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Islamic extremism
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{{short description|Extreme or radical form of Islam}}{{distinguish|Islamic fundamentalism|Jihadism}}{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2022}}{{Multiple issues|{{Lead too short|date=August 2016}}{{globalize|date=September 2016}}{{POV|date=July 2017}}}}File:2012 Sydney protest.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|2012 Sydney: Muslims protesting against the release of Innocence of MuslimsInnocence of MuslimsIslamic extremism, Islamist extremism or radical Islam refers a set of extremist beliefs, behaviors and ideology within Islam. These terms remain contentious, encompassing a spectrum of definitions, ranging from academic interpretations to the notion that all ideologies other than Islam have failed and are inferior.BOOK, Cook, David, Understanding Jihad, University of California Press, 2015, 9780520287327, 103, Furthermore, these terms may extend to encompass other sects of Islam that do not share such extremist views.Political definitions of Islamic extremism, such as that employed by the government of the United Kingdom, characterize it as any form of Islam that opposes “democracy, the rule of law, individual liberty, and mutual respect and tolerance of different faiths and beliefs.“NEWS, Casciani, Dominic, How do you define Islamist extremism?,www.bbc.com/news/uk-27777892, 27 January 2016, BBC News, 10 June 2014, 8 March 2021,web.archive.org/web/20210308154310/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-27777892, live, In 2019, the United States Institute of Peace issued a report on extremism in fragile states, advocating the establishment of a shared understanding, operational framework for prevention, and international cooperation.WEB, February 2019, Preventing Extremism in Fragile States: A New Approach, Final Report of the Task Force on Extremism in Fragile States,www.usip.org/publications/2019/02/preventing-extremism-fragile-states-new-approach, 5 August 2022, 5 August 2022,web.archive.org/web/20220805013434/https://www.usip.org/publications/2019/02/preventing-extremism-fragile-states-new-approach, live, Islamic extremism is different from Islamic fundamentalism or Islamism. Islamic fundamentalism refers to a movement among Muslims advocating a return to the fundamental principles of an Islamic state in Muslim-majority countries. Meanwhile, Islamism constitutes a form of political Islam. However, both Islamic fundamentalism and Islamism can also be classified as subsets of Islamic extremism. Acts of violence committed by Islamic terrorists and jihadists are often associated with these extremist beliefs.

Definitions

Academic definition

The academic definition of radical Islam consists of two parts:
  • The first being: Islamic thought that states that all ideologies other than Islam, whether associated with the West (capitalism or democracy) or the East (communism or socialism) have failed and have demonstrated their bankruptcy.
  • The second being: Islamic thought that states that (semi)secular regimes are wrong because of their negligence of Islam.BOOK, Cook, David, Understanding Jihad, University of California Press, 2015, 9780520287327, 107,

United Kingdom High Courts definition

The UK High Courts have ruled in two cases on Islamic extremism, and provided definition.Aside from those, two major definitions have been offered for Islamic extremism, sometimes using overlapping but also distinct aspects of extreme interpretations and pursuits of Islamic ideology:

UK High Court rulings

There are two UK High Court cases that explicitly address the issue of Islamic extremism.WEB,www.judiciary.gov.uk,web.archive.org/web/20180603205727/https://www.judiciary.gov.uk/, live, website repository of UK High Court rulings, 3 June 2018,

May 2016 appeal case

The judge refers to several grounds: section 20 of the 2006 Act; the definition of “terrorism” in section 1 of the Terrorism Act 2000 and the decision of the Supreme Court in R v Gul.

October 2016 Shakeel Begg case

Begg, a prominent Muslim public figure and Imam at Lewisham Islamic Centre since 1998 lost his 2016 court case of Libel against the BBC. This case is noteworthy because the judge lists a 10-point definition of Islamic extremism that he used to determine the case:In Charles Haddon-Cave’s findings he wrote:Extremist Islamic positions 118. In my view, the following constitute “extremist” Islamic positions (or indicia thereof).
  • First, a ‘Manichean’ view of the world. A total, eternal ‘Manichean’ worldview is a central tenet of violent Islamic extremism. It divides the world strictly into ‘Us’ versus ‘Them’: those who are blessed or saved (i.e. the “right kind” of Muslim) on the one hand and those who are to be damned for eternity (i.e. the “wrong kind” of Muslim and everyone else) on the other. For violent Islamic extremists, the “wrong kind” of Muslim includes moderate Sunni Muslims, all Shia Muslims, and many others who are “mete for the sword” and can be killed, and anyone who associates or collaborates” with them...
  • Second, the reduction of jihad (striving in God’s cause) to qital (armed combat) (’the Lesser Jihad’)...
  • Third, the ignoring or flouting of the conditions for the declaration of armed jihad (qital), i.e. the established Islamic doctrinal conditions for the declaration of armed combat (qital) set out above...
  • Fourth, the ignoring or flouting of the strict regulations governing the conduct of armed jihad, i.e. the stipulations in the Qur’an and the Sunna for the ethics of conducting qital set out above. Thus, the use of excessive violence, attacks on civilians, indiscriminate ‘suicide’ violence and the torture or the murder of prisoners would constitute violation of these regulations of jihad...
  • Fifth, advocating armed fighting in defence of Islam (qital) as a universal individual religious obligation (fard al ‘ayn)...
  • Sixth, any interpretation of Shari’a (i.e. religious law laid down by the Qur’an and the Sunna) that required breaking the ‘law of the land’...
  • Seventh, the classification of all non-Muslims as unbelievers (kuffar)...
  • Eighth, the extreme Salafist Islamism doctrine that the precepts of the Muslim faith negate and supersede all other natural ties, such as those of family, kinship and nation...
  • Ninth, the citing with approval the fatwa (legal opinions) of Islamic scholars who espouse extremist view...
  • Tenth, any teaching which, expressly or implicitly, encourages Muslims to engage in, or support, terrorism or violence in the name of Allah.WEB,www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-37798201, Imam loses libel action against BBC over ‘extreme’ claim, Dominic, Casciani, 28 October 2016, BBC News, 22 June 2018, 2 December 2020,web.archive.org/web/20201202013828/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-37798201, live,

Key influences of radical Islam

Early Islam

According to the academic definition of radical Islam, the second condition for something to be called radical Islam, is that it is antigovernmental. Consequently, a government is a condition for radical Islam. However, even though the peace of Westphalia was established in 1648 and thus introduced the nation state, the writings of the formative centuries of Islamic history are influential to the contemporary writings that were coined radical after the concept of the nation state was established in the Muslim world as well. Key influences of radical Islam that stem from early Islam include:

