{{short description|Charm that can inspire devotion in others}}{{Other uses}}Charisma ({{IPAc-en|k|É™|Ëˆ|r|Éª|z|m|É™}}) is a personal quality of presence or charm that other people find psychologically compelling.{{multiref2

EDITOR-FIRST1=ANGUS

EDITOR-FIRST2=CHRISTINE A.

PUBLISHER=OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS

PAGE=292,

ACCESS-DATE=2022-12-07

LANGUAGE=EN, }} In the fields of sociology and political science, psychology and management the term charismatic describes a type of leadership.JOURNAL, 10.1177/1468795X14536652, Becoming a God: Max Weber and the social construction of charisma, Journal of Classical Sociology, 14, 3, 266â€“283, 2014, Joosse, Paul, 143606190, JOURNAL, 10.5465/amle.2010.0012, Can Charisma be Taught? Tests of Two Interventions, Academy of Management Learning & Education, 10, 3, 374â€“396, 2011, Antonakis, John, Fenley, Marika, Liechti, Sue,weblink In Christian theology, the term charisma appears as the Spiritual gift (charism) which is an endowment with an extraordinary power given by the Holy Spirit."Spiritual gifts". A Dictionary of the Bible by W. R. F. Browning. Oxford University Press Inc. Oxford Reference Online. Oxford University Press. Accessed 22 June 2011.{{AHDict|charisma}}

Etymology

The English word charisma derives from the Ancient Greek word ({{transliteration|grc|chÃ¡risma}}), which denotes a "favor freely given" and the "gift of grace". The singular term and the plural term ({{transliteration|grc|charismata}}) both derive from the word ({{transliteration|grc|charis}}), meaning grace and charm.BOOK, charism, charisma, charismata, charisms, Oxford English Dictionary, Second, III, 1989, 41, BOOK, Beekes, Robert S.P., Etymological Dictionary of Greek, Brill, 2010, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series, 10/1, 1607, In religious praxis, the Ancient Greeks ascribed personality charisma to their pantheon of gods and goddesses, e.g. attributing charm, beauty, nature, creativity, and fertility to the individual {{transliteration|grc|Charites}} (). In theology and sociology, the denotations of the word charisma expanded from the Ancient Greek definition into the connotations of divinely-conferred charisma and of personality charisma, thus in A History of Charisma (2010), John Potts said that:Contemporary charisma maintains, however, the irreducible character ascribed to it by [Max] Weber: it retains a mysterious, elusive quality. Media commentators regularly describe charisma as the X-factor. . . . The enigmatic character of charisma also suggests a connection â€” at least to some degree â€” to the earliest manifestations of charisma as a spiritual gift.BOOK, Potts, John, A History of Charisma, Palgrave Macmillan, 2010, {{rp|3}}Moreover, the Koine Greek dialect spoken in Ancient Rome employed the terms charisma and charismata without the religious connotations.BOOK, Ebertz, Michael N., Charisma, Religion Past & Present, Hans Dieter, Betz, Don S., Browning, Bernd, Janowski, Eberhard, JÃ¼ngel, Brill, 2007, II, 493â€“496,

