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{{Short description|Rape of a single victim by two or more violators}}{{rape}}In scholarly literature and criminology, gang rape, also called serial gang rape, party rape, group rape, or multiple perpetrator rape,Ullman, S. E. (2013). 11 Multiple perpetrator rape victimization. Handbook on the Study of Multiple Perpetrator Rape: A Multidisciplinary Response to an International Problem, Miranda A.H Horvath, Jessica Woodhams (Editors), 4, Chapter 11; {{ISBN|978-0415500449}} is the rape of a single victim by two or more violators.Neumann, Stephani. Gang Rape: Examining Peer Support and Alcohol in Fraternities. Sex Crimes and Paraphilia. Hickey, Eric W., 397-407 Gang rapes are forged on shared identity, religion, ethnic group, or race. There are multiple motives for serial gang rapes, such as for sexual entitlement, asserting sexual prowess, war, punishment, and, in up to 30% of cases, for targeting racial minorities, religious minorities, or ethnic groups.Gang rapes can be part of genocidal rape or ethnic cleansing campaigns.

Gang rape in literature

{{Expand section|date=July 2020}}

Hebrew Bible

The Hebrew Bible documents two narratives of gang rapes: the infamous account of Sodom and the story of the Levite Concubine in Gibeah (presented as a doublet with mimicking literary structure to the former). Both instances result in the judgement of God through destruction and war respectively.

Perpetrator characteristics

Gang rapes are typically perpetrated by two or more men, and tend to have somewhat different characteristics than rapes by individuals. For instance, gang rapists tend to be youngerJOURNAL, Ullman, S. E., 1999, A comparison of gang and individual rape incidents,weblink Violence and Victims, 14, 2, 123–133, 10.1891/0886-6708.14.2.123, 0886-6708, 10418766, 29069025, and are more often repeat offenders, and the gang is more likely to be under the influence of drugs or alcohol.Gang rapes are more violent on average compared to its individual counterpart, with significantly more severe sexual and non-sexual injuries to the victim. The gang members also typically dehumanize the victim more before and during the rape.Ullman, Sarah (1999). A comparison of gang and individual rape incidents. Violence and victims, 14(2), pp. 123–133Porter, L. E., & Alison, L. J. (2001). A Partially Ordered Scale of Influence in Violent Group Behavior An Example From Gang Rape. Small Group Research, 32(4), pp. 475–497JOURNAL, Berkowitz A, 1992, College men as perpetrators of acquaintance rape and sexual assault: A review of recent research, Journal of American College Health, 40, 4, 175–181, 10.1080/07448481.1992.9936279, 1583239, Gang rapes are almost always premeditated in their intent, target victim(s), social proof, and psychological causes.Smith, Merril (Ed.). (2004). Encyclopedia of rape. Greenwood Publishing Group.Ellis, Lee (Ed.). (1989). Theories of Rape: Recent Inquiries Into the Causes of Sexual Aggression. Taylor & Francis.{{clarify|date=October 2022}} Social factors such as civil wars, hate propaganda, and ethnic conflicts increase the rate of gang rape.Thompson, Allan (Ed.) (2007), The media and the Rwanda genocide. IDRC, {{ISBN|978-9970-02-595-4}}Barnes, A. (Ed.). (2005). The handbook of women, psychology, and the law. John Wiley & SonsRape gang members often have a binding force such as the same race, or place of residence thereby forming a close-knit peer pressure group, encouraged by the behavior of their fellow criminals. Gang rape can result from a group form of criminal spin, in which the group starts with less serious offenses which ultimately lead them to go well beyond their initial intention.In a 2013 study based on 25-year crime data from US and Europe, between 10% and 20% of all rapes were gang rapes. Less than one in three gang rapes are reported, while less than 1 in 20 attempted but failed gang rapes are reported.

Motives

Sexual entitlement and entertainment

A 2013 Lancet report found that among the motives for rape were sexual entitlement and seeking of entertainment. Associated factors in the crime included alcohol misuse, poverty, personal history of childhood victimization, need to prove heterosexual performance, dominance over women, and participation in gangs and related activities. {{As of|September 2013}}, according to the report, most cases were not reported to law enforcement, and just 23% of single or multiple perpetrator rapes that were reported by the victims ended in prison sentence. The 1886 Mount Rennie rape case in Sydney, Australia falls in this category.