Kharijites

Islamic extremism dates back to the early history of Islam with the emergence of the Kharijites in the 7th century CE.BOOK, Izutsu, Toshihiko, Toshihiko Izutsu, 2006, 1965, The Concept of Belief in Islamic Theology: A Semantic Analysis of Imān and Islām, The Infidel (Kāfir): The Khārijites and the origin of the problem,books.google.com/books?id=PDxHG5MtLawC&pg=PA1, Tokyo, Keio Institute of Cultural and Linguistic Studies at Keio University, 1–20, 983-9154-70-2, 26 October 2021, 24 January 2023,web.archive.org/web/20230124220134/https://books.google.com/books?id=PDxHG5MtLawC&pg=PA1, live, The original schism between Kharijites, SunnÄ«s, and ShÄ«Ê¿as among Muslims was disputed over the political and religious succession to the guidance of the Muslim community (Ummah) after the death of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. From their essentially political position, the Kharijites developed extreme doctrines that set them apart from both mainstream SunnÄ« and ShÄ«Ê¿a Muslims. ShÄ«Ê¿as believe Ê¿AlÄ« ibn AbÄ« Ṭālib is the true successor to Muhammad, while SunnÄ«s consider Abu Bakr to hold that position. The Kharijites broke away from both the ShÄ«Ê¿as and the SunnÄ«s during the First Fitna (the first Islamic Civil War); they were particularly noted for adopting a radical approach to takfÄ«r (excommunication), whereby they declared both SunnÄ« and ShÄ«Ê¿a Muslims to be either infidels (kuffār) or false Muslims (munāfiḳūn), and therefore deemed them worthy of death for their perceived apostasy (ridda).NEWS,www.theglobeandmail.com/globe-debate/another-battle-with-islams-true-believers/article20802390/, Another battle with Islam’s ‘true believers’, Khan, Sheema, 12 May 2018, The Globe and Mail, The Globe and Mail Opinion, 19 April 2020, 19 January 2016,www.theglobeandmail.com/globe-debate/another-battle-with-islams-true-believers/article20802390/," title="web.archive.org/web/20160119055307www.theglobeandmail.com/globe-debate/another-battle-with-islams-true-believers/article20802390/,">web.archive.org/web/20160119055307www.theglobeandmail.com/globe-debate/another-battle-with-islams-true-believers/article20802390/, live, WEB,www.quilliamfoundation.org/wp/wp-content/uploads/publications/free/the-balance-of-islam-in-challenging-extremism.pdf, The Balance of Islam in Challenging Extremism, Hasan, Usama, 2012, Quiliam Foundation, dead,www.quilliamfoundation.org/wp/wp-content/uploads/publications/free/the-balance-of-islam-in-challenging-extremism.pdf," title="web.archive.org/web/20140802045255www.quilliamfoundation.org/wp/wp-content/uploads/publications/free/the-balance-of-islam-in-challenging-extremism.pdf,">web.archive.org/web/20140802045255www.quilliamfoundation.org/wp/wp-content/uploads/publications/free/the-balance-of-islam-in-challenging-extremism.pdf, 2 August 2014, 2015-11-17, The Islamic tradition traces the origin of the Kharijities to the battle between Ê¿AlÄ« and Mu’awiya at Siffin in 657 CE. When Ê¿AlÄ« was faced with a military stalemate and agreed to submit the dispute to arbitration, some of his party withdrew their support from him. “Judgement belongs to God alone” (لاَ حُكْمَ إلَا لِلّهِ) became the slogan of these secessionists. They also called themselves al-Shurat (“the Vendors“), to reflect their willingness to sell their lives in martyrdom.BOOK, Brown, Daniel, A New Introduction to Islam, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2017, 9781118953464, 3rd, Oxford, 163–169, These original Kharijites opposed both Ê¿AlÄ« and Mu’awiya, and appointed their own leaders. They were decisively defeated by Ê¿AlÄ«, who was in turn assassinated by a Kharijite. Kharijites engaged in guerilla warfare against the Umayyads, but only became a movement to be reckoned with during the Second Fitna (the second Islamic Civil War) when they at one point controlled more territory than any of their rivals. The Kharijites were, in fact, one of the major threats to Ibn al-Zubayr’s bid for the caliphate; during this time they controlled Yamama and most of southern Arabia, and captured the oasis town of al-Ta’if.The Azariqa, considered to be the extreme faction of the Kharijites, controlled parts of western Iran under the Umayyads until they were finally put down in 699 CE. The more moderate Ibadi Kharijites were longer-lived, continuing to wield political power in North and East Africa and in eastern Arabia during the ’Abbasid period. Because of their readiness to declare any opponent as apostate, the extreme Kharijites tended to fragment into small groups. One of the few points that the various Kharijite splinter groups held in common was their view of the caliphate, which differed from other Muslim theories on two points.
  • First, they were principled egalitarians, holding that any pious Muslim (“even an Ethiopian slave“) can become Caliph and that family or tribal affiliation is inconsequential. The only requirements for leadership are piety and acceptance by the community.
  • Second, they agreed that it is the duty of the believers to depose any leader who falls into error. This second principle had profound implications for Kharijite theology. Applying these ideas to the early history of the caliphate, Kharijites only accept Abu Bakr and ‘Umar as legitimate caliphs. Of ‘Uthman’s caliphate they recognize only the first six years as legitimate, and they reject ‘Ali altogether.
By the time that Ibn al-Muqaffa’ wrote his political treatise early in the ‘Abbasid period, the Kharijites were no longer a significant political threat, at least in the Islamic heartlands. The memory of the menace they had posed to Muslim unity and of the moral challenge generated by their pious idealism still weighed heavily on Muslim political and religious thought, however. Even if the Kharijites could no longer threaten, their ghosts still had to be answered. The Ibadis are the only Kharijite group to survive into modern times.

