{{Short description|Political ideology}}{{Use British English|date=August 2023}}{{redirect|National Populism|the book by Roger Eatwell and Matthew Goodwin|National Populism: The Revolt Against Liberal Democracy}}{{Multiple image| total_width = 350| image1 = Bolsonaro with US President Donald Trump in White House, 19 March 2019.jpg| image2 = Nayib Bukele en 2022.jpg| perrow = 2/2/2/2| image3 = CPAC 2022 con Hermann Tertsch y Victor Gonzalez. (51915932680).jpg| image4 = Inauguration of Javier Milei 11257.jpg

Clockwise from top left:}} Former Brazilian president Jair Bolsonaro and former U.S. president Donald Trump in 2019; President of El Salvador Nayib Bukele speaking in 2022; Inauguration of Javier Milei

of Javier Milei and Victoria Villarruel as President of Argentina>President and Vice President of Argentina

of Argentina in 2023; Italian prime minister Giorgia Meloni speaking at the 2022 Conservative Political Action Committee>CPAC| caption2 = }}{{populism sidebar|variants}}{{nationalism sidebar|types}}{{conservatism sidebar|variants}}Right-wing populism, also called national populism and right-wing nationalism,JOURNAL, Berman, Sheri, The Causes of Populism in the West, Annual Review of Political Science, 11 May 2021, 24, 1, 71â€“88, free, 10.1146/annurev-polisci-041719-102503, BOOK,weblink Far-Right Politics in Europe, Camus, Jean-Yves, Lebourg, Nicolas, 20 March 2017, Harvard University Press, 978-0-674-97153-0, 12â€“13, BOOK,weblink National Populism: The Revolt Against Liberal Democracy, Eatwell, Roger, Goodwin, Matthew, 25 October 2018, Penguin UK, 978-0-241-31201-8, 1â€“2, en, {{efn|On the whole, the "right-wing populism" in Europe and the United States are almost identical to "right-wing nationalism", but in Asia and other non-Western regions, "right-wing populism" and "right-wing nationalism" do not necessarily coincide. Japan's former prime minister, Shinzo Abe, is described by experts as a right-wing 'nationalist', but at the same time as not a (right-wing) 'populist'.Japan's rising right-wing nationalism Vox (26 May 2017). Myanmar's right-wing nationalist military regime is cracking down on the activities of the largest populist political party supporting democratization. Some right-wing populist movements in Islamic world are based on Islamic fundamentalism, some of which reject Western ideologies, including nationalism.}} is a political ideology that combines right-wing politics with populist rhetoric and themes. Its rhetoric employs anti-elitist sentiments, opposition to the Establishment, and speaking to or for the "common people". Recurring themes of right-wing populists include neo-nationalism, social conservatism, economic nationalism and fiscal conservatism.BOOK, Zembylas, Michalinos, Affect and the Rise of Right-Wing Populism., Frequently, they aim to defend a national culture, identity, and economy against perceived attacks by outsiders.Akkerman, Agnes (2003) "Populism and Democracy: Challenge or Pathology?" Acta Politica n.38, pp.147-159 Right-wing populism has remained the dominant political force in the Republican Party in the United States since the 2010s.JOURNAL, Campani, Giovanna, Fabelo ConcepciÃ³n, Sunamis, Rodriguez Soler, Angel, SÃ¡nchez SavÃn, Claudia, December 2022, The Rise of Donald Trump Right-Wing Populism in the United States: Middle American Radicalism and Anti-Immigration Discourse, Societies, en, 12, 6, 154, 10.3390/soc12060154, 2075-4698, free, Right-wing populism in the Western world is generally associated with ideologies such as anti-environmentalism,WEB,weblink Climate protection: Where do the EU's right-wing populists stand?, Bierbach, Mara, 26 February 2019, Deutsche Welle, 5 June 2019, anti-globalization,NEWS,weblink The Rise of Right-Wing Nationalist Political Parties in Europe, North, Bonnie, 24 March 2017, en, nativism,NEWS,weblink Fear of Diversity Made People More Likely to Vote Trump, The Nation, 24 March 2017, 0027-8378, 24 March 2017,weblink NEWS,weblink The political lexicon of a billionaire populist, Washington Post, 24 March 2017, and protectionism.NEWS,weblink The End of Reaganism, POLITICO Magazine, 24 March 2017, In Europe, the term is often used to describe groups, politicians, and political parties generally known for their opposition to immigration,BOOK, Kallis, Aristotle, 2018, Part I: Ideology and Discourse â€“ The Radical Right and Islamophobia,weblink Rydgren, Jens, The Oxford Handbook of the Radical Right, Oxford and New York City, New York, Oxford University Press, 42â€“60, 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190274559.013.3, 978-0-19-027455-9, 2017025436, NEWS,weblink The metapolitical long game of the European New Right, Sharpe, Matthew, The Conversation, 24 March 2017, en, especially from the Muslim world,NEWS,weblink The Geert Wilders Effect and the national election in the Netherlands, Traub, James, chicagotribune.com, 24 March 2017, en-US, and for Euroscepticism.NEWS,weblink How the Dutch Stopped Being Decent and Dull, Buruma, Ian, 10 March 2017, The New York Times, 24 March 2017, 0362-4331, Right-wing populists may support expanding the welfare state, but only for those they deem fit to receive it;JOURNAL, Busemeyer, Marius R., Rathgeb, Philip, Sahm, Alexander H. J., 2021-03-02, Authoritarian values and the welfare state: the social policy preferences of radical right voters, West European Politics, 45, 77â€“101, 10.1080/01402382.2021.1886497, 233843313, 0140-2382, 20.500.11820/a79cc9ce-a4c6-499a-80a3-14089958f74f,weblink free, this concept has been referred to as "welfare chauvinism".JOURNAL, Busemeyer, Marius R., Rathgeb, Philip, Sahm, Alexander H. J., Authoritarian values and the welfare state: the social policy preferences of radical right voters, West European Politics, 2022, 45, 1, 77â€“101, 10.1080/01402382.2021.1886497, 20.500.11820/a79cc9ce-a4c6-499a-80a3-14089958f74f, 233843313,weblink free, JOURNAL, Enggist, Matthias, Pinggera, Michael, Radical right parties and their welfare state stances â€“ not so blurry after all?, West European Politics, 2022, 45, 1, 102â€“128, 10.1080/01402382.2021.1902115, 34621097, 8489900, free, NEWS, Edsall, Thomas, The Rise of 'Welfare Chauvinism',weblink New York Times, 4 January 2015, 16 December 2014, WEB, Rippon, Haydn, The European far right: actually right? Or left? Or something altogether different?,weblink The Conversation, 4 January 2015, 4 May 2012, NEWS, Matlack, Carol, The Far-Left Economics of France's Far Right,weblink weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20131121224205weblink">weblink 21 November 2013, Bloomberg.com, 4 January 2015, 20 November 2013, From the 1990s, right-wing populist parties became established in the legislatures of various democracies. Although extreme right-wing movements in the United States (where they are normally referred to as the "radical right") are usually characterized as separate entities, some writers consider them to be a part of a broader, right-wing populist phenomenon.{{sfn|Kaplan|Weinberg|1998|pp=1â€“2}}Since the Great Recession,BOOK, Judis, John B., John Judis, 5 October 2016, The Populist Explosion: How the Great Recession Transformed American and European Politics, Columbia Global Reports, 978-0-9971264-4-0, MAGAZINE, Cooper, Ryan, 15 March 2017, The Great Recession clearly gave rise to right-wing populism,weblink The Week, 20 November 2017, MAGAZINE, Sarmadi, Dario, 20 October 2015, Far-right parties always gain support after financial crises, report finds,weblink EURACTIV, 20 November 2017, European right-wing populist movements such as the Brothers of Italy and the League in Italy, the National Rally (formerly the National Front), the Party for Freedom and the Forum for Democracy in the Netherlands, All for Latvia, the Finns Party, the Sweden Democrats, Danish People's Party, Vox in Spain, the Freedom Party of Austria, Law and Justice in Poland, the UK Independence Party, the Alternative for Germany, the Swiss People's Party and Reform UK (formerly the Brexit Party) began to grow in popularity,NEWS,weblink The map which shows how Ukip support is growing in every constituency but two, 15 May 2015, The Independent, 24 March 2017, en-GB, NEWS,weblink UKIP: The story of the UK Independence Party's rise, Hunt, Alex, 21 November 2014, BBC News, 24 March 2017, en-GB, in large part due to increasing opposition to immigration from the Middle East and Africa, rising Euroscepticism and discontent with the economic policies of the European Union.WEB,weblink Why Europe's populist revolt is spreading, Lowe, Josh, Matthews, Owen, 23 November 2016, Newsweek, 24 March 2017, AM, Matt McAllester On 11/23/16 at 9:02, American businessman and media personality Donald Trump won the 2016 United States presidential election after running on a platform that was founded on right-wing populist themes.NEWS,weblink Trump's 6 populist positions, POLITICO, 24 March 2017,

Definition

Right-wing populism is an ideology that primarily espouses neo-nationalism, social conservatism, and economic nationalism.BOOK, Zembylas, Michalinos, Affect and the Rise of Right-Wing Populism, Cas Mudde argues that two definitions can be given of the "populist radical right": a maximum and a minimum one, with the "maximum" group being a subgroup of the "minimum" group. The minimum definition describes what Michael Freeden has called the "core concept"{{Efn|Freeden has developed in 1996 the idea that every ideology has "core" and "peripheral" concepts. Building on his work, Terance Ball (1999) has given the following definition: "A core concept is one that is both central to, and constitutive of, a particular ideology and therefore of the ideological community to which it gives inspiration and identity. For example, the concept of 'class' (and of course 'class struggle') is a key or core concept in Marxism, as 'gender' is in feminism, and 'liberty' (or 'individual liberty') is in liberalism, and so on through the list of leading ideologies."|name=|group=}} of the right-wing populist ideology, the concept shared by all parties generally included in the family. Looking at the primary literature, Mudde concludes that the core concept of right-populism "is undoubtedly the "nation". "This concept", he explains, "also certainly functions as a "coat-hanger" for most other ideological features. Consequently, the minimum definition of the party family should be based on the key concept, the nation". He however rejects the use of "nationalism" as a "core ideology" of right-wing populism on the ground that there are also purely "civic" or "liberal" forms of nationalism, preferring instead the term "nativism": a xenophobic form of nationalism asserting that "states should be inhabited exclusively by members of the native group ("the nation"), and that non-native elements (persons and ideas) are fundamentally threatening to the homogeneous nation-state".Mudde further argues that "while nativism could include racist arguments, it can also be non-racist (including and excluding on the basis of culture or even religion)", and that the term nativism does not reduce the parties to mere single-issue parties, such as the term "anti-immigrant" does. In the maximum definition, to nativism is added authoritarianismâ€”an attitude, not necessary anti-democratic or automatic, to prefer "law and order" and the submission to authority{{Efn|Mudde: authoritarianism "is the belief in a strictly ordered society, in which infringements of authority are to be punished severely. In this interpretation, [it] includes law and order and "punitive conventional moralism". It does not necessarily mean an anti-democratic attitude, but neither does it preclude one. In addition, the authoritarian's submission to authority, established or not, is "not absolute, automatic, nor blind". In other words, while authoritarians will be more inclined to accept (established) authority than non-authoritarians, they can and will rebel under certain circumstances."|name=|group=lower-alpha}}â€”and populismâ€”a "thin-centered ideology that considers society to be ultimately separated into two homogeneous and antagonistic groups, "the pure people" versus "the corrupt elite", and which argues that politics should be an expression of the "general will of the people", if needed before human rights or constitutional guarantees.{{Efn|"Maximal" right-wing populists here give a preference for the Ã©tat lÃ©galâ€”which gives primacy to the law as expressed by the general will via election or referendum; against the Rechtsstaatâ€”which limits the power of the democratic state (the majority) to protect the rights of minorities.|name=|group=lower-alpha}}BOOK,weblink Populist Radical Right Parties in Europe, Mudde, Cas, 2007, Cambridge University Press, 978-0-511-34143-4, 15â€“31, en, Cas Mudde and CristÃ³bal Rovira Kaltwasser reiterated in 2017 that within European right-wing populism, there is a "marriage of convenience" of populism based on an "ethnic and chauvinistic definition of the people", authoritarianism, and nativism. This results in right-wing populism having a "xenophobic nature".BOOK, Populism: A Very Short Introduction, Mudde, Cas, Kaltwasser, CristÃ³bal Rovira, CristÃ³bal Rovira, Oxford University Press, 2017, 978-0-19-023487-4, Oxford, 34â€“35, Roger Eatwell, Emeritus Professor of Comparative Politics at the University of Bath, writes that "whilst populism and fascism differ notably ideologically, in practice the latter has borrowed aspects of populist discourse and style, and populism can degenerate into leader-oriented authoritarian and exclusionary politics."Eatwell, Roger (2017) "Populism and Fascism" in Kaltwasser, CristÃ³bal Rovira; Taggart, Paul; Espejo, Paulina Ochoa; and Ostiguy, Pierre eds. The Oxford Handbook of Populism For populism to transition into fascism or proto-fascism, it requires a "nihilistic culture and an intractable crisis."Brown, Drew (31 October 2018) "Where Does 'Right-Wing Populism' End, and Fascism Begin?" Vice[P]opulism is like fascism in being a response to liberal and socialist explanations of the political. And also like fascism, populism does not recognize a legitimate political place for an opposition that it regards as acting against the desires of the people and that it also accuses of being tyrannical, conspiratorial, and antidemocratic. ... The opponents are turned into public enemies, but only rhetorically. If populism moves from rhetorical enmity to practices of enemy identification and persecution, we could be talking about its transformation into fascism or another form of dictatorial repression. This has happened in the past ... and without question it could happen in the future. This morphing of populism back into fascism is always a possibility, but it is very uncommon, and when it does happen, and populism becomes fully antidemocratic, it is no longer populism.Federico Finchelstein, Federico (2019) From Fascism to Populism in History Berkeley, California: University of California Press. pp.5-6 {{isbn|978-0-520-30935-7}}Erik Berggren and Andres Neergard wrote in 2015 that "[m]ost researchers agree [...] that xenophobia, anti-immigration sentiments, nativism, ethno-nationalism are, in different ways, central elements in the ideologies, politics, and practices of right-wing populism and Extreme Right Wing Parties."Berggren, Erik and Neergard, Andres "Populism: Protest, democratic challenge and right wing sxtremism" in Dahlstedt, Magnus and Neergaard, Andres eds. (2015) International Migration and Ethnic Relations: Critical Perspectives/ New York: Routledge. p.179. {{isbn|978-1-317-65590-9}} Similarly, historian Rick Shenkman describes the ideology presented by right-wing populism as "a deadly mix of xenophobia, racism, and authoritarianism."Shenkman, Rick (8 September 2019) "The Shocking Paper Predicting the End of Democracy" Politico Magazine Tamir Bar-On also concluded in 2018 that the literature generally places "nativism" or "ethnic nationalism" as the core concept of the ideology, which "implicitly posits a politically dominant group, while minorities are conceived as threats to the nation". It is "generally, but not necessarily racist";BOOK,weblink The Oxford Handbook of the Radical Right, Rydgren, Jens, 2018, Oxford University Press, 978-0-19-027455-9, 56, en, in the case of the Dutch PVV for instance, "a religious [minority, i.e. Muslims] instead of an ethnic minority constitutes the main 'enemy'".JOURNAL, Rooduijn, Matthijs, 2014, Vox populismus: a populist radical right attitude among the public?, Nations and Nationalism, en, 20, 1, 82, 10.1111/nana.12054, 1469-8129,weblink Scholars use terminology inconsistently, sometimes referring to right-wing populism as "radical right"{{sfn|Kaplan|Weinberg|1998|pp=10â€“11}} or other terms such as new nationalism.NEWS,weblink From 'Brexit' To Trump, Nationalist Movements Gain Momentum Around World, NPR.org, 24 March 2017, Pippa Norris noted that "standard reference works use alternate typologies and diverse labels categorising parties as 'far' or 'extreme' right, 'New Right', 'anti-immigrant' or 'neo-fascist', 'anti-establishment', 'national populist', 'protest', 'ethnic', 'authoritarian', 'anti-government', 'anti-party', 'ultranationalist', 'right-libertarian' and so on".{{sfn|Norris|2005|p=44}}{{Needs update|date=May 2024}}In regard to the authoritarian aspect of right-wing populism, political psychologist Shawn W. Rosenberg asserts that its "intellectual roots and underlying logic" are best seen as "a contemporary expression of the fascist ideologies of the early 20th century".Guided by its roots in ideological fascism ... and its affinity to the fascist governments of 1930s Germany and Italy, [right-wing populism] tends to delegate unusual power to its leadership, more specifically its key leader. This leader embodies the will of the people, renders it clear for everyone else and executes accordingly. Thus distinctions between the leadership, the people as a whole and individuals are blurred as their will is joined in a single purpose. (p.5) ... In this political cultural conception, individuals have a secondary and somewhat derivative status. They are rendered meaningful and valued insofar as they are part of the collective, the people and the nation. Individuals are thus constituted as a mass who share a single common significant categorical quality â€“ they are nationals, members of the nation. ... In this conception, the individual and the nation are inextricably intertwined, the line between them blurred. As suggested by philosophers of fascism ... the state is realized in the people and the people are realized in the state. It is a symbiotic relation. Individuals are realized in their manifestation of the national characteristics and by their participation in the national mission. In so doing, individuals are at once defined and valued, recognized and glorified. (p.12)Rosenberg cites Gentile, G. (1928) The philosophic basis of fascism. Foreign Affairs, v.6, n.2 pp.290-304According to Rosenberg, right-wing populism accepts the primacy of "the people", but rejects liberal democracy's protection of the rights of minorities, and favors ethno-nationalism over the legal concept of the nation as a polity, with the people as its members; in general, it rejects the rule of law. All of these attributes, as well as its favoring of strong political leadership, suggest right-wing populism's fascist leanings.Rosenberg, Shawn W. (2019) "Democracy Devouring Itself: The Rise of the Incompetent Citizen and the Appeal of Right Wing Populism" in Hur, Domenico Uhng and Sabucedo, JosÃ© Manuel eds. (forthcoming) Psychology of Political and Everyday Extremisms However, historian Federico Finchelstein in From Fascism to Populism in History states that "Properly historicized, populism is not fascism."