As an act of war

Gang rapes during civil wars and ethnic riots take added dimension of becoming a means of revenge, sending a message to the victims' community, inducing fear in the opponent, and creating a sense of solidarity among the soldiers or militants or the violent group.JOURNAL, Olujic, Maria B., 1995, Women, rape, and war: The continued trauma of refugees and displaced persons in Croatia,weblink 2014-03-10,weblink live, Anthropology of East Europe Review, 13, 1, University of Zagreb, 62–67, Miller, Jody, & Glassner, Barry (1997). The ‘inside’and the ‘outside’: finding realities in interviews. Qualitative research, pp. 99–112, chapter 8 At least 20,000 women were raped or gang raped and afterwards killed during the Nanjing Massacre, also known as the Rape of Nanjing, during the Second Sino-Japanese War (1937-1945).Major ethnic conflicts and wars within the last 50 years have witnessed a campaign of gang rapes.Card, Claudia, Rape as a Weapon of War, Hypatia 11.4 (1996), pp. 5–18 Rapes by Soviet soldiers and the Mahmudiyah rape and killings by American soldiers are examples of such war crimes.The Congo war saw thousands of gang rapes every week, with each relief center reporting 10 or more daily victims of gang rape with battering of women.NEWS,weblink The New York Times, Jeffrey, Gettleman, Rape Epidemic Raises Trauma of Congo War, 2007-10-07, 2017-02-21, 2018-10-03,weblink live, WEB,weblink Congo's shame: Rape used as tool of war, Washington Times, 2009-09-08, 2013-11-05, 2013-11-10,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20131110022051weblink">weblink live, The Rwandan genocide of 1994 witnessed numerous gang rapes by soldiers.Morris, M. (1996). By force of arms: Rape, war, and military culture. Duke Law Journal, 45, pp. 651–699 The Bosnian war during the 1990s saw a similar campaign of gang rapes.Stiglmayer, A. (Ed.). (1994). Mass rape: The war against women in Bosnia-Herzegovina, University of Nebraska Press In the 1990s, the Kashmir region which was a battlefield between Jihadists and the Indian armed forces also saw a number of gang rapes which were perpetrated by both sides of the conflict to instill fear in the population of each side.WEB, R., Viswesh, 2016-06-19, Book Review: Do You Remember Kunan Poshpora?,weblink 2023-05-18, Feminism in India, In the 2000s, civil war-torn countries such as Sudan, Afghanistan and Syria reported high rates of gang rapes by government soldiers, security forces, insurgents, and militias.Farr, Kathryn. "Extreme war rape in today’s civil-war-torn states: A contextual and comparative analysis." Gender Issues 26.1 (2009): pp. 1–41JOURNAL, Asfour Hasibah, 2013, Concepts of Social Justice and Islamic Perspective, American Journal of Law and Public Policy, 3, 1, 29–34, NEWS,weblink Syrian women who fled to Jordan tell of horrific rapes back home, Toronto Star, 2013-04-06, 2013-11-05, 2013-11-05,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20131105150552weblink">weblink live, NEWS,weblink The Syrian Refugee Crisis, 20 January 2013, The New York Times, 21 February 2017, 24 February 2017,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20170224220935weblink">weblink live, Similar incidents have been recorded in Libya,WEB, AFP,weblink British pro-Palestinian activists raped in Libya: Deputy PM – The Express Tribune, 29 March 2013, Tribune.com.pk, 2014-02-11, 2013-12-27,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20131227183127weblink">weblink live, and Mali.WEB, Corinne Dufka, senior Africa researcher,weblink Mali: War Crimes by Northern Rebels | Human Rights Watch, Hrw.org, 2012-04-30, 2014-02-11, 2022-01-25,weblink live, During the recent Russian-Ukrainian war, especially after the start of the full-scale Russian invasion, numerous cases of gang rapes of Ukrainian women and men, including children, by Russian soldiers were recorded.Ukraine: Rape and torture by Russian forces continuing, rights experts reportRussian troops gang-rape 12-year-old girl in eastern Ukraine - interceptSexual violence by Russian forces is genocide against Ukrainian peopleReuters: Russian soldiers sexually abused 4-year-old child, raped her mother in Kyiv OblastUN Commission publishes report on rape and torture in Russian-occupied territories

As punishment

{{See also|Corrective rape}}A 2013 Lancet report on rape and gang rape in Bangladesh, China, Cambodia, Indonesia, Papua New Guinea, and Sri Lanka found that the crime was committed for various motives, including as a means to inflict punishment on the victim.Traditionally, the Cheyenne people of North America used gang rape as punishment for female transgressions.BOOK, Encyclopedia of Women and Gender: Sex Similarities and Differences and the Impact of Society on Gender, 299, Worell, Judith, Academic Press, 2001, 9780122272455, registration,weblink A similar practice existed among the Munduruku people of South America.BOOK, Weaving the Past: A History of Latin America's Indigenous Women from the Prehispanic Period to the Present,weblink limited, Kellogg, Susan, Oxford University Press, 2005, 150, 9780198040422, Among the Mpumalanga of South Africa, there are instances of gang rape as punishment.BOOK, South African Supplement to Social Psychology 3e, Mynhardt, 7, Pearson South Africa, 9781770255241, 2009, In Argentina and Pakistan,BOOK, The Georgetown Journal of Gender and the Law, Volume 8, 103, Georgetown University Law Center, 2007, gang rape has been reported to have been ordered as punishment.

Religious or racial factors

Though having the same race or religion often acts as a binding force for creating a close-knit serial rape gangs, studies reported that 30% of these shared-identity rape gangs specifically targeted people of another religion or race.BOOK, Allison, Julie A., Wrightsman, Lawrence S.,weblink Rape: The Misunderstood Crime, 1993-06-21, SAGE, 1083053697, 9780803937079,

Gang rape by country

A study found that gang rapes involved more alcohol and drug use, night attacks and severe sexual assault outcomes and less victim resistance and fewer weapons than individual rapes.JOURNAL, Ullman, S. E., 1999, A Comparison of Gang and Individual Rape Incidents, Violence and Victims, 14, 2, 123–133, 10418766, 10.1891/0886-6708.14.2.123, 29069025, Another study found that group sexual assaults were more violent and had greater resistance from the victim than individual sexual assaults and that victims of group sexual assaults were more likely to seek crisis and police services, to contemplate suicide and seek psychotherapy than those involved in individual assaults. The two groups were about the same in the amount of drug use and drinking during the assault.JOURNAL, Gidycz, C. A., Koss, M. P., 1990, A Comparison Of Group And Individual Sexual Assault Victims, Psychology of Women Quarterly, 14, 3, 325–342, 10.1111/j.1471-6402.1990.tb00023.x