Ibn Taymiyyah

Modern Islam

Salafism and Wahhabism

{{Further|International propagation of Salafism and Wahhabism|International propagation of Salafism and Wahhabism by region|Petro-Islam|Salafi jihadism}}{{Salafi|collapsed=1}}The Salafiyya movement is a conservative,BOOK, Naylor, Phillip, North Africa Revised, 15 January 2015, University of Texas Press,books.google.com/books?id=SSUKBgAAQBAJ&pg=PT302, 5 December 2015, 9780292761926, 24 January 2023,web.archive.org/web/20230124220230/https://books.google.com/books?id=SSUKBgAAQBAJ&pg=PT302, live, Islahi (reform)BOOK, Esposito, John, The Oxford Dictionary of Islam, 2004, Oxford University Press, 275,books.google.com/books?id=6VeCWQfVNjkC&pg=PA275, 5 December 2015, 9780195125597, movement within SunnÄ« Islam that emerged in the second half of the 19th century and advocate a return to the traditions of the “devout ancestors” (Salaf al-Salih). It has been described as the “fastest-growing Islamic movement”; with each scholar expressing diverse views across social, theological, and political spectrum. Salafis follow a doctrine that can be summed up as taking “a fundamentalist approach to Islam, emulating the Prophet Muhammad and his earliest followers—al-salaf al-salih, the ‘pious forefathers’....They reject religious innovation, or bidÊ»ah, and support the implementation of Sharia (Islamic law).” The Salafi movement is often divided into three categories: the largest group are the purists (or quietists), who avoid politics; the second largest group are the militant activists, who get involved in politics; the third and last group are the jihadists, who constitute a minority.NEWS, Salafism: Politics and the puritanical,www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21656189-islams-most-conservative-adherents-are-finding-politics-hard-it-beats, 29 June 2015, The Economist, 27 June 2015, 28 June 2015,www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21656189-islams-most-conservative-adherents-are-finding-politics-hard-it-beats," title="web.archive.org/web/20150628193924www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21656189-islams-most-conservative-adherents-are-finding-politics-hard-it-beats,">web.archive.org/web/20150628193924www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21656189-islams-most-conservative-adherents-are-finding-politics-hard-it-beats, live, Most of the violent Islamist groups come from the Salafi-Jihadist movement and their subgroups.BOOK, Meleagrou-Hitchens, Alexander, Hughes, Seamus, Clifford, Bennett, 2021, The Ideologues,books.google.com/books?id=T4vzDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA111, Homegrown: ISIS in America, London and New York City, New York, I.B. Tauris, 1st, 111–148, 978-1-7883-1485-5, 5 February 2022, 11 January 2023,web.archive.org/web/20230111173505/https://books.google.com/books?id=T4vzDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA111, live, In recent years, Jihadi-Salafist doctrines have often been associated with the armed insurgencies of Islamic extremist movements and terrorist organizations targeting innocent civilians, both Muslims and Non-Muslims, such as al-Qaeda, ISIL/ISIS/IS/Daesh, Boko Haram, etc.BOOK, Marc Sageman, Understanding Terror Networks,books.google.com/books?id=iCoYDUv63L8C&pg=PA61, 21 September 2011, University of Pennsylvania Press, 978-0-8122-0679-1, 61–, BOOK, Vincenzo Oliveti, Terror’s Source: The Ideology of Wahhabi-Salafism and Its Consequences,books.google.com/books?id=rYFtQgAACAAJ, January 2002, Amadeus Books, 978-0-9543729-0-3, The second largest group are the Salafi activists who have a long tradition of political activism, such as those that operate in organizations like the Muslim Brotherhood, the Arab world’s major Islamist movement. In the aftermath of widescale repressions after the Arab spring, accompanied by their political failures, the activist-Salafi movements have undergone a decline. The most numerous are the quietists, who believe in disengagement from politics and accept allegiance to Muslim governments, no matter how tyrannical, to avoid fitna (chaos).The Wahhabi movement was founded and spearheaded by the ḤanbalÄ« scholar and theologian Muhammad ibn Ê¿Abd al-Wahhab,ENCYCLOPEDIA, Peskes, Esther, Wahhabis, 2012, 1993, Bearman, P. J., Peri Bearman, Bianquis, Th., Thierry Bianquis, Bosworth, C. E., Clifford Edmund Bosworth, van Donzel, E. J., Emeri Johannes van Donzel, Heinrichs, W. P., Wolfhart Heinrichs, Encyclopaedia of Islam#2nd edition, EI2, Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, Leiden, Brill Publishers, 10.1163/1877-5888_rpp_SIM_224015, 978-9004161214, BOOK, Bokhari, Kamran, Senzai, Farid, 2013, Conditionalist Islamists: The Case of the Salafis,books.google.com/books?id=ThiuAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA81, Political Islam in the Age of Democratization, New York City, New York, Palgrave Macmillan, 81–100, 10.1057/9781137313492_5, 978-1-137-31349-2, ENCYCLOPEDIA, Ágoston, Gábor, Bruce, Masters, 2009, Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire, Ibn Abd al-Wahhab, Muhammad,books.google.com/books?id=QjzYdCxumFcC&pg=PA260, New York City, New York, Facts On File, 260–261, 978-0816062591, 2008020716, Archived copy, 5 February 2022, 24 January 2023,web.archive.org/web/20230124220250/https://books.google.com/books?id=QjzYdCxumFcC&pg=PA260, live, a religious preacher from the Najd region in central Arabia,BOOK, Wagemakers, Joas, 2021, Part 3: Fundamentalisms and Extremists – The Citadel of Salafism, Cusack, Carole M., Carole M. Cusack, Upal, M. Afzal, Afzal Upal, Handbook of Islamic Sects and Movements, Leiden and Boston, Brill Publishers, Brill Handbooks on Contemporary Religion, 21, 10.1163/9789004435544_019, free, 333–347, 978-90-04-43554-4, 1874-6691, ENCYCLOPEDIA, Laoust, H., Ibn Ê¿Abd al-Wahhāb, 1993, 2012, Bearman, P. J., Peri Bearman, Bianquis, Th., Thierry Bianquis, Bosworth, C. E., Clifford Edmund Bosworth, van Donzel, E. J., Emeri Johannes van Donzel, Heinrichs, W. P., Wolfhart Heinrichs, Encyclopaedia of Islam, 2nd, Leiden, Brill Publishers, 10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_3033, 978-90-04-16121-4, BOOK, Haykel, Bernard, Bernard Haykel,books.google.com/books?id=q1I0pcrFFSUC&pg=PA231, Ibn ‛Abd al-Wahhab, Muhammad (1703–92), 2013, Böwering, Gerhard, Gerhard Böwering, Crone, Patricia, Patricia Crone, Kadi, Wadad, Mirza, Mahan, Stewart, Devin J., Devin J. Stewart, Zaman, Muhammad Qasim, The Princeton Encyclopedia of Islamic Political Thought, Princeton, New Jersey, Princeton, NJ, Princeton University Press, 231–232, 978-0-691-13484-0, 15 July 2020, 24 January 2023,web.archive.org/web/20230124220300/https://books.google.com/books?id=q1I0pcrFFSUC&pg=PA231, live, BOOK, Esposito, John L., John Esposito, 2004, The Oxford Dictionary of Islam,books.google.com/books?id=6VeCWQfVNjkC&pg=PA123, Ibn Abd al-Wahhab, Muhammad (d. 1791), New York City, New York, Oxford University Press, 123, 0-19-512559-2, 1 October 2020, 24 January 2023,web.archive.org/web/20230124220242/https://books.google.com/books?id=6VeCWQfVNjkC&pg=PA123, live, WEB,www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e916, Ibn Abd al-Wahhab, Muhammad – Oxford Islamic Studies Online, 2020, oxfordislamicstudies.com, Oxford University Press, 15 July 2020, 12 July 2016,www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e916," title="web.archive.org/web/20160712051853www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e916,">web.archive.org/web/20160712051853www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e916, dead, and was instrumental in the rise of the House of Saud to power in the Arabian peninsula. Ibn Ê¿Abd al-Wahhab sought to revive and purify Islam from what he perceived as non-Islamic popular religious beliefs and practices by returning to what, he believed, were the fundamental principles of the Islamic religion. His works were generally short, full of quotations from the Quran and Hadith literature, such as his main and foremost theological treatise, Kitāb at-Tawḥīd (; “The Book of Oneness“). He taught that the primary doctrine of Islam was the uniqueness and oneness of God (tawḥīd), and denounced what he held to be popular religious beliefs and practices among Muslims that he considered to be akin to heretical innovation (bidÊ¿ah) and polytheism (shirk).Wahhabism has been described as a