History

Divinely conferred charisma

{{See also|Spiritual gift}}The Hebrew Bible and the Christian Bible record the development of divinely conferred charisma. In the Hebrew text the idea of charismatic leadership is generally signaled by the use of the noun {{transliteration|he|hen}} (favor) or the verb {{transliteration|he|hanan}} (to show favor). The Greek term for {{transliteration|grc|charisma}} (grace or favor), and its root {{transliteration|grc|charis}} (grace) replaced the Hebrew terms in the Greek translation of the Hebrew Bible (the {{BCE|3rd century|link=y}} Septuagint). Throughout, "the paradigmatic image of the charismatic hero is the figure who has received God's favor".BOOK, Scheper, George L., Charisma, Encyclopedia of Religion, Second, Lindsay, Jones, Macmillan Reference, 2005, 3, {{rp|1545}} In other words, divinely conferred charismaJOURNAL, Grabo, Allen, Spisak, Brian R., Van Vugt, Mark, 2017, Charisma as signal: An evolutionary perspective on charismatic leadership, The Leadership Quarterly, 28, 4, 473â€“485, 10.1016/j.leaqua.2017.05.001, 1871.1/cfaf823d-55a3-4d48-95e4-68a021621ed2, free, applied to highly revered figures.Thus, Eastern Mediterranean Jews in the {{CE|1st century}} had notions of {{transliteration|grc|charis}} and {{transliteration|grc|charisma}} that embraced the range of meanings found in Greek culture and the spiritual meanings from the Hebrew Bible.{{r|Potts|page=15}} From this linguistic legacy of fused cultures, in 1 Corinthians, Paul the Apostle introduced the meaning that the Holy Spirit bestowed {{transliteration|grc|charism}} and {{transliteration|grc|charismata}}, "the gift of God's grace," upon individuals or groups. For Paul, "[t]here is a clear distinction between charisma and {{transliteration|grc|charis}}; charisma is the direct result of divine {{transliteration|grc|charis}} or grace."{{r|Potts|pages=36â€“37}}{{r|Scheper|page=1549}}In the New Testament Epistles, Paul refers to {{transliteration|grc|charisma}} or its plural {{transliteration|grc|charismata}} seven times in 1 Corinthians, written in Koine (or common) Greek around {{CE|54|link=y}}. He elaborates on his concepts with six references in Romans (c. 56). He makes three individual references in 2 Corinthians 56, 1 Timothy, and 2 Timothy 62â€“67. The seventeenth and only other mention of {{transliteration|grc|charisma}} is in 1 Peter.{{r|Potts|pages=23, 37, 43, 45}}BOOK, New Catholic Encyclopedia, W.F., Dicharry, Charism, Thomson/Gale, 1967, III, 460, The gospels, written in the late first century, apply divinely conferred charisma to revered figures. Examples are accounts of Jesus' baptism and of his transfiguration, in which disciples see him as radiant with light, appearing together with Moses and Elijah. Another example is Gabriel's greeting to Mary as "full of grace". In these and other instances early Christians designated certain individuals as possessing "spiritual gifts", and these gifts included "the ability to penetrate the neighbour to the bottom of his heart and spirit and to recognize whether he is dominated by a good or by an evil spirit and the gift to help him to freedom from his demon".BOOK, Benz, Ernst Wilhelm, The Roles of Christianity, The New EncyclopÃ¦dia Britannica, 16, 1986, 306, Believers characterized their revered religious figures as having "a higher perfectionâ€¦ a special Charisma". Then, with the establishment of the Christian Church, "the old charismatic gifts and free offerings were transformed into a hierarchical sacerdotal system".BOOK, Troeltsch, Ernst, The Social Teachings of the Christian Churches, Olive, Wyon, Allen and Unwin, 1, 1911, 1931, 99, 109, The focus on the institution rather than divinely inspired individuals increasingly dominated religious thought and life, and that focus went unchanged for centuries.BOOK, Morse, William, Mary, Morse, Harper's Dictionary of Contemporary Usage, Harper and Row, 1985, 110, In the 17th century church leaders, notably in the Latin tradition, accented "individual gifts [and] particular talents imparted by God or the Holy Spirit." The 19th century brought a shift in emphasis toward individual and spiritual aspects of charisma; Protestant and some Catholic theologians narrowed the concept to superlative, out-of-the-ordinary, and virtuoso gifts. Simultaneously, the term became alienated from the much wider meaning that early Christians had attached to it.{{r|Ebertz}} Still, the narrowed term projected back to the earlier period "A systematically reflected and highly differentiated understanding of charisma was often unconsciously infused into the Scriptures and writings of the church fathers, so that these texts were no longer read through the eyes of the authors".JOURNAL, Baumert, Norbert, 'Charisma' â€“ Versuch einer Sprachregelung, de, Philosophisch-Theologische, 66, 1991, 22, Quoted in Ebertz, 2007, op. cit., p. 495These dialectic meanings influenced changes in Pentecostalism in the late 19th century, and charismatic movements in some mainline churches in the mid-20th century. The discussion in the 21st Century Religion section explores what charisma means in these and other religious groups.