Motivations and methods

According to Roger Eatwell and Matthew Goodwin, "National populists prioritize the culture and interests of the nation, and promise to give voice to a people who feel that they have been neglected, even held in contempt, by distant and often corrupt elites." They are part of a "growing revolt against mainstream politics and liberal values. This challenge is in general not anti-democratic. Rather, national populists are opposed to certain aspects of liberal democracy as it has evolved in the West. [...] [Their] 'direct' conception of democracy differs from the 'liberal' one that has flourished across the West following the defeat of fascism and which has gradually become more elitist in character." Furthermore, national populists question what they call the "erosion of the nation-state", "hyper ethnic change" and the "capacity to rapidly absorb [high] rates of immigration", the "highly unequal societies" of the West's current economic settlement. They are suspicious of "cosmopolitan and globalizing agendas". Populist parties use crises in their domestic governments to enhance anti-globalist reactions; these include refrainment towards trade and anti-immigration policies. The support for these ideologies commonly comes from people whose employment might have low occupational mobility. This makes them more likely to develop an anti-immigrant and anti-globalization mentality that aligns with the ideals of the populist party.JOURNAL, Bisbee, James, Mosley, Layna, Pepinsky, Thomas B., Rosendorff, B. Peter, Decompensating domestically: the political economy of anti-globalism, Journal of European Public Policy, 2 July 2020, 27, 7, 1090â€“1102, 10.1080/13501763.2019.1678662, 211341396, Jean-Yves Camus and Nicolas Lebourg see "national populism" as an attempt to combine the socio-economical values of the left and political values of the right and the support for a referendary republic that would bypass traditional political divisions and institutions as they aim for the unity of the political (the demos), ethnic (the ethnos) and social (the working class) interpretations of the "people", national populists claim to defend the "average citizen" and "common sense", against the "betrayal of inevitably corrupt elites".BOOK,weblink Far-Right Politics in Europe, Camus, Jean-Yves, Lebourg, Nicolas, 20 March 2017, Harvard University Press, 978-0-674-97153-0, 12â€“14, en, As Front National ideologue FranÃ§ois Duprat put in the 1970s, inspired by the Latin American right of that time, right-populism aims to constitute a "national, social, and popular" ideology. If both left and right parties share populism itself, their premises are indeed different in that right-wing populists perceive society as in a state of decadence, from which "only the healthy common people can free the nation by forming one national class from the different social classes and casting aside the corrupt elites".BOOK,weblink Far-Right Politics in Europe, Camus, Jean-Yves, Lebourg, Nicolas, 20 March 2017, Harvard University Press, 978-0-674-97153-0, 178â€“179, en, Methodologically, by co-opting concepts from the left – such as multiculturalism and ethnopluralism, which is espoused by the left as a means of preserving minority ethnic cultures within a pluralistic society – and then jettisoning their non-hierarchical essence, right-wing populists can, in the words of sociologist Jens Rydgren, "mobilize on xenophobic and racist public opinions without being stigmatized as racists."Rydgren, Jens (2005) "Is Extreme Right-Wing Populism Contagious? Explaining the Emergence of a New Party Family" European Journal of Political Research n.44, pp.413-37 Sociologist Hande Eslen-Ziya argues that right-wing populist movements rely on "troll science", namely "(distorted) scientific arguments moulded into populist discourse" that creates an alternative narrative.JOURNAL, Eslen-Ziya, Hande, Hande Eslen-Ziya, Right-wing populism in New Turkey: Leading to all new grounds for troll science in gender theory, HTS Teologiese Studies, 2020, 76, 3, 10.4102/hts.v76i3.6005, 224856495, free, 11250/2682420, free, In addition to rhetorical methods, right-wing populist movements have also flourished by using tools of digital media, including websites and newsletters, social media groups and pages, as well as Youtube channels and messaging chat groups.WEB, Juan Branco, le populisme par le complotisme,weblink 2023-05-18, LibÃ©ration, fr, JOURNAL, Boulianne, Shelley, Koc-Michalska, Karolina, Bimber, Bruce, April 2020, Right-wing populism, social media and echo chambers in Western democracies,weblink New Media & Society, en, 22, 4, 683â€“699, 10.1177/1461444819893983, 215801488, 1461-4448, JOURNAL, Harsin, Jayson, 2018-03-01, Post-Truth Populism: The French Anti-Gender Theory Movement and Cross-Cultural Similarities,weblink Communication, Culture and Critique, en, 11, 1, 35â€“52, 10.1093/ccc/tcx017, 1753-9129,

Cultural issues and immigration

While immigration is a common theme at the center of many national right-wing populist movements, the theme often crystallizes around cultural issues, such as religion, gender roles, and sexuality, as is the case with the transnational anti-gender theory movements.BOOK, Kuhar, Roman,weblink Anti-Gender Campaigns in Europe: Mobilizing against Equality, Paternotte, David, 2017-08-07, Rowman & Littlefield, 978-1-78660-001-1, en, A body of scholarship has also found populist movements to employ or be based around conspiracy theories, rumors, and falsehoods.JOURNAL, Kay, Jack, Ziegelmueller, George W., Minch, Kevin M., February 1998, From Coughlin to contemporary talk radio: Fallacies & propaganda in American populist radio,weblink Journal of Radio Studies, en, 5, 1, 9â€“21, 10.1080/19376529809384526, 1095-5046, BOOK, Mammone, Andrea,weblink Varieties of Right-Wing Extremism in Europe, Godin, Emmanuel, Jenkins, Brian, 2013-05-07, Routledge, 978-1-136-16750-8, en, BOOK, Jamin, JÃ©rÃ´me,weblink L'imaginaire du complot: discours d'extrÃªme droite en France et aux Etats-Unis, 2009, Amsterdam University Press, 978-90-8964-048-2, fr, Some scholars argue that right-wing populism's association with conspiracy, rumor and falsehood may be more common in the digital era thanks to widely accessible means of content production and diffusion.JOURNAL, Harsin, Jayson, The Rumour Bomb: Theorising the Convergence of New and Old Trends in Mediated US Politics,weblink Southern Review, 39, 1, 84â€“110, These media and communication developments in the context of specific historical shifts in immigration and cultural politics have led to the association of right-wing populism with post-truth politics.

History

Germany and France (1870â€“1900)

German and French right-wing populism can be traced back to the period 1870â€“1900 in the aftermath of the Franco-Prussian War, with the nascence of two different trends in Germany and France: the VÃ¶lkisch movement and Boulangism.BOOK,weblink Far-Right Politics in Europe, Camus, Jean-Yves, Lebourg, Nicolas, 20 March 2017, Harvard University Press, 978-0-674-97153-0, 12â€“14, 16â€“17, en, VÃ¶lkischen represented a romantic nationalist, racialist, and from the 1900s, antisemitic tendency in German society, as they idealized a bio-mystical "original nation" that still could be found in their views in the rural regions, a form of "primitive democracy freely subjected to their natural elites".WEB,weblink Qu'est ce que la RÃ©volution Conservatrice ?, StÃ©phane FranÃ§ois, 24 August 2009, Fragments sur les Temps PrÃ©sents, fr-FR, 23 July 2019, In France, the anti-parliamentarian Ligue des Patriotes, led by Boulanger, DÃ©roulÃ¨de, and BarrÃ¨s, called for a "plebiscitary republic", with the president elected by universal suffrage, and the popular will expressed not through elected representatives (the "corrupted elites"), but rather via "legislative plebiscites", another name for referendums. It also evolved to antisemitism after the Dreyfus affair (1894).BOOK,weblink French Intellectuals and Politics from the Dreyfus Affair to the Occupation, Drake, D., 5 April 2005, Springer, 978-0-230-00609-6, 32, en,

Denmark and Norway (1970s)

Modern national populismâ€”what Pierro Ignazi called "post-industrial parties"{{sfn|Ignazi|2002|p=26}}â€”emerged in the 1970s, in a dynamic sustained by voters' rejection of the welfare state and of the tax system, both deemed "confiscatory"; the rise of xenophobia against the backdrop of immigration which, because originating from outside Europe, was considered to be of a new kind; and finally, the end of the prosperity that had reigned since the postâ€“World War II era, symbolized by the oil crisis of 1973. Two precursor parties consequently appeared in the early 1970s: the Progress Party, the ancestor of the Danish People's Party, and Anders Lange's Party in Norway.

Netherlands and France (2001)

A new wave of right-wing populism arose after the September 11 attacks. "Neo-populists" are nationalist and Islamophobic politicians who aspire "to be the champions of freedoms for minorities (gays, Jews, women) against the Arab-Muslim masses"; a trend first embodied by the Dutch Pim Fortuyn List and later followed by Geert Wilders' Party for Freedom and Jean Marie and his daughter Marine Le Pen's National Rally. According to Jean-Yves Camus and Nicolas Lebourg, those parties are not a real syncretism of the left and right, as their ideology and voter base are interclassist.{{Efn|Neo-populists, contrary to the Marxist worldview, do not oppose the "working class" to the "bourgeoisie" and capitalists, but rather the "people" to the "elites" and immigrants.|name=|group=lower-alpha}}BOOK, Betz, Hans-Georg, Radical Right-Wing Populism in Western Europe, Furthermore, neo-populist parties went from a critique of the welfare state to that of multiculturalism, and their priority demand remains the reduction of immigration.BOOK,weblink Far-Right Politics in Europe, Camus, Jean-Yves, Lebourg, Nicolas, 20 March 2017, Harvard University Press, 978-0-674-97153-0, 48â€“49, 178â€“179, 198, en, BOOK, Wodak, Ruth, Right-Wing Populism in Europe: Politics and Discourse,

Movements by country

{{ill|Piero Ignazi|it}}, an Italian political scientist, divided right-wing populist parties, which he called "extreme right parties", into two categories: he placed traditional right-wing parties that had developed out of the historical right and post-industrial parties that had developed independently. He placed the British National Party, the National Democratic Party of Germany, the German People's Union, and the former Dutch Centre Party in the first category, whose prototype would be the disbanded Italian Social Movement. In contrast, he placed the French National Front, the German Republicans, the Dutch Centre Democrats, the former Belgian Vlaams Blok (which would include certain aspects of traditional extreme right parties), the Danish Progress Party, the Norwegian Progress Party and the Freedom Party of Austria in the second category.{{sfn|Ignazi|2002|p=26}}BOOK, The Ideology of the Extreme Right, Mudde, C., 2002, Manchester University Press, 978-0-7190-6446-3,weblink 3 January 2015, Right-wing populist parties in the English-speaking world include the UK Independence Party and Australia's One Nation.{{sfn|Norris|2005|pp=68â€“69, 72}} The U.S. Republican Party and the Conservative Party of Canada include right-wing populist factions.

Africa

{{Original research|section|date=May 2024|reason=Sources do not closely match the text by discussing right-wing populism (or a synonym) when there are sources}}{{Unencyclopedic tone|date=May 2024|section}}

Nigeria

Rabiu Kwankwaso, as well as his New Nigeria People's Party, are generally as populistWEB, Nigeria â€¢ Africa Elects,weblink Africa Elects, and ultraconservativeWEB, Nigeria presidential election results 2023 by the numbers,weblink Al Jazeera, en, . Styling himself off of Aminu Kano, Kwankwaso has voiced support for the welfare state and building more universities, while also increasing the size of the Nigerian Armed Forces and Nigerian Police Force.WEB, Olurounbi, Eromo Egbejule,Ruth, How Rabiu Kwankwaso became wildcard in Nigerian presidential race,weblink Al Jazeera, en, Kwankwaso is seen as being strongly culturally conservative and a deeply pious Muslim, although he is no Islamist.WEB, Nigeria presidential election results 2023 by the numbers,weblink Al Jazeera, en, Even with Kwankwaso's cultural conservatism, he has expressed support for women's rights in Nigeria.WEB, Ezeama, Victor, Nigeria election 2023: Who is Rabiu Kwankwaso of the NNPP?,weblink BBC, 3 February 2023,

South Africa

{{Synthesis|section|date=May 2024}}According to John Campbell from the Council on Foreign Relations, Freedom Front Plus is a white and coloured dominated political party that promotes Afrikaner nationalism. The current party manifesto, written by Pieter Groenewald, calls for an end to affirmative action and black economic empowerment while supporting proportional representation. Freedom Front Plus has always promoted policies which are conservative in nature and support Afrikaans-speakers and Christians from the Dutch Reformed Church of South Africa.WEB, Campbell, John, Right-Wing White Party Releases Election Manifesto in South Africa,weblink Council on Foreign Relations, en,

Uganda

President Yoweri Museveni and his party, National Resistance Movement, are usually right-wing populist WEB, Kazeem, Yomi, Africaâ€™s populists and strongmen are some of the first to welcome a Trump presidency,weblink Quartz, en, 9 November 2016, JOURNAL, Lacatus, Corina, 2023-01-20, Populism, Competitive Authoritarianism, and Foreign Policy: The Case of Uganda's 2021 Election,weblink Global Studies Quarterly, en, 3, 1, 10.1093/isagsq/ksac081, 2634-3797, free, , Anti-LGBTWEB, Ugandan court upholds anti-LGBTQ law but says some rights infringed,weblink Reuters, WEB, Ugandaâ€™s President Signs Repressive Anti-LGBT Law {{!, Human Rights Watch |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2023/05/30/ugandas-president-signs-repressive-anti-lgbt-law |language=en |date=30 May 2023}}, and nationalist. According to Corina Lacatus, "Museveni came to power in 1986 as a populist figure who adopted an authoritarian leadership style and converted over the years in an authoritarian leader. Over the years, he has continued to rely on a tried-and-tested populist discourse that granted him political success in the first place, to continue the advancement of his regime and to promote his election campaigns."JOURNAL, Lacatus, Corina, 2023-01-20, Populism, Competitive Authoritarianism, and Foreign Policy: The Case of Uganda's 2021 Election,weblink Global Studies Quarterly, en, 3, 1, 10.1093/isagsq/ksac081, 2634-3797, free,

Americas

Argentina

File:Presidente Javier Milei 2023-12-10.jpg|thumb|150px|Incumbent President of Argentina President of Argentina Javier Milei, the incumbent president of Argentina, is known for his flamboyant personality, distinctive personal style, and strong media presence. Milei's views distinguish him in the Argentine political landscape and have garnered significant public attention and polarizing reactions. He has been described politically as a right-wing libertarian and right-wing populist, and supports laissez-faire economics, aligning specifically with minarchist and anarcho-capitalist principles. Milei has proposed a comprehensive overhaul of the country's fiscal and structural policies. He supports freedom of choice on drug policy, firearms, prostitution, same-sex marriage, sexual preference, and gender identity, while opposing abortion and euthanasia. In foreign policy, he advocates closer relations with the United States, supporting Ukraine in response to the Russian invasion of the country, and distancing Argentina from geopolitical ties with China.WEB, 20 November 2023, Argentinian President Javier Milei's Stance: Anti-Abortion, Anti-Socialism and More,weblink 3 December 2023, The Statesman, He has been variously described as far right,NEWS, BuschschlÃ¼ter, Vanessa, 19 November 2023, Javier Milei: Argentina's far-right outsider wins presidential election, BBC News,weblink 3 December 2023, NEWS, Phillips, Tom, 20 November 2023, Who is Javier Milei? Argentina's new far-right president 'El Loco' takes the stage, The Guardian,weblink 3 December 2023, 0261-3077, WEB, Oner, Imdat, 22 November 2023, Javier Milei's Victory: A New Chapter for Right-Wing Populism in Argentina?,weblink 3 December 2023, Populism Studies, far-right populist,WEB, Kahn, Carrie, 19 November 2023, Javier Milei, a radical libertarian populist, elected president of Argentina,weblink 3 December 2023, NPR, NEWS, 20 November 2023, Argentina elects far-right populist Javier Milei 'the madman' as new president, ITV News,weblink 3 December 2023, WEB, 20 November 2023, Far-right populist Javier Milei becomes Argentina's new president,weblink 3 December 2023, Euronews, right-wing libertarian,NEWS, 20 November 2023, Analyst View Argentine far-right libertarian Milei sweeps to victory, Reuters,weblink 3 December 2023, WEB, 20 November 2023, Argentina election: What's next after Javier Milei's victory?,weblink 3 December 2023, Al Jazeera, WEB, Meredith, Sam, 21 November 2023, China says it stands ready to work with Argentina despite Milei criticism,weblink 3 December 2023, CNBC, ultraconservative,NEWS, Feldman, Ella, 16 October 2023, As inflation skyrockets, Argentina must choose: Far-right outsider or status quo for president?, Courthouse News Service,weblink 3 December 2023, WEB, Criales, JosÃ© Pablo, 13 November 2023, Sergio Massa drags Javier Milei through the mud in Argentina's last presidential debate: 'Is Margaret Thatcher your role model?',weblink 3 December 2023, El PaÃs English, WEB, Bulbul, Nuray, 20 November 2023, Who is Javier Milei, Argentina's new hard-right president?,weblink 3 December 2023, Yahoo Finance, and ultra-liberal.NEWS, Genoux, Flora, 8 November 2023, Argentina: Far-right candidate Javier Milei leaves the business community skeptical, Le Monde,weblink 3 December 2023, WEB, Fest, SebastiÃ¡n, 19 November 2023, Javier Milei, el ultraliberal que promete poner patas arriba a Argentina y llevar a mÃnimos el vÃnculo con EspaÃ±a,weblink 3 December 2023, El Mundo, es, WEB, Chitre, Manjiri, 20 November 2023, Who is Javier Milei, Argentina's new 'shock therapy' libertarian President?,weblink 3 December 2023, Hindustan Times, A philosophical anarcho-capitalist who is for practical purposes a minarchist, Milei advocates minimal government, focusing on justice and security,WEB, 14 August 2023, Javier Milei, il leader di estrema destra che ha vinto le primarie in Argentina,weblink 23 August 2023, Il Post, it, 16 August 2023,weblink live, with a philosophy rooted in life, liberty, and property, and free-market principles. He criticizes socialism and communism,WEB, 12 February 2019, La charla TEDx de Milei donde explica la 'belleza' del capitalismo,weblink 19 August 2023, Cronista, es, 19 August 2023,weblink live, advocating economic liberalization and restructuring government ministries.WEB, 4 August 2023, Punto por punto: el plan de gobierno que presentÃ³ Javier Milei,weblink 5 September 2023, La NaciÃ³n, es, 30 October 2023,weblink live, He opposes Argentina's Central Bank and current taxation policies.WEB, Centenera, Mar, Criales, JosÃ© Pablo, 14 August 2023, Ultra-conservative Javier Milei capitalizes on the protest vote and wins Argentina's primaries,weblink 16 August 2023, El PaÃs English,weblink 15 August 2023, live, WEB, Gillespie, Patrick, TobÃas, Manuela, 14 August 2023, Who is Javier Milei, the Central Bank-Hating Economist Who Upended Argentine Polls?,weblink 24 August 2023, Bloomberg LÃnea, 24 August 2023,weblink live, Economically, Milei is influenced by the Austrian School and admires former president Carlos Menem's policies.WEB, Fiore Viani, Gonzalo, 10 September 2021, Milei y los libertarios: una corriente (no tan) nueva en la polÃtica argentina,weblink 20 August 2023, Agenda PÃºblica, es, 19 August 2023,weblink live, He supports capitalism, viewing socialism as embodying envy and coercion. Milei proposes reducing government ministries and addressing economic challenges through spending cuts and fiscal reforms, criticizing previous administrations for excessive spending.NEWS, Viriglio, Veronique, 16 August 2023,weblink Il 'Trump argentino' che sfida Kirchner, The "Argentine Trump" who challenges Kirchner, it, AGI, 18 August 2023, 18 August 2023,weblink live, TWEET, 1691737260813688997, electo_mania, La propuesta de Javier Milei con los ministerios, EM-electomania.es, 16 August 2023, 16 August 2023, es, He has praised the economic policies of former British prime minister Margaret Thatcher and called her "a great leader".NEWS,weblink Argentina's far-right Milei angers Falklands veterans with Thatcher praise, The Guardian, 13 November 2023, 20 November 2023, 18 November 2023,weblink live, GoÃ±i, Uki, WEB,weblink Margaret Thatcher 'a great leader', Argentine candidate declares, The Times, 20 November 2023, 15 November 2023,weblink live, NEWS,weblink Argentina's Javier Milei: the radical who could blow up political status quo, Reuters, 17 November 2023, 20 November 2023, 19 November 2023,weblink live, Heath, Maximilian,