conservative, strict, and fundamentalist branch of SunnÄ« Islam,BOOK, Musa, Mohd Faizal, 2018, The Riyal and Ringgit of Petro-Islam: Investing Salafism in Education, Saat, Norshahril, Islam in Southeast Asia: Negotiating Modernity, Singapore, ISEAS Publishing, 10.1355/9789814818001-006, 63–88, 9789814818001, 159438333, with puritan views, believing in a literal interpretation of the Quran. The terms “Wahhabism” and “Salafism” are sometimes evoked interchangeably, although the designation “Wahhabi” is specifically applied to the followers of Muhammad ibn Ê¿Abd al-Wahhab and his reformist doctrines. The label “Wahhabi” was not claimed by his followers, who usually refer themselves as al-MuwaḥḥidÅ«n (“affirmers of the singularity of God“), but is rather employed by Western scholars as well as his critics. Starting in the mid-1970s and 1980s, the international propagation of Salafism and Wahhabism within SunnÄ« Islam favored by the Kingdom of Saudi ArabiaJOURNAL, Hasan, Noorhaidi, 2010, The Failure of the Wahhabi Campaign: Transnational Islam and the Salafi madrasa in post-9/11 Indonesia, South East Asia Research, Taylor & Francis on behalf of the SOAS University of London, 18, 4, 675–705, 10.5367/sear.2010.0015, 2043-6874, 23750964, 147114018, WEB, 2016-10-05, 6 common misconceptions about Salafi Muslims in the West,blog.oup.com/2016/10/6-misconceptions-salafi-muslims/, 2021-08-20, OUPblog, en, 4 November 2021,web.archive.org/web/20211104184236/https://blog.oup.com/2016/10/6-misconceptions-salafi-muslims/, live, and other Arab states of the Persian Gulf has achieved what the French political scientist Gilles Kepel defined as a “preeminent position of strength in the global expression of Islam.“BOOK, Kepel, Gilles, Gilles Kepel, 2003, Jihad: The Trail of Political Islam, New York City, New York, I.B. Tauris, 61–62, 9781845112578,books.google.com/books?id=OLvTNk75hUoC&q=%22petro-islam%22&pg=PA61, 5 February 2022, 24 January 2023,web.archive.org/web/20230124220249/https://books.google.com/books?id=OLvTNk75hUoC&q=%22petro-islam%22&pg=PA61, live, 22 months after the September 11 attacks, when the FBI considered al-Qaeda as “the number one terrorist threat to the United States”, journalist Stephen Schwartz and U.S. Senator Jon Kyl have explicitly stated during a hearing that occurred in June 2003 before the Subcommittee on Terrorism, Technology, and Homeland Security of the U.S. Senate that “Wahhabism is the source of the overwhelming majority of terrorist atrocities in today’s world”.WEB, Terrorism: Growing Wahhabi Influence in the United States,www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CHRG-108shrg91326/html/CHRG-108shrg91326.htm, 26 June 2003, www.govinfo.gov, Washington, D.C., United States Government Publishing Office,web.archive.org/web/20181215092631/https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CHRG-108shrg91326/html/CHRG-108shrg91326.htm, 15 December 2018, live, 26 June 2021, Nearly 22 months have passed since the atrocity of September 11 attacks, September 11th. Since then, many questions have been asked about the role in that day’s terrible events and in other challenges we face in the War on terror, war against terror of Saudi Arabia and its official sect, a separatist, exclusionary and violent form of Islam known as Wahhabism. It is widely recognized that all of the Hijackers in the September 11 attacks, 19 suicide pilots were Wahhabi followers. In addition, 15 of the 19 were Saudi subjects. Journalists and experts, as well as spokespeople of the world, have said that Wahhabism is the source of the overwhelming majority of terrorist atrocities in today’s world, from Morocco to Indonesia, via Israel, Saudi Arabia, Chechnya. In addition, Saudi media sources have identified Wahhabi agents from Saudi Arabia as being responsible for terrorist attacks on U.S. Invasion of Iraq, U.S. troops in Iraq. The Washington Post has confirmed Wahhabi involvement in attacks against U.S. forces in Fallujah during the Iraq War, Fallujah. To examine the role of Wahhabism and terrorism is not to label all Muslims as extremists. Indeed, I want to make this point very, very clear. It is the exact opposite. Analyzing Wahhabism means identifying the extreme element that, although enjoying immense political and financial resources, thanks to support by a sector of the Saudi state, seeks to globally hijack Islam [...] The problem we are looking at today is the State-sponsored doctrine and funding of an extremist ideology that provides the recruiting grounds, support infrastructure and monetary life blood of today’s international terrorists. The extremist ideology is Wahhabism, a major force behind terrorist groups, like Al-Qaeda, al Qaeda, a group that, according to the Federal Bureau of Investigation, FBI, and I am quoting, is the “number one terrorist threat to the U.S. today”., As part of the global “War on Terror”, Wahhabism has been accused by the European Parliament, various Western security analysts, and think tanks like the RAND Corporation, as being “a source of global terrorism”.NEWS, Haider, Murtaza, European Parliament identifies Wahabi and Salafi roots of global terrorism,www.dawn.com/news/1029713, 3 August 2014, Dawn, Pakistan, Jul 22, 2013, 26 December 2018,web.archive.org/web/20181226130328/https://www.dawn.com/news/1029713, live, Furthermore, Wahhabism has been accused of causing disunity in the Muslim community (Ummah) and criticized for its followers’ destruction of many Islamic, cultural, and historical sites associated with the early history of Islam and the first generation of Muslims (Muhammad’s family and his companions) in Saudi Arabia.ENCYCLOPEDIA, Encyclopædia Britannica, WahhābÄ« (Islamic movement),www.britannica.com/topic/Wahhabi, 9 June 2020, 1 July 2020, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., Edinburgh,web.archive.org/web/20200626201633/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Wahhabi, 26 June 2020, live, Because Wahhabism, Wahhābism prohibits the veneration of shrines, tombs, and sacred objects, many sites associated with the early history of Islam, such as the homes and graves of companions of Muhammad, were demolished under Saudi rule. Preservationists have estimated that as many as 95 percent of the historic sites around Mecca and Medina have been razed., BOOK
, Rabasa
, Angel
, Benard, Cheryl
, The Muslim World After 9/11
, 2004
, Rand Corporation
, 0-8330-3712-9
, 103, note 60
, The Middle East: Cradle of the Muslim World
, NEWS
,www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/the-destruction-of-mecca-saudi-hardliners-are-wiping-out-their-own-heritage-501647.html
, The destruction of Mecca: Saudi hardliners are wiping out their own heritage
, 2009-12-21
, Howden
, Daniel
, 6 August 2005
, The Independent
, 2011-10-20
,www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/the-destruction-of-mecca-saudi-hardliners-are-wiping-out-their-own-heritage-501647.html" title="web.archive.org/web/20111020143746www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/the-destruction-of-mecca-saudi-hardliners-are-wiping-out-their-own-heritage-501647.html">web.archive.org/web/20111020143746www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/the-destruction-of-mecca-saudi-hardliners-are-wiping-out-their-own-heritage-501647.html
, dead
, WEB, Finn, Helena Kane, Cultural Terrorism and Wahhabi Islam, Council on Foreign Relations, 8 October 2002,www.cfr.org/world/cultural-terrorism-wahhabi-islam/p5234,www.cfr.org/world/cultural-terrorism-wahhabi-islam/p5234," title="web.archive.org/web/20140904022946www.cfr.org/world/cultural-terrorism-wahhabi-islam/p5234,">web.archive.org/web/20140904022946www.cfr.org/world/cultural-terrorism-wahhabi-islam/p5234, dead, 4 September 2014, 5 August 2014, It is the undisputed case that the Taliban justification for this travesty [the destruction of the Buddha statues at Bamiyan] can be traced to the Wahhabi indoctrination program prevalent in the Afghan refugee camps and Saudi-funded Islamic schools (madrasas) in Pakistan that produced the Taliban. ...In Saudi Arabia itself, the destruction has focused on the architectural heritage of Islam’s two holiest cities, Mecca and Medina, where Wahhabi religious foundations, with state support, have systematically demolished centuries-old mosques and mausolea, as well as hundreds of traditional Hijazi mansions and palaces.,

