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{{Short description|none}} {{redirect|Russian dance|the dance movement from The Nutcracker|Trepak (The Nutcracker){{!}}Trepak (The Nutcracker)}}{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}}{{more citations needed|date=March 2022}}{{Too many photos|date=February 2024}}File:Moscow July 2011-4a.jpg|thumb|Saint Basil’s Cathedral on Red SquareRed Square{{Culture of Russia}}File:Alyye parusa.jpg|thumb|“Scarlet Sails” celebration in Saint PetersburgSaint PetersburgRussian culture () has been formed by the nation’s history, its geographical location and its vast expanse, religious and social traditions, and both EasternIn part due to Russia’s own geographical extent, neighbors, and internal ethnic diversity, e.g. Tatars and Buryats; in part due to its history, including over two centuries of being ruled by the Mongols:BOOK, George, Vernadsky, George Vernadsky, A History of Russia, 6th rev., 1969, New Haven, Connecticut, New Haven, Yale University Press, Chapter 3: Russia in the Mongol Period, 57–84, en, 0-300-00247-5,books.google.com/books?id=FXvUZppjzhYC&pg=PA57, Google Books, and Western influence.JOURNAL,www.historytoday.com/archive/western-culture-comes-russia, Western Culture Comes to Russia, 10 October 1970, 20, 10, Lincoln, W. Bruce, W. Bruce Lincoln, History Today, 14 January 2022, Russian writers and philosophers have played an important role in the development of European thought.JOURNAL, McLean, Hugh, The Development of Modern Russian Literature, Slavic Review, 21, 3, 389–410, September 1962, 10.2307/3000442, 3000442, Cambridge University Press, 163341589, JOURNAL, Frank, S., Contemporary Russian Philosophy, January 1927, 1–23, The Monist, Oxford University Press, 37, 1, 10.5840/monist192737121, 27901095, The Russians have also greatly influenced classical music,JOURNAL, Swan, Alfred J., The Present State of Russian Music, 738554, Oxford University Press, The Musical Quarterly, 13, 1, 29–38, January 1927, 10.1093/mq/XIII.1.29, ballet,JOURNAL, Lifar, Sergei, The Russian Ballet in Russia and in the West, October 1969, 127159, 10.2307/127159, 396–402, The Russian Review, 28, 4, ...and in the twentieth century Russian coreographers and performers, dis-seminating the art of ballet throughout of the world, attainted world-wide recognition., sport,JOURNAL, Riordan, Jim, Rewriting Soviet Sports History, 1993, University of Illinois Press, 43609911, 20, 4, Journal of Sport History, 247–258, painting,JOURNAL, Snow, Francis Haffkine, Ten Centuries of Russian Art, 10.2307/25587683, 25587683, 1, 2, 130–135, November 1916, The Art World, and cinema.WEB, Bulgakova, Oksana,digitalscholarship.unlv.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1021&context=russian_culture, The Russian Cinematic Culture, 2012, 1–37, 13 January 2022, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, The nation has also made pioneering contributions to science and technology and space exploration.JOURNAL, Hachten, Elizabeth A., In Service to Science and Society: Scientists and the Public in Late-Nineteenth-Century Russia, 3655271, The University of Chicago Press, Osiris, 2002, 17, 171–209, 10.1086/649363, 144835649, JOURNAL, Ipatieff, V.N., Modern Science in Russia, 125254, 10.2307/125254, 1943, 68–80, The Russian Review, Wiley (publisher), Wiley, 2, 2,

History

{{Excerpt|History of Russia|files=no|this=This main article is}}

Language and literature

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Ostromir Gospels, the second oldest East Slavic languages>East Slavic book known; 1056 AD; Russian National Library (Saint Petersburg)| image2 = Buslaevskaya psaltir.jpg| width2 = | height2 = | alt2 = | caption2 = Page of a Russian illuminated manuscript; 1485–1490}}Russia’s 160 ethnic groups speak some 100 languages.WEB,www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/513251/Russia, Russia, Encyclopædia Britannica, 31 January 2008, The inhabitants of Russia are quite diverse. Most are ethnic Russians, but there also are more than 120 other ethnic groups present, speaking many languages and following disparate religious and cultural traditions. ... Russia can boast a long tradition of excellence in every aspect of the arts and sciences., According to the 2002 census, 142.6 million people speak Russian, followed by Tatar with 5.3 million and Ukrainian with 1.8 million speakers.WEB,www.perepis2002.ru/index.html?id=87, Russian Census of 2002, 4.3. Population by nationalities and knowledge of Russian; 4.4. Spreading of knowledge of languages (except Russian), Federal State Statistics Service, 16 January 2008, 22 June 2020,www.perepis2002.ru/index.html?id=87," title="web.archive.org/web/20200622151329www.perepis2002.ru/index.html?id=87,">web.archive.org/web/20200622151329www.perepis2002.ru/index.html?id=87, dead, Russian is the only official state language, but the Constitution gives the individual republics the right to make their native language co-official next to Russian.WEB, The Constitution of the Russian Federation, (Article 68, §2),www.constitution.ru/en/10003000-04.htm, 27 December 2007, Despite its wide dispersal, the Russian language is homogeneous throughout Russia. Russian is the most geographically widespread language of Eurasia and the most widely spoken Slavic language.WEB, Russian, University of Toronto,learn.utoronto.ca/Page625.aspx, 27 December 2007, dead,learn.utoronto.ca/Page625.aspx," title="web.archive.org/web/20070106002617learn.utoronto.ca/Page625.aspx,">web.archive.org/web/20070106002617learn.utoronto.ca/Page625.aspx, 6 January 2007, dmy-all, Russian belongs to the Indo-European language family and is one of the living members of the East Slavic languages; the others being Belarusian and Ukrainian (and possibly Rusyn). Written examples of Old East Slavic (Old Russian) are attested from the 10th century onwards.ENCYCLOPEDIA, Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia 2007, Russian language,encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761572449/Russian_Language.html, 27 December 2007,encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761572449/Russian_Language.html," title="web.archive.org/web/20071216235358encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761572449/Russian_Language.html,">web.archive.org/web/20071216235358encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761572449/Russian_Language.html, 16 December 2007, dead, dmy-all, Over a quarter of the world’s scientific literature is published in Russian. Russian is also applied as a means of coding and storage of universal knowledge—60–70% of all world information is published in the English and Russian languages.WEB, Russian language course, Russian Language Centre, Moscow State University,www.rlcentre.com/russian-language-course.shtml, 27 December 2007, 5 February 2016,rlcentre.com/russian-language-course.shtml," title="web.archive.org/web/20160205074901rlcentre.com/russian-language-course.shtml,">web.archive.org/web/20160205074901rlcentre.com/russian-language-course.shtml, dead, The language is one of the six official languages of the United Nations.{{Citation needed|reason=How is that relevant to the culture of Russia?|date=August 2022}} Folklore Russian folklore takes its roots in the pagan beliefs of ancient Slavs, which is nowadays still represented in the Russian folklore. Epic Russian bylinas are also an important part of Slavic mythology. The oldest bylinas of Kievan cycle were recorded in the Russian North, especially in Karelia, where most of the Finnish national epic Kalevala was recorded as well.