Brazil

File:Jair Bolsonaro em 24 de abril de 2019 (1) (cropped).jpg|thumb|upright=0.81|Brazilian President Jair Bolsonaro Jair BolsonaroIn Brazil, right-wing populism began to rise roughly around the time Dilma Rousseff won the 2014 presidential election.JOURNAL, Boulos, Guilherme, Onda Conservadora,weblink 11 October 2017, {{Dead link|date=November 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} In the Brazilian general election of 2014, Levy Fidelix, from the Brazilian Labour Renewal Party,NEWS,weblink PRTB oficializa candidatura de Levy Fidelix Ã PresidÃªncia da RepÃºblica, 15 June 2014, EleiÃ§Ãµes 2014 em SÃ£o Paulo, 23 November 2018, pt-BR, presented himself with a conservative speech and, according to him, the only right-wing candidate. He spoke for traditional family values and opposed abortion, legalization of marijuana, and same-sex marriage and proposed that homosexual individuals be treated far away from the good citizens' and workers' families.NEWS,weblink Levy se assume como candidato da direita e promete defender ditadura - NotÃcias - PolÃtica, PolÃtica, 23 November 2018, pt-BR, In the first round of the general election, Fidelix received 446,878 votes, representing 0.43% of the popular vote.WEB,weblink ApuraÃ§Ã£o de votos e resultado das EleiÃ§Ãµes 2014 (Fonte: TSE): Presidente e candidatos eleitos - UOL EleiÃ§Ãµes 2014, UOL EleiÃ§Ãµes 2014, pt-BR, 23 November 2018, Fidelix ranked 7th out of 11 candidates. In the second round, Fidelix supported candidate AÃ©cio Neves.NEWS,weblink Levy Fidelix anuncia apoio a AÃ©cio Neves no segundo turno, 15 October 2014, EleiÃ§Ãµes 2014, 23 November 2018, pt-BR, In addition, according to the political analyst of the Inter-Union Department of Parliamentary Advice, AntÃ´nio Augusto de Queiroz, the National Congress elected in 2014 may be considered the most conservative since the "re-democratization" movement, noting an increase in the number of parliamentarians linked to more conservative segments, such as ruralists, the military, the police, and the religious right. The subsequent economic crisis of 2015 and investigations of corruption scandals led to a right-wing movement that sought to rescue fiscally and socially conservative ideas in opposition to the left-wing policies of the Workers' Party. At the same time, right-libertarians, such as those that make up the Free Brazil Movement, emerged among many others. For Manheim (1952), within a single real generation, there may be several generations which he called "differentiated and antagonistic". For him, it is not the common birth date that marks a generation, though it matters, but rather the historical moment in which they live in common. In this case, the historical moment was the impeachment of Dilma Rousseff. They can be called the "post-Dilma generation".JOURNAL, Soares, JosÃ© Manoel Montanha da Silveira, 2017, A onda conservadora: ensaios sobre os atuais tempos sombrios no Brasil, Revista Em Pauta, 15, 39, 2238-3786, 10.12957/rep.2017.30390,weblink free, Centrist interim President Michel Temer took office following the impeachment of President Rousseff. Temer held 3% approval ratings in October 2017,NEWS,weblink Accused of corruption, popularity near zero â€“ why is Temer still Brazil's president?, Phillips, Don, 17 October 2017, 5 November 2017, The Guardian, facing a corruption scandal after accusations of obstructing justice and racketeering against him.NEWS,weblink Brazil's President Temer avoids corruption trial, Watson, Kay, 5 November 2017, BBC, He managed to avoid trial thanks to the support of the right-wing parties in the Brazilian Congress. On the other hand, President of the Senate Renan Calheiros, acknowledged as one of the key figures behind Rousseff's destitution and a member of the centrist Brazilian Democratic Movement Party, was removed from office after facing embezzlement charges.NEWS,weblink Brazil's Senate president ousted over embezzlement charges, 6 December 2016, 5 November 2017, The Guardian, In March 2016, after entering the Social Christian Party, far-right congressman Jair Bolsonaro decided to run for President of the Republic. In 2017, he tried to become the presidential nominee of Patriota, but, eventually, Bolsonaro entered the Social Liberal Party and, supported by the Brazilian Labour Renewal Party, he won the 2018 presidential election, followed by left-wing former Mayor of SÃ£o Paulo Fernando Haddad of Luiz InÃ¡cio Lula da Silva's Workers' Party.NEWS, Pepe Escobar, Future of Western Democracy Being Played Out in Brazil,weblink 15 October 2018, Consortium News, 9 October 2018, NEWS, Trump Cements Alliance With Far-Right Brazilian President Bolsonaro,weblink The Globe Post, 19 March 2019, NEWS,weblink Lula lidera, e Bolsonaro se consolida em 2Âº, aponta Datafolha, 2 December 2017, 7 December 2017, Poder, Lula was banned from running after being convicted on criminal corruption charges and imprisoned.WEB,weblink Lula Ã© condenado na Lava Jato no caso do triplex, G1, Alana, Fonseca, Erick, Gimenes, Thais, Kaniak, Bibiana, DionÃsio, pt, 12 July 2017, 23 September 2017, NEWS,weblink Urgente: Lula Ã‰ Condenado Por Unanimidade Pelo TRF-4, O Antagonista, 24 January 2018, Bolsonaro has been accused of racist,NEWS,weblink Is this the world's most repulsive politician?, Gavin Fernando, News.com.au, 29 April 2016, xenophobic,NEWS,weblink Conservative's Star Rises in Brazil as Polarizing Views Tap Into Discontent, Simon Romero, The New York Times, 7 May 2016, misogynistic,WEB,weblink The Most Misogynistic, Hateful Elected Official in the Democratic World: Brazil's Jair Bolsonaro â€“ The Intercept, The Intercept, 11 December 2014, and homophobic rhetoric. His campaign was centered on opposition to crime, political corruption, and LGBT identity, and support for tax cuts, militarism, Catholicism, and Evangelicalism.NEWS, A lightning rod for attacks by Brazil's right wing,weblink Los Angeles Times, 7 September 2018, NEWS,weblink Dilma Rousseff: Brazilian congress votes to impeach president, Watts, Jonathan, 18 April 2016, The Guardian, 18 April 2016, en-GB, 0261-3077,

Canada

Canada has a history of right-wing populist protest parties and politicians, most notably in Western Canada, partly due to the idea of Western alienation. The highly successful Social Credit Party of Canada consistently won seats in British Columbia, Alberta, and Saskatchewan but fell into obscurity by the 1970s.In the late 1980s, the Reform Party of Canada, led by Preston Manning, became another right-wing populist movement formed due to the policies of the center-right Progressive Conservative Party of Canada, which alienated many Blue Tories and led to a feeling of neglect in the West of Canada. Initially motivated by a single-issue desire to give a voice to Western Canada, the Reform Party expanded its platform to include a blend of socially conservative and right-wing populist policies. It grew from a fringe party into a major political force in the 1990s and became the official opposition party before reforming itself as the Canadian Alliance. The Alliance ultimately merged with the Progressive Conservative Party to form the modern-day Conservative Party of Canada, after which the Alliance faction dropped some of its populist and socially conservative ideas.In recent years, right-wing populist elements have existed within the Conservative Party of Canada and mainstream provincial parties and have most notably been espoused by Ontario MP Kellie Leitch; businessman Kevin O'Leary; Quebec Premier FranÃ§ois Legault; the former Mayor of Toronto Rob Ford; and his brother, Ontario Premier Doug Ford.NEWS, 'Irresponsible' populism: Lisa Raitt slams Kevin O'Leary, Kellie Leitch,weblink NEWS,weblink Could Trumpism Take Root in Canada?, 15 March 2017, Pacific Standard, 24 March 2017, NEWS, Toronto Star, 28 March 2018, Patrick Brown returns to Queen's Park for budget speech,weblink NEWS, The Economist, Anti-elitist politicians in Canada are courting immigrants, 19 April 2018,weblink In August 2018, Conservative MP Maxime Bernier left the party, and the following month he founded the People's Party of Canada, which has self-described as "smart populism" and been described as a "right of centre, populist" movement.AV MEDIA, YouTube, Maxime Bernier says his new party offers 'smart populism', October 11, 2018, 1:56, Canadian Press,weblink Bernier lost his seat in the 2019 Canadian elections, and the People's Party scored just above 1% of the vote; however, in the 2021 election, it saw improved performance and climbed to nearly 5% of the popular vote.NEWS, Complex (magazine), Complex, Maxime Bernier Launches 'The People's Party of Canada',weblink 14 September 2018, Pierre Poilievre, who has been described as populist by some journalists,WEB, Blatchford, Andy, Conservative frontrunner deploys populist strike on Ottawa's elites,weblink Politico, August 25, 2022, May 25, 2022, NEWS, {{SfnRef, CBS News, 2018, |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/pierre-poilievre-canada-conservatives-elect-right-wing-populist-vs-justin-trudeau/|title=Canadian Conservatives elect "right-wing populist" Pierre Poilievre to lead fight against Justin Trudeau|publisher=CBS News|date=September 12, 2022|access-date=October 2, 2022}} won the 2022 Conservative Party of Canada leadership election and became the leader of both the Conservative Party and the Official Opposition. Some journalists have compared Poilievre to American Republican populists such as Donald Trump and Ted Cruz, however many journalists have dismissed these comparisons due to Poilievre's pro-choice, pro-immigration, and pro-same-sex-marriage positions.WEB, NP View: The unstoppable Pierre Poilievre,weblink National Post, 5 August 2022, Trying to demonize Poilievre as a "populist" or as Canada's Trump, or implying that he is a white supremacist or opposed to women's rights is unlikely to succeed. He is pro-choice, pro-immigration and has forcefully denounced white replacement theory and all of "that kind of thinking.", WEB, Forrest, Maura, The quick take on Canada's new Conservative leader,weblink Politico, 12 September 2022, He has been compared to former President Donald Trump for his populist overtures, but in terms of substance, he has largely confined himself to pocketbook issues. He is pro-immigration â€” his wife is a Venezuelan immigrant â€” and now calls himself pro-choice., WEB, Is there room for centrists in the current Conservative Party?: Tasha Kheiriddin on the right path forward for Conservatives in Canada,weblink The Hub, 9 August 2022, And second, what parts of his programâ€”which, to be fair to him, he is pro-immigration, pro-same-sex marriage, and pro-choiceâ€”do you take exception to?, WEB, McConkey, David, Pierre Poilievre, populist politician?,weblink The Brandon Sun, 23 October 2022, In several ways, Poilievre does not fit the mould of a new populist. For one, Poilievre is not new. He was a cabinet minister in the Stephen Harper government and he has been a member of Parliament for almost 20 years. For another, he is not your stereotypical reactionary. He is at ease with the non-traditional family, he is pro-choice, he is pro-immigration., WEB, Campbell, Clark, The making of Pierre Poilievre, conservative proselytizer,weblink The Globe and Mail, 16 September 2022, But he is no Donald Trump in tenets or temperament. He doesn't echo the anti-immigrant rhetoric, and abhors Mr. Trump's gargantuan deficits. He is so calculated that he could never be the erratic bundle of impulses that rambles at a Trump rally., NEWS, Canada's Conservatives pick a brainy brawler as leader,weblink The Economist, 15 September 2022, His rhetorical style evokes populists such as Donald Trump. But his enemies list is more circumscribed. Unlike Mr Trump, he favours immigration., WEB, Pierre Poilievre: Canada's next Prime Minister?,weblink Moore, Samuel, Cherwell (newspaper), Cherwell, 4 November 2022, Moreover, in a way that distinguishes him from Trump and other right-wing populists, Poilievre's social policies are progressive. He is pro-choice and pro-LGBT rights and has actually criticised the Trudeau ministry for not being pro-immigration enough, belittling the inefficiencies of the current immigration system as yet another example of big government "gatekeeping"., WEB, Liberals risk drowning in the Poilievre wave,weblink Oliver, Joe, Financial Post, 7 September 2022, The "Trump North" label has failed to stick because he has been consistently pro-choice, supports gay marriage and favours immigration.,

Costa Rica

In the 2018 political campaign, both Evangelical Christian candidate Fabricio AlvaradoNEWS, Editorial Board, Costa Rica shows an admirable resistance to demagoguery,weblink 10 December 2018, The Washington Post, 2018, NEWS, Henley, Jon, Costa Rica: Carlos Alvarado wins presidency in vote fought on gay rights,weblink 10 December 2018, The Guardian, 2 April 2018, and right-wing anti-establishment candidate Juan Diego CastroNEWS, Costa Rica's Election: It Wasn't the Economy, Stupid!,weblink 10 December 2018, Q, 19 February 2018, NEWS, Arco, Eduardo, Costa Rica's Rollercoaster Election Was About More Than Gay Marriage,weblink 10 December 2018, WPR, 9 February 2018, were described as examples of right-wing populists.

United States

{{see also|Trumpism}}{{update section|date=October 2021}}In the United States, right-wing populism is frequently aligned with evangelical Christianity,WEB,weblink White Evangelicals and Right-wing Populism, Marcia Pally, 7 October 2022, segregationism, nationalism, nativismWEB,weblink Ghost of William Jennings Bryan haunts Trump's next run for the White House, Ron Elving, National Public Radio, May 20, 2023, anti-intellectualism and anti-Semitism.WEB,weblink David French, An Old Hate Cracks Open on the New Right, Nov 19, 2023, New York Times, The Republican Party (United States), particularly supporters of Donald Trump, includes right-wing populist factions.JOURNAL, Campani, Giovanna, Fabelo ConcepciÃ³n, Sunamis, Rodriguez Soler, Angel, SÃ¡nchez SavÃn, Claudia, December 2022, The Rise of Donald Trump Right-Wing Populism in the United States: Middle American Radicalism and Anti-Immigration Discourse, Societies, en, 12, 6, 154, 10.3390/soc12060154, 2075-4698, free, Moore (1996) argues that "populist opposition to the growing power of political, economic, and cultural elites" helped shape "conservative and right-wing movements" since the 1920s.Leonard J. Moore, "Good Old-Fashioned New Social History and the Twentieth-Century American Right," Reviews in American History vol 24#4 (1996) pp. 555â€“73, quote at p. 561 Historical right-wing populist figures in both major parties in the United States have included Thomas E. Watson (D-GA), Strom Thurmond,{{efn|Thurmond was a segregationist from South Carolina and began as member of the Democratic Party, but in 1964 switched to becoming a member of the Republican Party until his death in 2003.}} Joe McCarthy (R-WI), Barry Goldwater (R-AZ), George Wallace (D-AL), and Pat Buchanan (R-VA).WEB,weblink Right-Wing Populist, The Atlantic, Steven, Stark, February 1996, Several of the prominent members of the Populist Party of the 1890s and 1900s, while economically liberal, supported social aspects of right-wing populism. Watson, the Vice-Presidential nominee of the Populist Party in 1896 and presidential nominee in 1900, eventually embraced white supremacy and anti-Semitism.WEB,weblink Thomas E. Watson, Pierannunzi, Carol, January 23, 2004, New Georgia Encyclopedia, April 29, 2019, William Jennings Bryan, the 1896 Populist presidential nominee, was socially and theologically conservative, supporting creationism, Prohibition and other aspects of Christian fundamentalism. Bradley J. Longfield posits Bryan was a "theologically conservative Social Gospeler".BOOK, Longfield, Bradley J., The Presbyterian Controversy,weblink August 17, 2018, 978-0-19-508674-4, 1993, Oxford University Press, An article by National Public Radio's Ron Elving likens the populism of Bryan to the later right-wing populism of Trump.In 2010, Rasmussen and Schoen characterized the Tea Party movement as "a right-wing anti-systemic populist movement". They added: "Today our country is in the midst of a...new populist revolt that has emerged overwhelmingly from the right â€“ manifesting itself as the Tea Party movement".Scott Rasmussen and Doug Schoen, Mad As Hell: How the Tea Party Movement Is Fundamentally Remaking Our Two-Party System (2010) quotes on p. 19 In 2010, David Barstow wrote in The New York Times: "The Tea Party movement has become a platform for conservative populist discontent".David Barstow, "Tea Party Lights Fuse for Rebellion on Right," New York Times Feb 6, 2010 Some political figures closely associated with the Tea Party, such as U.S. Senator Ted Cruz and former U.S. Representative Ron Paul, have been described as appealing to right-wing populism.WEB,weblink Vanity Fair (magazine), Vanity Fair, What On Earth Is Ted Cruz Doing?, 23 September 2016, NEWS, The Economist,weblink Playing with fear, 12 December 2015, BOOK, Yuri, Maltsev, The Tea Party Explained: From Crisis to Crusade, 2013, Open Court, 26, In the U.S. House of Representatives, the Freedom Caucus, associated with the Tea Party movement, has been described as right-wing populist.WEB, The Atlantic, 7 April 2017, In The Freedom Caucus, Trump Meets His Match,weblink BOOK, Matthew N. Lyons, Chip Berlet, Right-Wing Populism in America: Too Close for Comfort, Donald Trump's 2016 presidential campaign, noted for its anti-establishment, anti-immigration, and protectionist rhetoric, was characterized as right-wing populist.{{sfnm |1a1=Dolgert |1y=2016 |2a1=Greven |2y=2016}}MAGAZINE, Neiwert, David, David Neiwert, 2016, Trump and Right-Wing Populism: A Long Time Coming,weblink The Public Eye, 86, 3, 19, Somerville, Massachusetts, Political Research Associates, 0275-9322, 9 August 2016, 30 November 2016,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20161130002059weblink">weblink The ideology of Trump's former Chief Strategist, Steve Bannon, has also been described as such.NEWS,weblink The future of Bannonism, The Economist, 25 August 2017, Donald Trump's policies and rhetoric as have been frequently described as right-wing populist by academics and political commentators.JOURNAL, Campani, ConcepciÃ³n, Soler, SavÃn, 2 November 2022, The Rise of Donald Trump Right-Wing Populism in the United States: Middle American Radicalism and Anti-Immigration Discourse, Societies, 12, 6, 154, 10.3390/soc12060154, free, NEWS, 2022-11-30, Trump, Bolsonaro, Meloni and the New Wave of Populism, The Washington Post,weblink 2023-06-05,

Asia-Pacific countries

Australia

File:Pauline Hanson at the Kurri Kurri Nostalgia Festival in 2011.jpg|thumb|upright=0.7|Pauline Hanson, leader of One Nation ]]Right-wing populism has also been represented by One Nation, led by Pauline Hanson, Senator for QueenslandNEWS,weblink The rise of populist politics in Australia, 1 March 2017, BBC, with typically support for the opposition Coalition.,NEWS, Sydney Morning Herald,weblink Pauline Hanson's One Nation emerges as government's most reliable Senate voting partner, 4 March 2017, and Katter's Australian Party, led by Queensland MP Bob Katter.BOOK, The mice that may yet roar: who are the minor right-wing parties?,weblink 28 August 2013, The Conversation (website), The Conversation, NEWS, Bernardi's alliance intends to bloc Xenophon, The Australian, 27 April 2017,weblink Furthermore, the main center-right party the Coalition has certain members belonging to the right-wing populist faction known as National Right including the current opposition leader Peter Dutton.WEB,weblink The Libs are all right, May 2023,

China

The wave of refugees caused by the Syrian crisis has caused a wave of anti-immigration sentiment on the Chinese Internet, and many narratives very similar to those of the populist right have since been observed, such as anti-"white leftism", Islamophobia, and anti-multiculturalism.JOURNAL, Zhang, Chenchen, Right-wing populism with Chinese characteristics? Identity, otherness and global imaginaries in debating world politics online, European Journal of International Relations, March 2020, 26, 1, 97â€“100, 10.1177/1354066119850253, 181854953,weblink 17 April 2023,