Contemporary Islam

The contemporary period begins after 1924. With the defeat and dissolution of the Ottoman Empire (1908–1922), the Ottoman Caliphate was also abolished. This event heavily influenced Islamic thinking in general, but also what would later be coined radical Islamic thought.BOOK, Cook, David, Understanding Jihad, University of California Press, 2015, 9780520287327, 93, Key thinkers that wrote about Islam in the 20th century, and especially about jihad, include:

Muhammad Abduh

Rashid Rida

Hassan al-Banna

Abul A’la al-Maududi

Sayyid Qutb

File:Hamid Mir interviewing Osama bin Laden and Ayman al-Zawahiri 2001.jpg|thumb|right|Osama bin Laden and Ayman al-Zawahiri of al-Qaeda have promoted the overthrow of secular governments.BOOK, Gallagher, Eugene V., Willsky-Ciollo, Lydia, Eugene V. Gallagher, 2021, Al-Qaeda,books.google.com/books?id=Id4aEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA13, New Religions: Emerging Faiths and Religious Cultures in the Modern World, Santa Barbara, California, ABC-CLIO, 1, 13–15, 978-1-4408-6235-9, 31 October 2021, 24 January 2023,web.archive.org/web/20230124220232/https://books.google.com/books?id=Id4aEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA13, live, BOOK, Aydınlı, Ersel, 2018, 2016, Violent Non-State Actors: From Anarchists to Jihadists, The Jihadists pre-9/11,books.google.com/books?id=hq1TDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA65, London and New York City, New York, Routledge, 1st, Routledge Studies on Challenges, Crises, and Dissent in World Politics, 65–109, 978-1-315-56139-4, 2015050373, 31 October 2021, 24 January 2023,web.archive.org/web/20230124220232/https://books.google.com/books?id=hq1TDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA65, live, BOOK, Moussalli, Ahmad S., 2012, Sayyid Qutb: Founder of Radical Islamic Political Ideology,books.google.com/books?id=D-LfCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA9, Akbarzadeh, Shahram, Routledge Handbook of Political Islam, London and New York City, New York, (Routledge]], 1st, 9–26, 9781138577824, 2011025970, 26 October 2021, 24 January 2023,web.archive.org/web/20230124220249/https://books.google.com/books?id=D-LfCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA9, live, )Sayyid Qutb, an Egyptian Islamist ideologue and prominent figurehead of the Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt, was influential in promoting the Pan-Islamist ideology in the 1960s.BOOK, Polk, William R., William R. Polk, 2018, The Philosopher of the Muslim Revolt, Sayyid Qutb,books.google.com/books?id=ozFDDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA370, Crusade and Jihad: The Thousand-Year War Between the Muslim World and the Global North, New Haven, Connecticut, New Haven and London, Yale University Press, The Henry L. Stimson Lectures Series, 370–380, 10.2307/j.ctv1bvnfdq.40, 978-0-300-22290-6, j.ctv1bvnfdq.40, 2017942543, 31 October 2021, 24 January 2023,web.archive.org/web/20230124220252/https://books.google.com/books?id=ozFDDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA370, live, When he was executed by the Egyptian government under the regime of Gamal Abdel Nasser, Ayman al-Zawahiri formed the organization Egyptian Islamic Jihad to replace the government with an Islamic state that would reflect Qutb’s ideas for the Islamic revival that he yearned for.BOOK, The Looming Tower, Lawrence Wright, Lawrence Wright, Knopf, 2006, 0-375-41486-X, 2, The Qutbist ideology has been influential on jihadist movements and Islamic terrorists that seek to overthrow secular governments, most notably Osama bin Laden and Ayman al-Zawahiri of al-Qaeda, as well as the Salafi-jihadi terrorist group ISIL/ISIS/IS/Daesh.JOURNAL, Baele, Stephane J., October 2019, Conspiratorial Narratives in Violent Political Actors’ Language,ore.exeter.ac.uk/repository/bitstream/10871/37355/2/ConspiratorialNarratives_MainArticle_Resubmit_FINAL_CLEAN%20.pdf, Giles, Howard, Journal of Language and Social Psychology, SAGE Publications, 38, 5–6, 706–734, 10.1177/0261927X19868494, free, 10871/37355, free, 1552-6526, 195448888, 3 January 2022, Moreover, Qutb’s books have been frequently been cited by Osama bin Laden and Anwar al-Awlaki.NEWS,www.nytimes.com/2010/05/09/world/09awlaki.html?pagewanted=5&hp, Imam’s Path From Condemning Terror to Preaching Jihad, Scott Shane, Souad Mekhennet, Robert F. Worth, amp, 8 May 2010, The New York Times, 13 May 2010, 11 May 2010,www.nytimes.com/2010/05/09/world/09awlaki.html?pagewanted=5&hp," title="web.archive.org/web/20100511083519www.nytimes.com/2010/05/09/world/09awlaki.html?pagewanted=5&hp,">web.archive.org/web/20100511083519www.nytimes.com/2010/05/09/world/09awlaki.html?pagewanted=5&hp, live, Robert Irwin, “Is this the man who inspired Bin Laden?” {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209042236www.theguardian.com/world/2001/nov/01/afghanistan.terrorism3 |date=9 December 2022 }} The Guardian (1 November 2001).Paul Berman, “The Philosopher of Islamic Terror” {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209042239www.nytimes.com/2003/03/23/magazine/the-philosopher-of-islamic-terror.html |date=9 December 2022 }}, New York Times Magazine (23 March 2003).WEB,www.pbs.org/weta/crossroads/incl/Out-of-the-Shadows.pdf, Out of the Shadows: Getting ahead of prisoner radicalization, PBS, 3 January 2022, 23 April 2013,www.pbs.org/weta/crossroads/incl/Out-of-the-Shadows.pdf," title="web.archive.org/web/20130423144416www.pbs.org/weta/crossroads/incl/Out-of-the-Shadows.pdf,">web.archive.org/web/20130423144416www.pbs.org/weta/crossroads/incl/Out-of-the-Shadows.pdf, live, WEB,www.pwhce.org/evolutionofalqaeda.html, The Evolution of Al-Qaeda: Osama bin Laden and Abu Musab al-Zarqawi, Trevor Stanley, 26 February 2015, 3 January 2022,www.pwhce.org/evolutionofalqaeda.html," title="web.archive.org/web/20220103022401www.pwhce.org/evolutionofalqaeda.html,">web.archive.org/web/20220103022401www.pwhce.org/evolutionofalqaeda.html, live, Qutbism: An Ideology of Islamic-Fascism {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070609120804www.carlisle.army.mil/usawc/parameters/07spring/eikmeier.htm |date=2007-06-09 }} by Dale C. Eikmeier. From Parameters, Spring 2007, pp. 85–98.Sayyid Qutb could be said to have founded the actual movement of radical Islam.BOOK, Cook, David, David Cook (historian), 2015, 2005, Radical Islam and Contemporary Jihad Theory,books.google.com/books?id=SqE2DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA102, Understanding Jihad, Berkeley, California, Berkeley, University of California Press, 2nd, 102–110, 9780520287327, 10.1525/j.ctv1xxt55.10, 2015010201, 26 October 2021, 24 January 2023,web.archive.org/web/20230124220253/https://books.google.com/books?id=SqE2DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA102, live, Unlike the other Islamic thinkers that have been mentioned above, Qutb was not an apologist. He was a prominent leader of the Muslim Brotherhood and a highly influential Islamist ideologue, and the first to articulate these anathemizing principles in his magnum opus FÄ« ẓilāl al-Qurʾān (In the shade of the Qurʾān) and his 1966 manifesto Maʿālim fÄ«l-á¹­arÄ«q (Milestones), which lead to his execution by the Egyptian government.Gibril Haddad, “Quietism and End-Time Reclusion in the Qurʾān and Hadith: Al-NābulusÄ« and His Book TakmÄ«l Al-NuÊ¿Å«t within the Ê¿uzla Genre”, Islamic Sciences 15, no. 2 (2017): pp. 108-109) Other Salafi movements in the Middle East and North Africa and across the Muslim world adopted many of his Islamist principles.According to Qutb, the Muslim community (Ummah) has been extinct for several centuries and reverted to jahiliyah (the pre-Islamic age of ignorance) because those who call themselves Muslims have failed to follow the sharia law. In order to restore Islam, bring back its days of glory, and free the Muslims from the clasps of ignorance, Qutb proposed the shunning of modern society, establishing a vanguard modeled after the early Muslims, preaching, and bracing oneself for poverty or even death as preparation for jihad against what he perceived as jahili government/society, and overthrow them. Qutbism, the radical Islamist ideology derived from the ideas of Qutb, was denounced by many prominent Muslim scholars as well as other members of the Muslim Brotherhood, like Yusuf al-Qaradawi.