{{Citation needed|date=August 2022}} File:Ivanbilibin.jpg|thumb|right|Buyan by Ivan BilibinIvan BilibinMany Russian fairy tales and bylinas were adapted for Russian animations, or for feature movies by famous directors like Aleksandr Ptushko (Ilya Muromets, Sadko) and Aleksandr Rou (Morozko, Vasilisa the Beautiful). Some Russian poets, including Pyotr Yershov and Leonid Filatov, created a number of well-known poetical interpretations of classical Russian fairy tales, and in some cases, like that of Alexander Pushkin, also created fully original fairy tale poems that became very popular.{{Citation needed|date=August 2022}}Folklorists today consider the 1920s the Soviet Union’s golden age of folklore. The struggling new government, which had to focus its efforts on establishing a new administrative system and building up the nation’s backwards economy, could not be bothered with attempting to control literature, so studies of folklore thrived. There were two primary trends of folklore study during the decade: the formalist and Finnish schools. Formalism focused on the artistic form of ancient byliny and faerie tales, specifically their use of distinctive structures and poetic devices.Felix J. Oinas, “Folklore and Politics in the Soviet Union”. Slavic Review 32 (1973): 45. The Finnish school was concerned with connections amongst related legends of various Eastern European regions. Finnish scholars collected comparable tales from multiple locales and analyzed their similarities and differences, hoping to trace these epic stories’ migration paths.Oinas, “Folklore and Politics”, 46.File:Emblem of the Ministry of Culture of Russia.svg|thumb|Emblem of the (Ministry of Culture (Russia)|Ministry of Culture of Russia]]. The image of the crowned double eagle and the central crown which is connected with the other two crowns is often used as a pictorial example of Russia’s cultural nature. One crowned head looks to Europe and reflects the Western European element in Russian culture, the other looks to Asia and symbolizes the Asian Oriental element in Russia. Both are connected to a big third crown. Russian culture is connected with European and Asian cultures and was influenced by both.WEB,www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/lukin20030328.pdf, Russia between East and West: Perceptions and Reality, Lukin, Alexander, 2003, )Once Joseph Stalin came to power and put his first five-year plan into motion in 1928, the Soviet government began to criticize and censor folklore studies. Stalin and the Soviet regime repressed folklore, believing that it supported the old tsarist system and a capitalist economy. They saw it as a reminder of the backward Russian society that the Bolsheviks were working to surpass.Felix J. Oinas, “The Political Uses and Themes of Folklore in the Soviet Union”, Journal of the Folklore Institute 12 (1975): 157. To keep folklore studies in check and prevent “inappropriate” ideas from spreading amongst the masses, the government created the RAPP – the Russian Association of Proletarian Writers. The RAPP specifically focused on censoring fairy tales and children’s literature, believing that fantasies and “bourgeois nonsense” harmed the development of upstanding Soviet citizens. Fairy tales were removed from bookshelves and children were encouraged to read books focusing on nature and science.William B. Husband, “’Correcting Nature’s Mistakes’: Transforming the Environment and Soviet Children’s Literature, 1828–1941”, Environmental History 11 (2006): 304. RAPP eventually increased its levels of censorship and became the Union of Soviet Writers in 1932.{{Citation needed|date=August 2022}}File:Viktor Vasnetsov - Богатыри - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|left|Bogatyrs by Viktor Vasnetsov. The three heroes of Russian mythology: (l-r) Dobrynya Nikitich, Ilya Muromets and Alyosha PopovichAlyosha PopovichIn order to continue researching and analyzing folklore, intellectuals needed to justify its worth to the Communist regime. Otherwise, collections of folklore, along with all other literature deemed useless for the purposes of Stalin’s Five Year Plan, would be an unacceptable realm of study. In 1934, Maksim Gorky gave a speech to the Union of Soviet Writers arguing that folklore could, in fact, be consciously used to promote Communist values. Apart from expounding on the artistic value of folklore, he stressed that traditional legends and fairy tales showed ideal, community-oriented characters, which exemplified the model Soviet citizen.Grimes Farrer, “The Soviet Folktale as an Ideological Strategy for Survival in International Business Relations”, Studies in Soviet Thought 13 (1973): 55. Folklore, with many of its conflicts based on the struggles of a labor-oriented lifestyle, was relevant to Communism as it could not have existed without the direct contribution of the working classes.Oinas, “Folklore and Politics”, 47. Also, Gorky explained that folklore characters expressed high levels of optimism, and therefore could encourage readers to maintain a positive mindset, especially as their lives changed with the further development of Communism.Yuri Sokolov, the head of the folklore section of the Union of Soviet Writers also promoted the study of folklore by arguing that folklore had originally been the oral tradition of the working people, and consequently could be used to motivate and inspire collective projects amongst the present-day proletariat.Frank J. Miller, “The Image of Stalin in Soviet Russian Folklore”, The Russian Review 39 (1980): 51. Characters throughout traditional Russian folktales often found themselves on a journey of self-discovery, a process that led them to value themselves not as individuals, but rather as a necessary part of a common whole. The attitudes of such legendary characters paralleled the mindset that the Soviet government wished to instill in its citizens.Margaret Schlauch, “Folklore in the Soviet Union”, Science & Society 8 (1944): 213. He also pointed out the existence of many tales that showed members of the working class outsmarting their cruel masters, again working to prove folklore’s value to Soviet ideology and the nation’s society at large.Schlauch, “Folklore in the Soviet Union”, 215.Convinced by Gorky and Sokolov’s arguments, the Soviet government and the Union of Soviet Writers began collecting and evaluating folklore from across the country. The Union handpicked and recorded particular stories that, in their eyes, sufficiently promoted the collectivist spirit and showed the Soviet regime’s benefits and progress. It then proceeded to redistribute copies of approved stories throughout the population. Meanwhile, local folklore centers arose in all major cities.Oinas, “Political Uses and Themes”, 160. Responsible for advocating a sense of Soviet nationalism, these organizations ensured that the media published appropriate versions of Russian folktales in a systematic fashion.File:Ilya Repin - Sadko - Google Art Project levels adjustment 2.jpg|thumb|right|Sadko by Ilya RepinIlya RepinApart from circulating government-approved fairy tales and byliny that already existed, during Stalin’s rule authors parroting appropriate Soviet ideologies wrote Communist folktales and introduced them to the population. These contemporary folktales combined the structures and motifs of the old byliny with contemporary life in the Soviet Union. Called noviny, these new tales were considered the renaissance of the Russian epic.Oinas, “Political Uses and Themes”, 169. Folklorists were called upon to teach modern folksingers the conventional style and structure of the traditional byliny. They also explained to the performers the appropriate types of Communist ideology that should be represented in the new stories and