s2cid=144937986, Porter and Alison have analyzed 739 gang rape cases from US and UK, and found over 20% of the gang rape victims died from injuries from the gang rape.JOURNAL, Porter L. E., Alison L. J., 2006, Examining group rape: A descriptive analysis of offender and victim behaviour, European Journal of Criminology, 3, 3, 357–381, 10.1177/1477370806065586, 144273508, Gang rape is sometimes stereotyped in media as a crime of poor, minorities, or culture; however, gang rape incidence rates are high in wealthy college campuses, among non-minorities and every culture.Sanday, P. (2007). Fraternity gang rape: Sex, brotherhood, and privilege on campus. New York University Press, {{ISBN|978-0-8147-4038-5}} Bangladesh A 2013 Lancet study reports 1.9% of all rural men in Bangladesh have committed multiple perpetrator rape (gang rape) of a woman who was not a partner, compared to 1.4% urban men. 35% of those who have committed gang rapes against women have also committed additional rapes where the victim was a man. The motives of rape included a combination of reasons. Two thirds of the gang rape perpetrators claimed entertainment as their motive, 30% claimed they participated in gang rape out of anger and to inflict punishment on the victim, while 11% indicated the crime followed alcohol consumption.JOURNAL, Jewkes, Rachel, 2013, Prevalence of and factors associated with non-partner rape perpetration: findings from the UN Multi-country Cross-sectional Study on Men and Violence in Asia and the Pacific, The Lancet Global Health, 1, 4, 208–218, 10.1016/S2214-109X(13)70069-X, etal, 25104346, free, Brazil {{Update|section|inaccurate=yes|date=March 2015}}In the state of Rio de Janeiro alone, over 6,000 rapes are reported every year (or about 37 per 100,000 people). Nationwide, the rape rate varied between 26 and 32 per 100,000 women in 2009.Joseph Murray, Crime and violence in Brazil: Systematic review of time trends, prevalence rates and risk factors, Aggressive Violent Behavior, Sep 2013; 18(5): 471–483 The arrest rates on rape complaints, was 4% in Rio.Rape in Brazil still an invisible crime, Fabiola Ortiz, Inter Press Service (June 24 2013) {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190404183555weblink |date=2019-04-04 }}; Quote "The civil police reported that in the first four months of 2013 there were 1,822 rapes committed in the state, while only 70 persons were arrested for these crimes." About 19.6% of 2011 rapes were gang rapes.Pablo Lira, Índice de violência criminalizada (IVC), II Congresso Consad de Gestão Pública, Gestão em segurança pública, Government of Brasil (2013); pp. 17–23 In 2016, more than 30 men drugged and gang raped a 16-year-old girl and later posted photos and a video to boast about it online.WEB, 2016-05-27, Report of a Gang-Rape in Rio de Janeiro Shocks Brazil – Latin America News Dispatch,weblink 2023-05-20, latindispatch.com, en-US, NEWS, Bearak, Max, 2021-12-01, Dozens of men took part in the gang rape of a Brazilian teen. Then the video surfaced online., en-US, Washington Post,weblink 2023-05-20, 0190-8286, Canada Peer pressure and sexual aggression are among the cited reasons for the crime.De Keseredy & Kelly (1995), Sexual abuse in Canadian university and college dating relationships: The contribution of male peer support, Journal of Family Violence, 10(1), 41–53Horvath & Kelly (2009), Multiple perpetrator rape: Naming an offence and initial research findings, Journal of Sexual Aggression, 15(1), 83-96 Since 1983, Canada does not track rape or gang rape statistics separately, but tracks and reports Sexual Assault Tier 3 which includes both rape and gang rape. The average Sexual Assault Tier 3 victim rate in Canada was 15 per 100,000 women, according to a 2013 Statistics Canada article about violence against women.Maire Sinha, Measuring violence against women: Statistical trends {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131003154528weblink |date=2013-10-03 }} Canadian Centre for Justice Statistics, Statistics Canada, Govt of Canada (February 2013) China {{See also|Yan Xiaoling – Fan Yanqiong case}}A Lancet study reports, in an online survey of 980 Chinese men, 2.2% of them admitted to having committed gang rape (multiple perpetrator rape) of a non-partner woman. About 36% of the perpetrators had raped more than one woman, 50% of those who had committed gang rape had raped both one partner as a single perpetrator as well as a non-partner during a gang rape, while 32% had gang raped a woman and raped a man. The study also found that 90% of the rapists were in the 15–29 age group at the time they perpetrated the first rape.In July 2013, Li Tianyi, the son of Chinese general Li Shuangjiang, was charged with four other men to being part of a gang rape. This case raised significant public anger over seemingly privileged treatment of elite gang rape criminals.WEB,weblinkweblink" title="archive.today/20130906014434weblink">weblink dead, China general's son charged over gang rape - FRANCE 24, 6 September 2013, 6 September 2013, Egypt {{See also|Mass sexual assault in Egypt|Rape in Egypt}}Over two dozen gang rapes were reported during civil protests in Egypt from January to March 2013; however, activists claim that many more gang rapes often go unreported because most women are too ashamed to go to the police or even tell their relatives.NEWS, Marroushi, Nadine,weblink Raped Egypt Women Wish Death Over Life as Crimes Ignored, Bloomberg, 2013-11-05, 2015-01-25,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20150125102446weblink">weblink live, NEWS, Tadros, Mariz,weblink Politically motivated sexual assault: the Egypt story none want to hear, The Guardian, 2013-03-11, 2013-11-05, 2019-04-04,weblink live, During July 2013 at Tahrir Square, mobs assaulted and gang raped at least 46 women in 4 days.WEB,weblink In the Last 4 Days, 91 Women Have Been Sexually Assaulted in Tahrir Square. Can Anything Be Done? - Sarah Goodyear, The Atlantic Cities, 2011-09-20, 2014-02-13, 