India

Israel

Japan

Netto-uyoku, Zaitokukai, and the Japan First Party are evaluated as similar to Western far-right populism and the alt-right movement.BOOK, Patrik Hermansson, David Lawrence, Joe Mulhall, The International Alt-Right: Fascism for the 21st Century?, 2020, Routledge,

New Zealand

Right-wing populism is thought to have emerged in New Zealand with Robert Muldoon, the New Zealand National Party prime minister from 1975 to 1984. A economic nationalist and social conservative, Muldoon has been cited as having appealed to the masses through his animosity towards the media and leftists and his own abrasive and colourful public persona.WEB, Cowen, Tyler, 13 February 2017, Feisty, Protectionist Populism? New Zealand Tried That,weblink live,weblink 1 March 2017, 18 June 2017, Bloomberg L.P., dmy-all, He also often made rude or unusually frank comments about foreign leaders, including American president Jimmy Carter and Australian prime minister Malcolm Fraser, whom he ridiculed and even bullied.WEB, 2024-03-31, NZ and Australia: Standing together, and apart,weblink 2024-03-31, NZ Herald, en-NZ,

Pakistan

In Pakistan, Pakistan Tehreek Insaaf (PTI) has recently been described as centrist-populist while sharing some characteristics with right-wing populists.NEWS,weblink Populism visits Pakistan - Daily Times, 17 August 2018, Daily Times, 29 October 2018, en-US, Its leader Imran Khan has furiously attacked traditional politicians and made people believe that only he has the solutions. British journalist Ben Judah, in an interview, compared Imran Khan with Donald Trump on his populist rhetoric.NEWS,weblink The limits of populism, 29 October 2018, en,

South Korea

File:ShinzÅ Abe and Hong Jun-pyo at the Japanese Prime Minister's Office (cropped 2).jpg|thumb|upright=0.7|Hong Jun-pyo, former leader of LKP ]]Conservatism in South Korea has traditionally been more inclined toward elitism than populism. However, since the 2016 South Korean political scandal, Korean conservative forces have changed their political lines to populism as the distrust of the elite spread among the Korean public.WEB, Jang Hoon,weblink Liberty Korea Party, conservative populism has no future, JoongAng Ilbo, 5 April 2018, Hong Joon-pyo and Lee Un-ju of the United Future Party are leading right-wing populists advocating anti-homosexuality, anti-immigration and social conservative views.NEWS, 21 November 2018, ì´ì–¸ì£¼ëŠ” 'ì Šì€ ì„¸ëŒ€'ë¡œì„œ 'ìžêµë¯¼ ì¤‘ì‹¬ì£¼ì˜'ë¥¼ ì™¸ì¹œë‹¤,weblink 21 November 2018, NEWS,weblink í™ì¤€í‘œ "ì¤‘ì†Œê¸°ì—… ì™¸êµì¸ë…¸ë™ìžë„ ìµœì €ìž„ê¸ˆ ì˜¬ë ¤ì¤˜ì•¼ í•˜ë‚˜", ì´ë°ì¼ë¦¬, Yoon Seok-youl, a candidate for the PPP in the 2022 South Korean presidential election, is criticized as a "populist" for using hostile sentiment toward feminism and proposing unrealistic economic policies.NEWS,weblink "í˜ì˜¤ë¥¼ ì´ìš©í•˜ëŠ” ì¹˜ì¡¸í•œ ì •ì¹˜, ì´ì œëŠ” ë©ˆì¶”ìž", "Cheap politics that uses hatred. Let's stop now"., (:ko:í”„ë ˆì‹œì•ˆ, í”„ë ˆì‹œì•ˆ), 13 November 2021, 14 November 2021, South Korean right-wing circles insist that the impeachment of former president Park Geun-hye is wrong, stimulating conservative public nostalgia for the Park Chung-hee administration.NEWS, í•œêµë‹¹ 'ë‹¹ê¶Œ ë ˆì´ìŠ¤' ë§ˆì§€ë§‰ê¹Œì§€ 'ê·¹ìš° í¬í“°ë¦¬ì¦˜' (LKP is an 'extreme right populism' until the end of the 'party race'),weblink í”„ë ˆì‹œì•ˆ(Pressian), 2021-02-12, 2019-02-27, It also shows a radical anti-North Korea, anti-Chinese and anti-communist stance.NEWS, ìžìœ ë„ ì‹œìž¥ë„ ëª°ë¼ ìš°íŒŒ ìœ íŠœë²„ì˜ í™©ë‹¹ ì„¸ìƒ (The absurd world of right-wing YouTubers who don't know freedom or market),weblink ì‹œì‚¬IN, 2021-02-12, 2020-01-07,

Taiwan

Taiwan's right-wing populists tend to deny the independent identity of their country's 'Taiwan' and emphasize their identity as a 'Republic of China'. Taiwan's left-wing Taiwanese nationalists have strong pro-American tendencies, so Taiwan's major and minor conservatives are critical of this.NEWS, ë§ˆìž‰ì£¼ ì „ ëŒ€ë§Œ ì´í†µ "ì°¨ì´ìž‰ì› ì¹œë¯¸ë…¸ì„ ì „ìŸ ìœ„í—˜ ì•¼ê¸°" (Former Taiwan President Ma Ying-jeou said, "Tsai Ing-wen's pro-American line poses a war risk."),weblink Yonhap News Agency, korean

, 2021-02-12, 2020-08-22, In particular, Taiwan's right-wing populists demand that economic growth and right-wing Chinese nationalist issues be more important than liberal democracy and that they become closer to the People's Republic of China. Some of Taiwan's leading right-wing populists include Terry Gou, Han Kuo-yu, and Chang Ya-chung.NEWS, Can Taiwan's President fend off a populist wave?,weblink Lowy Institute, The Interpreter, 2021-02-12, 2019-07-29, NEWS, Taiwan's 2020 Presidential Elections,weblink These supporters, called "Han maniacs," elevated Han to presidential nominee. Ultimately, though, they were a minority, possibly some twenty percent of the overall electorate, and Han's political position, friendly to Beijing and inclined to right-wing populism, started to erode his support., The Diplomat, 2021-02-12, 2019-12-12, NEWS,weblink "ì¤‘êµê³¼ í‰í™”ëƒ ì „ìŸì´ëƒ ë¬»ê² ë‹¤"â€¦'ëŒ€ë§ŒíŒ íŠ¸ëŸ¼í”„' ì‹ ë“œë¡¬, "Is it peace or war with China?" ... 'Taiwanese version of Trump' syndrome., korean, JoongAng Ilbo, 9 July 2019, 9 November 2021,

European countries

In 2016, Senior European Union diplomats cited growing anxiety in Europe about Russian financial support for far-right and populist movements and told the Financial Times that the intelligence agencies of "several" countries had scrutinized possible links with Moscow.NEWS, EU leaders to hold talks on Russian political meddling,weblink Financial Times, 29 January 2017, Also in 2016, the Czech Republic warned that Russia was trying to "divide and conquer" the European Union by supporting right-wing populist politicians across the bloc.NEWS, Czech Republic accuses Putin of backing EU's rightwing,weblink Financial Times, 29 January 2017, However, as there in the United States of America, there seems to be an underlying problem that is not massively discussed in the media. That underlying problem is that of housing. A 2019 study shows an immense correlation between the price of housing and voting for populist parties.JOURNAL, Adler, David, Ansell, Ben, Housing and populism, West European Politics, 2019, 43, 2, 344â€“365, 10.1080/01402382.2019.1615322, free, In that study, it was revealed that the French citizens that saw the price of their houses stagnate or drop were much more likely to vote for Marine Le Pen in the 2017 French presidential election. Those who saw the price of their house rise were much more likely to vote for Emmanuel Macron. The same pattern emerged in the 2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum, in which those that saw the price of their house rise voted to Remain. Whereas those that saw it flatline or drop voted to Leave.

Austria

The Austrian Freedom Party (FPÃ–), established in 1955, claims to represent a "Third Camp" (Drittes Lager) beside the Socialist Party and the social Catholic Austrian People's Party. It succeeded the Federation of Independents founded after World War II, adopting the pre-war heritage of German nationalism, although it did not advocate Nazism and placed itself in the political center. Though it did not gain much popularity for decades, it exercised a considerable balance of power by supporting several federal governments, be it right-wing or left-wing, e.g., the Socialist Kreisky cabinet of 1970 (see Kreiskyâ€“Peterâ€“Wiesenthal affair).File:Heinz-Christian Strache - Wahlkampfauftakt am 29. Aug. 2020 (4).JPG|thumb|left|upright=0.81|Heinz-Christian Strache, former leader of the Freedom Party of Austria and Vice-Chancellor of Austria Vice-Chancellor of AustriaFrom 1980, the Freedom Party adopted a more moderate stance. Upon the 1983 federal election, it entered a coalition government with the Socialist Party, whereby party chairman Norbert Steger served as Vice-Chancellor. The liberal interlude, however, ended when JÃ¶rg Haider was elected chairman in 1986. Haider re-integrated the party's nationalist base voters through his down-to-earth manners and patriotic attitude. Nevertheless, he also obtained votes from large sections of the population disenchanted with politics by publicly denouncing the corruption and nepotism of the Austrian Proporz system. The electoral success was boosted by Austria's accession to the European Union in 1995.Upon the 1999 federal election, the Freedom Party (FPÃ–), with 26.9% of the votes cast, became the second strongest party in the National Council parliament. Having entered a coalition government with the People's Party, Haider had to face the disability of several FPÃ– ministers and the impossibility of agitation against members of his cabinet. In 2005, he finally countered the FPÃ–'s loss of reputation with the Alliance for the Future of Austria (BZÃ–) relaunch to carry on his government. The remaining FPÃ– members elected Heinz-Christian Strache chairman, but since the 2006 federal election, both right-wing parties have run separately. After Haider was killed in a car accident in 2008, the BZÃ– lost a measurable amount of support.The FPÃ– regained much of its support in subsequent elections. Its candidate Norbert Hofer made it into the runoff in the 2016 presidential election, though he narrowly lost the election. After the 2017 legislative elections, the FPÃ– formed a government coalition with the Austrian People's Party but lost seats in 2019.

Belgium

File:Vlaams Blok Flag.png|thumb|upright=0.68|Flag used by the now-defunct Vlaams Blok Vlaams Blok Vlaams Blok, established in 1978, operated on a platform of law and order, anti-immigration (with a particular focus on Islamic immigration), and secession of the Flanders region of the country. The secession was originally planned to end in the annexation of Flanders by the culturally and linguistically similar Netherlands until the plan was abandoned due to the multiculturalism in that country. In the elections to the Flemish Parliament in June 2004, the party received 24.2% of the vote, within less than 2% of being the largest party.WEB,weblink Elections 2004 â€“ Flemish Council â€“ List Results, polling2004.belgium.be, 3 January 2015, However, in November of the same year, the party was ruled illegal under the country's anti-racism law for, among other things, advocating segregated schools for citizens and immigrants.NEWS,weblink BBC News, Court rules Vlaams Blok is racist, 9 November 2004, In less than a week, the party was re-established under the name Vlaams Belang, initially with a near-identical ideology before moderating parts of its statute. It advocates the adoption of the Flemish culture and language by immigrants who wish to stay in the country. It also calls for a zero-tolerance stance on illegal immigration and the reinstatement of border controls.WEB,weblink 7 January 2005, Programmaboek 2004, Vlaams Belang, 3 January 2015,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20160305053004weblink">weblink 5 March 2016, Despite some accusations of antisemitism from Belgium's Jewish population, the party has demonstrated a staunch pro-Israel stance as part of its opposition to Islam.NEWS,weblink Advertisement, haaretz.com, 3 January 2015, Haaretz, 12 December 2008, Liphshiz, Cnaan, In Antwerp, sections of the city's significant Jewish population have begun to support the party.NEWS,weblink The New York Times, Fear of Islamists Drives Growth of Far Right in Belgium, 12 February 2005, Antwerp, Craig S., Smith, 10 January 2010, With 23 of 124 seats, Vlaams Belang leads the opposition in the Flemish ParliamentWEB,weblink Vlaams Parlement, vlaamsparlement.be, 3 January 2015,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20150107195132weblink">weblink 7 January 2015, and holds 11 out of the 150 seats in the Belgian House of Representatives.WEB,weblink weblink" title="archive.today/20130628010415weblink">weblink De Belgische Kamer van volksvertegenwoordigers, www.dekamer.be, 28 June 2013, 20 September 2020, The Flemish nationalist and conservative liberal N-VA party has been described as populist or containing right-wing populist elements by foreign media such as the German Die Zeit magazine. However, the party has rebutted the term and does not label itself as such.WEB, ZEIT ONLINE {{!, Lesen Sie zeit.de mit Werbung oder imPUR-Abo. Sie haben die Wahl.|url=https://www.zeit.de/zustimmung?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.zeit.de%2Ffeature%2Fpopulismus-extremismus-europa|access-date=2020-07-15|website=zeit.de}}In the French-speaking Walloon region, MischaÃ«l Modrikamen, an associate of Steve Bannon, was chairman of the Parti Populaire (PP), which contested elections in Wallonia. Political analysts have generally observed that right-wing populist parties tend to perform better with the Flemish electorate over French-speaking Belgian voters, on the whole, owing to the Flemish vote moving to the right in recent decades and Flemish parties intertwining Flemish nationalism with other issues.As of the 2019 federal, regional, and European elections, Vlaams Belang (VB) has surged from 248,843 votes in 2014 to 783,977 on 26 May 2019.WEB,weblink Vlaams Parlement 2019, 30 May 2019, 28 May 2019,weblink

Bulgaria

There are several right-wing populist parties in Bulgaria, including IMRO-BNM, National Front for the Salvation of Bulgaria, and Attack. For the 2017 Bulgarian parliamentary election, they formed the United Patriots electoral alliance, which won 27 seats in Parliament. United Patriots entered a coalition with GERB to form the Third Borisov Government. Volya, another right-wing populist party with 12 seats in Parliament, also supported the government.Following the 2021 Bulgarian general election, another right-wing populist party, Revival, entered Parliament, while IMRO-BNM, NFSB, Attack, and Volya failed to win any seats.

Cyprus

{{unreferenced section|date=February 2017}}The ELAM was formed in 2008.JOURNAL, Katsourides, Yiannos, Determinants of extreme right reappearance in Cyprus: The National Popular Front (ELAM), Golden Dawn's sister party, South European Society and Politics, 18, 4, 567â€“589, 10.1080/13608746.2013.798893, December 2013, 153418352, Its platform includes advocating for Unification with Greece, opposition to further European integration, immigration, and the status quo that remains due to Turkey's invasion of a third of the island (and the international community's lack of intention to solve the issue).{{citation needed|date=January 2021}}

Denmark

File:Pia Kjaersgaard, Bornholm 2011.jpg|thumb|Pia KjÃ¦rsgaard, former leader of the Danish People's Party from 1995 to 2012. 2015-2019 she held the prestigious post as Speaker of the Folketing Speaker of the FolketingIn the early 1970s, the home of the strongest right-wing populist party in Europe was in Denmark, the Progress Party.Jens Rydgren. "Explaining the Emergence of Radical Right-Wing Populist Parties: The Case of Denmark" West European Politics, Vol. 27, No. 3, May 2004, pp. 474â€“502." In the 1973 election, it received almost 16% of the vote.BOOK, Terri E., Givens, Voting radical right in Western Europe, Cambridge University, 2005, 978-0-521-85134-3,weblink 136â€“39, In the following years, its support dwindled, but the Danish People's Party replaced it in the 1990s, becoming an important support party for the governing coalition in the 2000s.NEWS,weblink Head of Danish Populist Party to Resign, Associated Press, 8 August 2012, 8 August 2012, At the height of its popularity, it won 21% of the vote (corresponding to 37 seats) in the 2015 Danish general election,NEWS,weblink Anti-Immigrant Party Gains in Denmark Elections, Eddy, Melissa, 18 June 2015, The New York Times, 24 March 2017, 0362-4331, becoming the second-largest party in the Folketing and serving once again as support party for two minority governments 2015-2019 before being reduced to 16 seats in the 2019 Danish general election and 5 seats (2.6% of the vote) in 2022. In 2015 the Nye Borgerlige party was founded,NEWS,weblink Her er Danmarks nye borgerlige parti: Vil udfordre DF og LA, TV 2 News, da, 20 October 2015, 27 December 2016, which gained six seats (3.7% of the vote) at the 2022 election.WEB, Resultater - Hele landet - Folketingsvalg tirsdag 1. november 2022 - Danmarks Statistik,weblink 2022-12-24, www.dst.dk, In 2022 the Denmark Democrats were founded as the most recent right-wing populist party in the Folketing, gaining 8% of the vote and 14 seats at the 2022 general election.WEB, Kosiara-Pedersen, Karina, Danmarksdemokraterne - Politisk parti stiftet 2022 - lex.dk,weblink Den Store Danske, 1 August 2023, da, 11 May 2023,

Finland

In Finland, the main right-wing party is the Finns Party. It formed the government coalition with National Coalition and Centre-Party after the 2015 parliamentary election. In 2017 the governmental branch broke off to form the Blue Reform, which took the coalition position from the Finns Party. Blue Reform is currently in the government coalition, and the Finns Party is in opposition and is the fastest-growing party in Finland.WEB,weblink Alma-kysely: Keskustan alamÃ¤ki kiihtyy â€“ vihreÃ¤t iskuetÃ¤isyydellÃ¤, perussuomalaiset nousee, Uusi Suomi, February 2019, fi, 4 February 2019, In 2018 a Finnish member of the parliament, Paavo VÃ¤yrynen, formed the Seven Star Movement. The party is anti-immigration but is in the center in economic politics.

France

{{See also|Gaullism}}File:ÐœÐ°Ñ€Ð¸Ð½ Ð›Ðµ ÐŸÐµÐ½ (28-01-2022) (cropped) (cropped).jpg|thumb|upright=0.81|Marine Le Pen, leader of the National Front and 2017 and 2022 presidential candidate ]]Gaullism is considered part of (right-wing) populism because it is based on charisma, popular mobilization, French nationalism, and exceptionalism. Gaullism is deeply embedded in modern right-wing politics in France.BOOK, Rene Remond, The Right Wing in France: From 1815 to de Gaulle, 2016, University of Pennsylvania Press, BOOK, Geoffrey K. Roberts, Bill Jones, Patricia Hogwood, The Politics Today Companion to West European Politics,weblink In the late 1950s and early 1960s, the French Gaullist Party adopted a populist approach, appealing to the nation to support the personal leadership of General de Gaulle., 2003, Manchester University Press, 978-0-7190-5421-1, France's National Front (NF) – renamed in 2018 as the "National Rally" – has been cited as the "prototypical populist radical right-wing party". The party was founded in 1972 by Jean-Marie Le Pen as the unification of several French nationalist movements of the time; he developed it into a well-organized party. After struggling for a decade, the party reached its first peak in 1984. By 2002, Le Pen received more votes than the Socialist candidate in the first round of voting for the French presidency, becoming the first NF candidate to qualify for a presidential runoff election. After Le Pen's daughter, Marine Le Pen, took over as the head of the party in 2011, the National Front established itself as one of the main political parties in France. Marine Le Pen's policy of "de-demonizing" or normalizing the party resulted in her father, Jean-Marie Le Pen, being first suspended and then ejected from the party in 2015. Marine Le Pen finished second in the 2017 election and lost in the second round of voting versus Emmanuel Macron, which was held on 7 May 2017. However, polls published in 2018 showed that a majority of the French population considers the party to be a threat to democracy.NEWS,weblink 'Let Them Call You Racists': Bannon's Pep Talk to National Front, Nossiter, Adam, 10 March 2018, The New York Times, 30 March 2018, en-US, 0362-4331, Right-wing populism in France has also congealed around cultural issues such as the anti-gay marriage and anti-gender theory movements exemplified by La Manif Pour Tous.