{{visible anchor|Active Islamic extremist groups|Active_Islamic_Extremist_Groups}}

Groups

{{Incomplete list|date=October 2016}}{| class=“wikitable sortable” style="width:100%“! style="width:16%;“|Group Name! style="width:5%;“|Banner! style="width:8%;“|Home Base! style="width:12%;“|Leaders! style="width:8%;“|Strength! style="width:8%;“|Casualties! style="width:35%;“|Ideology| Al-Qaeda
(File:Flag of al-Qaeda.svg|90px)Afghanistan, Pakistan, and Middle East and North Africa>MENA regionOsama bin Laden{{KIA}} (1988–2011)Ayman al-Zawahiri{{KIA}} (2011–2022)Saif al-Adel(de facto; 2022–present) TITLE=HOW MANY AL QAEDA OPERATIVES ARE NOW LEFT IN AFGHANISTAN? – THREAT MATRIX DATE=26 APRIL 2011 ARCHIVE-DATE=6 JULY 2014 URL-STATUS=LIVE, HTTP://WWW.HUFFINGTONPOST.COM/2012/10/21/AL-QAEDA-AFGHANISTAN-COMEBACK_N_1997994.HTML >ARCHIVE-URL=HTTPS://WEB.ARCHIVE.ORG/WEB/20121023084738/HTTP://WWW.HUFFINGTONPOST.COM/2012/10/21/AL-QAEDA-AFGHANISTAN-COMEBACK_N_1997994.HTML ARCHIVE-DATE=23 OCTOBER 2012 WORK=HUFFPOSTACCESS-DATE=10 APRIL 2014, WEBSITE=NPSGLOBAL.ORGARCHIVE-DATE=12 JANUARY 2021URL-STATUS=LIVE, Sunni Islam>SunnÄ« Islamism and militant terrorist organization which aims to “restore Islam” and establish “true Islamic states”, implement Sharia law, and rid the Muslim world of any Kafir>Non-Muslim influences by following the Qutbism of the Egyptian Islamist ideologue and propagandist Sayyid Qutb.KEPELTITLE=JIHAD: THE TRAIL OF POLITICAL ISLAMURL-ACCESS=REGISTRATIONDATE=2002ISBN=9780674008779, GKJTPI2002, The title translates to “Organization of the Base of Jihad”.
| Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb
(File:Flag of al-Qaeda.svg|90px)Kabylie>Kabylie Mountains, Algeria| Abdelmalek Droukdel PUBLISHER =BBC ACCESS-DATE =2 JULY 2015 ARCHIVE-URL =HTTPS://WEB.ARCHIVE.ORG/WEB/20150712043959/HTTP://WWW.BBC.COM/NEWS/WORLD-AFRICA-17308138, live, | 200+AQIM is a Sunni Islam>Sunnī Islamist and militant terrorist organization which aims to overthrow the Government of Algeria and replace it with an Islamic state.
Al-Mourabitoun (militant group)>Al-Mourabitouna.k.a. al-Qaeda West Africa(File:Flag of al-Qaeda.svg|90px)| Mali, Niger, and Libya| Mokhtar Belmokhtar| Under 100 (French claim)| Killed 27 in the 2015 Bamako hotel attack.| Affiliated branch of al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb listed above.
Ansar al-Sharia (Yemen)>Ansar al-Sharia in Yemena.k.a. Al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula(File:Flag of al-Qaeda.svg|90px)| YemenNasir al-Wuhayshi{{KIA}} (2011–15)Qasim al-Raymi{{KIA}} (2015 – 2020)HTTPS://WWW.REUTERS.COM/ARTICLE/2015/06/16/US-YEMEN-SECURITY-QAEDA-US-IDUSKBN0OW0FJ20150616?FEEDTYPE=RSS&FEEDNAME=WORLDNEWS URL-STATUS=DEAD TITLE=AL QAEDA IN YEMEN SAYS LEADER KILLED IN U.S. BOMBING WORK=REUTERS, 16 June 2015, | 2,000+2012 Sana’a bombing and 2013 Sana’a attack.KENDALL DATE=8 SEPTEMBER 2021 TITLE=TWENTY YEARS AFTER 9/11: THE JIHADI THREAT IN THE ARABIAN PENINSULA EDITOR1-LAST=CRUICKSHANK EDITOR2-LAST=HUMMEL JOURNAL=CTC SENTINEL ISSUE=7 PUBLISHER=COMBATING TERRORISM CENTER WEST POINT, NEW YORK >ARCHIVE-URL=HTTPS://WEB.ARCHIVE.ORG/WEB/20210908175925/HTTPS://CTC.USMA.EDU/WP-CONTENT/UPLOADS/2021/09/CTC-SENTINEL-072021.PDF ACCESS-DATE=10 NOVEMBER 2021, AQAP is considered the most activeHTTP://WWW.CFR.ORG/YEMEN/AL-QAEDA-ARABIAN-PENINSULA-AQAP/P9369 PUBLISHER=CFR.ORG ARCHIVE-DATE=15 MAY 2017 URL-STATUS=DEAD, of al-Qaeda’s branches, or “Franchising”, that emerged due to weakening central leadership.HTTPS://WWW.FORBES.COM/SITES/REALSPIN/2011/10/06/THE-AL-QAEDA-BRAND-DIED-LAST-WEEK/ WORK=FORBES ACCESS-DATE=7 SEPTEMBER 2011 ARCHIVE-URL=HTTPS://WEB.ARCHIVE.ORG/WEB/20150216101626/HTTP://WWW.FORBES.COM/SITES/REALSPIN/2011/10/06/THE-AL-QAEDA-BRAND-DIED-LAST-WEEK/ Federal government of the United States>U.S. Government believes AQAP to be the most dangerous al-Qaeda branch due to its emphasis on attacking the “far enemy” and its reputation for plotting attacks on overseas targets.WHAT IS AL QAEDA IN THE ARABIAN PENINSULA? >URL=HTTP://EDITION.CNN.COM/2015/01/14/MIDDLEEAST/YEMEN-AL-QAEDA-ARABIAN-PENINSULA/ DATE=14 JANUARY 2015 ARCHIVE-DATE=25 MARCH 2021 URL-STATUS=LIVE,
| al-Qaeda in the Indian Subcontinent
(File:Flag of AQIS.jpg|90px)| India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and Myanmar| Asim UmarFIRST1=DAVID E.FIRST2=MARKTITLE=NEW ESTIMATE OF STRENGTH OF AL QAEDA IS OFFEREDACCESS-DATE=24 FEBRUARY 2017ARCHIVE-URL=HTTPS://WEB.ARCHIVE.ORG/WEB/20210308163907/HTTPS://WWW.NYTIMES.COM/2010/07/01/WORLD/ASIA/01QAEDA.HTMLWORK=THE SUNDAY GUARDIANACCESS-DATE=5 JUNE 2014ARCHIVE-URL=HTTPS://WEB.ARCHIVE.ORG/WEB/20160330194245/HTTP://WWW.SUNDAY-GUARDIAN.COM/NEWS/AL-QAEDA-FINDS-BASE-IN-INDIA-MODI-IS-ON-ITS-RADAR, dead, | Claims 6 killed in assassinations. Naval frigate hijacking attempted in 2014.AQIS is a Sunni Islam>Sunnī Islamism and militant terrorist organization which aims to overthrow the Governments of Government of Pakistan>Pakistan, Government of India, Government of Myanmar>Myanmar, and Bangladesh in order to establish an Islamic state.
Boko Haram – West Africa Province of the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant>Islamic State Caliphate(File:AQMI_Flag_asymmetric.svg|90px)Nigeria, Chad, Niger, Mali, and northern CameroonBACON AUTHOR2-LAST=WARNER DATE=8 SEPTEMBER 2021 TITLE=TWENTY YEARS AFTER 9/11: THE THREAT IN AFRICA—THE NEW EPICENTER OF GLOBAL JIHADI TERROR EDITOR1-LAST=CRUICKSHANK EDITOR2-LAST=HUMMEL JOURNAL=CTC SENTINEL ISSUE=7 PUBLISHER=COMBATING TERRORISM CENTER WEST POINT, NEW YORK >ARCHIVE-URL=HTTPS://WEB.ARCHIVE.ORG/WEB/20210908175925/HTTPS://CTC.USMA.EDU/WP-CONTENT/UPLOADS/2021/09/CTC-SENTINEL-072021.PDF ACCESS-DATE=10 NOVEMBER 2021, Mohammed Yusuf (Boko Haram)>Mohammed Yusuf{{KIA}} (founder2002 - 2009)Abubakar Shekau{{KIA}} (2009-2021)PUBLISHER=CONFLICT NEWS ARCHIVE-URL=HTTPS://WEB.ARCHIVE.ORG/WEB/20150317153121/HTTP://WWW.CONFLICT-NEWS.COM/BOKO-HARAM-WORSE-ISIS/ URL=HTTP://WWW.VISIONOFHUMANITY.ORG/SITES/DEFAULT/FILES/GLOBAL%20TERRORISM%20INDEX%20REPORT%202014.PDF ACCESS-DATE=23 FEBRUARY 2015 ARCHIVE-URL=HTTPS://WEB.ARCHIVE.ORG/WEB/20150216091255/HTTP://WWW.VISIONOFHUMANITY.ORG/SITES/DEFAULT/FILES/GLOBAL%20TERRORISM%20INDEX%20REPORT%202014.PDF DATE=12 JUNE 2014 ARCHIVE-DATE=11 JANUARY 2022 URL-STATUS=LIVE, | Since 2009, it has killed 20,000 and displaced 2.3 million.Sunni Islam>SunnÄ« Islamic fundamentalism and influenced by the Wahhabism>Wahhabi doctrine, advocating a strict form of Sharia law. Since 2015 Boko Haram has pledged allegiance to the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL), rebranding itself as Islamic State’s West Africa Province (ISWAP).