2014-01-22,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20140122103728weblink">weblink live, A Dutch journalist was also gang-raped in Tahrir Square.NEWS, Megan Levy,weblink Dutch Journalist Raped In Tahrir Square, The Sydney Morning Herald, 2012-04-13, 2013-11-05, 2013-11-18,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20131118083208weblink">weblink live, NEWS,weblink Sexual Assaults Reportedly Rampant During Egypt Protests, NPR, 2013-07-07, 2013-11-05, 2018-12-01,weblink live, A similar gang rape and gang beating was reported by an American journalist in 2011. In a separate survey, over 90% of Egyptian women claimed to have experienced sexual violence in their lifetime.NEWS,weblink Opinion: Gang rapes, the dark side of Egypt's protests, Nina, Burleigh, CNN, 2013-09-06, 2018-09-25,weblink live, France {{Further|Ni Putes Ni Soumises|Rape in France}}Between 5000 and 7000 gang rapes are reported in France every year.WEB,weblink Tournantes: le calvaire de Nina et Stéphanie, 18 September 2012, 6 September 2013, 25 September 2018,weblink live, In banlieues organised gang-rapes are referred to as (:fr:viol en réunion#Le phénomène dit des « tournantes »|tournantes), or "pass-arounds".JOURNAL, Ireland, Susan, Textualizing Trauma in Samira Bellil's Dans l'enfer des tournantes and Fabrice Génestal's La squale, Dalhousie French Studies, Winter 2007, 81, 131–141, 40837893, BOOK, Hron, Madelaine, Translating Pain: Immigrant Suffering in Literature and Culture, 2010, University of Toronto Press, 978-1-4426-9324-1,weblink 2016-02-03, 2016-02-12,weblink live, One of the first people to bring public attention to the culture of gang rape was Samira Bellil, who published a book called Dans l'enfer des tournantes ("In Gang Rape Hell").In October 2012, two girls in Fontenay-sous-Bois on the outskirts of Paris reported experiencing daily gang rapes in the high-rise tower blocks, sometimes by scores of boys. One witness described 50 boys "queuing" to rape her.WEB,weblink Gang-rape trial shocks France and sparks row over justice system, Angelique, Chrisafis, 9 October 2012, The Guardian, 11 December 2016, 22 September 2017,weblink live, 10 of the 14 defendants who were minors at the time of gang rape were acquitted, while the remaining 4 adults found guilty were given 0 to 12 months in prison. This case shocked the country.NEWS,weblink In France, Light Gang Rape Penalties Prompt Outcry, Scott, Sayare, The New York Times, 11 October 2012, 2017-02-21, 2018-09-25,weblink live, In 2014, the case of a Canadian tourist allegedly gang raped by four police officers in Paris received international attention.NEWS,weblink Paris police jailed for Canada tourist rape, 2019-01-31, 2019-03-08, en-GB, 2019-03-08,weblink live, NEWS,weblink France in shock at gang-rape trial of police from famous BRI unit, Willsher, Kim, 2019-01-18, The Guardian, 2019-03-08, en-GB, 0261-3077, 2019-03-08,weblink live, Germany {{Further|Rape in Germany|Rape during the occupation of Germany|New Year's Eve sexual assaults in Germany}} India As with other countries, India does not collect separate data on gang rapes.{{citation needed|date=January 2016}} Rapes are also suggested to be underreported.JOURNAL, Shanmugam Ramalingam, 2013, Informatics about fear to report rapes using bumped-up Poisson model, American Journal of Biostatistics, 3, 1, 17–29, 10.3844/amjbsp.2013.17.29, free, JOURNAL, Babu, Bontha V, Kar, Shantanu K, Domestic violence against women in eastern India: a population-based study on prevalence and related issues, BMC Public Health, 9, 1, 2009, 129, 1471-2458, 10.1186/1471-2458-9-129, 19426515, 2685379, free, The gang rape of a 23-year-old student on a public bus, on 12 December 2012 has focused international attention on India's legal system, especially laws pertaining to the protection of women. It sparked large protests across the capital of India, Delhi.NEWS, 19 December 2012,weblinkweblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20121219231820weblink">weblink dead, December 19, 2012, Video: Protests grow over gang rape of Indian woman, Telegraph, 2012-12-21, London, Several other case of child gang rapes have been also reported, such as the Kathua rape case.WEB,weblink Temple at centre of tragedy: No one coming to mandir for days now - Times of India, The Times of India, NEWS,weblink Kathua case: Charges of rape and murder framed against 7 accused, 7 June 2018, The Economic Times, The large scale protests resulted in amendments in rape laws in India by way of Criminal Law (Amendment) Act, 2013 and formation of "The Nirbhaya Fund", designed to be used for schemes by different states to ensure women's safety and security at public places, a one-stop centre for their grievances, a helpline and other measures.WEB,weblink How Nirbhaya case changed rape laws in India | India News - Times of India, The Times of India, 2020-12-31, 2022-01-25,weblink live, There have been reports of gang rape of tourists in India like the Jharkhand tourist rape case.WEB, Gahlot, Mandakini, Outrage in India over U.S. tourist gang-rape, latest in attacks,weblink USA TODAY, 6 October 2020, 25 September 2018,weblink live, NEWS, A tourist in India posted a video saying she was gang raped. A national debate ensued,weblink NPR, 12 March 2024, Indonesia Reported cases of gang rape include Jakarta International School gang rape of a six-year-old,Ont. teacher detained in Indonesia as gang-rape witness {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140726153654weblink |date=2014-07-26 }} Toronto News, July 17, 2014 gang rape of a Malaysian student in Indonesia, 22-Year-Old Malaysian Student Gang Raped In Indonesia {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20140725235812weblink |date=2014-07-25 }} Malaysia, May 2014 and the Aceh gang rape case where the victim was charged with adultery when she reported the crime.Indonesian woman gang-raped, faces caning for adultery {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170714060827weblink |date=2017-07-14 }} May 6, 2014A Lancet study of Jakarta and Jayapura city on New Guinea