songsOinas, “Political Uses and Themes”, 161. As the performers of the day were often poorly educated, they needed to obtain a thorough understanding of Marxist ideology before they could be expected to impart folktales to the public in a manner that suited the Soviet government. Besides undergoing extensive education, many folk performers traveled throughout the nation in order to gain insight into the lives of the working class, and thus communicate their stories more effectively.Miller, “Image of Stalin”, 54. Due to their crucial role in spreading Communist ideals throughout the Soviet Union, eventually some of these performers became highly valued members of Soviet society. A number of them, despite their illiteracy, were even elected as members of the Union of Soviet Writers.Oinas, “Political Uses and Themes”, 164.These new Soviet fairy tales and folk songs primarily focused on the contrasts between a miserable life in old tsarist Russia and an improved one under Stalin’s leadership.Oinas, “Folklore and Politics”, 48. Their characters represented identities for which Soviet citizens should strive, exemplifying the traits of the “New Soviet Man”.Farrer, “Ideological Strategy”, 57. The heroes of Soviet tales were meant to portray a transformed and improved version of the average citizen, giving the reader a clear goal for an ideal community-oriented self that the future he or she was meant to become. These new folktales replaced magic with technology, and supernatural forces with Stalin.Schlauch, “Folklore in the Soviet Union”, 220. Instead of receiving essential advice from a mythical being, the protagonist would be given advice from omniscient Stalin. If the character followed Stalin’s divine advice, he could be assured success in all his endeavors and a complete transformation into the “New Soviet Man”.Miller, “Image of Stalin”, 55. The villains of these contemporary fairy tales were the Whites and their leader Idolisce, “the most monstrous idol”, who was the equivalent of the tsar. Descriptions of the Whites in noviny mirrored those of the Tartars in byliny.Oinas, “Political Uses and Themes”, 166. In these new stories, the Whites were incompetent, stagnant capitalists, while the Soviet citizens became invincible heroes.Husband, “Transforming the Environment”, 305.Once Stalin died in March 1953, folklorists of the period quickly abandoned the new folktales. Written by individual authors and performers, noviny did not come from the oral traditions of the working class. Consequently, today they are considered pseudo-folklore, rather than genuine Soviet (or Russian) folklore.Oinas, “Political Uses and Themes”, 172. Without any true connection to the masses, there was no reason noviny should be considered anything other than contemporary literature. Specialists decided that attempts to represent contemporary life through the structure and artistry of the ancient epics could not be considered genuine folklore.Miller, “Image of Stalin”, 64. Stalin’s name has been omitted from the few surviving pseudo-folktales of the period. Instead of considering folklore under Stalin a renaissance of the traditional Russian epic, today it is generally regarded as a period of restraint and falsehood.{{Citation needed|date=August 2022}} Literature Russian literature is considered to be among the world’s most influential and developed.BOOK, Kahn, Andrew, Lipovetsky, Mark, Reyfman, Irina, Sandler, Stephanie, A History of Russian Literature, 2018, Oxford University Press, 978-0-19-966394-1, It can be traced to the Middle Ages, when epics and chronicles in Old East Slavic were composed.Letopisi: Literature of Old Rus’. Biographical and Bibliographical Dictionary. ed. by Oleg Tvorogov. Moscow: Prosvescheniye (“Enlightenment“), 1996. () By the Age of Enlightenment, literature had grown in importance, with works from Mikhail Lomonosov, Denis Fonvizin, Gavrila Derzhavin, and Nikolay Karamzin. From the early 1830s, during the Golden Age of Russian Poetry, literature underwent an astounding golden age in poetry, prose and drama.NEWS, Prose, Francine, Francine Prose, Moser, Benjamin, Benjamin Moser,www.nytimes.com/2014/11/30/books/review/what-makes-the-russian-literature-of-the-19th-century-so-distinctive.html, subscription,www.nytimes.com/2014/11/30/books/review/what-makes-the-russian-literature-of-the-19th-century-so-distinctive.html," title="web.archive.org/web/20141130032915www.nytimes.com/2014/11/30/books/review/what-makes-the-russian-literature-of-the-19th-century-so-distinctive.html,">web.archive.org/web/20141130032915www.nytimes.com/2014/11/30/books/review/what-makes-the-russian-literature-of-the-19th-century-so-distinctive.html, 30 November 2014, What Makes the Russian Literature of the 19th Century So Distinctive?, The New York Times, 25 November 2014, 13 January 2024, {{cbignore}} Romanticism permitted a flowering of poetic talent: Vasily Zhukovsky and later his protégé Alexander Pushkin came to the fore.JOURNAL, Emerson, Caryl, 20057504, The Johns Hopkins University Press, 29, 4, 1998, 653–672, New Literary History, Pushkin, Literary Criticism, and Creativity in Closed Places, 10.1353/nlh.1998.0040, 144165201, ...and Pushkin, adapting to the transition with ingenuity and uneven success, became Russia’s first fully profes-sional writer., Following Pushkin’s footsteps, a new generation of poets were born, including Mikhail Lermontov, Nikolay Nekrasov, Aleksey Konstantinovich Tolstoy, Fyodor Tyutchev and Afanasy Fet.WEB,countrystudies.us/russia/43.htm, Russia - Literature, Glenn E., Curtis, 1998, Federal Research Division of the Library of Congress, Washington D.C., 27 July 2021, The first great Russian novelist was Nikolai Gogol.JOURNAL, Strakhovsky, Leonid I., The Historianism of Gogol, 2491790, 10.2307/2491790, 12, 3, October 1953, 360–370, The American Slavic and East European Review (Slavic Review), Association for Slavic, East European, and Eurasian Studies, Then came Ivan Turgenev, who mastered both short stories and novels.JOURNAL, Henry Chamberlin, William, Turgenev: The Eternal Romantic, 125154, Wiley (publisher), Wiley, 10.2307/125154, 5, 2, 10–23, The Russian Review, 1946, Fyodor Dostoevsky and Leo Tolstoy soon became internationally renowned. Ivan Goncharov is remembered mainly for his novel Oblomov.MAGAZINE, Pritchett, V.S., Saint of Inertia,www.nybooks.com/articles/1974/03/07/saint-of-inertia/, The New York Review of Books, 7 March 1974, 29 July 2021, Mikhail Saltykov-Shchedrin wrote prose satire,JOURNAL, Neuhäuser, Rudolf, The Early Prose of Saltykov-Shchedrin and Dostoevskii: Parallels and Echoes, Canadian Slavonic Papers, 40867755, 22, 3, 1980, 372–387, 10.1080/00085006.1980.11091635, while Nikolai Leskov is best remembered for his shorter fiction.JOURNAL, Muckle, James, Nikolay Leskov: educational journalist and imaginative writer, Australia and New Zealand Slavists’ Association, 1984, 81–110, New Zealand Slavonic Journal, 40921231, In the second half of the century Anton Chekhov excelled in short stories and became a leading dramatist.WEB,www.theguardian.com/books/2004/jul/03/classics, A Chekhov lexicon, Boyd, William, 3 July 2004, 15 January 2022, The Guardian, ...Chekhov, whatever his standing as a playwright, is quite probably the best short-story writer ever., Other important 19th-century developments included the fabulist Ivan Krylov,JOURNAL, Pirie, Gordon, Chandler, Robert, Eight Tales from Ivan Krylov, Translation and Literature, Edinburgh University Press, 40340118, 18, 1, 2009, 64–85, 10.3366/E096813610800037X, non-fiction writers such as the critic Vissarion Belinsky,JOURNAL, Gifford, Henry, Belinsky: One Aspect, The Slavonic and East European Review, 4204011, 27, 68, 1948, 