Hamas(acronym for Harakat al-Muqawama al-Islamiyah, “Islamic Resistance Movement“)TARAKI DATE=JANUARY–FEBRUARY 1989 URL=HTTPS://MERIP.ORG/1989/01/THE-ISLAMIC-RESISTANCE-MOVEMENT-IN-THE-PALESTINIAN-UPRISING/ MAGAZINE=MIDDLE EAST REPORT MIDDLE EAST RESEARCH AND INFORMATION PROJECT>MERIP TACOMA, WASHINGTON >ISSUE=156 DOI=10.2307/3012813 ISSN=0899-2851 ARCHIVE-URL=HTTPS://WEB.ARCHIVE.ORG/WEB/20220201212246/HTTPS://MERIP.ORG/1989/01/THE-ISLAMIC-RESISTANCE-MOVEMENT-IN-THE-PALESTINIAN-UPRISING/ ACCESS-DATE=1 FEBRUARY 2022, (File:Flag of Hamas.svg|90px)| Gaza Strip| Khaled MeshaalFIRST=JOHNACCESS-DATE=18 DECEMBER 2015ARCHIVE-URL=HTTPS://WEB.ARCHIVE.ORG/WEB/20140909191643/HTTP://WWW.GLOBALSECURITY.ORG/MILITARY/WORLD/PARA/HAMAS.HTM, live, Palestinian rocket attacks on Israel>rocket attacks and suicide bombers targeting Israel and Israelis.Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt>Muslim Brotherhood. Its 1988 founding 1988 Hamas charter, steeped in Sunni Islam>SunnÄ« Islamism rhetoric, calls for jihad to take all of Palestine (region)>historical Palestine, resulting in the destruction of the State of Israel.
| Hezbollaha.k.a. The Party of Allah
(File:InfoboxHez.PNG|90px)| Lebanon| Sayyid Hassan NasrallahFIRST=JOHNACCESS-DATE=18 DECEMBER 2015ARCHIVE-URL=HTTPS://WEB.ARCHIVE.ORG/WEB/20170611222311/HTTP://WWW.GLOBALSECURITY.ORG/MILITARY/WORLD/PARA/HIZBALLAH.HTM, live, Hezbollah rocket arsenal>rocket attacks and suicide bombers targeting Israel and Israelis.Shia Islam>ShÄ«Ê¿a Islamism and militant group with Jihadism>Jihadist paramilitary wing. Hezbollah was largely formed with the aid of the Ayatollah Khomeini’s followers in the early 1980s in order to spread the Islamic revolution outside of Iran.HTTP://WWW.ATIMES.COM/ATIMES/MIDDLE_EAST/HG20AK02.HTML>ARCHIVE-URL=HTTPS://WEB.ARCHIVE.ORG/WEB/20060720154531/HTTP://WWW.ATIMES.COM/ATIMES/MIDDLE_EAST/HG20AK02.HTMLARCHIVE-DATE=20 JULY 2006FIRST=DAHRWORK=ASIA TIMESACCESS-DATE=23 OCTOBER 2007, HTTP://WWW.MFA.GOV.IL/MFA/MFAARCHIVE/1990_1999/1996/4/HIZBULLAH+-+11-APR-96.HTM>AUTHOR=ISRAEL MINISTRY OF FOREIGN AFFAIRSDATE=11 APRIL 1996ARCHIVE-DATE=26 FEBRUARY 2021URL-STATUS=LIVE,
| Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (commonly known as ISIS, ISIL, IS, or Daesh)
(File:AQMI_Flag_asymmetric.svg|90px)Iraq and Syria (Territory of the Islamic State>occupied territories)Abu Musab al-Zarqawi{{KIA}} (founder 1999 - 2006)Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi{{KIA}} (2010 - 2019)Abu Ibrahim al-Hashimi al-Qurashi>Abu Ibrahimi al-Hashimi al-Qurashi{{KIA}} (2019 - 2022)PROTHERO >FIRST=MITCHELL TITLE=ISIS LEADER KILLED IN US RAID WAS A SNITCH WHO ORCHESTRATED THE YAZIDI GENOCIDE URL-STATUS=LIVE VICE NEWS >LOCATION=NEW YORK CITY >ARCHIVE-URL=HTTPS://WEB.ARCHIVE.ORG/WEB/20220205184919/HTTP://WWW.VICE.COM/EN/ARTICLE/DYP43V/WHO-WAS-ISIS-LEADER-ABU-IBRAHIM-AL-HASHIMI-AL-QURAYSHI ACCESS-DATE=6 FEBRUARY 2022, Abu al-Hasan al-Hashimi al-Qurashi (2022)10 MARCH 2022 >TITLE=ISLAMIC STATE CONFIRMS DEATH OF ITS LEADER, NAMES NEW CHIEF WORK=REUTERS ARCHIVE-DATE=10 MARCH 2022 URL-STATUS=LIVE, Abu al-Hussein al-Husseini al-Qurashi (2022-2023) Abu Hafs al-Hashimi al-Qurashi (2023-present)WORK=THE GUARDIANACCESS-DATE=13 AUGUST 2016ARCHIVE-URL=HTTPS://WEB.ARCHIVE.ORG/WEB/20201129022133/HTTPS://WWW.THEGUARDIAN.COM/WORLD/2016/AUG/11/ISIS-RANKS-DWINDLE-TO-15000-AMID-RETREAT-ON-ALL-FRONTS-CLAIMS-PENTAGONPUBLISHER=NEWS.COM.AUACCESS-DATE=13 AUGUST 2016ARCHIVE-URL=HTTPS://WEB.ARCHIVE.ORG/WEB/20210315124822/HTTPS://WWW.NEWS.COM.AU/WORLD/MIDDLE-EAST/45000-ISLAMIC-STATE-FIGHTERS-TAKEN-OFF-BATTLEFIELDS/NEWS-STORY/4AE3268E7C800A58575244D0F94A9E3A, live, genocides of Persecution of Shias by the Islamic State>ShÄ«Ê¿a Muslims, Genocide of Christians by the Islamic State, Genocide of Yazidis by the Islamic State>Yazidis, other ethnic and religious minorities in the Middle East, and many others around the world by ISIL or groups associated or inspired by ISIL. Since 2015 includes Boko Haram, rebranded as “Islamic State’s West Africa Province” (ISWAP).GLUM>FIRST1=JULIAURL=HTTP://WWW.IBTIMES.COM/HOW-MANY-PEOPLE-HAS-ISIS-KILLED-TERRORIST-ATTACKS-LINKED-ISLAMIC-STATE-HAVE-CAUSED-2399779ACCESS-DATE=27 OCTOBER 2016ARCHIVE-DATE=25 JANUARY 2021URL-STATUS=LIVE, Salafi jihadism>Salafi-jihadist and Sunni Islam militant terrorist organization that follows the Islamic fundamentalism>Islamic fundamentalist Wahhabism of SunnÄ« Islam.FOUAD AL-IBRAHIM WORK=AL AKHBAR ENGLISH ARCHIVE-URL=HTTPS://WEB.ARCHIVE.ORG/WEB/20140824121659/HTTP://ENGLISH.AL-AKHBAR.COM/NODE/21234 ARCHIVE-DATE=24 AUGUST 2014, Originated as the Islamic State of Iraq (ISI). Northern Iraq offensive (June 2014) and is Military intervention against ISIL>currently at war with Iraq, Syria, and a coalition of 60 other countries including the United States, United Kingdom, and France.
| Jemaah Islamiyah
| Southeast Asia: DATE=12 JUNE 2014 LAST1=FREEMAN ARCHIVE-DATE=11 JANUARY 2022 URL-STATUS=LIVE, | Over 250 killed in bombings throughout Indonesia since 2002JI),HTTP://TERRORISM.ABOUT.COM/OD/GROUPSLEADER1/P/JEMAAH_ISLAMIYA.HTMLAST=ZALMANPUBLISHER=ABOUT.COMURL-STATUS=DEADARCHIVE-DATE=16 FEBRUARY 2012, is a Southeast Asian Sunni Islam Islamism>Islamist and militant terrorist organization dedicated to the establishment of a Daulah Islamiyah (regional Islamic caliphate) in Southeast Asia.Counter-Society to Counter-State: Jemaah Islamiah According to Pupji, p. 11., Elena Pavlova, The Institute of Defence and Strategic Studies, weblink {{Webarchivewww3.ntu.edu.sg/rsis/publications/WorkingPapers/WP117.pdf>date=27 March 2009}}
| Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistana.k.a. Pakistani Taliban
(File:Flag of Tehrik-i-Taliban.svg|90px)| Northwest Pakistan| Maulana FazlullahTITLE=PAKISTAN ARMY EYES TALIBAN TALKS WITH UNEASEACCESS-DATE=4 JULY 2014BBC NEWS>DATE=25 APRIL 2014ARCHIVE-URL=HTTPS://WEB.ARCHIVE.ORG/WEB/20140704104228/HTTP://WWW.BBC.COM/NEWS/WORLD-ASIA-27133865, live, | hundredsTTP is an umbrella organization of various Sunni Islam>Sunnī Islamism and militant groups protecting foreign Islamic terrorism>Islamic terrorists hiding in the mountains of Pakistan. Not to be confused with the Afghani Taliban.
|Jaish-e-Mohammed
(File:Jaishi-e-Mohammed.svg|90px)Kashmir Valley>Kashmir, India|Masood Azhar||Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)>Jammu and Kashmir to Pakistan. Operates primarily in Jammu and Kashmir.
Lashkar-e-Taiba>Lashkar-e Tayyibaa.k.a. LeT(File:Flag of Lashkar-e-Taiba.svg|90px)Kashmir Valley>Kashmir, India|Hafiz Saeed||Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)>Jammu and Kashmir to Pakistan and, ultimately, install Islamic rule throughout South Asia. Operational throughout India, especially in the northern region of Jammu and Kashmir since at least 1993.HTTPS://WWW.CIA.GOV/LIBRARY/PUBLICATIONS/THE-WORLD-FACTBOOK/FIELDS/396.HTML>ARCHIVE-URL=HTTPS://WEB.ARCHIVE.ORG/WEB/20190111032110/HTTPS://WWW.CIA.GOV/LIBRARY/PUBLICATIONS/THE-WORLD-FACTBOOK/FIELDS/396.HTMLARCHIVE-DATE=11 JANUARY 2019PUBLISHER=CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY, 2019-09-16,
|Allied Democratic Forces
(File:Flag of the Allied Democratic Forces.svg|90px)|Uganda and the Democratic Republic of the Congo |||||
|National Thowheeth Jama’ath
(File:AQMI Flag asymmetric.svg|90px)|Sri Lanka ||| 269 (excluding 9 bombers)|Convert Sri Lanka into an Islamic caliphate