island, found gang rape prevalence rate to be 2% and 6.8% of all Indonesian men respectively who, at some point in their lifetime, have committed multiple perpetrator rape. About 52% of the perpetrators had raped more than one woman, 64% of those who had committed gang rape had raped both partner as single perpetrator as well as non-partner during a gang rape, while 12% had gang raped a woman and raped a man. The study also found that 90% of the rapists in Indonesia were in the 15–29 age group when they committed their first rape. Iran (File:Public execution of Khomeyni Shahr gang rape case - 12 October 2011 (13900720091632).jpg|thumb|Public execution of Khomeyni Shahr gang rape case convicts (Iran))Many incidents of gang rapes have been reported in Iran. In several cases, the police officials have blamed the victim for not wearing hijab, and in one case arresting the victim and two activists, who were trying to bring attention to the gang rape.Iranian Women call for action on gang-rapes {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131002195516weblink |date=October 2, 2013 }} Amnesty International (1 August 2011)Gang rapes in Iran cause fear and religious controversy {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181207231323weblink |date=2018-12-07 }} BBC News (15 June 2011)While official statistics on reported and pending gang rapes in Iran are not published by the Iranian government, public hangings for gang rapes are routinely reported in Iranian newspapers.Four convicted rapists hanged {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016164231weblink |date=2013-10-16 }} Parvand Iran News (12 October 2011)WEB,weblink Four sentenced to death for gang rape, Insideofiran.org, 2011-08-12, 2013-11-05, dead,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20131016071825weblink">weblink 2013-10-16, Six men hanged for gang rape {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017084052weblink |date=2013-10-17 }} August 2013 Malaysia A 15-year-old schoolgirl in Ketereh, Kelantan, was gang raped by more than 30 men.T Leong, Malaysian teenager gang-raped by 38 men {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190202212613weblink |date=2019-02-02 }} ReutersWEB,weblink Schoolgirl raped by 30 men - Nation - The Star Online, www.thestar.com.my, 2014-06-02, 2014-06-01,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20140601165132weblink">weblink live, Malaysia reported about 3,000 rape cases in 2012, a rape incidence rate of about 10.7 rapes per 100,000 people. About 52% of these victims were less than 16 years old. Like other nations, Malaysia does not segregate rape and gang rape cases. Nigeria Nigeria reports thousands of gang rapes every year.Onyejekwe, Chineze J. (2008). Nigeria: The Dominance of Rape. Journal of International Women's Studies, 10(1), pp. 48–63Akinade, E. A., Adewuyi, T. D. O., & Sulaiman, A. (2010). Socio-legal factors that influence the perpetuation of rape in Nigeria. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 5, pp. 1760–1764 In 2011, the ABSU gang rape, in which the gang videotaped their crime, drew widespread attention and protests inside Nigeria.JOURNAL, Du Mont J., White D., 2013, Sexual violence: what does it take for the world to care about women?, Journal of Public Health, 35, 2, 182–184, 10.1093/pubmed/fdt045, 23616625, The prevalence of group rape has been proposed as a significant contributor to spread of sexual diseases and AIDS.Dartnall, E., & Jewkes, R. (2012). Sexual violence against women: The scope of the problem. Best Practice & Research Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology. Pakistan The 2013 National Crime Data report for Pakistan suggest a current rape rate of 8.4 women per 100,000 population, of which about 10% were gang rapes.Crime report {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140108175413weblink |date=2014-01-08 }} Shakeel Anjum, The News (Pakistan)In some cases, such as Mukhtar Mai gang rape in Muzaffargarh, village elder's council (jirga) in Pakistan have ordered that the girl in a family is gang-raped as a means of punishing her brother, and this punishment was then carried out in public with everyone watching.Pakistan: Girl gang-raped as local punishment {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131014173023weblink |date=2013-10-14 }} IRIN, United Nations News Service (2 July 2002) In 2011, Pakistan's Supreme Court freed 5 men who committed the gang-rape because their action was on orders of the village council.Pamela Constable, weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20131206062401weblink">Pakistan Supreme Court frees five in gang-rape case that received global attention, Washington Post (April 21, 2011)Pakistan Supreme Court frees 5 accused of gang rape {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131022224732weblink |date=2013-10-22 }} Alex Rodriguez, Los Angeles Times (April 22, 2011) Other gang rape cases reported in 2013 include Bahawalpur gang rape,WEB, 9-year-old in critical condition after gang-rape -,weblink 2023-05-19, www.pakistanpressfoundation.org, en, Lahore gang rape,13 being grilled over gang rape The Nation, Pakistan (June 22, 2013) Peshawar gang rape,Alleged Pakistan gag-rape victim to appeal acquittals {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220125023100weblink |date=2022-01-25 }} Radio Free Europe (February 1, 2013) Karachi gang rape of a girl with polio,Polio-affected girl gang raped in Karachi {{webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20130908201045weblink |date=2013-09-08 }} CNBC (July 18, 2013) among others.In 2018, a trans woman from Peshawar was kidnapped and raped by eleven men, who filmed the assault and shared it on social media.NEWS, 12 November 2018, Transgender person 'gang-raped, videotaped' in Peshawar,weblink The Express Tribune, Karachi, 15 November 2018, 18 December 2018,weblink live, Papua New Guinea A Lancet study reports 14.1% of all men admitted to having committed gang rape (multiple perpetrator rape) of a non-partner woman sometime in their lifetime. 