250–258, and playwrights such as Aleksandr Griboyedov and Aleksandr Ostrovsky.JOURNAL, Brintlinger, Angela, The Persian Frontier: Griboedov as Orientalist and Literary Hero, Canadian Slavonic Papers, 40870888, 45, 3/4, 2003, 371–393, 10.1080/00085006.2003.11092333, 191370504, JOURNAL, Beasly, Ina, The Dramatic Art of Ostrovsky. (Alexander Nikolayevich Ostrovsky, 1823-86), The Slavonic and East European Review, 4202212, 6, 18, 1928, 603–617, The beginning of the 20th century ranks as the Silver Age of Russian Poetry. This era had poets such as Alexander Blok, Anna Akhmatova, Boris Pasternak, Konstantin Balmont,JOURNAL, Markov, Vladimir, Balmont: A Reappraisal, 2493225, Slavic Review, 28, 2, 1969, 221–264, 10.2307/2493225, 163456732, Marina Tsvetaeva, Vladimir Mayakovsky, and Osip Mandelshtam. It also produced some first-rate novelists and short-story writers, such as Aleksandr Kuprin, Nobel Prize winner Ivan Bunin, Leonid Andreyev, Yevgeny Zamyatin, Dmitry Merezhkovsky and Andrei Bely.After the Russian Revolution of 1917, Russian literature split into Soviet and white émigré parts. In the 1930s, Socialist realism became the predominant trend in Russia. Its leading figure was Maxim Gorky, who laid the foundations of this style.JOURNAL, Tikhonov, Nikolay, Gorky and Soviet Literature, November 1946, 28–38, 25, 64, Modern Humanities Research Association, 4203794, The Slavonic and East European Review, Mikhail Bulgakov was one of the leading writers of the Soviet era.JOURNAL, 4212557, Lovell, Stephen, Bulgakov as Soviet Culture, 76, 1, 28–48, The Slavonic and East European Review, 1998, Modern Humanities Research Association, Nikolay Ostrovsky’s novel How the Steel Was Tempered has been among the most successful works of Russian literature. Influential émigré writers include Vladimir Nabokov,JOURNAL, Grosshans, Henry, Vladimir Nabokov and the Dream of Old Russia, 40753878, University of Texas Press, 401–409, 1966, Texas Studies in Literature and Language, 7, 4, and Isaac Asimov; who was considered one of the “Big Three” science fiction writers.BOOK, Freedman, Carl, Critical Theory and Science Fiction, Carl Freedman (writer), 2000, Wesleyan University Press, 71, 978-0-819-56399-6, Some writers dared to oppose Soviet ideology, such as Nobel Prize-winning novelist Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn, who wrote about life in the Gulag camps.JOURNAL, Rowley, David G., Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn and Russian Nationalism, Journal of Contemporary History, 260964, SAGE Publishing, 321–337, 32, 3, July 1997, 10.1177/002200949703200303, 161761611, File:Kiprensky Pushkin.jpg|PushkinFile:N.Gogol by F.Moller (1840, Tretyakov gallery).jpg|GogolFile:Mikhail lermontov.jpg|LermontovFile:TurgevevI-foto (cropped).jpg|TurgenevFile:Fyodor Dostoyevsky (Lorenkovich, 1878) (cropped).jpg|DostoevskyFile:Tolstoy Leo port.jpg|TolstoyFile:VanMeetin-AntonChekhov.jpg|ChekhovFile:Akhmatova.jpg|AkmatovaFile:Михаил-Булгаков.jpg|BulgakovFile:Vladimir Nabokov 1973.jpg|NabokovFile:Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn 1974crop.jpg|SolzhenitsynFile:Иосиф Бродский (cropped).jpg|Brodsky Philosophy Some Russian writers, like Tolstoy and Dostoyevsky, are known also as philosophers, while many more authors are known primarily for their philosophical works. Russian philosophy blossomed since the 19th century, when it was defined initially by the opposition of Westernizers, advocating Russia’s following the Western political and economical models, and Slavophiles, insisting on developing Russia as a unique civilization. The latter group includes Nikolai Danilevsky and Konstantin Leontiev, the early founders of eurasianism.{{Citation needed|date=August 2022}}In its further developments, Russian philosophy was always marked by a deep connection to literature and interest in creativity, society, politics and nationalism; cosmos and religion were other primary subjects. Notable philosophers of the late 19th and early 20th centuries include Vladimir Solovyov, Sergei Bulgakov, Pavel Florensky, Nikolai Berdyaev, Vladimir Lossky and Vladimir Vernadsky. In the 20th century Russian philosophy became dominated by Marxism.{{Citation needed|date=August 2022}}File:Bakunin Nadar.jpg|BakuninFile:Peter Kropotkin circa 1900.jpg|KropotkinFile:VS Solovyov.jpg|SolovyovFile:Nikolay Berdyaev.jpg|Berdyaev Humour Russia owes much of its wit to the great flexibility and richness of the Russian language, allowing for puns and unexpected associations. As with any other nation, its vast scope ranges from lewd jokes and silly word play to political satire.{{Citation needed|date=August 2022}}Russian jokes, the most popular form of Russian humour, are short fictional stories or dialogues with a punch line. Russian joke culture features a series of categories with fixed and highly familiar settings and characters. Surprising effects are achieved by an endless variety of plots. Russians love jokes on topics found everywhere in the world, be it politics, spouse relations, or mothers-in-law.{{Citation needed|date=August 2022}}Chastushka, a type of traditional musical Russian poetry, is a single quatrain in trochaic tetrameter with an ABAB or ABCB rhyme scheme. Usually humorous, satirical, or ironic in nature, chastushkas are often put to music as well, usually with balalaika or accordion accompaniment. The rigid, short structure (and to a lesser degree, the type of humor these use) parallels limericks. The name originates from the Russian word части́ть, meaning “to speak fast”.{{Citation needed|date=August 2022}} Visual arts As early as the 12th and 13th centuries Russia had its national masters who were free of all foreign influence, i. e. that of the Greeks on the one hand, and on the other hand that of the Lombard master-masons called in Andrei Georgievich to build the Uspensky (Assumption) Cathedral in the city of Vladimir. Russia’s relations with the Greek world were hampered by the Mongol invasion, and it is to the isolation arising from this that we must attribute the originality of Slavo-Russian ornamentation, which has a character of its own, quite unlike the Byzantine style and the Romanesque.{{citation needed|date=August 2022}}Kremlin Tower Clock, 1913, House of Faberge, Russia, rhodonite, silver, enamel, emeralds, sapphires - Cleveland Museum of Art - DSC08964.JPG|Kremlin Tower Clock; 1913; rhodonite, silver, enamel, emeralds, sapphires; by House of Fabergé; Cleveland Museum of ArtPeter Carl Fabergé - Tea Set - 1966.500 - Cleveland Museum of Art.tif|Russian tea set; by Peter Carl Fabergé; made before 1896; silver gilt and opaque cloisonne enamel; Cleveland Museum of Art (USA)Fedor I. Rückert - Kovsh (Wine Vessel) - 1966.497 - Cleveland Museum of Art.tif|Kovsh (wine vessel); by Fedor I. Rückert; 1896–1906; overall: 8.3 x 20.4 x 12.7 cm; Cleveland Museum of ArtMuseum IMG 4286 St. Petersburg, Russia (39036215272).jpg|Lilies of the Valley, a Fabergé egg; by Peter Carl Fabergé; 1898; enamel, gold, diamonds, rubies & pearls; 15.1 cm (5.9 in) when is closed; Fabergé Museum (Saint Petersburg, Russia) Architecture The history of Russian architecture begins with early woodcraft buildings of ancient Slavs, and the church architecture of Kievan Rus’.JOURNAL, Conant, Kenneth John, Novgorod, Constantinople, and Kiev in Old Russian Church Architecture, The Slavonic and East European Review, 10.2307/3020237, 3020237, Cambridge University Press, 3, 2, August 1944, 75–92, Following the Christianization of Kievan Rus’, for several centuries it was influenced predominantly by the Byzantine Empire.JOURNAL, Voyce, Arthur, 1957, National Elements in Russian Architecture, Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians, 16, 2, 6–16, 10.2307/987741, 0037-9808, 987741, Aristotle Fioravanti and other Italian architects brought Renaissance trends into Russia.BOOK, Jarzombek, Mark M., Prakash, Vikramaditya, Ching, Frank, A Global History of Architecture 2nd Edition, 2010, 544, John Wiley & Sons, 978-0-470-40257-3, The 16th century saw the development of the unique tent-like churches; and the onion dome design, which is a distinctive feature of Russian architecture.JOURNAL, Lidov, Alexei, The Canopy over the Holy Sepulchre. On the Origin of Onion-Shaped Domes,www.academia.edu/2694753, Academia.edu, 2005, 171–180, In the 17th century, the “fiery style” of ornamentation flourished in Moscow and Yaroslavl, gradually paving the way for the Naryshkin baroque of the 1690s.