Foreign political support

According to the British historian Mark Curtis, in his book (Secret Affairs: Britain’s Collusion with Radical Islam), Britain has been accused of consistently supporting radical Islam to combat secular nationalism. Because the secular nationalists threatened to seize the resources of their countries and use it for internal development, which was not accepted by England.BOOK, Chomsky, Noam, Vltchek, Andre, On Western Terrorism: From Hiroshima to Drone Warfare, 2013, Pluto Press, 115, 978-1-84964-937-7, The United States, like Britain before it, has been accused of historically supporting radical Islam in the face of secular nationalism, seen as a major threat to Western colonial dominance. Chomsky and coauthors accuse Israel of destroying Egypt and Syria in 1967, two bastions of secular Arab nationalism opposed to Saudi Arabia, which they view as the leader of radical Islam.JOURNAL, Chomsky, Noam, Wainwright, Joel, Nir, Oded, “There Are Always Grounds for Seeking a World That Is More Free and More Just”: An Interview with Noam Chomsky on Israel, Palestine, and Zionism, Rethinking Marxism, 2018, 30, 3, 10.1080/08935696.2018.1525966,doi.org/10.1080/08935696.2018.1525966, 357, 149553671,

See also

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References

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Further reading

External links

{{World topic|prefix=Islamic extremism in|title=Islamic extremism by country|noredlinks=yes}}{{Islamic terrorism in Europe}}

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