44% of these perpetrators had raped more than 1 woman over their lifetime. In Papua New Guinea, 25% of the first rape was committed at a juvenile age less than 15, while in 70% of the cases the perpetrator's age was 15–29 at the time of first crime. Saudi Arabia {{Further|Rape in Saudi Arabia}}The Qatif rape case was a 2006 gang rape of a teenage girl by seven men. The case attracted international attention because the victim was initially ordered to receive 200 lashes but the ruling was overturned by the monarch after backlash.WEB,weblink Saudi Arabia: Rape Victim Punished for Speaking Out | Human Rights Watch, Hrw.org, 2007-11-16, 2014-02-11, 2008-11-10,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20081110223739weblink">weblink live, NEWS,weblink Clinton's 'outrage' at Saudi rape sentence - World, smh.com.au, 2007-11-22, 2014-02-11, 2014-05-21,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20140521040933weblink">weblink live, NEWS, Pleming, Sue,weblink U.S. offers mild criticism in Saudi rape case, Reuters, 2007-11-19, 2014-02-11, 2016-01-10,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20160110011035weblink">weblink live, South Africa {{Further|Sexual violence in South Africa}}Gang rapes occur frequently in South Africa,South Africa, once called ‘the world’s rape capital,’ is running out of rape kits {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150705194819weblink |date=2015-07-05 }} Caitlin Dewey, Washington Post, March 5, 2013 and in certain parts it is called jackrolling.NEWS,weblink BBC News, South Africa's rape shock, 1999-01-19, 2010-05-26, 2019-04-02,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20190402230527weblink">weblink live, South Africa reported over 64,000 rapes in 2012, or about 127.5 women per 100,000 population.Crime Research and Statistics, South African Police Service (2013) {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121119095907weblink |date=November 19, 2012 }} With one woman raped every 4 minutes, South Africa has world's highest rape incidence rate per 100,000 women. Between 10% and 33% of all rapes are gang rapes involving three or more people. About 25% of youth near Johannesburg described gang rape as recreational and fun.Swart L et al. Rape surveillance through district surgeons’ offices in Johannesburg, 1996–1998: findings, evaluation and prevention implications.South African Journal of Psychology, 2000, 30:1–10.In certain parts of South Africa where boys are often involved in gang rapes, rape rates are higher. 40% of reported rape cases are on children below the age of 12.WEB,weblink Rape has become a way of life in South Africa, Health Systems Trust, 2013-11-01, 2013-11-05,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20131023005636weblink">weblink 2013-10-23, dead, Vogelman and Lewis report 44% of rapists in South Africa have engaged in gang rape.JOURNAL, Sterling, Carol, Vogelman, Lloyd, 1990, The Sexual Face of Violence: Rapists on Rape,weblink Agenda, 6, 26, 10.2307/4065538, 4065538, 1013-0950, The National Institute of Crime Rehabilitation of South Africa claims only 1 out of 20 rapes are reported in South Africa, suggesting 1,300 women are raped every day.WEB,weblink Gang Rape and the Culture of Violence in South Africa, www.csvr.org.za, 2013-09-06, 2021-02-25,weblink live, A 2010 nationwide survey reported that about 27% of all South African men above the age of 18 have raped a woman in their lifetime one or more times, while 8.9% of all adult men have participated in a gang rape.Rachel Jewkes et al, Why, when and how men rape: understanding rape perpetration in South Africa {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141230040409weblink |date=2014-12-30 }}, South African Crime Quarterly, Vol. 34, December 2010, pp. 23–31 The gang rape prevalence rate varied significantly in different provinces of South Africa; for example, in Eastern Cape, 13.9% of men had gang raped a woman who was not a partner.In February 2013, a 17-year-old girl was gang raped, mutilated and left to die in a town near Cape Town. This led to widespread protests. Spain Reported gang rape cases include gang rape of a British tourist in Spain where one of the rapists (described by the victim as Arabic) was a 70-year-old man,Spain: 70-Year-Old 'Leads Gang Rape' of British Tourist in Malaga {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808180559weblink |date=2014-08-08 }} International Business Times (2013) and gang rape in Huelva of a 13-year-old girl with a mental disability.Múltiple violación infantil en Huelva {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150211100328weblink |date=2015-02-11 }} La Razon, Spain The La Manada rape case in 2016 led to significant public outcry.WEB,weblink Four members of 'The Wolf Pack' given fresh prison terms for abusing an unconscious woman, 4 June 2020, 2021-01-02, 2021-01-12,weblink live, Sweden {{See also|Immigration and crime#Sweden}}In 2013, Forskning & Framsteg (FoF), a Swedish popular science magazine, published an article reporting that "The evidence suggests that gang rapes in Sweden is increasing - despite the decline in violent crime in general."Dramatisk ökning av antalet anmälda gruppvåldtäkter {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190113003946weblink |date=2019-01-13 }}. Forskning & Framsteg (2013-10-09). Retrieved on 2017-01-25. FoF went on to report that, "The increase, which primarily occurred in the 2000s, may have to do with "rape with multiple perpetrators" from 2004, classified as "serious crime", which means that more obscure cases fall into this category." FoF further reports that "National Council's investigator, Klara Hradilova-Selin, said that "developments could at least partly be interpreted in terms of an actual increase." Although there are a number of other important reasons why we are seeing more reports, such as, Klara Hradilova-Selin goes on to say, "more women dare to go the police" and an "increased alcohol consumption". Finally FoF goes