Germany

File:Alternative-fuer-Deutschland-Logo-2013.svg|thumb|left|Alternative for Germany is a political party, founded in 2013 and now led by Alice Weidel and Tino Chrupalla Tino ChrupallaSince 2013, the most popular right-wing populist party in Germany has been Alternative for Germany, which managed to finish third in the 2017 German federal election, making it the first right-wing populist party to enter the Bundestag, Germany's national parliament. Before, right-wing populist parties had gained seats in German State Parliaments only. Left-wing populism is represented in the Bundestag by The Left party.Right-wing populist movements like Pro NRW and Citizens in Rage (BÃ¼rger in Wut, BIW) sporadically attract some support. In 1989, The Republicans (Die Republikaner), led by Franz SchÃ¶nhuber, entered the Abgeordnetenhaus of Berlin and achieved more than 7% of the German votes cast in the 1989 European election, with six seats in the European Parliament. The party also won seats in the Landtag of Baden-WÃ¼rttemberg twice in 1992 and 1996. However, after 2000 the Republicans' support eroded in favor of the far-right German People's Union and the Neo-Nazi National Democratic Party of Germany (NPD), which in the 2009 federal election held 1.5% of the popular vote (winning up to 9% in regional Landtag parliamentary elections).In 2005, a nationwide Pro Germany Citizens' Movement (pro Deutschland) was founded in Cologne. The Pro Germany movement appears as a conglomerate of numerous small parties, voters' associations, and societies, distinguishing themselves by campaigns against extremismNEWS,weblink Salafists and Right-Wing Populists Battle in Bonn, Spiegel (magazine), Spiegel, 5 July 2012, and immigrants. Its representatives claim a zero-tolerance policy and combat corruption. Their politics extend to far-right positions with the denial of a multiethnic society (Ãœberfremdung) and Islamization. Other minor right-wing populist parties include the German Freedom Party, founded in 2010, the former East German German Social Union (DSU), and the dissolved Party for a Rule of Law Offensive ("Schill party").

Greece

File:Panos Kammenos.jpg|thumb|upright=0.81|Panos Kammenos, leader of Independent Greeks and Greek Minister for National Defence ]]The most prominent right-wing populist party in Greece is the Independent Greeks (ANEL).BOOK, Boyka M. Stefanova, The European Union beyond the Crisis: Evolving Governance, Contested Policies, and Disenchanted Publics,weblink 14 November 2014, Lexington Books, 978-1-4985-0348-8, 261, BOOK, Christian Karner, Bram Mertens, The Use and Abuse of Memory: Interpreting World War II in Contemporary European Politics,weblink 30 September 2013, Transaction Publishers, 978-1-4128-5203-6, 168, Despite being smaller than the more extreme Golden Dawn party, after the January 2015 legislative elections, ANEL formed a governing coalition with the left-wing Coalition of the Radical Left (SYRIZA), thus making the party a governing party and giving it a place in the Cabinet of Alexis Tsipras.NEWS,weblink Greece anti-bailout leader Tsipras made prime minister, BBC News, 26 January 2015, The Neo-Nazi Golden Dawn has grown significantly in Greece during the economic downturn, gaining 7% of the vote and 18 out of 300 seats in the Hellenic Parliament. The party's ideology includes annexing territory in Albania and Turkey, including the Turkish cities of Istanbul and Ä°zmir.WEB,weblink Greek far-right leader vows to 'take back' Ä°stanbul, Ä°zmir, todayszaman.com, 3 January 2015,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20131103095534weblink">weblink 3 November 2013, Controversial measures by the party included a poor people's kitchen in Athens, which only supplied Greek citizens and was shut down by the police.NEWS,weblink weblink 11 January 2022, subscription, live, London, The Daily Telegraph, Nick, Squires, Golden Dawn's 'Greeks only' soup kitchen ends in chaos, 2 May 2013, {{cbignore}}The Popular Orthodox Rally is not represented in the Greek legislature but supplied 2 of the country's 22 MEPS until 2014. It supports anti-globalization, lower taxes for small businesses, and opposition to Turkish accession to the European Union and the Republic of Macedonia's use of the name Macedonia and immigration only for Europeans.WEB,weblink Laos.gr, 15 January 2011,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20110716202607weblink">weblink 16 July 2011, Its participation in government has been one of the reasons why it became unpopular with its voters who turned to Golden Dawn in Greece's 2012 elections.WEB,weblink Tribunes and Patricians: Radical Fringe Parties in the 21st Century, carleton.ca, 3 January 2015, 16 January 2013,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20140714203430weblink">weblink 14 July 2014, The Greek Solution is right wing to far-right and has been described as ideologically ultranationalist and right-wing populist. The party garnered 3.7% of the vote in the 2019 Greek legislative election, winning 10 out of the 300 seats in the Hellenic Parliament and 4.18% of the vote in the 2019 European Parliament election in Greece, winning one seat in the European Parliament.

Hungary

File:Viktor OrbÃ¡n 2018.jpg|thumb|upright=0.81|Viktor OrbÃ¡n (Fidesz-KDNP), the incumbent Prime Minister of Hungary Prime Minister of HungaryThe 2018 Hungarian parliamentary election result was a victory for the Fideszâ€“KDNP alliance, preserving its two-thirds majority, with Viktor OrbÃ¡n remaining prime minister. OrbÃ¡n and Fidesz campaigned primarily on the issues of immigration and foreign meddling, and the election was seen as a victory for right-wing populism in Europe.{{citation needed|date=July 2018}}

Italy

{{See also|Berlusconism}}File:Silvio Berlusconi (2010) cropped.jpg|thumb|left|upright 0.8|Silvio Berlusconi, leader of the liberal-conservative Forza Italia and former Prime Minister of Italy Prime Minister of ItalyIn Italy, the most prominent right-wing populist party in the last twenty years was Lega, formerly Lega Nord (Northern League),NEWS,weblink Continent of Fear: The Rise of Europe's Right-Wing Populists, spiegel.de, 3 January 2015, Spiegel Online, 28 September 2010, whose leaders reject the right-wing label,WEB,weblink CosÃ¬ la Lega conquista nuovi elettori (non solo al nord), ilfoglio.it, 3 January 2015,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20140521161601weblink">weblink 21 May 2014, WEB,weblink Lega Nord: Maroni ne' destra ne' sinistra, alleanze dopo congresso, asca.it, 3 January 2015,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20140521161933weblink">weblink 21 May 2014, WEB,weblink INTERVISTA Matteo Salvini (Lega): "Renzi? Peggio di Monti, vergognoso con la Merkel, termometropolitico.it, 3 January 2015, 20 March 2014, though not the "populist" one.WEB,weblink Lega Nord, leganord.org, 3 January 2015, 24 June 2019,weblink The League is a federalist, regionalist, and sometimes secessionist party, founded in 1991 as a federation of several regional parties of Northern and Central Italy, most of which had arisen and expanded during the 1980s. LN's program advocates the transformation of Italy into a federal state, fiscal federalism, and greater regional autonomy, especially for the Northern regions. At times, the party has advocated for the secession of the North, which it calls Padania. The party generally takes an anti-Southern Italian stance as members are known for opposing Southern Italian emigration to Northern Italian cities, stereotyping Southern Italians as welfare abusers and detrimental to Italian society, and attributing Italy's economic troubles and the disparity of the Northâ€“south divide in the Italian economy to supposed inherent negative characteristics of the Southern Italians, such as laziness, lack of education, or criminality.BOOK, Tambini, Damian, Nationalism in Italian Politics: The Stories of the Northern League, 1980â€“2000, 6 December 2012, Routledge,weblink 978-1-134-54001-3, NEWS, Willey, David, The rise and fall of Northern League founder Umberto Bossi,weblink 28 October 2015, BBC News, 14 April 2012, NEWS, Pullella, Philip, Italy unity anniversary divides more than unites,weblink 28 October 2015, Reuters, 8 March 2011, Certain LN members have been known to publicly deploy the offensive slur "terrone", a common pejorative term for Southern Italians evocative of negative Southern Italian stereotypes.BOOK, Russo Bullaro, Grace, From Terrone to Extracomunitario: New Manifestations of Racism in Contemporary Italian Cinema: Shifting Demographics and Changing Images in a Multi-cultural Globalized Society, 2010, Troubador Publishing Ltd, 179â€“81,weblink 978-1-84876-176-6, BOOK, Garau, Eva, Politics of National Identity in Italy: Immigration and 'ItalianitÃ ', 17 December 2014, Routledge, 110â€“11,weblink 28 October 2015, 978-1-317-55766-1, As a federalist, regionalist, populist party of the North, LN is also highly critical of the centralized power and political importance of Rome, sometimes adopting to a lesser extent an anti-Roman stance in addition to an anti-Southern stance.File:Giorgia Meloni Official 2023 crop.jpg|thumb|right|upright=0.81|Giorgia Meloni, leader of the national-conservative Brothers of Italy and current Prime Minister of Italy Prime Minister of ItalyWith the rise of immigration into Italy since the late 1990s, LN has increasingly turned its attention to criticizing mass immigration to Italy. The LN, which also opposes illegal immigration, is critical of Islam and proposes Italy's exit from the Eurozone and is considered a Eurosceptic movement and, as such, is a part of the Identity and Democracy(ID) group in the European Parliament. LN was or is part of the national government in 1994, 2001â€“2006, 2008â€“2011, and 2018â€“2019. Most recently, the party, including among its members the Presidents of Lombardy and Veneto, won 17.4% of the vote in the 2018 general election, becoming the third-largest party in Italy (largest within the centre-right coalition). In the 2014 European election, under the leadership of Matteo Salvini, it took 6.2% of votes. Under Salvini, the party has, to some extent, embraced Italian nationalism and emphasized Euroscepticism, opposition to immigration, and other "populist" policies while allying with right-wing populist parties in Europe.NEWS,weblink Italy's Northern League Is Suddenly In Love With the South, 20 February 2018, 2 March 2018, Bloomberg.com, WEB,weblink Rivoluzione nella Lega: cambiano nome e simbolo, 24 July 2017, 2 March 2018, WEB,weblink Lega, nuovo simbolo senza "nord". Salvini: "SarÃ valido per tutta Italia", 27 October 2017, 2 March 2018, Silvio Berlusconi, leader of Forza Italia and Prime Minister of Italy from 1994 to 1995, 2001â€“2006, and 2008â€“2011, has sometimes been described as a right-wing populist, although his party is not typically described as such.{{Citation|title=Europe for the Europeans: The Foreign and Security Policy of the Populist Radical Right|first=Christina|last=Liang|year=2016|publisher=Routledge|page=187}}WEB, Foreign Policy in Focus, What Europe Can Teach Us about Trump, 23 November 2016, John, Feffer,weblink Between the late 2010s and the early 2020s, another right-wing populist movement emerged within the centre-right coalition. The nationalist and national-conservative Brothers of Italy (FdI), led by Giorgia Meloni, gained 4.4% of votes in the 2018 election and, four years later, it became the most voted party in the 2022 general election, gaining 26% of votes. Meloni was appointed prime minister on 22 October, at the head of what it was considered as the most rightist Italian government since 1945.NEWS, Braithwaite, Sharon, DiDonato, Valentina, Fox, Kara, Mortensen, Antonia, Nadeau, Barbie Latza, Ruotolo, Nicola, 26 September 2022, Giorgia Meloni claims victory to become Italy's most far-right prime minister since Mussolini, CNN,weblink 26 September 2022, NEWS, 26 September 2022, Italy election: Meloni says center-right bloc has 'clear' mandate, Deutsche Welle,weblink 26 September 2022, Some national conservative, nationalist, and arguably right-wing populist parties are strong, especially in Lazio, the region around Rome, and Southern Italy. Most of them originated due to the Italian Social Movement (a national-conservative party whose best result was 8.7% of the vote in the 1972 general election) and its successor National Alliance (which reached 15.7% of the vote in the 1996 general election). In addition to Brothers of Italy, they include New Force (0.3%), CasaPound (0.1%), Tricolour Flame (0.1%), Social Idea Movement (0.01%) and Progetto Nazionale (0.01%).Additionally, in the German-speaking South Tyrol, the local second-largest party, Die Freiheitlichen, is often described as a right-wing populist party.

Netherlands

File:GW-Rotterdam-DSC 0218.jpg|thumb|upright=0.81|Geert Wilders, leader of the Party for Freedom Party for FreedomFile:Eva Vlaardingerbroek (cropped).jpg|thumb|upright=0.81|Eva Vlaardingerbroek, activist and legal philosopher.]]In the Netherlands, right-wing populism was represented in the 150-seat House of Representatives in 1982 when the Centre Party won a single seat. During the 1990s, a splinter party, the Centre Democrats, was slightly more successful, although its significance was still marginal. Not before 2002 did a right-wing populist party break through in the Netherlands, when the Pim Fortuyn List (LPF) won 26 seats and subsequently formed a coalition with the Christian Democratic Appeal (CDA) and People's Party for Freedom and Democracy (VVD). Fortuyn, who had strong views against immigration, particularly by Muslims, was assassinated in May 2002, two weeks before the election. Ideologically, the LPF differed somewhat from other European right-wing populist movements by holding more liberal stances on certain social issues such as abortion, gay rights, and euthanasia (Fortuyn himself was openly gay) while maintaining an uncompromising stance on immigration, law and order, and the European Union. Fortuyn was also credited with shifting the Dutch political landscape by bringing the topics of multiculturalism, immigration, and the integration of immigrants into the political mainstream.NEWS,weblink BBC News, In pictures: Death of Pim Fortuyn, 7 May 2002, However, the coalition had broken up by 2003, and the LPF went into steep decline until it was dissolved.Since 2006, the Party for Freedom (PVV) has been represented in the House of Representatives and described as inheriting the mantle of the Pim Fortuyn List. Following the 2010 general election, it has been in a pact with the right-wing minority government of CDA and VVD after it won 24 seats in the House of Representatives. The party is Eurosceptic and plays a leading role in the changing stance of the Dutch government towards European integration as they came second in the 2009 European Parliament election, winning 4 out of 25 seats. The party's main program revolves around strong criticism of Islam, restrictions on migration from new European Union countries and Islamic countries, pushing for cultural assimilation of migrants into Dutch society, opposing the accession of Turkey to the European Union, advocating for the Netherlands to withdraw from the European Union and advocating for a return to the guilder and abandoning the euro.NEWS,weblink Far-right outcast Geert Wilders vows to 'de-Islamise' the Netherlands after taking lead in Dutch polls, 12 February 2017, The Independent, 24 March 2017, en-GB, The PVV withdrew its support for the First Rutte cabinet in 2012 after refusing to support austerity measures. This triggered the 2012 general election in which the PVV was reduced to 15 seats and excluded from the new government.In the 2017 Dutch general election, Wilders' PVV gained an extra five seats to become the second largest party in the Dutch House of Representatives, bringing their total to 20 seats.NEWS,weblink Dutch elections: Wilders' far-right party beaten, early results show, Lauren Said-Moorhouse, Bryony Jones, CNN, 24 March 2017, From 2017 onwards, the Forum for Democracy (FvD) emerged as another right-wing populist force in the Netherlands. The FvD also advocates a stricter immigration policy and a referendum on Dutch membership of the EU.WEB, Heinrich BÃ¶ll Foundation, 22 March 2017, The Dutch defeat 'the wrong kind of populism',weblink JOURNAL, Is Dutch Bad Boy Thierry Baudet the New Face of the European Alt-Right?, The Nation,weblink 5 April 2018, Faber, Sebastiaan, 2 May 2018, 3 May 2018,weblink The Farmerâ€“Citizen Movement, described as a right-wing populist party,WEB, Column (Maarten van Nieuw Amerongen): Het populisme van van der Plas en Boswijk,weblink 23 February 2022, 17 March 2023,weblink live, won the 2023 Dutch provincial elections, winning the popular vote and receiving the most seats in all twelve provinces.WEB, Mike, Corder, Populist Farmer Citizen Movement wins big in Dutch election, Associated Press, March 16, 2023,weblink March 20, 2023, 20 March 2023,weblink live, WEB, Camut, Nicolas, Dutch pro-farmers party wins big in provincial elections, Politico, March 16, 2023,weblink March 20, 2023, 20 March 2023,weblink live, The party has been supported by local pundits such as Eva Vlaardingerbroek.WEB,weblink 'Vlaardingerbroek weg bij Zaterdagmatinee wegens discriminatie en wangedrag', BNNVARA, 12 March 2023, Dutch, WEB,weblink Eva Vlaardingerbroek: Our farmers are fighting against the worst kind of injustice, World News Network, 12 March 2023, 12 March 2023,

Poland

File:JarosÅ‚aw KaczyÅ„ski i Viktor OrbÃ¡n w Sejmie.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|Poland's Law and Justice (PiS) leader JarosÅ‚aw KaczyÅ„ski with Hungarian Prime Minister Viktor OrbÃ¡n Viktor OrbÃ¡nThe largest right-wing populist party in Poland is Law and Justice, which currently holds the presidency. It combines social conservatism and criticism of immigration with strong support for NATO and an interventionist economic policy.NEWS,weblink In Poland, a right-wing, populist, anti-immigrant government sees an ally in Trump, LA Times, 5 July 2017, 13 July 2017, Polish Congress of the New Right, headed by MichaÅ‚ Marusik, aggressively promotes fiscally conservative concepts like radical tax reductions preceded by the abolishment of social security, universal public healthcare, state-sponsored education, and Communist Polish 1944 agricultural reform as a way to dynamical economic and welfare growth.WEB,weblink Korwin-Mikke: Feudalizmie wrÃ³Ä‡! | NajwyÅ¼szy Czas!, nczas.com, 3 January 2015, 7 January 2012, WEB,weblink Program KNP, nowaprawicajkm.pl, 3 January 2015,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20150107122821weblink">weblink 7 January 2015, The party is considered populist both by right-wing and left-wing publicists.WEB,weblink Korwin-Mikke â€“ guru nonsensu Gazeta wSieci, wsieci.pl, 3 January 2015, WEB,weblink Wirus korwinizmu â€“ Krzysztof Derebecki â€“ MÃ³j lewicowy punkt widzenia, lewica.pl, 3 January 2015,

Romania

The Alliance for the Union of Romanians (AUR), a right-wing populist party,NEWS,weblink Romanian opposition takes narrow lead after election, 7 December 2020, BBC News,weblink 8 December 2020, live, became the fourth-largest political force in Romania after the 2020 Romanian legislative election.NEWS,weblink How a far-right party came from nowhere to shock in Romania's election, Stephen, McGrath, Euronews, 8 December 2020,