{{Citation needed|date=August 2022}}After the reforms of Peter the Great, Russia’s architecture became influenced by Western European styles. The 18th-century taste for Rococo architecture led to the splendid works of Bartolomeo Rastrelli and his followers. The most influential Russian architects of the eighteenth century; Vasily Bazhenov, Matvey Kazakov, and Ivan Starov, created lasting monuments in Moscow and Saint Petersburg and established a base for the more Russian forms that followed.WEB,countrystudies.us/russia/46.htm, Russia - Architecture and Painting, Glenn E., Curtis, 1998, Federal Research Division of the Library of Congress, Washington D.C., 30 July 2021, During the reign of Catherine the Great, Saint Petersburg was transformed into an outdoor museum of Neoclassical architecture.BOOK, The Most Intentional City: St. Petersburg in the Reign of Catherine the Great, Munro, George, Farleigh Dickinson University Press, 2008, 978-0-8386-4146-0, Cranbury, New Jersey, Cranbury, 233, During Alexander I’s rule, Empire style became the de facto architectural style,JOURNAL, Ivask, George, The “Empire” Period, The Russian Review, 1954, 13, 3, 167–175, Wiley (publisher), Wiley, 10.2307/125968, 125968, and Nicholas I opened the gate of Eclecticism to Russia. The second half of the 19th century was dominated by the Neo-Byzantine and Russian Revival style. In the early 20th century, Russian neoclassical revival became a trend.JOURNAL, Brumfield, William C., Anti-Modernism and the Neoclassical Revival in Russian Architecture, 1906-1916, University of California Press, Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians, 371–386, 48, 4, December 1989, 10.2307/990455, 990455, Prevalent styles of the late 20th century were the Art Nouveau, Constructivism,BOOK, Lodder, Christina, Russian Constructivism, 1985, 328, Yale University Press, 978-0-300-03406-6, and Socialist Classicism.WEB,iseees.berkeley.edu/sites/default/files/shared/doc/2013_8-eady.pdf, To the New Shore: Soviet Architecture’s Journey from Classicism to Standardization, Zubovich-Eady, Katherine, 2013, University of California, Berkeley, 15 January 2022, 20 January 2022,web.archive.org/web/20220120150146/https://iseees.berkeley.edu/sites/default/files/shared/doc/2013_8-eady.pdf, dead, Some notable Russian buildings include: Saint Sophia Cathedral in Novgorod | Golden Gate (Vladimir) | Cathedral of Christ the Saviour | Assumption Cathedral in Vladimir | Cathedral of the Annunciation | Cathedral of the Archangel | Cathedral of the Dormition | Church of the Savior on Blood | Saint Basil’s Cathedral | Kazan Kremlin | Saint Isaac’s Cathedral | Kazan Cathedral | Peter and Paul Cathedral | Sukharev Tower | Menshikov Tower | Moscow Manege | Narva Triumphal Gate | Kolomenskoye | Peterhof Palace | Gatchina | Troitse-Sergiyeva Lavra | Solovetsky Monastery | Kunstkamera | Russian Museum | Catherine Palace | Grand Kremlin Palace | Winter Palace | Simonov Monastery | Novodevichy Convent | Lenin’s Mausoleum | Tatlin’s Tower | Palace of the Soviets | Seven Sisters (Moscow) | All-Soviet Exhibition Centre | Ostankino Tower | Triumph-Palace | White House of Russia Vladimir bogolubovo 2.jpg|Church of the Intercession on the Nerl in BogolyubovoЗолотые ворота как лестница в небо.jpg|Golden Gate, VladimirKremlin of Pskov-2008-1.jpg|The medieval Pskov KromDormition (Kremlin).JPG|Dormition Cathedral in MoscowRUS-2016-Aerial-SPB-Peter and Paul Fortress 02.jpg|Peter and Paul Fortress in Saint PetersburgRUS-2016-Aerial-SPB-Winter Palace.jpg|An aerial view of the Winter Palace, Alexander Column and the General Staff Building at the Palace Square, Saint PetersburgKishi church detail roof 02.jpg|Details of the domes, KizhiСобор Казанской иконы Божией Матери (г. Санкт-Петербург, 7 октября 2010 г.).JPG|An interior of Kazan Cathedral, Saint PetersburgSaint Isaac’s Cathedral in SPB.jpeg|Saint Isaac’s Cathedral from Saint PetersburgMoscow July 2011-7a.jpg|Cathedral of Christ the Saviour in MoscowTeatro Bolshói, Moscú, Rusia, 2016-10-03, DD 42-43 HDR.jpg|The Bolshoi Theatre in MoscowAuferstehungskirche (Sankt Petersburg).JPG|Church of the Savior on Blood in Saint PetersburgGUM (19343956204).jpg|GUM in MoscowВосход над шуховсокой башней.JPG|The Shukhov Tower in MoscowMauzoleumlenina (cropped).jpeg|Lenin’s Mausoleum in MoscowMoscow State University crop.jpg|The main building of Moscow State University in Moscow Handicraft {{further|Matryoshka doll}}{{see also|Russian lacquer art}}Matryoshka doll is a Russian nesting doll. A set of Matryoshka dolls consist of a wooden figure which can be pulled apart to reveal another figure of the same sort but somewhat smaller inside. It has in turn another somewhat smaller figure inside, and so on. The number of nested figures is usually six or more. The shape is mostly cylindrical, rounded at the top for the head and tapered towards the bottom, but little else. The dolls have no extremities, (except those that are painted). The true artistry is in the painting of each doll, which can be extremely elaborate. The theme is usually peasant girls in traditional dress, but can be almost anything; for instance, fairy tales or Soviet leaders.{{Citation needed|date=August 2022}}Other forms of Russian handicraft include khokhloma, Dymkovo toy, gzhel, Zhostovo painting, Filimonov toys, pisanka, Pavlovo Posad shawl, Rushnyk, and palekh.{{Citation needed|date=August 2022}}Азарова1.jpg|A Gzhel samovarFile:Russian-Matroshka.jpg|Matryoshka dollХохломская роспись на доске.jpg|A Khokhloma painting on a cutting boardFile:Дымковская игрушка в магазине г. Киров (Кировская область).JPG|Dymkovo toys in a storeFile:Podnos.jpg|A Zhostovo paintingFile:The Nenets camp (model) 01.JPG|Kholmogory bone carving: A walrus ivory model of the Nenets encampment File:Toy of Filimonovo 02.jpg|Some Filimonovo toysFile:Pyssanka1.jpg|PysankasFile:Russian lacquered box - Suzdal.png|Lacquered box with a Kholuy miniature, depicting the town of SuzdalFile:PalekhTroikaWolves.jpg|Troika with wolves.Palekh miniatureПермогорская роспись.jpg|A Permogorsk painting on woodFile:Белгородские рушники.jpg|Rushnyk, old traditional Russian weaving style. The patterns vary between regions, and can be found across Russian history in textiles and Russian architecture Historical paintings depicting average Russians and their clothing File:Ensemble - MET 2009.300.3000a–e.jpg|Russian clothing, ca. 17th–19th century. Metropolitan Museum of Art.WEB,www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/157890, Ensemble, Russian, third quarter 17th–19th century, Metropolitan Museum of Art website, File:Ensemble - MET 2009.300.2999a–c.jpg|Russian clothing, late 18th–19th century. Metropolitan Museum of Art.WEB,www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/157886, Ensemble, Russian, late 18th–19th century, Metropolitan Museum of Art website, File:Peasant girl by anonimous (Russia, 19 c., priv.coll.) crop.jpg|Peasant girl