on to report that in the 1990s "In the gang rape of three or more perpetrators 39 percent are foreign born." The statistics for gang rapes were not investigated by Swedish authorities after 2006.On 21 January 2017, in Uppsala, Sweden, a group of Arab Facebook users allegedly gang-raped an unconscious woman for several hours.NEWS,weblink Facebook Live 'broadcasts gang rape' of woman in Sweden, BBC, 23 January 2017, 24 January 2017, 25 January 2022,weblink live, WEB,weblink Man in Sweden 'live-streamed gang rape on Facebook', The Local Europe AB, 22 January 2017, 24 January 2017, 23 January 2017,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20170123150041weblink">weblink live, WEB,weblink Three men arrested in Sweden after Facebook Live 'gang-rape', The Guardian, 2017-01-23, 2018-04-08, 2018-04-08,weblink live, The crime was stopped when viewers of the Facebook live feed realized what was happening and phoned the police, who entered the apartment and interrupted the crime still in progress.NEWS, Swedish police arrest 3 for broadcasting rape live to Facebook,weblink 29 January 2017, Reuters, Deutsche Welle, 23 January 2017, 26 January 2017,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20170126203249weblink">weblink live, NEWS,weblink Sweden gang rape 'live-streamed on Facebook', Sharman, Jon, The Independent, 2017-01-23, 2018-04-08, 2018-04-09,weblink live, In March 2018, newspaper Expressen investigated gang rape court cases from the two preceding years and found that there were 43 men having been convicted. Their average age was 21 and 13 were under the age of 18 when the crime was committed. Of the convicted, 40 out of the 43 were either immigrants (born abroad) or born in Sweden to immigrant parents.NEWS,weblink De är män som våldtar kvinnor tillsammans: "Jag tyckte det var en rolig grej att filma", Expressen, 2018-03-22,weblink 20 March 2018, sv-SE, Another investigation by newspaper Aftonbladet found that of 112 men and boys convicted for gang rape since July 2012, 82 were born outside Europe. The median age of the victims was 15, while 7 out of 10 perpetrators were between 15 and 20.NEWS,weblink 112 pojkar och män dömda för gruppvåldtäkt, Aftonbladet, 2018-05-12,weblink 7 May 2018, sv, United Arab Emirates In several cases in 2013, the courts of the UAE have sentenced the gang raped woman to prison under its laws. For example, a British woman, after she reported being gang raped by three men, was charged with the crime of drinking alcohol in UAE; an Arab woman was sentenced to one year in prison for illicit sex after she complained of gang rape; an Australian woman was similarly sentenced to jail after she reported gang rape in the UAE, while a Norwegian woman was jailed for illicit sex when she reported rape by Arab men.NEWS, Bakr, Amena,weblink Woman jailed in Dubai after reporting rape hopes to warn others, Reuters, 2013-07-21, 2013-11-05, 2015-12-10,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20151210075642weblink">weblink live, In another case, an 18-year Arab woman withdrew her complaint of gang rape inside a car by six men when the prosecution threatened her with a long jail term for consensual sex with multiple men.NEWS,weblink Emirati woman, 18, retracts claim of rape by six men, The National (Abu Dhabi), 2010-05-25, 2013-11-05, 2013-11-05,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20131105151148weblink">weblink live, According to ABC News, a French teenage boy was gang raped by three Dubai men. The authorities demanded that the tourist confess he is gay and that he asked for sex. The boy insisted he was raped and diplomatic pressure led to the arrest and conviction of the gang members.WEB,weblink Two Get 15 Years in Dubai Rape Case, 19 February 2009, ABC News, 24 September 2018, 25 September 2018,weblink live, United Kingdom A number of gang rapes have taken place in the United Kingdom,NEWS, Louise Jury,weblink Schoolboy guilty of tourist gang-rape - News, The Independent, 1997-04-12, 2014-02-13, 2014-02-26,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20140226210426weblink">weblink live, although the UK authorities had not separately collected data on gang rapes until the 2011 Child Exploitation and Online Protection Centre report on localised grooming entitled "Out of Mind, Out of Sight",WEB,weblink ceop.police.uk, Out of Mind, Out of Sight: Breaking down the barriers to understanding child sexual exploitation, June 2011, 2016-10-21,weblink 2016-11-17, dead, but which only deals with adolescent victims. However, Scotland Yard expressed concern in 2009 over the rise of 'gang sex attacks' in London, detailing an increase of 71 cases in 2003/2004 to 93 cases in 2008/2009.NEWS, Police concern at gang rape rise,weblink 21 February 2015, British Broadcasting Corporation, 5 November 2009, 14 February 2021,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20210214003507weblink">weblink live, Media reports of gang rapes in the UK are often racially charged since late 2000.NEWS, Samura, Sorious, Gang rape: Is it a race issue?,weblink 21 February 2015, The Independent., 21 June 2009, 22 February 2015,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20150222025953weblink">weblink live, NEWS, Malone, Carole, Oxford grooming ring was race-hate gang rape,weblink 21 February 2015, Mirror, 19 May 2013, 23 March 2015,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20150323100327weblink">weblink live, This due to a particular pattern of repeated non-white perpetrated gang rapes in the metropolitan areas. The Rochdale sex trafficking gang would later epitomise the phenomenon.BOOK, Home Affairs Committee, Child sexual exploitation and the response to localised grooming: Second Report of Session 2013–14, 10 June 2013, by authority of the House of CommonsLondon: The Stationery Office Limited, 9780215058867, 5,weblink 31 August 2017, 2 September 2017,weblink live, The Home Office report of 2013 described these cases as '[showing] a particular model... of organised, serious exploitation and abuse that