through the streets of Bristol, ITV News,
• 39 Signal Regiment: 20 March 2019.WEB,weblink 39 Signal Regiment exercise their Freedom of Bristo, www.army.mod.uk, WEB,weblink Freedom of City of Bristol conferred on 39 Signal Regiment, Bristol City Council News,

See also

• Atlantic history
• Bristol Christian Fellowship
• Bristol Pound
• Bristol power stations
• Healthcare in Bristol
• Parks of Bristol
• Subdivisions of Bristol

References

{{Reflist}}

Bibliography

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• BOOK, Brace, Keith, Portrait of Bristol, Robert Hale, 1976, 978-0-7091-5435-8, London,
• BOOK, Buchanan, R A, The Industrial Archaeology of the Bristol Region, Cossons, Neil, David & Charles, 1969, 978-0-7153-4394-4, Newton Abbot, 2,
• BOOK, Burlton, Clive, Bristol's Lost City: Built to Inspire Transformed for War, 2014, Bristol Books, 978-1909446052,
• BOOK, Burrough, THB, Bristol, Studio Vista, 1970, 978-0-289-79804-1, London,
• BOOK, Carus-Wilson, Eleanora Mary, Studies in English Trade in the Fifteenth Century, Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1933, 978-1-136-61971-7, Power, Eileen, London, The overseas trade of Bristol, Postan, M.M.,weblink
• BOOK, Clew, Kenneth R., The Somersetshire Coal Canal and Railways, David & Charles, 1970, 978-0-7153-4792-8, Newton Abbot, UK,
• BOOK, Connell-Smith, Gordon K., Forerunners of Drake: A Study of English Trade with Spain in the Early Tudor period, Published for the Royal Empire Society by Longmans, Green, 1954, 978-0-8371-8100-4,
• BOOK, Cotton, Mick, The Official Guide to the National Cycle Network, Grimshaw, John, 2002, Sustrans, 978-1-901389-35-7, Bristol,
• BOOK, Coules, Victoria, Lost Bristol, 2006, Birlinn Limited, 978-1-84158-533-8,
• BOOK, Duncan, John, Blitz over Britain, Webb, Edwin, 1990, Spellmount, 978-0-946771-89-9,
• BOOK, Elmes, Simon, Talking for Britain: A Journey Through the Nation's Dialects, Penguin Books, 2005, 978-0-14-051562-6,
• BOOK, Foyle, Andrew,weblink Bristol (Pevsner Architectural Guides: City Guides), 2004, Yale University Press, 978-0-300-10442-4, registration,
• BOOK, Hunt, Henry,weblink Memoirs of Henry Hunt, Esq., 1818, Project Gutenberg, 3, 27 September 2015,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20150928141854weblink">weblink 28 September 2015, live,
• BOOK, Hughes, Arthur,weblink English Accents and Dialects: An Introduction to Social and Regional Varieties of English in the British Isles, 2012, Routledge, 978-1-4441-2138-4,weblink 5 January 2016, live,
• BOOK, Jenks, S.,weblink Robert Sturmy's Commercial Expedition to the Mediterranean (1457/8), Bristol Record Society Publications, 2006, 978-0-901538-28-4, 58,weblink 6 May 2016, live,
• BOOK, Jerome, Jerome K.,weblink Three Men in a Boat (To Say Nothing of the Dog), J. W. Arrowsmith, 1889, 978-0-7653-4161-7,
• BOOK, Jones, Evan T.,weblink Inside the Illicit Economy: Reconstructing the Smugglers' Trade of Sixteenth Century Bristol, 2012, Ashgate, 978-1-4094-4019-2,
• BOOK, Jones, Evan T., Cabot and Bristol's Age of Discovery: The Bristol Discovery Voyages 1480–1508, Condon, Margaret M., 2016, Cabot Project Publications, 978-0995619302,
• BOOK, Knowles, Elizabeth,weblink The Oxford Dictionary of Phrase and Fable, Oxford University Press, 2006, 978-0-19-860219-4,
• BOOK, Latimer, John,weblink Annals of Bristol in the seventeenth century, William George's Sons, 1900, 978-1-143-19839-7, Bristol,
• BOOK, Liddy, Christian Drummond,weblink War, Politics and Finance in Late Medieval English Towns: Bristol, York and the Crown, 1350–1400, 2005, Boydell & Brewer, 978-0-86193-274-0,
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• BOOK, Winstone, Reece, Bristol's Suburbs Long Ago, Reece Winstone, 1985, 978-0-900814-63-1, Reece Winstone,

External links

• Visit Bristol, tourism website
• Bristol Guide, tourism website
• Bristol City Council
• {{curlie|Regional/Europe/United_Kingdom/England/Bristol}}
• Know your Place: Bristol, historic maps website.

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