Personality charisma

{{See also|Charismatic authority}}The basis for modern secular usage comes from German sociologist Max Weber. He discovered the term in the work of Rudolph Sohm, a German church historian whose 1892 KirchenrechtBOOK, Sohm, Rudolf, Kirchenrecht, Leipzig, Duncher & Humblot, 1892, was immediately recognized in Germany as an epoch-making work. It also stimulated a debate between Sohm and leading theologians and religion scholars, which lasted more than twenty years and stimulated a rich polemical literature.JOURNAL, Smith, David Norman., Faith, Reason, and Charisma: Rudolf Sohm, Max Weber, and the Theology of Grace, Sociological Inquiry, 68, 1, 32â€“60, 1998, 10.1111/j.1475-682X.1998.tb00453.x, That debate and literature had made charisma a popular term when Weber used it in The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism and in his Sociology of Religion. Perhaps because he assumed that readers already understood the idea, Weber's early writings lacked definition or explanation of the concept. In the collection of his works, Economy and Society, he identified the term as a prime example of action he labeled "value-rational," in distinction from and opposition to action he labeled "Instrumentally rational."BOOK, Weber, Max, Economy and Society, Bedminster Press, 1968, 24â€“25, Because he applied meanings for charisma similar to Sohm, who had affirmed the purely charismatic nature of early Christianity,{{r|Scheper|page=1544}} Weber's charisma would have coincided with the divinely conferred charisma sense defined above in Sohm's work.Weber introduced the personality charisma sense when he applied charisma to designate a form of authority. To explain charismatic authority, he developed his classic definition:Charisma is a certain quality of an individual personality by virtue of which he is set apart from ordinary men and treated as endowed with supernatural, superhuman, or at least specifically exceptional powers or qualities. These as such are not accessible to the ordinary person, but are regarded as of divine origin or as exemplary, and on the basis of them the individual concerned is treated as a leader.BOOK, Weber, Max, The Theory of Social and Economic Organization, A.M., Henderson, Talcott, Parsons, Free Press, 1924, 1947, {{rp|328, 358ff}}Here Weber extends the concept of charisma beyond supernatural to superhuman and even to exceptional powers and qualities. Sociologist Paul Joosse examined Weber's famous definition, and found that:through simple yet profoundly consequential phrases such as "are considered" and "is treated", charisma becomes a relational, attributable, and at last a properly sociological concept.... For Weber, the locus of power is in the led, who actively (if perhaps unconsciously) invest their leaders with social authority.In other words, Weber indicates that it is followers who attribute powers to the individual, emphasizing that "the recognition on the part of those subject to authority" is decisive for the validity of charisma.{{r|WeberTSEO|page=359}}Weber died in 1920, leaving "disordered, fragmentary manuscripts without even the guidance of a plan or table of the proposed contents". One unfinished manuscript contained his above quoted definition of charisma.BOOK, MacRae, Donald G., Max Weber, Viking, 1974, 101, It took over a quarter century for his work to be translated into English.BOOK, Weber, Max, Dictionary of the Social Sciences, Craig, Calhoun, Oxford University Press, 2002, 510â€“512, With regard to charisma, Weber's formulations are generally regarded as having revived the concept from its deep theological obscurity.JOURNAL, Turner, Stephen, Charisma Reconsidered, 5â€“26, Journal of Classical Sociology, 3, 5, 2003, 10.1177/1468795X03003001692, 220121939, However, even with the admirable translations and prefaces of his entire works, many scholars have found Weber's formulations ambiguous. For the past half-century they have debated the meaning of many Weberian concepts, including the meaning of charisma, the role of followers, and the degree of a supernatural component.{{multiref2

YEAR=1984

PAGES=157â€“178

EDITOR-FIRST=BARBARA

PUBLISHER=PRENTICE-HALL,

CHAPTER=CENTERS, KINGS, AND CHARISMA: REFLECTIONS ON THE SYMBOLICS OF POWER

EDITOR-FIRST=BEN-DAVID J.

PUBLISHER=UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS

YEAR=1977,

CHAPTER=THE STUDY OF LEADERSHIP

EDITOR-FIRST=DANKWART A.

PUBLISHER=BRAZILLER

PAGES=10â€“16,

LAST1=STUTJE

DATE=2012, }}

References

External links

WEB, Antonakis, John,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20150418063507weblink">weblink Let's face it: Charisma matters, 2015-04-18, TEDx Lausanne,weblink dead, 2015-02-09,
WEB, Flora, Carlin, 2005-05-01,weblink The X-Factors of Success, Psychology Today,
WEB,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20050727085058weblink">weblink 2005-07-27, Max Weber and Charisma,weblink dead,
BOOK,weblink Charisma, Thomas, Robbin, Encyclopedia of Religion and Society, 1998, Rowman Altamira, William H., Swatos, 0-7619-8956-0,
JOURNAL, Toth, Michael A.,weblink Toward a Theory of the Routinization of Charisma, April 1972, Rocky Mountain Social Science Journal, 9, 2, 93â€“98,
JOURNAL,weblink Greer, Mark, 36, 1, Monitor on Psychology, American Psychological Association, The Science of Savoir Faire, January 2005,
WEB,weblink Charismatic Cults, BBC Four, Thinking Allowed, 26 January 2005,
JOURNAL, Moses, Charisma, and Covenant, Rapoport, David C., Western Political Quarterly, 32, 2, June 1979, 123â€“143, 10.2307/448172, 448172,
WEB,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20060628210910weblink">weblink 2006-06-28, The Character of Charisma,weblink dead, 2004-07-15,
NEWS,weblink The Charisma Mandate, The New York Times, 2008-02-17, Kate, Zernike,
NEWS,weblink dead,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20081204090409weblink">weblink 2008-12-04, Charm School: Scholars Unpack the Secrets of Charisma, and Suggest the Elusive Quality Can Be Taught, Mark, Oppenheimer, The Boston Globe, 2008-07-20,
BOOK, Bitar, Amer, 2020, Bedouin Visual Leadership in the Middle East: The Power of Aesthetics and Practical Implications,weblink Springer Nature, 9783030573973,

- content above as imported from Wikipedia
- "charisma" does not exist on GetWiki (yet)
- time: 7:20am EDT - Sat, May 18 2024

[ this remote article is provided by Wikipedia ]

CONNECT