Russia

Spain

File:Acto de Vox en Vistalegre (44248342555) (cropped).jpg|left|thumb|upright=0.81|Santiago Abascal, leader of VOX, during the party conference in October 2018.]]File:Homenaje a Miguel Ãngel Blanco 2019 (Isabel DÃaz Ayuso).jpg|right|thumb|upright=0.81|Isabel DÃaz Ayuso, president of Madrid, at an event in 2019.]]In Spain, the appearance of right-wing populism began to gain strength after the December 2018 election for the Parliament of Andalusia, in which the right-wing populist party VOX managed to obtain 12 seatsNEWS,weblink Vox: the far-right party that made shock gains in the regional polls, GÃ¡lvez, JosÃ© MarÃa JimÃ©nez, 3 December 2018, El PaÃs, 2 May 2019, en, 1134-6582, and agreed to support a coalition government of the parties of the right People's Party and Citizens, even though the Socialist Party won the elections.NEWS,weblink Spain's center-right mulls deal with Vox to gain control of Andalusia, Marcos, JosÃ©, 3 December 2018, El PaÃs, 2 May 2019, SÃ¡iz, Eva, en, 1134-6582, Blas, Elsa GarcÃa de, Junquera, Natalia, VOX, which has been frequently described as far-right, both by the left parties and by Spanish or international press,WEB,weblink Spain's Vox Party Hates Muslimsâ€”Except the Ones Who Fund It, Loucaides, Sohail Jannessari, Darren, Foreign Policy, 27 April 2019, en, 2 May 2019, WEB,weblink Make Spain Great Again, Pardo, Pablo, Foreign Policy, 27 April 2019, en, 2 May 2019, promotes characteristic policies of the populist right,WEB,weblink Programa electoral, VOX, es, 2 May 2019, such as the expulsion of all illegal immigrants from the country -even of legal immigrants who commit crimes-, a generalized criminal tightening, combined with traditional claims of right-wing conservatives, such as the centralization of the State and the suppression of the Autonomous Communities, and has harshly criticized the laws against gender violence, approved by the socialist government of JosÃ© Luis RodrÃguez Zapatero, but later maintained by the PP executive of Mariano Rajoy, accusing the people and institutions that defend them of applying "gender totalitarianism".NEWS,weblink Far-right Spanish political party Vox: What are its policies?, RodrÃguez, Jorge A., 3 December 2018, El PaÃs, 2 May 2019, en, 1134-6582, 30 April 2019,weblink Party official Javier Ortega Smith is being investigated for alleged hate speech after Spanish prosecutors admitted a complaint by an Islamic association in connection with a rally that talked about "the Islamist invasion".NEWS,weblink Vox party official under scrutiny for alleged hate speech against Muslims, GonzÃ¡lez, Miguel, 4 April 2019, El PaÃs, 3 May 2019, en, 1134-6582, The party election manifesto that was finally published merged classic far-right-inspired policies with right-libertarianism in tax and social security matters.After months of political uncertainty and protests against the party in AndalusiaNEWS,weblink Protests outside Andalusian parliament as investiture debate begins, Lucio, Lourdes, 15 January 2019, El PaÃs, 2 May 2019, SÃ¡iz, Eva, en, 1134-6582, PaÃs, El, and other regions,NEWS,weblink Thousands of women march across Spain against far-right party Vox, ValdÃ©s, Isabel, 16 January 2019, El PaÃs, 2 May 2019, Mora, Antonio J., en, 1134-6582, in the 2019 Spanish general election, VOX managed to obtain 24 deputies in the Congress of Deputies, with 10.26% of the vote, falling short of expectationsNEWS,weblink Vox enters Congress for the first time but falls short of expectations, GonzÃ¡lez, Miguel, 29 April 2019, El PaÃs, 2 May 2019, en, 1134-6582, 30 April 2019,weblink after an intense electoral campaign in which VOX gathered big crowds of people at their events. Although the People's Party and Citizens leaders, Pablo Casado and Albert Rivera, had admitted repeatedly during the campaign that they would again agree with VOX in order to reach the government,NEWS,weblink Spain's general election 2019: all you need to know, Jones, Sam, 23 April 2019, The Guardian, 2 May 2019, en-GB, 0261-3077, the sum of all their seats finally left them far from any possibility, giving the government to the social democrat Pedro SÃ¡nchez.NEWS,weblink 'The future has won,' says Spain's Socialist party leader after election victory â€“ video report, 29 April 2019, The Guardian, Reuters, 2 May 2019, en-GB, 0261-3077, Madrilenian president Isabel DÃaz Ayuso, despite being a member of the centre-right People's Party, has been sustained in government by VOX and adopted many policies championed by the party.NEWS, Wilkinson, Isambard, 2023-07-07, Isabel DÃaz Ayuso, the charismatic populist tipped as a future national leader, The Times, en,weblink 2023-07-07, 0140-0460, She has embraced populist rhetoric,WEB, 2023-05-27, Madrid's loose-cannon populist is an asset and a worry for Spain's conservatives,weblink 2023-07-07, POLITICO, en, defended Spanish imperialism,WEB, Riviera, Carolina, 2019-03-25, EspaÃ±a rechaza con "toda firmeza" carta de AMLO sobre disculpa por la Conquista,weblink 2021-11-30, Milenio, es, dismissed climate change,WEB, 2022-11-12, Barcelona students to take mandatory climate crisis module from 2024,weblink 2023-01-17, the Guardian, en, and opposed Covid-19 lockdowns.WEB, 13 June 2022, Spain's pop polarizer: The unlikely rise of Isabel DÃaz Ayuso,weblink HernÃ¡ndez-Morales, Aitor, 9 June 2023, Politico, She has been to compared to Donald Trump by several of her critics.NEWS, Madrid, Isambard Wilkinson, 2023-07-07, Isabel DÃaz Ayuso: patron saint or Spanish Trumpista?, The Times, en,weblink 2023-07-07, 0140-0460, WEB, 25 May 2023, Meet The Woman Spain Can't Stop Listening To,weblink Bautista, JosÃ©, 9 June 2023, Der Spiegel,

Sweden

In Sweden, the first openly populist movement to be represented in the Riksdag (Swedish parliament), New Democracy was founded in 1994 by businessman Bert Karlsson and aristocrat Ian Wachtmeister. Although New Democracy promoted economic issues as its foremost concern, it also advocated restrictions on immigration and welfare chauvinism. The party saw a sharp rise in support in 1994 before declining soon after.Rydgren, 2006, pp. 33â€“34.Rydgren, 2006, p. 54.In 2010, the Sweden Democrats entered parliament for the first time. The Sweden Democrats originally had connections to white nationalism during its early days but later began expelling hardline members and moderated its platform to transform itself into a more mainstream movement. The party calls for more robust immigration and asylum policies, compulsory measures to assimilate immigrants into Swedish society, and stricter law and order policies. The Sweden Democrats are currently the second largest party in Sweden, with 20.5% of the popular vote in the 2022 Swedish general election, and the second most seats in the Swedish parliament with 72 seats.NEWS, Jake Wallis Simons,weblink weblink 11 January 2022, subscription, live, The Daily Telegraph, The Telegraph, EU elections 2014: 'I can hear the boots of the 1930s marching through Europe', 14 May 2014, 31 August 2018, {{cbignore}}

Switzerland

{{see also|Far-right politics in Switzerland}}In Switzerland, the right-wing populist Swiss People's Party (SVP) reached an all-time high in the 2015 elections. The party is mainly considered national conservative,{{sfn|Skenderovic|2009|loc=p. 124: "... and prefers to use terms such as 'national-conservative' or 'conservative-right' in defining the SVP. In particular, 'national-conservative' has gained prominence among the definitions used in Swiss research on the SVP"}}{{sfn|Geden|2006|p=95}} but it has also variously been identified as "extreme right"{{sfn|Ignazi|2006|p=234}} and "radical right-wing populist",H-G Betz, 'Xenophobia, Identity Politics and Exclusionary Populism in Western Europe', L. Panitch & C. Leys (eds.), Socialist Register 2003 â€“ Fighting Identities: Race, Religion and Ethno-nationalism, London: Merlin Press, 2002, p. 198 reflecting a spectrum of ideologies among its members. Its far-right wing includes members such as Ulrich SchlÃ¼er and Pascal Junod, who heads a New Right study group and has been linked to Holocaust denial and neo-Nazism.WEB,weblink weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20020421064426weblink">weblink 21 April 2002, Antisemitism And Racism in Switzerland 2000-1, 3 January 2015, WEB,weblink Antisemitism and Racism in Switzerland 1999â€“2000, tau.ac.il, 28 April 2017,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20071025055218weblink">weblink 25 October 2007, In Switzerland, radical right populist parties held close to 10% of the popular vote in 1971, were reduced to below 2% by 1979, and grew to more than 10% in 1991. Since 1991, these parties (the Swiss Democrats and the Swiss Freedom Party) have been absorbed by the SVP. During the 1990s, the SVP grew from the fourth largest party to the largest and gained a second seat in the Swiss Federal Council in 2003 with the prominent politician and businessman Christoph Blocher. In 2015, the SVP received 29.4% of the vote, the highest vote ever recorded for a single party throughout Swiss parliamentary history.NEWS, Anti-immigration party wins Swiss election in 'slide to the Right',weblink weblink 11 January 2022, subscription, live, 19 October 2015, The Daily Telegraph, Reuters, 19 October 2015, {{cbignore}}NEWS, Anti-immigration SVP wins Swiss election in big swing to right,weblink 19 October 2015, BBC News, 19 October 2015, NEWS, Larson, Nina, Swiss parliament shifts to right in vote dominated by migrant fears,weblink 19 October 2015, AFP, Yahoo!, 19 October 2015, NEWS, Amid rising fears over refugees, far-right party gains ground in Swiss election,weblink 19 October 2015, Deutsche Welle, 19 October 2015,

Turkey

The Justice and Development Party (AKP) and its leader Recep Tayyip ErdoÄŸan have been in power since 2002.The Victory Party is a patriotic and Kemalist political party in Turkey founded on August 26, 2021, under the leadership of Ãœmit Ã–zdaÄŸ. It is represented in the Grand National Assembly of Turkey by two deputies. The party is the continuation of the AyyÄ±ldÄ±z Movement initiated by Ãœmit Ã–zdaÄŸ, the founding petition of the party was submitted to the Ministry of the Interior on 26 August 2021, and then the party was officially established. The party leader Ã–zdaÄŸ and his deputies aim to re-institute Kemalist and Turkish nationalist ideologies in the government and aim to send back refugees to their homelands.

United Kingdom

(File:Nigel Farage (45718080574) (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|upright=0.81|Nigel Farage of UKIP)The Scholarly authors Breeze, Bale, Ashkenas and Aisch, and Clarke et al. characterised the UK Independence Party (UKIP), then led by Nigel Farage, as a right-wing populist party.JOURNAL, Breeze, Ruth, 2019-01-02, Positioning "the people" and Its Enemies: Populism and Nationalism in AfD and UKIP,weblink Javnost - the Public, en, 26, 1, 89â€“104, 10.1080/13183222.2018.1531339, 150034518, 1318-3222, JOURNAL, Bale, Tim, 2018, Who leads and who follows? The symbiotic relationship between UKIP and the Conservatives â€“ and populism and Euroscepticism, Politics, en, 38, 3, 263â€“277, 10.1177/0263395718754718, 0263-3957, free, NEWS,weblink European Populism in the Age of Donald Trump, Ashkenas, Jeremy, 5 December 2016, The New York Times, 24 March 2017, Aisch, Gregor, 0362-4331, JOURNAL, Clarke, Harold, Whiteley, Paul, Borges, Walter, Sanders, David, Stewart, Marianne, 2016-04-02, Modelling the dynamics of support for a right-wing populist party: the case of UKIP,weblink Journal of Elections, Public Opinion and Parties, en, 26, 2, 135â€“154, 10.1080/17457289.2016.1146286, 67831605, 1745-7289, UKIP campaigned for an exit from the European Union prior to the 2016 European membership referendumNEWS,weblink weblink 11 January 2022, subscription, live, Who wants to leave the European Union?, The Telegraph, 24 March 2017, en-GB, {{cbignore}} and a points-based immigration system similar to that used in Australia.{{sfnm|1a1=Goodwin|1a2=Milazzo|1y=2015|1pp=172, 231|2a1=Heywood|2y=2015|2p=139}}NEWS,weblink London, The Independent, Jane, Merrick, John, Rentoul, Ukip tops Independent on Sunday poll as the nation's favourite party, 19 January 2014, WEB,weblink Poll says Labour still on course for 2015 victory â€“ but UKIP is now Britain's 'favourite' political party, mirror.co.uk, 3 January 2015, 18 January 2014, In the 2019 general election, UKIP entered candidates in 44 of the 650 available seats, winning none of them, and achieving 0.1% of the popular vote.NEWS, 2019, Election Result Conservatives win historic majority, The Telegraph,weblink 19 August 2023, In 2013, the Conservative Party, which along with the Liberal Democrats governed from 2010 to 2015 as a coalition government, saw local party campaigners pledging support for UKIP over issues related to the European Union and gay marriage.NEWS, Ross, Tim, 19 May 2013, Tories begin defecting to Ukip over 'loons' slur, The Daily Telegraph, London,weblink live, subscription,weblink 11 January 2022, {{cbignore}}The role of UKIP in the UK underwent a rapid transformation post-Brexit, with Nigel Farage leading the initiative to establish the Brexit Party, which was subsequently rebranded as Reform UK. These entities have consistently been identified as extensions of UKIP,{{Citation |last=McManus |first=Ian |title=The Case of the United Kingdom Independence Party (UKIP) |date=2021 |url=https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-030-70709-5_8 |work=The Populist Radical Right and Health |pages=139â€“155 |editor-last=Falkenbach |editor-first=Michelle |access-date=2023-08-19 |location=Cham |publisher=Springer International |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-70709-5_8 |isbn=978-3-030-70708-8 |s2cid=239723344 |editor2-last=Greer |editor2-first=Scott L.}} sharing common populist ideological elements.NEWS, Quinn, Ben, 2022-12-25, Senior Tories risk losing seats if Nigel Farage returns to politics, experts say, en-GB, The Guardian,weblink 2023-08-19, 0261-3077, In the Conservative Party, Thatcherism had right-wing populist elements, including nationalism and social conservatismJOURNAL, Natalia, Mamonova, Jaume, Franquesa, Populism, Neoliberalism and Agrarian Movements in Europe. Understanding Rural Support for Right-Wing Politics and Looking for Progressive Solutions,weblink Sociologia Ruralis, 0038-0199, 710â€“731, 60, 4, 10.1111/soru.12291, 213444041, Although Margaret Thatcher has been characterised by some scholars as a right-wing populist politician in the UK,JOURNAL, Gifford, Chris, 2006, The rise of post-imperial populism: The case of right-wing Euroscepticism in Britain,weblink European Journal of Political Research, en, 45, 5, 851â€“869, 10.1111/j.1475-6765.2006.00638.x, 0304-4130, BOOK, Kenny, Sue, Ife, Jim, Westoby, Peter, Populism, Democracy and Community Development,weblink The most recognised right-wing UK populist politician of recent time was Margaret Thatcher, who became leader of the Conservative Party in 1975, and in 1979 the first British woman prime minister., 2014, Policy Press, 978-1-4473-5387-4, BOOK, Karine, Tournier-Sol, The Faces of Contemporary Populism in Western Europe and the US, From UKIP to Brexit: The Right-Wing Populist Surge in the UK, Springer International Publishing, 5 January 2021, Cham, 978-3-030-53889-7, 1â€“22, Springer Link, 10.1007/978-3-030-53889-7_1, 234301640, Thatcher's "right-wing populism" was thus instrumental in marginalizing the extreme right., this has been disputed by other scholars due to its applicability in the context of the 1980s.JOURNAL, Fry, Geoffrey K., 1998, Parliament and 'morality': Thatcher, Powell and Populism,weblink Contemporary British History, en, 12, 1, 139â€“147, 10.1080/13619469808581473, 1361-9462, Others contend that Thatcher's role was pivotal in steering the party's ideology towards a more populist direction.JOURNAL, Fontana, Cary, Parsons, Craig, 2015, 'One Woman's Prejudice': Did Margaret Thatcher Cause Britain's Anti-Europeanism?: 'One woman's prejudice',weblink JCMS: Journal of Common Market Studies, en, 53, 1, 89â€“105, 10.1111/jcms.12205, 142854825, The phenomenon is commonly referred to as "Thatcherite populism".JOURNAL, Featherstone, David, Karaliotas, Lazaros, 2019-08-01, Populism,weblink Soundings, en, 72, 72, 31â€“47, 10.3898/SOUN.72.02.2019, 241858940, 1362-6620, BOOK, Mouffe, Chantal, For a Left Populism, Verso, 2018, 978-3-518-12729-2, 1st, London, 30, English, JOURNAL, Wood, Brennon, 1998, Stuart Hall's Cultural Studies and the Problem of Hegemony, The British Journal of Sociology, 49, 3, 399â€“414, 10.2307/591390, 591390, 0007-1315, Other prominent right-wing populists in the party include past prime minister Boris JohnsonJOURNAL, BaÅŸak, TaraktaÅŸ, Berk, Esen, Suzan, Uskudarli, Tweeting through a Public Health Crisis: Communication Strategies of Right-Wing Populist Leaders during the COVID-19 Pandemic,weblink Government and Opposition, 18 August 2022, 59, 0017-257X, 207â€“228, 10.1017/gov.2022.34, 251674349, NEWS, New York (magazine), New York, Boris Johnson Brexit But Won't Buy it, Eric, Levitz,weblink 30 June 2016, JOURNAL, Corina, Lacatus, Gustav, Meibauer, 'Saying it like it is': Right-wing populism, international politics, and the performance of authenticity,weblink The British Journal of Politics and International Relations, May 27, 2022, 1369-1481, 437â€“457, 24, 3, 10.1177/13691481221089137, 2066/250225, 249137812, free, and Jacob Rees-Mogg, the former Secretary of State for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy.JOURNAL, Owen, Worth, The great moving Boris show: Brexit and the mainstreaming of the far right in Britain,weblink Globalizations, 4 July 2023, 1474-7731, 814â€“828, 20, 5, 10.1080/14747731.2021.2025291, 2023Glob...20..814W, 247062067, WEB, New York Observer, Populism's Latest Twist: An Aristocrat Could Be Britain's Prime Minister, 14 July 2017,weblink JOURNAL, Way, Lyndon C. S., 2021-05-27, Populism in musical mash ups: recontextualising Brexit, Social Semiotics, en, 31, 3, 489â€“506, 10.1080/10350330.2021.1930857, 1035-0330, free, {{Citation |last1=Collins |first1=Harry |date=2020 |work=Experts and the Will of the People: Society, Populism and Science |pages=35â€“46 |editor-last=Collins |editor-first=Harry |location=Cham |publisher=Springer International |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-26983-8_4 |isbn=978-3-030-26983-8 |last2=Evans |first2=Robert |last3=Durant |first3=Darrin |last4=Weinel |first4=Martin |title=What is Populism? |s2cid=211313997 |editor2-last=Evans |editor2-first=Robert |editor3-last=Durant |editor3-first=Darrin |editor4-last=Weinel |editor4-first=Martin}}Ingle and Swanson, et al. consider the Northern Ireland Democratic Unionist Party (DUP) to be a right-wing populist party.