involves predominantly Pakistani-heritage men grooming and abusing predominantly white British girls.'BOOK, Child sexual exploitation: response to second report of the Home Affairs Committee, 10 September 2013, Home Office, London, 9780101870528, 23,weblink 21 February 2015, 22 February 2015,weblink live, The report stresses that the Government does not believe 'localised grooming' is intrinsic of any culture, religion, and or race, despite acknowledging the phenomenon.In March 2014, Crime Prevention Minister Norman Baker described "ground breaking work" to identify women and girls who can get drawn into gangs. "Girls associated with gangs can face sexual violence and we have provided £1.2m for 13 Young People's Advocates to support those at risk," he said on the launch of a report by the Centre for Social Justice (CSJ), a think-tank established in 2002 by Iain Duncan Smith, another Cabinet minister. Baker said the government had set up a network of more than 70 people with experience of dealing with gangs to work with 33 of the worst affected areas of the country, including 20 in London. In one case cited by the CSJ report, a schoolgirl was abducted and sexually assaulted by nine males because she criticised a gang member. The report found that girls as young as eight were being used to carry drugs while female gang members in their teens were being pressured to have sex with boys as young as 10 to initiate males into gangs. A 2014 report by the Office of the Children's Commissioner suggested that almost 2,500 children had been known to be victims of child sexual exploitation by gangs and groups.WEB,weblinkweblink 2022-01-12, subscription, live, 'Rape is a weapon against gang girls', says report, Padraic, Flanagan, 23 March 2014, www.telegraph.co.uk, {{cbignore}}In July 2018 Home Secretary Sajid Javid ordered research into the particular characteristics of grooming gangs.NEWS, Joe Watts,weblink Home Secretary orders investigation into ethnic origin of sexual grooming gangs - News, The Independent, 2018-07-26, 2020-03-22, 2018-07-26,weblink live, However, as of March 2020 this report has not been released with the Home Office claiming it is ‘not in public interest’ to release the findings.NEWS,weblink Grooming gang research petition to be considered for Parliamentary debate - News, BBC, 2020-03-12, 2020-03-22, 2020-03-15,weblink live, United States The US reports about 85,000 rapes a year, or an average of 27.3 rapes per 100,000 population.WEB,weblink CTS12_Sexual_violence.xls, www.unodc.org,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20120704034059weblink">weblink 2012-07-04, There is a rape in the US every 6.2 minutes.MAGAZINE,weblink A Rape a Minute, A Thousand Corpses a Year - The Nation, Rebecca, Solnit, 24 January 2013, www.thenation.com, 24 September 2018, 18 August 2018,weblink live, As with other countries, the US does not collect separate data on gang rapes; Vogelman and Lewis estimate 25% of all rapes in the US are gang rapes. Another source indicates 21.8% of American rapes are gang rapes.Horvath, Miranda et al. Handbook on the Study of Multiple Perpetrator Rape. Routledge 2013, p. 15.A Roger Williams University study estimates from survey of crime data that 16% of all male rapists in the US participated in a gang rape crime.Rape Myths and Facts, RW University (2012) {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130909161024weblink |date=2013-09-09 }}A 15-year-old girl in Chicago was gang raped on Facebook live in 2017 while watched by over 40 people.NEWS,weblink Teenager 'gang raped on Facebook live while dozens watched and did nothing', 2018-01-29, 2022-01-25,weblink live, On a separate occasion, two teenage girls, one aged 15, the other aged 16, in La Crosse, Wisconsin, were gang raped by at least 11 men.WEB,weblink 2 La Crosse teens charged in gang rape of 2 girls inside South Side garage, ANNE, JUNGEN, 2018-01-04, 2018-01-05,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20180105233535weblink">weblink live, Some examples of gang rapes reported in local media in 2013 include the Cleveland, Texas gang rape,NEWS,weblink Defendant in Cleveland gang rape case gets life sentence, Houston Chronicle, 2013-11-05, 2013-09-27,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20130927171825weblink">weblink live, Richmond gang rape,WEB, Gafni, Matthias,weblink Richmond gang-rape 'main participant' sentenced to 32 years - San Jose Mercury News, Mercurynews.com, 2013-11-05, 2013-10-14,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20131014171023weblink">weblink live, Vanderbilt University gang rape,NEWS,weblink Third Former Vanderbilt Football Player Found Guilty in Rape of Unconscious Student, NPR, 23 June 2017, Goldgeier, Kathy, 4 July 2020, 5 July 2020,weblink live, New Orleans gang rape,NEWS, St. Tammany Parish Sheriff's Office,weblink 4 men found guilty in gang rape of 15-year-old in St. Tammany, The Times-Picayune, 2013-11-05, 2013-10-16,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20131016055506weblink">weblink live, St Paul gang rape,NEWS, Gurnonegurnon, Emily,weblink Teen in St. Paul gang rape gets more than three years, St. Paul Pioneer Press, 2013-07-15, 2013-11-05, 2022-01-25,weblink live, Miami gang rape/murder,WEB,weblink Ringleader of gang rape, murder sentenced to death, WSVN, 2013-11-05, dead,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20131017102535weblink">weblink October 17, 2013, among others. See also (:Category:Fiction about gang rape|Fiction about gang rape) Sodom and Gomorrah Types of rape References {{Reflist}} Further reading JOURNAL, Durham, Meenakshi G., Meenakshi Gigi Durham, "Vicious assault shakes Texas town": the politics of gender violence in The New York Times' coverage of a schoolgirl's gang rape, Journalism Studies, 14, 1, 1–12, 10.1080/1461670X.2012.657907, February 2013, 141709189, NEWS,weblink Los Angeles Times, Third accuser Julie Swetnick alleges Kavanaugh attended 1982 party where she was gang-raped, Finnegan, Michael, September 26, 2018, {{Authority control}}