with kokoshnik headdress, ca. 19th century.File:058 Description of all the Russian state-dwelling peoples.jpg|Samoyed in summer dress, in 1781, by Johann Gottlieb Georgi, SiberiaFile:Дети, катающие пасхальные яйца.jpg|Children, let the Easter eggs roll, ca. 1855, by Nikolay Koshelev. Russian Museum.File:Якуты.jpg|Yakutians, ca. 1862 by Gustav Pauli, Eastern SiberiaFile:Maksimov razdel.jpg|Russian peasants, ca. 1871, by Vassily Maximov.File:Wassilij Wladimirowitsch Pukirew 001.jpg|Acceptance of dowry in a business family, ca. 1873, by Vasili Pukirev.File:Water Carrier by Gribkov.jpg|Water Carrier, in inland Russia, in 1873, by Sergei GribkovFile:Hariton Platonov Malenkaya Nyanya 1880.jpg|The Little Baby-Sitter, in 1880 by Khariton Platonov, Russia.File:Lemoch Carl 017.JPG|Russian family, in 1885, by Kirill Lemokh.File:Николай Богданов-Бельский - Новая сказка (1891.).jpg|Russian brothers reading a tale, in 1891, by Nikolay Bogdanov-Belsky. Belarusian National Arts MuseumFile:Court robe - MET 1977.398a–c.jpg|Court robe, Russian, ca. 1900. Metropolitan Museum of Art.WEB,www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/157886, Court robe, Russian, ca. 1900, Metropolitan Museum of Art website, File:Жница (Мясоедов).jpg|“The Reaper” by Grigoriy Myasoyedov, before 1911File:Konstantin Makovsky (attr) Girl with Kokoshnik.jpg|Russian girl with kokoshnik, before 1915, by Konstantin MakovskyFile:Two girls by B.Grigoriev.jpg|Two girls by Boris Grigoriev, early 20th century, Soviet Russia. Icon painting {{See also|List of oldest Russian icons}}File:Russia, 19th century - Triptych with Christ, the Virgin, and St. John the Evangelist - 1918.404 - Cleveland Museum of Art.tif|left|thumb|450px|Triptych with Christ, the Virgin, and St. John the Evangelist; 1800s; pigment on wood, in cloisonné enamelled insert; overall: 7.9 x 21.9 x 2 cm; Cleveland Museum of ArtCleveland Museum of ArtRussian icons are typically paintings on wood, often small, though some in churches and monasteries may be as large as a table top. Many religious homes in Russia have icons hanging on the wall in the krasny ugol, the “red” or “beautiful” corner (see Icon Corner). There is a rich history and elaborate religious symbolism associated with icons. In Russian churches, the nave is typically separated from the sanctuary by an iconostasis (Russian ikonostás) a wall of icons. Icon paintings in Russia attempted to help people with their prayers without idolizing the figure in the painting. The most comprehensive collection of Icon art is found at the Tretyakov Gallery.WEB,www.geographia.com/russia/rusart01.htm, Art & Architecture of Russia, www.geographia.com, The use and making of icons entered Kievan Rus’ following its conversion to Orthodox Christianity from the Eastern Roman (Byzantine) Empire in 988 AD. As a general rule, these icons strictly followed models and formulas hallowed by usage, some of which had originated in Constantinople. As time passed, the Russians—notably Andrei Rublev and Dionisius—widened the vocabulary of iconic types and styles far beyond anything found elsewhere. The personal, improvisatory and creative traditions of Western European religious art are largely lacking in Russia before the seventeenth century, when Simon Ushakov’s painting became strongly influenced by religious paintings and engravings from Protestant as well as Catholic Europe.{{Citation needed|date=August 2022}}In the mid-seventeenth century, changes in liturgy and practice instituted by Patriarch Nikon resulted in a split in the Russian Orthodox Church. The traditionalists, the persecuted “Old Ritualists” or “Old Believers”, continued the traditional stylization of icons, while the State Church modified its practice. From that time icons began to be painted not only in the traditional stylized and nonrealistic mode, but also in a mixture of Russian stylization and Western European realism, and in a Western European manner very much like that of Catholic religious art of the time. The Stroganov movement and the icons from Nevyansk rank among the last important schools of Russian icon-painting.{{Citation needed|date=August 2022}}Meister der Schule von Nowgorod 002.jpg|Icon of the Crucifixion; circa 1360; by the Novgorod School; Louvre (Paris)File:Angelsatmamre-trinity-rublev-1410.jpg|Holy Trinity, Hospitality of Abraham; by Andrei Rublev; c. 1411; tempera on panel; 1.1 x 1.4 m (4 ft 8 in x 3 ft 8{{fraction|3|4}} in); Tretyakov Gallery (Moscow)Складень трехстворчатый c изображением «Благовещения», «Троицы» и «Сретения»..jpg|A three-leaved fold with the image of the “Annunciation”, “Trinity” and “Presentation”; the end of the 17th century; temperaon wood; 13 x 7.3 cm; National Art Museum of Azerbaijan (Baku)Икона «Святитель Николай Чудотворец (Дворищенский)”. Первая треть XVIII века, Новгород. Дерево, левкас, темпера..jpg|Icon of St. Nicholas the Wonderworker (Dvorischensky); 18th century; wood, gesso & tempera; Ryabushinsky Museum of Icons and Paintings (Moscow) Lubok A lubok (plural Lubki, Cyrillic: ) is a Russian popular print, characterized by simple graphics and narratives derived from literature, religious stories and popular tales. Lubki prints were used as decoration in houses and inns. Early examples from the late 17th and early 18th centuries were woodcuts, then engravings or etchings were typical, and from the mid-19th century lithography. They sometimes appeared in series, which might be regarded as predecessors of the modern comic strip. Cheap and simple books, similar to chapbooks,Lyons, Martyn. “Books: A Living History”. Getty Publishing, 2011, 158. which mostly consisted of pictures, are called lubok literature or (Cyrillic: ). Both pictures and literature are commonly referred to simply as lubki. The Russian word lubok derives from lub – a special type of board that pictures were printed on.{{Citation needed|date=August 2022}}File:Babayaga lubok.jpg|Baba Yaga riding a pig and fighting the infernal Crocodile; 17th centuryFile:Lubok zodiac.jpg|The sun, moon, seasons and 12 months in the form of signs of the zodiac; the end of the 17th-early 18th centuryFile:Mice-burying-the-cat.jpg|The Mice are burying the Cat; 18th centuryFile:Farnos.jpg|Farnos the Red Nose (lubok depicting a pig-riding jester); 18th century Baroque, Classical and Romanticist painting The Russian Academy of Arts was created in 1757 with the aim of giving Russian artists an international role and status. Notable portrait painters from the academy include Ivan Argunov, Fyodor Rokotov, Dmitry Levitzky, and Vladimir Borovikovsky.{{Citation needed|date=August 2022}}In the early 19th century, when neoclassicism and romanticism flourished, famous academic artists focused on mythological and Biblical themes, like Karl Briullov, Orest Kiprensky, Ivan Aivazovsky and Alexander Ivanov.{{Citation needed|date=August 2022}}File:Ivan Nikitin - Портрет графа Г.И.Головкина - Google Art Project.jpg|Portrait of Chancellor Gavriil Golovkin by Ivan Nikitin (1720)File:Borovikovsky maria Lopukhina.jpg|Portrait of Maria Lopukhina by Vladimir Borovikovsky (1797)File:Test force of Jan Usmar (Grigoriy Ugryumov).jpg|Jan Usmar’s Test of Strength by Grigory Ugryumov (1797)File:Минин и Пожарский. 