Right-wing populist political parties

Current right-wing populist parties or parties with right-wing populist factions

Represented in national legislatures

Argentina â€“ La Libertad AvanzaWEB, 14 November 2021, Javier Milei, el libertario radical 'outsider' que desafiarÃ¡ a la "casta polÃtica" en Argentina, Javier Milei, the radical Liberterian 'outsider' who will challenge the "political castes" in Argentina,weblink 25 April 2023, Milenio, es, WEB, 2022-02-09, 2021-11-15, es, EPE, La libertad avanza: el nuevo partido libertario que ha entrado en el Congreso de Argentina,weblink El PeriÃ³dico de AragÃ³n, NEWS, 8 October 2022, La NaciÃ³n, 13 December 2021, Javier Milei. Un fenÃ³meno libertario con prÃ©dica antisistema,weblink {{Dead link|date=February 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
Australia â€“ Liberalâ€“National Coalition (Factions including National Right),WEB,weblink Who's who in the Liberals' left, right and centre factions?, 20 March 2021, Pauline Hanson's One Nation,WEB, The Conversation (website), The Conversation,weblink 28 August 2013, The mice that may yet roar: who are the minor right-wing parties?, United Australia Party,
Austria â€“ Freedom Party of Austria,BOOK, Hans-JÃ¼rgen Bieling, Uneven development and 'European crisis constitutionalism', or the reasons for and conditions of a 'passive revolution in trouble', Johannes JÃ¤ger, Elisabeth Springler, Asymmetric Crisis in Europe and Possible Futures: Critical Political Economy and Post-Keynesian Perspectives,weblink 2015, Routledge, 978-1-317-65298-4, 110, Austrian People's Party (factions)WEB, Tessa Szyszkowitz,weblink Austria: The Successful Populist, Royal United Services Institute, 8 October 2019,
Belgium â€“ Vlaams BelangBOOK, Peter Starke, Alexandra Kaasch, Franca Van Hooren, The Welfare State as Crisis Manager: Explaining the Diversity of Policy Responses to Economic Crisis,weblink 2013, Palgrave Macmillan, 978-1-137-31484-0, 193,
Brazil â€“ Liberal Party (factions), Democratic Renewal Party
Bulgaria â€“ RevivalWEB,weblink ÐŸÑ€Ð¾ÐºÑƒÑ€Ð°Ñ‚ÑƒÑ€Ð°Ñ‚Ð° Ð¿Ð¾Ð¸ÑÐºÐ° Ð·Ð°Ð»Ð¸Ñ‡Ð°Ð²Ð°Ð½Ðµ Ð¸ Ñ€Ð°Ð·Ð¿ÑƒÑÐºÐ°Ð½Ðµ Ð½Ð° Ð¿Ð°Ñ€Ñ‚Ð¸Ñ "Ð’ÑŠÐ·Ñ€Ð°Ð¶Ð´Ð°Ð½Ðµ", 20 July 2020,
Canada â€“ Conservative PartyWEB,weblink How Kellie Leitch touched off a culture war â€“ Macleans.ca, 23 September 2016, macleans.ca, 21 December 2016, NEWS,weblink Groundswell of right-wing populism will test our Canadian resolve, readers say, 26 November 2016, The Toronto Star, NEWS,weblink The popular comeback of populist politics, Toronto Sun, WEB,weblink Kellie Leitch latches on to Trump victory â€“ Macleans.ca, www.macleans.ca, WEB,weblink The Conservative Party of Canada is ripe for a populist takeover, Jesse, Blackman, 24 November 2016,
Chile â€“ Republican PartyNEWS, Foreign Policy, Chile Prepares to Choose a New Direction, 16 November 2021,weblink
Costa Rica â€“ National Restoration Party, New Republic Party, National Integration PartyNEWS, Populismo religioso en las urnas,weblink El PaÃs, 2019, NEWS, Reid, Michael, La sombra de la vuelta al populismo,weblink El PaÃs, 2018, WEB, Populismo de derechas,weblink Thinking Heads, 2018, WEB, ZÃºÃ±iga UmaÃ±a, Fernando, Elecciones polÃticas en Costa Rica: vÃsperas de caos,weblink Mundo, 2018,
Croatia â€“ Homeland MovementWEB, Prnjak, Hrvoje, Projekt za vlast Miroslava Å kore: novi voÄ‘a populista nada se PlenkoviÄ‡evoj pobjedi, a nakon toga aktivirat Ä‡e uhodani plan za 30 zastupnika u Saboru,weblink slobodnadalmacija.hr, 7 March 2020, 17 June 2020, WEB, WÃ¶lfl, Adelheid, Kroatischer Premier will Pandemie fÃ¼r vorgezogene Wahlen nutzen,weblink Der Standart, 18 June 2020,
Cyprus â€“ ELAM,WEB, Haaretz,weblink After Loss in Austria, a Look at Europe's Right-wing Parties, 24 May 2016, Solidarity Movement
Czech Republic â€“ Freedom and Direct DemocracyWEB,weblink Czechia, Wolfram, Nordsieck, Parties and Elections in Europe, 2017,
Denmark â€“ Danish People's Party,NEWS,weblink Populismus oder Extremismus? â€“ Radikale Parteien in Europa, Robert, Pausch, 4 February 2015, 28 April 2017, Die Zeit, BOOK, Daniele Caramani, Yves MÃ©ny, Challenges to Consensual Politics: Democracy, Identity, and Populist Protest in the Alpine Region,weblink 2005, Peter Lang, 978-90-5201-250-6, 151, New Right, Denmark Democrats
Estonia â€“ Conservative People's Party of EstoniaWEB, openDemocracy,weblink Contentious politics in the Baltics: the 'new' wave of right-wing populism in Estonia, 28 April 2016,
European Union â€“ Identity and Democracy Party, European Conservatives and Reformists Party, European People's Party (factions)
Finland â€“ Finns Party
France â€“ National Rally, Debout la France,WEB, Gilles, Ivaldi, Crowding the market: the dynamics of populist and mainstream competition in the 2017 French presidential elections, 2018,weblink 6, ReconquÃªte
Germany â€“ Alternative for Germany
Greece â€“ Greek Solution,WEB, Wolfram, Nordsieck, Greece, Parties and Elections in Europe,weblink 2019, New Democracy (factions)NEWS, The Guardian, 4 June 2019, Athens' youngest mayor: I'm interested in real life, not utopias,weblink
Hungary â€“ Fidesz, Our Homeland MovementBOOK, Betz, Hans-Georg, Radical Right-Wing Populism in Western Europe (The New Politics of Resentment),weblink Palgrave MacMillan, 1994, 978-0-312-08390-8, 4, the majority of radical right-wing populist parties are radical in their rejection of the established socio-cultural and socio-political system,
India â€“ Bharatiya Janata Party,BOOK, Ruth, Wodak, Right-Wing Populism in Europe: Politics and Discourse, A&C Black, 2013, 23, Shiv SenaBOOK, 2010, Gyan, Prakash, Mumbai Fables,weblink limited, Princeton University Press, 9, 978-0-691-14284-5,
Indonesia â€“ Great Indonesia Movement Party,BOOK, 2017, The Oxford Handbook of Populism, CristÃ³bal Rovira, Kaltwasser, CristÃ³bal Rovira, Oxford University Press, Prosperous Justice Party
Italy â€“ League,BOOK, Carlo Ruzza, Stefano Fella, Re-inventing the Italian Right: Territorial Politics, Populism and 'post-fascism',weblink 2009, Routledge, 978-1-134-28634-8, 43â€“44, Brothers of Italy, Five Star Movement (factions), (factions)BOOK, Europe for the Europeans: The Foreign and Security Policy of the Populist Radical Right, Routledge, 2016, Kristina, Liang, 187,
Israel â€“ Likud (factions),BOOK, All Together Now, Biteback Publishing, 2017, Barry, Langford, Netanyahu, leader of the right-wing populist party Likud, ran for re-election, WEB,weblink 3 July 2016, Right-wing Populism Wins in Britain and Israel, Haaretz, Yamina,NEWS,weblink Opinion &124; To remain prime minister, Netanyahu might have to work with Israeli Arabs, The Washington Post, 2021-03-24, 2021-11-20, THESIS, Master,weblink Populism in Israel: A study of the manifestation of populist rhetoric among Israeli right-wing political actors between 2015 and 2020, Anton, JÃ¶nsson, 1 October 2020, Lund University, JOURNAL, 10.1080/13510347.2020.1795135, Antidemocratic populism in power: Comparing ErdoÄŸan's Turkey with Modi's India and Netanyahu's Israel, 2020, Rogenhofer, Julius Maximilian, Panievsky, Ayala, Democratization, 27, 8, 1394â€“1412, 225557801, free, Religious Zionist Party, Otzma Yehudit
Japan â€“ Liberal Democratic Party,BOOK, Bilateral Legacies in East and Southeast Asia, Narayanan Ganesan, 67, 2015, Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, NEWS, Hofmann, Reto, 22 June 2018, Why Steve Bannon Admires Japan,weblink The Diplomat, 22 March 2021, In Japan, populist and extreme right-wing nationalism has found a home within the political establishment., Nippon Ishin no Kai,WEB,weblink Political factors and limitations that made the Abe administration the longest ever. (Japanese), ä¸€æ–¹ã§ã€æ—¥æœ¬ç¶æ–°ã®ä¼šã¯å°ã•ãªæ”¿åºœè«–ã«å³æ´¾çš„ãªãƒãƒ”ãƒ¥ãƒªã‚ºãƒ ã‚’åŠ ãˆãŸæ”¿å…šã§ã™ãŒ ...(On the other hand, the Japan Restoration Party is a political party that has added right-wing populism to its small government theory ...), 21 November 2019, 21 February 2020, Newsweek Japan, Tom Lansford (2019). Political Handbook of the World 2018â€“2019. "... the JRP was a right-wing, populist grouping that advocated deregulation, educational reform, ..." KibÅ no TÅNEWS, Sawa, Tamamitsu, :ja:ä½å’Œéš†å…‰, Where Koike's new political party lost hope,weblink All in all, the party gave the impression of pursuing a right-leaning populism. [...] In short, Kibo no To came off as nothing but a right-wing populist party that looked similar to but was indeed different from the LDP., 13 November 2017, 22 March 2021, The Japan Times,
Latvia â€“ National Alliance,{{Citation |author1=Auers |author2=Kasekamp |title=Comparing Radical-Right Populism in Estonia and Latvia |pages=235â€“236}} Latvia First
Liechtenstein â€“ Democrats for LiechtensteinWEB,weblink In Liechtenstein, 38,378 of the world's wealthiest go to the polls, 7 February 2021,
Luxembourg â€“ Alternative Democratic Reform PartyBOOK, 55, Doing Identity in Luxembourg, Transaction Publishers, 2014,
Netherlands â€“ Party for Freedom, Forum for Democracy, JA21,WEB,weblink Rechts-populistische partijen: De verschillen en overeenkomsten, 14 March 2021, Farmer-Citizen Movement,NEWS, Waar staat BBB op het politieke spectrum? Drie politicologen aan het woord,weblink 2023-04-06, NRC, 19 March 2023, nl, Valk, Guus, WEB, Theulings, van Oost, Een beetje links, een beetje rechts Ã©n agrarisch populisme: dit is waar de BoerBurgerBeweging voor staat, 23 March 2023,weblink WEB, Ook populistische partijen BBB, JA21, BVNL en PVV voeden steeds de haat tegen journalisten - Joop - BNNVARA,weblink 2023-04-06, Joop, nl,
New Zealand â€“ ACT New Zealand, New Zealand First]weblink
North Macedonia â€“ VMRO-DPMNEBOOK, Ljupcho Petkovski, Authoritarian Populism and Hegemony: Constructing 'the People' in Macedonia's illiberal discourse,weblink Centre of Southeast European Studies,
Norway â€“ Progress PartyWEB, Wolfram Nordsieck, Parties and Elections in Europe: Norway,weblink Parties and Elections in Europe, www.parties-and-elections.eu, 2013,
Paraguay â€“ National Union of Ethical CitizensWEB, Lambert, Peter, The Lightning Impeachment of Paraguay's President Lugo,weblink E-International Relations, 8 July 2021, 9 August 2012,
Peru â€“ Popular RenewalWEB, 2021-02-05, 2020-01-21, es-PE, Rafael LÃ³pez Aliaga: Derecha Popular no es corrupta ni tampoco mercantilista,weblink La RazÃ³n,
Philippines â€“ Nacionalista Party
Poland â€“ Law and Justice, Confederation (KORWiN, National Movement)
Portugal â€“ ChegaNEWS, Star Tribune, Portugal's Socialists win election, now eye alliances, 7 October 2019,weblink 11 October 2019, 7 October 2019,weblink
Romania â€“ Alliance for the Union of Romanians, Romanian Nationhood Party
Russia â€“ United Russia (factions),ENCYCLOPEDIA, Scott H., Ainsworth, Brian M., Harward, Open Society Foundations, Political Groups, Parties, and Organizations that Shaped America, 739, Nathan, Henceroth, 2019, ABC-CLIO, Liberal Democratic Party of Russia,WEB,weblink Parties and Elections in Europe, Wolfram Nordsieck, 16 March 2015, RodinaBOOK, Russia and the World, Natasha, Kuhrt, 25, 2014, Routledge,
Serbia â€“ United Serbia,WEB, 2021-04-28, A Conservative Populist Charged with Pimping Girls,weblink 2022-02-20, Beta Briefing, en, Dveri,BOOK, Passarelli, Gianluca, 2019,weblink 1â€“22, Passarelli, Gianluca, The Presidentialisation of Political Parties in the Western Balkans, Cham, Springer International, en, 10.1007/978-3-319-97352-4_1, 978-3-319-97351-7, 158687714, 2022-03-19, Serbian People's PartyWEB, Quartz (publication), Quartz, The state of global right-wing populism in 2019, 30 December 2019,weblink
Slovakia â€“ Slovak National Party
Slovenia â€“ Slovenian Democratic Party
South Africa â€“ Freedom Front PlusNEWS, Times of India, ANC holds onto power in South Africa as other parties increase vote share, 11 May 2019,weblink
South Korea â€“ People Power Party
Spain â€“ VoxWEB, Pew Research Center, Appendix A: Classifying European populist parties, 14 October 2019,weblink
Sweden â€“ Sweden Democrats
Switzerland â€“ Swiss People's Party,{{Citation |first=Oskar |last=Mazzoleni |title=The Swiss People's Party and the Foreign and Security Policy Since the 1990s |work=Europe for the Europeans: The Foreign and Security Policy of the Populist Radical Right |publisher=Ashgate |year=2007 |page=223 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jXR5GzqvmyYC&pg=PA223|isbn=978-0-7546-4851-2 }} Geneva Citizens' Movement,WEB,weblink Les populistes brillent aux Ã©lections genevoises, 11 October 2009, Swissinfo, fr, 11 October 2009,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20120926145531weblink">weblink 26 September 2012, WEB, Cross-Border Issues Cloud Geneva Election Result,weblink 11 November 2013, Swissinfo, 15 December 2016, Ticino LeagueWEB,weblink NFP 40+ "Rechtsextremismus â€“ Ursachen und Gegenmassnahmen" â€“ SNF, www.snf.ch,
Taiwan â€“ Kuomintang (factions), New party
Thailand â€“ Pheu Thai Party (faction), United Thai Nation Party
Turkey â€“ Justice and Development Party,BOOK, The Kurdish Question in Turkey, Routledge, Cengiz, Gunes, 2013, 270, Nationalist Movement Party,BOOK, Abadan-Unat, Nermin, Turks in Europe: From Guest Worker to Transnational Citizen, 2011, Berghahn Books, New York, 978-1-84545-425-8, 19, ...the fascist Nationalist Movement Party..., WEB,weblink Istanbul: Erdogans Widersacher, 20 April 2018, New Welfare Party, Free Cause Party
Ukraine â€“ Svoboda{{citation|first=Taras |last=Kuzio |title=Populism in Ukraine in a Comparative European Context |journal=Problems of Post-Communism|volume=57 |number=6|date=Novemberâ€“December 2010|url=http://commonweb.unifr.ch/artsdean/pub/gestens/f/as/files/4760/25737_184750.pdf|access-date=16 October 2012|quote=Anti-Semitism only permeates Ukraine's far-right parties, such as Svobodaâ€¦ Ukraine's economic nationalists are to be found in the extreme right (Svoboda) and centrist parties that propagate economic nationalism and economic protectionism.|pages=3â€“18 |doi=10.2753/ppc1075-8216570601|s2cid=154825950 }}{{citation |first=Gilles |last=Ivaldi|title=The Populist Radical Right in European Elections 1979-2009|work=The Extreme Right in Europe |publisher=Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht|year=2011 |page=20 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RBnmachN8vkC&pg=PA20|isbn=978-3-525-36922-7}}
United Kingdom â€“ Conservative Party (faction: Blue Collar Conservatives), Reform UK, Democratic Unionist PartyBOOK, 156, The British Party System: An Introduction,weblink limited, Stephen, Ingle, Routledge, 2008, JOURNAL, David, Swanson, Sergiu, Gherghina, From opposition to government: how populist parties change their political communication in Northern Ireland, Irish Political Studies, 26 June 2023, 38, 4, 0790-7184, 489â€“515, 10.1080/07907184.2023.2227570, free,
United States â€“ Republican PartyBOOK, The Politics of the Right, Leo, Panitch, ix, NYU Press, 2015, MAGAZINE,weblink Donald Trump is Transforming the G.O.P. Into a Populist, Nativist Party, Cassidy, John, The New Yorker, 29 February 2016, WEB,weblink Why Is Populism Winning on the American Right?, The Atlantic, Gould, J.J., 2 July 2016, (faction: Freedom Caucus)MAGAZINE, April 7, 2017, In The Freedom Caucus, Trump Meets His Match,weblink The Atlantic, Michelle, Cottle,
Uruguay â€“ Open Cabildo

Not represented in national legislatures

Albania â€“ Red and Black Alliance,NEWS,weblink Der RÃ¼ckfall ins Nationale, 2011, Deutsche Welle, Albanian National Front Party
Australia â€“ Shooters, Fishers and Farmers Party, Australian Protectionist Party
Austria â€“ Alliance for the Future of Austria, Free Party Salzburg
Belgium â€“ Libertair, Direct, Democratisch,BOOK, Cas Mudde, CristÃ³bal Rovira Kaltwasser, Populism in Europe and the Americas: Threat Or Corrective for Democracy?,weblink 30 July 2013, 2012, Cambridge University Press, 978-1-107-02385-7, 27, WEB,weblink European Election Database (EED), uib.no, 28 April 2017, People's PartyBOOK, Teun, Pauwels, Belgium: Decline of National Populism?, Exposing the Demagogues: Right-wing and National Populist Parties in Europe, Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung, CES, 2013, 85, VLOTT
Botswana â€“ Botswana Movement for DemocracyWEB, Botswana â€¢ Africa Elects,weblink 2023-10-02, Africa Elects, en-US,
Brazil â€“ Alliance for Brazil, Brazilian Labour Renewal Party
Bulgaria â€“ Bulgaria Without Censorship, National Front for the Salvation of Bulgaria, IMRO â€“ Bulgarian National Movement,Historical Dictionary of the Republic of Macedonia, Dimitar Bechev, Scarecrow Press, 2009, {{ISBN|0-8108-6295-6}}, p. 104. Attack,BOOK, Ruzha, Smilova, Daniel, Smilov, Georgi, Ganev, Democracy and the Media in Bulgaria: Who Represents the People?, Understanding Media Policies: A European Perspective, Palgrave Macmillan, 2012, 48â€“49, Volya
Canada â€“ People's Party of Canada, Alliance of the North, National Advancement Party of Canada
Chile â€“ National Force
Croatia â€“ Croatian Party of Rights, Croatian Party of Rights Dr. Ante StarÄeviÄ‡, Independents for Croatia
Czech Republic â€“ Law, Respect, Expertise, Workers' Party of Social JusticeWEB,weblink Rechtspopulistische Parteien in Tschechien. - Vile Netzwerk, vile-netzwerk.de, 28 April 2017, 29 July 2017,weblink
Denmark â€“ Progress Party,Paul Hainsworth (2008). The Extreme Right in Western Europe. Routledge. p. 49 Hard Line
Finland â€“ Blue and White Front, Seven Star Movement, Blue Reform
France â€“ Alsace First
Germany â€“ National Democratic Party of Germany,BOOK, Christina Schori Liang, 'Nationalism Ensures Peaces': the Foreign and Security Policy of the German Populist Radical Right After Reunification, Christina Schori Liang, Europe for the Europeans: The Foreign and Security Policy of the Populist Radical Right,weblink 2013, Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., 978-1-4094-9825-4, 139, Citizens' Movement Pro Chemnitz,Lokaler Aktionsplan fÃ¼r Demokratie, Toleranz und fÃ¼r ein weltoffenes Chemnitz (LAP). {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121208222303weblink |date=8 December 2012 }} (PDF; 275 kB) Fortschreibung 2012. Stand: November 2011, verÃ¶ffentlicht auf chemnitz.deSwen Uhlig: NPD plant Aufmarsch in Chemnitz, freiepresse.de, 16. Februar 2010. German Social Union, The Republicans
Greece â€“ Golden Dawn,Antonis Galanopoulos: Greek right-wing populist parties and Euroscepticism(PDF), p.2 "Golden Dawn is also Eurosceptical and it is opposing Greece's participation in the European Union and the Eurozone" National Popular Consciousness, National Party - Hellenes, Popular Orthodox Rally,Gemenis, Kostas (2008) "The 2007 Parliamentary Election in Greece", Mediterranean Politics 13: 95â€“101 and Gemenis, Kostas and Dinas, Elias (2009) "Confrontation still? Examining parties' policy positions in Greece{{dead link|date=September 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}", Comparative European Politics.{{Citation |first=David |last=Art |title=Inside the Radical Right: The Development of Anti-Immigrant Parties in Western Europe |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2011 |page=188 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9dUTXJakqLoC&q=popular+orthodox+rally+far+right&pg=PA188|isbn=978-1-139-49883-8 }} Independent Greeks
Iceland â€“ Icelandic National Front
India â€“ Maharashtra Navnirman Sena, Hindu MahasabhaBOOK, 2013, Mehran, Tamadonfar, 125, Religion and Regimes, Lexington Books,
Ireland â€“ National Party, Irish Freedom Party
Israel â€“ Zehut
Italy â€“ Tricolour Flame, Die Freiheitlichen,WEB, Wolfram Nordsieck,weblink Parties and Elections in Europe: The database about parliamentary elections and political parties in Europe, by Wolfram Nordsieck, Parties-and-elections.eu, 27 April 2014, 30 December 2020,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20201230010914weblink">weblink Citizens' Union for South Tyrol,WEB, BÃ¼rgerUnion bei Wahlauftakt der Tiroler FPÃ–,weblink 27 January 2018, de-DE, {{citation|periodical=Salto.bz|title=Herr PÃ¶der, was tun Sie bei Pegida?|date=13 January 2015|language=de|url=https://www.salto.bz/de/article/13012015/herr-poeder-was-tun-sie-bei-pegida|access-date=27 January 2018}} South Tyrolean Freedom{{citation|periodical=Brennerbasisdemokratie.eu|title=Nicht wÃ¤hlen ist keine LÃ¶sung.|date=25 February 2018|language=de|url=http://www.brennerbasisdemokratie.eu/?p=39253|access-date=27 January 2018}}
Latvia â€“ For a Humane Latvia,BOOK, Henningsen, Bernd, Etzold, Tobias, Hanne, Krister, The Baltic Sea Region: A Comprehensive Guide,weblink 15 September 2017, BWV Verlag, 978-3-8305-1727-6, 341, Platform 21WEB,weblink Latvia, WEB,weblink Gobzema partija â€“ dÄvana valdoÅ¡ajai politiskajai Å¡Ä·irai, neatkariga.nra.lv,
Liechtenstein â€“ The Independents
Lithuania â€“ National Alliance, Christian Union, Young Lithuania, Order and Justice{{Citation |first=Ilze |last=Balcere |title=Comparing Populist Political Parties in the Baltic States and Western Europe |publisher=European Consortium for Political Research |year=2011 |url=http://www.ecprnet.eu/MyECPR/proposals/reykjavik/uploads/papers/1071.pdf |pages=5â€“6 }}{{Dead link|date=April 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
Malta â€“ Moviment Patrijotti Maltin
Montenegro â€“ Party of Serb Radicals, True Montenegro, Serb List
Netherlands â€“ Forza! Nederland
New Zealand â€“ New Conservative Party, Advance New Zealand, Vision NZ, New Zealand Public Party
Poland â€“ Kukiz'15, Congress of the New Right,WEB,weblink Rechtspopulistische und rechtsextreme Parteien in Europa, December 2016, Federal Agency for Civic Education, Real Politics Union
Portugal â€“ National Renovator Party
Romania â€“ National Identity Bloc in Europe (Greater Romania Party, United Romania Party, Noua DreaptÄƒ), New Generation Party,{{Citation |first=IvÃ¡n T. |last=Berend |author-link=IvÃ¡n T. Berend |title=Europe Since 1980 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2010 |page=134}} M10
Serbia â€“ Serbian Radical Party,WEB,weblink Wolfram Nordsieck, Parties and Elections in Europe, 11 December 2013, BOOK, Ruth, Wodak, Brigitte, Mral, Right-Wing Populism in Europe: Politics and Discourse, A&C Black, 2013, 19, WEB,weblink Populism in the Balkans. The Case of Serbia, 24 January 2017, 2 February 2017,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20170202013226weblink">weblink Dveri,WEB, Desni populisti i ekstremisti u Europi, Deutsche Welle, 13 December 2018,weblink Hungarian Hope Movement, Enough is Enough, New Serbia, People's Freedom Movement, Leviathan Movement, Serbian Right, Love, Faith, Hope, Serbian Party Oathkeepers, Healthy Serbia
Slovakia â€“ Republic, We Are Family,NEWS,weblink Slowakei: Rechte wollen Fico verhindern, Der Standard, de, 28 April 2017, People's Party Our SlovakiaWEB,weblink A Hero Is Coming! The master narrative of MariÃ¡n Kotleba in the Slovak regional election of 2013, Alica RÃ©tiovÃ¡, Masaryk University, 28 April 2017, WEB,weblink A right-wing extremist or people's protector? Media coverage of extreme right leader Marian Kotleba in 2013 regional elections in Slovakia &124; KluknavskÃ¡ &124; Intersections. East European Journal of Society and Politics, Intersections.tk.mta.hu, 9 December 2016,
South Korea â€“ New Pro-Park Party, Liberty Republican Party, Dawn of Liberty
Sweden â€“ Alternative for Sweden
Switzerland â€“ Federal Democratic Union of Switzerland, Freedom Party of Switzerland, Swiss Democrats
Transnistria â€“ Obnovlenie
Ukraine â€“ Congress of Ukrainian Nationalists
United Kingdom â€“ British National Party,JOURNAL, Golder, M., Explaining Variation in the Success of Extreme Right Parties in Western Europe, Comparative Political Studies, 36, 432, 2003, 10.1177/0010414003251176, 4, 55841713, JOURNAL, Evans, Jocelyn A.J., The dynamics of social change in radical right-wing populist party support, Comparative European Politics, 3, 1, 76â€“101, 10.1057/palgrave.cep.6110050, April 2005, 10.1.1.199.7394, 7805751, For Britain, UK Independence PartyWEB,weblink Lords by party, type of peerage and gender, Parliament of the United Kingdom, 8 March 2013, 13 July 2017,
United States â€“ Constitution Party

Former or disbanded right-wing populist parties

Austria â€“ Team StronachBOOK, Eric Micklin, The Austrian Parliament and EU Affairs: Gradually Living Up to its Legal Potential, Claudia Hefftler, Christine Neuhold, Olivier Rosenberg, 3, Julie Smith, The Palgrave Handbook of National Parliaments and the European Union,weblink 2015, Palgrave Macmillan, 978-1-137-28913-1, 389, {{Dead link|date=August 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
Belgium â€“ National Front, Vlaams Blok, People's Party
Canada â€“ Union Nationale (Quebec),BOOK, Simon Langlois, Jean-Paul Baillargeon, Gary Caldwell, Guy FrÃ©chet, Madeleine Gauthier, Jean-Pierre Simard, Recent Social Trends in Quebec, 1960-1990,weblink 1992, McGill-Queen's Press - MQUP, 978-0-7735-0879-8, 369, Ralliement national,BOOK, Garth Stevenson, Unfulfilled Union, 5th Edition: Canadian Federalism and National Unity,weblink 2004, McGill-Queen's Press - MQUP, 978-0-7735-3632-6, 108, Action dÃ©mocratique du QuÃ©bec,BOOK, Theodore R. Marmor, Richard Freeman, Kieke G. H. Okma, Comparative Studies and the Politics of Modern Medical Care,weblink 2009, Yale University Press, 978-0-300-15595-2, 81, Reform Party of Canada,BOOK, Amir Abedi, Anti-Political Establishment Parties: A Comparative Analysis,weblink 2004, Routledge, 978-1-134-36369-8, 39, Canadian Alliance,BOOK, Carol Gould, Pasquale Paquino, Cultural Identity and the Nation-state,weblink 2001, Rowman & Littlefield, 978-0-8476-9677-2, 39, Social Credit Party,BOOK, Ian Budge, David Robertson, Derek Hearl, Ideology, Strategy and Party Change: Spatial Analyses of Post-War Election Programmes in 19 Democracies,weblink 1987, Cambridge University Press, 978-0-521-30648-5, 90, British Columbia Social Credit PartyBOOK, Denis Pilon, British Columbia: Right-Wing Coalition Politics and Neoliberalism, Bryan M. Evans, Charles W Smith, Transforming Provincial Politics: The Political Economy of Canada's Provinces and Territories in the Neoliberal Era, 2015, University of Toronto Press, 978-1-4426-9593-1,weblink 288,
Cyprus â€“ New HorizonsBOOK, Nathalie Tocci, Nathalie Tocci, Greece, Turkey and Cyprus, European Politics, Oxford University Press, 2007, 125, BOOK, Stefan Engert, EU Enlargement and Socialization: Turkey and Cyprus, Routledge, 2010, 146,
Croatia â€“ Croatian Democratic Alliance of Slavonia and Baranja, Croatian Democratic Union (factions)NEWS, Financial Times, Croatia's conservatives reject rightwing populism with new leader, 18 July 2016,weblink
Czech Republic â€“ Public Affairs,NEWS, Tschechien: Jugend vereint gegen Linksparteien, Alexandra, Klausmann, Wiener Zeitung, 21 May 2010,weblink de,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20110606122248weblink">weblink 6 June 2011, Dawn - National Coalition{{Citation |url=https://www.economist.com/blogs/easternapproaches/2013/10/czech-elections |title=Czech elections: An angry electorate |newspaper=The Economist |date=25 October 2013}}
Denmark â€“ Progress PartyBOOK, Paul Hainsworth, The Extreme Right in Europe,weblink 2008, Routledge, 978-1-134-15432-6, 49,
Germany â€“ Citizens' Movement Pro Cologne,Alexander HÃ¤usler (Hrsg.): Rechtspopulismus als "BÃ¼rgerbewegung". Kampagnen gegen Islam und Moscheebau und kommunale Gegenstrategien. VS Verlag fÃ¼r Sozialwissenschaften, Wiesbaden 2008, {{ISBN|978-3-531-15919-5}}. German Freedom Party,{{Citation |title=Obdachlose Rechtspopulisten |newspaper=SÃ¼ddeutsche Zeitung |url=http://www.sueddeutsche.de/politik/partei-die-freiheit-obdachlose-rechtspopulisten-1.1045138 |access-date=30 August 2011|date=11 January 2011 }} German People's Union, Pro Germany Citizens' Movement,{{Citation |title=Pro KÃ¶ln unterliegt vor Gericht |newspaper=FOCUS |date=10 July 2009 |url=http://www.focus.de/politik/deutschland/rechtspopulisten-pro-koeln-unterliegt-vor-gericht_aid_415839.html |access-date=19 October 2011}}{{Citation |title=Pro Deutschland protestiert vor Norwegen-Botschaft |newspaper=Berliner Morgenpost |date=25 July 2011 |url=http://www.morgenpost.de/berlin-aktuell/article1711860/Pro-Deutschland-protestiert-vor-Norwegen-Botschaft.html |access-date=19 October 2011 |archive-date=2 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402141410weblink }} Pro NRW,Kristian Frigelj: Rechtspopulisten planen Anti-Minarett-Kampagne. In: Die Welt, 14. Dezember 2009. German National People's Party
European Union â€“ Movement for a Europe of Liberties and Democracy
Iceland â€“ Citizens' PartyBOOK, Christina Bergqvist, Equal Democracies?: Gender and Politics in the Nordic Countries,weblink 1999, Nordic Council of Ministers, 978-82-00-12799-4, 320,
India â€“ Bharatiya Jana Sangh (Succeeded by Bharatiya Janata Party)
Italy â€“ National Alliance{{Citation|first=Sarah L.|last=De Lange|title=Radical Right-wing Populist Parties in Government: determinants of coalition membership|year=2008|page=9 |url=http://www.unc.edu/depts/europe/conferences/poc2008/papers/DeLange_RightWingPopulistParties.pdf}}
Japan â€“ Japan Restoration PartyNEWS, Foster, Malcolm, 16 December 2012, Japan Elections 2012: LDP Wins Majority In Parliamentary Elections,weblink HuffPost,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20121219014720weblink">weblink 19 December 2012, 7 November 2020, NEWS, Soble, Jonathan, 17 December 2012, Portrait of Japan's main political parties,weblink Financial Times, Nikkei, Inc., 6 November 2020, Politics: Populist right, NEWS, Wingfield-Hayes, Rupert, 15 December 2012, Japan loses faith in traditional politics,weblink BBC News, 6 November 2012, There is growing support here for non-traditional parties, particularly right-wing populists who promise strong leadership and bold answers. The most prominent is the Japan Restoration Party led by two political mavericks - Toru Hashimoto, the Mayor of Osaka, and 80-year-old Shintaro Ishihara, the former governor of Tokyo.,
Netherlands â€“ Centre Democrats,BOOK, David Art, Uwe Backes, Patrick Moreau, Memory Politics in Western Europe, The Extreme Right in Europe: Current Trends and Perspectives,weblink 2011, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 978-3-647-36922-8, 361, Pim Fortuyn List Andeweg, R. and G. Irwin Politics and Governance in the Netherlands, Basingstoke (Palgrave) p.49
Portugal â€“ Portugal Pro-Life
Serbia â€“ Serbian Patriotic Alliance,WEB,weblink Serbien: Wahl im Schatten Vucics, 21 June 2020,
South Korea â€“ Democratic Republican Party, Liberty Korea Party,WEB, Jang Hoon,weblink Liberty Korea Party, conservative populism has no future, JoongAng Ilbo, 5 April 2018, 4 April 2018, Onward for Future 4.0
Spain â€“ Platform for Catalonia Anglada: "Being populist and identitarian is being honestly democratic" {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111003071247weblink |date=3 October 2011 }} Minuto Digital (Spanish)
Sweden â€“ New Democracy
Switzerland â€“ Party of Farmers, Traders and Independents, Republican Movement
Syria â€“ Arab Liberation Movement
Thailand â€“ Thai Rak Thai Party
United Kingdom â€“ National Democrats, Veterans and People's Party

Notes

References

Citations

Bibliography

Berlet, Chip and Matthew N. Lyons. 2000. Right-Wing Populism in America: Too Close for Comfort. New York: Guilford Press. {{ISBN|1-57230-568-1}}, {{ISBN|1-57230-562-2}}.
Betz, Hans-Georg. Radical right-wing populism in Western Europe. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 1994 {{ISBN|0-312-08390-4}}.
Betz, Hans-Georg and Immerfall, Stefan. The New Politics of the Right: Neo-Populist Parties and Movements in Established Democracies. Houndsmill, Basingstoke, Hampshire, UK, Macmillan Press Ltd., 1998 {{ISBN|978-0-312-21338-1}},
JOURNAL, Dolgert, Stefan, 2016, The Praise of {{not a typo, Ressentiment, : Or, How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love Donald Trump|journal=New Political Science|volume=38|issue=3|pages=354â€“370|doi=10.1080/07393148.2016.1189030|s2cid=147965459}}
Fielitz, Maik; Laloire, Laura Lotte (eds.) (2016). Trouble on the Far Right. Contemporary Right-Wing Strategies and Practices in Europe. Bielefeld: transcript. {{ISBN|978-3-8376-3720-5}}.
Fritzsche, Peter. 1990. Rehearsals for Fascism: Populism and Political Mobilization in Weimar Germany. New York: Oxford University Press. {{ISBN|0-19-505780-5}}.
BOOK, Geden, Oliver, 2006, Diskursstrategien im Rechtspopulismus: Freiheitliche Partei Ã–sterreichs und Schweizerische Volkspartei zwischen Opposition und Regierungsbeteiligung, Discourse Strategies in Right-Wing Populism: Freedom Party of Austria and Swiss People's Party between Opposition and Government Participation, de, Wiesbaden, Germany, VS Verlag, 10.1007/978-3-531-90430-6, 978-3-531-15127-4,
BOOK, Goodwin, Matthew, Milazzo, Caitlin, 2015, UKIP: Inside the Campaign to Redraw the Map of British Politics, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 978-0-19-873611-0,
BOOK, Greven, Thomas, 2016, The Rise of Right-wing Populism in Europe and the United States: A Comparative Perspective,weblink Berlin, Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung, 9 August 2016,
BOOK, Heywood, Andrew, 2015, Essentials of UK Politics, 3rd, London, Palgrave Macmillan, 978-1-137-53074-5,
BOOK, Ignazi, Piero, 2002, The Extreme Right: Defining the Object and Assessing the Causes, Schain, Martin, Zolberg, Aristide R., Hossay, Patrick, Shadows over Europe: The Development and Impact of the Extreme Right in Western Europe, New York, Palgrave Macmillan, 978-0-312-29593-6,
BOOK, Ignazi, Piero, {{long dash, |year=2006|orig-date=2003|title=Extreme Right Parties in Western Europe|series=Comparative Politics|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-929159-5}}
BOOK, Kaplan, Jeffrey, Jeffrey Kaplan (academic), Weinberg, Leonard, 1998, The Emergence of a Euro-American Radical Right, New Brunswick, New Jersey, Rutgers University Press, 978-0-8135-2564-8,
BOOK, Norris, Pippa, Pippa Norris, 2005, Radical Right: Voters and Parties in the Electoral Market, Cambridge, England, Cambridge University Press, 978-0-521-84914-2,
BOOK, Skenderovic, Damir, 2009, The Radical Right in Switzerland: Continuity and Change, 1945â€“2000, New York, Berghahn Books, 10.2307/j.ctt9qcntn, 978-1-84545-580-4, j.ctt9qcntn, 152401505,

External links

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"Fact check: The rise of right-wing populism in Europe". Channel 4 News (UK). 28 September 2017.

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Right-wing populism

Definition

Motivations and methods

Cultural issues and immigration

History

Germany and France (1870â€“1900)

Denmark and Norway (1970s)

Netherlands and France (2001)

Movements by country

Africa

Nigeria

South Africa

Uganda

Americas

Argentina

Brazil

Canada

Costa Rica

United States

Asia-Pacific countries

Australia

China

India

Israel

Japan

New Zealand

Pakistan

South Korea

Taiwan

European countries

Austria

Belgium

Bulgaria

Cyprus

Denmark

Finland

France

Germany

Greece

Hungary

Italy

Netherlands

Poland

Romania

Russia

Spain

Sweden

Switzerland

Turkey

United Kingdom

Right-wing populist political parties

Current right-wing populist parties or parties with right-wing populist factions

Represented in national legislatures

Not represented in national legislatures

Former or disbanded right-wing populist parties

See also

Notes

References

Citations

Bibliography

Further reading

External links