01.jpg|Monument to Minin and Pozharsky by Ivan Martos (1818)File:Aleksey Venetsianov - На пашне. Весна - Google Art Project.jpg|(In the Ploughed Field: Spring) by Alexey Venetsianov (1820)File:Karl Brullov - The Last Day of Pompeii - Google Art Project.jpg|The Last Day of Pompeii by Karl Bryullov (1833)File:Hovhannes Aivazovsky - The Ninth Wave - Google Art Project.jpg|The Ninth Wave by Ivan Aivazovsky (1850)File:Александр Андреевич Иванов - Явление Христа народу (Явление Мессии) - Google Art Project.jpg|The Appearance of Christ Before the People by Alexander Ivanov (1857) Realist and Modernist painting Realism came into dominance in the 19th century. The realists captured Russian identity in landscapes of wide rivers, forests, and birch clearings, as well as vigorous genre scenes and robust portraits of their contemporaries. Other artists focused on social criticism, showing the conditions of the poor and caricaturing authority; critical realism flourished under the reign of Alexander II, with some artists making the circle of human suffering their main theme. Others focused on depicting dramatic moments in Russian history. The Peredvizhniki (wanderers) group of artists broke with Russian Academy and initiated a school of art liberated from Academic restrictions. Leading realists include Ivan Shishkin, Arkhip Kuindzhi, Ivan Kramskoi, Vasily Polenov, Isaac Levitan, Vasily Surikov, Viktor Vasnetsov and Ilya Repin.{{Citation needed|date=August 2022}}By the turn of the 20th century and on, many Russian artists developed their own unique styles, neither realist nor avant-garde. These include Boris Kustodiev, Kuzma Petrov-Vodkin, Mikhail Vrubel and Nicholas Roerich. Many works by the Peredvizhniki group of artists have been highly sought after by collectors in recent years. Russian art auctions during Russian Art Week in London have increased in demand and works have been sold for record breaking prices.{{Citation needed|date=August 2022}}File:RooksBackOfSavrasov.jpg|The Rooks Have Returned by Alexei Savrasov (1871)File:1871 Vereshchagin Apotheose des Krieges anagoria.JPG|The Apotheosis of War by Vasily Vereshchagin (1871)File:Ilia Efimovich Repin (1844-1930) - Volga Boatmen (1870-1873).jpg|Barge Haulers on the Volga by Ilya Repin (1873)File:Utro v sosnovom lesu.jpg|Morning in a Pine Forest by Ivan Shishkin and Konstantin Savitsky (1878)File:TheKnightAtTheCrossroads.jpg|Knight at the Crossroads by Viktor Vasnetsov (1878)File:Surikov streltsi.jpg|The Morning of the Streltsy Execution by Vasily Surikov (1881)File:Arkhip Kuindzhi - Ночь на Днепре - Google Art Project.jpg|Moonlit Night on the Dnieper by Arkhip Kuindzhi (1882)File:Kramskoy Portrait of a Woman.jpg|Portrait of an Unknown Woman by Ivan Kramskoi (1883)File:Serov devochka s persikami.jpg|Girl with Peaches by Valentin Serov (1887)File:Mikhail Nesterov 001.jpg|The Vision to the Youth Bartholomew by Mikhail Nesterov (1890)File:Vrubel Demon.jpg|The Demon Seated by Mikhail Vrubel (1891)File:Isaak Ilitsch Lewitan 005.jpg|The Evening Bells by Isaac Levitan (1892) Russian avant-garde The Russian avant-garde is an umbrella term used to define the large, influential wave of modernist art that flourished in Russia from approximately 1890 to 1930. The term covers many separate, but inextricably related, art movements that occurred at the time; namely neo-primitivism, suprematism, constructivism, rayonism, and futurism. Notable artists from this era include El Lissitzky, Kazimir Malevich, Wassily Kandinsky, Vladimir Tatlin, Alexander Rodchenko, Pavel Filonov and Marc Chagall. The Russian avant-garde reached its creative and popular height in the period between the Russian Revolution of 1917 and 1932, at which point the revolutionary ideas of the avant-garde clashed with the newly emerged conservative direction of socialist realism.{{Citation needed|date=August 2022}}In the 20th century many Russian artists made their careers in Western Europe, forced to emigrate by the Revolution. Wassily Kandinsky, Marc Chagall, Naum Gabo and others spread their work, ideas, and the impact of Russian art globally.{{Citation needed|date=August 2022}}File:Chagall IandTheVillage.jpg|I and the Village by Marc Chagall (1911)File:Bathing of a Red Horse (Petrov-Vodkin).jpg|Bathing of a Red Horse by Kuzma Petrov-Vodkin (1912)File:Vassily Kandinsky, 1913 - Composition 6.jpg|Composition VI by Vasily Kandinsky (1913)Cyclist (Goncharova, 1913).jpg|Cyclist by Natalia Goncharova (1913)File:Kazimir Malevich, 1915, Black Suprematic Square, oil on linen canvas, 79.5 x 79.5 cm, Tretyakov Gallery, Moscow.jpg|Black Square by Kazimir Malevich (1915)Klinom Krasnym Bej Belych.JPG|Beat the Whites with the Red Wedge by El Lissitzky (1919)File:Tatlin’s Tower maket 1919 year.jpg|Tatlin’s Tower by Vladimir Tatlin (1920)File:1924 Poster by Alexander Rodchenko, showing Lilya Brik saying in Russian Books (Please) in all branches of knowledge.jpg|Books in All Branches of Knowledge poster by Alexander Rodchenko Soviet art During the Russian Revolution a movement was initiated to put all arts to service of the dictatorship of the proletariat. The instrument for this was created just days before the October Revolution, known as Proletkult, an abbreviation for “Proletarskie kulturno-prosvetitelnye organizatsii” (Proletarian Cultural and Enlightenment Organizations). A prominent theorist of this movement was Alexander Bogdanov. Initially, Narkompros (ministry of education), which was also in charge of the arts, supported Proletkult. Although Marxist in character, the Proletkult gained the disfavor of many party leaders, and by 1922 it had declined considerably. It was eventually disbanded by Stalin in 1932. De facto restrictions on what artists could paint were abandoned by the late 1980s.{{Citation needed|date=August 2022}}However, in the late Soviet era many artists combined innovation with socialist realism including Ernst Neizvestny, Ilya Kabakov, Mikhail Shemyakin, Igor Novikov, Erik Bulatov, and Vera Mukhina. They employed techniques as varied as primitivism, hyperrealism, grotesque, and abstraction. Soviet artists produced works that were furiously patriotic and anti-fascist in the 1940s. After the Great Patriotic War Soviet sculptors made multiple monuments to the war dead, marked by a great restrained solemnity.{{Citation needed|date=August 2022}}Bolshevik - Kustodiev.jpg|The Bolshevik by Boris Kustodiev (1920)Ouvrier kolkhosienne 2.jpg|Worker and Kolkhoz Woman by Vera Mukhina (1937)Bundesarchiv B 145 Bild-F088809-0038, Berlin, East Side Gallery.jpg|My God, Help Me to Survive This Deadly Love by Dmitri Vrubel (1990) Performance arts Russian folk music File:Balalaika.JPG|thumb|A balalaikabalalaikaRussians have distinctive traditions of folk music. Typical ethnic Russian musical instruments are gusli, balalaika, zhaleika, balalaika contrabass, bayan accordion, Gypsy guitar and garmoshka. Folk music had great influence on the Russian classical composers, and in modern times it is a source of inspiration for a number of popular folk bands, most prominent being Golden Ring, Ural’s Nation Choir, Lyudmila Zykina. Russian folk songs, as well as patriotic songs of the Soviet era, constitute the bulk of repertoire of the world-renowned Red Army choir and other popular Russian ensembles.{{Citation needed|date=August 2022}} Russian folk dance Russian folk dance (Russian: Русский Народный Танец) can generally be broken up into two main types of dances. Khorovod (Russian: Хоровод), a circular game type dance where the participants hold hands, sing, and the action generally happens in the middle of circle, and Plyaska (Russian: Пляска or Плясовый), a circular dance for men and women that increases in diversity and tempo, according to Bob Renfield, considered to be the preeminent scholar on the topic. Other forms of Russian Folk Dance include Pereplyas (Russian: Перепляс), an all-male competitive dance, Mass Dance (Russian: Массовый пляс), an unpaired stage dance without restrictions on age or number of participants, Group Dance (Russian: Групповая пляска) a type of mass dance employs simple round-dance passages, and improvisation, and types of Quadrilles (Russian: Кадриль), originally a French dance brought to Russia in the 18th century.WEB,sitekid.ru/kultura_i_iskusstvo/russkie_narodnie_tantsi.html, Русские народные танцы. Культура и искусство, sitekid.ru, File:Russian dancer at the Imagine Cup.jpg|thumb|Russian dancer dansing vprisiadkuvprisiadkuEthnic Russian dances include khorovod (Russian: Хоровод), barynya (Russian: Барыня), kamarinskaya (Russian: Камаринская), kazachok (Russian: Казачок) and chechotka (Russian: Чечётка) (a tap dance in bast shoes and with a bayan).WEB,www.ibelov.ru/english/concert.files/Russian%20chechotka%20in%20bast%20shoes.html,www.ibelov.ru/english/concert.files/Russian%20chechotka%20in%20bast%20shoes.html," title="web.archive.org/web/20110827015022www.ibelov.ru/english/concert.files/Russian%20chechotka%20in%20bast%20shoes.html,">web.archive.org/web/20110827015022www.ibelov.ru/english/concert.files/Russian%20chechotka%20in%20bast%20shoes.html, dead, Russian chechotka, 27 August 2011, Troika (Russian: Тройка) A dance with one man and two women, named after the traditional Russian carriage which is led by three horses. Bear Dance or dancing with bears (Russian: Танец С Медведем) Dates back to 907 when Great Russian Prince Oleg, in celebration of his victory over the Greeks in Kiev, had as entertainment, 16 male dancers dress as bears and four bears dress as dancers.WEB,www.articleswave.com/, Welcome to articleswave.com, www.articleswave.com, weblink {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120430112940russian7.ru/2012/01/7-%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85-%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85-%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%B2/|date=30 April 2012}}{{in lang|ru}} Dances with dancers dressed as bears are a recurring theme, as seen a recording of the Omsk Russian Folk Chorus.{{YouTube|pmArogHFGWo}} One of the main characteristics of Russian furious dances is the vprisiadku elements.WEB,russia-ic.com/culture_art/traditions/1523#.XHyum--YXIU, Traditions of Russian Folk Dance :: Manners, Customs and Traditions :: Culture & Arts :: Russia-InfoCentre, russia-ic.com, 2019-03-04, WEB,www.culture.ru/materials/104023/tancuyut-vse, Русская пляска: хоровод, кадриль, танок, калинка, барыня, казачок, присядка., www.culture.ru, 2019-03-04, Classical music Until the 18th century, music in Russia consisted mainly of church music and folk songs and dances.Excerpted from WEB,countrystudies.us/russia/44.htm, Russia - Music, Glenn E., Curtis, 1998, Washington, D.C., Federal Research Division of the Library of Congress, 25 June 2021, In the 19th century, it was defined by the tension between classical composer Mikhail Glinka along with other members of The Mighty Handful, and the Russian Musical Society led by composers Anton and Nikolay Rubinstein. The later tradition of Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky, one of the greatest composers of the Romantic era, was continued into the 20th century by Sergei Rachmaninoff, one of the last great champions of the Romantic style of European classical music.BOOK, Norris, Gregory, Stanley, Sadie, The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, 2nd edition, Macmillan, 1980, London, 707, 978-0-333-23111-1, World-renowned composers of the 20th century include Alexander Scriabin, Alexander Glazunov, Igor Stravinsky, Sergei Prokofiev, Dmitri Shostakovich, Georgy Sviridov and Alfred Schnittke.Soviet and Russian conservatories have turned out generations of world-renowned soloists. Among the best known are violinists David Oistrakh and Gidon Kremer,BOOK, Violin Virtuosos: From Paganini to the 21st Century,archive.org/details/violinvirtuososf0000roth, registration, Roth, Henry, 1997, California Classic Books, 1-879395-15-0, NEWS, Charlotte, Higgins, Perfect isn’t good enough,www.theguardian.com/culture/2000/nov/22/artsfeatures2, The Guardian, 22 November 2000, 7 July 2021, cellist Mstislav Rostropovich,BOOK, Wilson, Elizabeth, Mstislav Rostropovich: Cellist, Teacher, Legend, London, 2007, Faber & Faber, 978-0-571-22051-9, pianists Vladimir Horowitz,BOOK, Dubal, David,archive.org/details/rememberinghorow0000unse, Remembering Horowitz: 125 Pianists Recall a Legend, Schirmer Books, 1993, 0-02-870676-5, Sviatoslav Richter,BOOK, Hunt, John, Sviatoslav Richter: Pianist of the Century: Discography, London, Travis & Emery, 2009, 978-1-901395-99-0, and Emil Gilels,WEB, Phil, Carrick,www.abc.net.au/classic/content/2013/09/21/3851467.htm, Emil Gilels: A True Giant of the Keyboard, ABC Classic, 21 September 2013, 7 July 2021,www.abc.net.au/classic/content/2013/09/21/3851467.htm," title="web.archive.org/web/20150126072651www.abc.net.au/classic/content/2013/09/21/3851467.htm,">web.archive.org/web/20150126072651www.abc.net.au/classic/content/2013/09/21/3851467.htm, 26 January 2015, dead, and vocalist Galina Vishnevskaya.WEB,knightfoundation.org/articles/galina-vishnevskaya-the-russian-tigress-2/, Galina Vishnevskaya, the Russian tigress, Knight Foundation, Sebastian, Spreng, 19 December 2012, 7 July 2021, File:Michail Ivanovič Glinka.jpg|GlinkaFile:Rubinstein N & A Postcard-1910.jpg|Nikolai and Anton RubinsteinFile:Borodin.jpg|BorodinFile:Modest Musorgskiy, 1870.jpg|MussorgskyFile:Tchaikovsky2.jpg|TchaikovskyFile:RKorsakow.jpg|Rimsky-KorsakovFile:Skrjabin Alexander.jpg|ScriabinFile:Sergei Rachmaninoff cph.3a40575.jpg|RachmaninovFile:Igor Stravinsky LOC 32392u.jpg|StravinskyFile:Sergei Prokofiev circa 1918 over Chair Bain.jpg|ProkofievFile:Dmitri Shostakovich credit Deutsche Fotothek adjusted.jpg|ShostakovichFile:Sofia Gubaidulina July1981 Sortavala ©DSmirnov.jpg|Gubaidulina Ballet File:AP Cygne.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Anna PavlovaAnna PavlovaThe original purpose of the ballet in Russia was to entertain the imperial court. The first ballet company was the Imperial School of Ballet in St. Petersburg in the 1740s. The Ballets Russes was a ballet company founded in the 1909 by Sergey Diaghilev, an enormously important figure in the Russian ballet scene. Diaghilev and his Ballets Russes’ travels abroad profoundly influenced the development of dance worldwide.BOOK, Garafola, L, Diaghilev’s Ballets Russes, Oxford University Press, 576, 0-19-505701-5, 1989,archive.org/details/diaghilevsballet00gara/page/576, The headquarters of his ballet company was located in Paris, France. A protégé of Diaghilev, George Balanchine, founded the New York City Ballet Company in 1948.{{Citation needed|date=August 2022}}During the early 20th century, Russian ballet dancers Anna Pavlova and Vaslav Nijinsky rose to fame. Soviet ballet preserved the perfected 19th century traditions,WEB, Cashin, K K, Alexander Pushkin’s Influence on Russian Ballet â€” Chapter Five: Pushkin, Soviet Ballet, and Afterward,etd.lib.fsu.edu/theses/available/etd-04072005-133328/unrestricted/12_kkc_chap5.pdf, 27 December 2007, dead,web.archive.org/web/20080102150415/https://etd.lib.fsu.edu/theses/available/etd-04072005-133328/unrestricted/12_kkc_chap5.pdf, 2 January 2008, dmy-all, and the Soviet Union’s choreography schools produced one internationally famous star after another, including Maya Plisetskaya, Rudolf Nureyev, and Mikhail Baryshnikov. The Bolshoi Ballet in Moscow and the Mariinsky in Saint Petersburg remain famous throughout the world. Ballet from then on spread worldwide.WEB,petersburgcity.com/news/culture/2005/11/18/theatre/, A Tale of Two Operas, Petersburg City, 11 January 2008, Opera The first known opera made in Russia was A Life for the Tsar by Mikhail Glinka in 1836. This was followed by several operas such as Ruslan and Lyudmila in 1842. Russian opera was originally a combination of Russian folk music and Italian opera. After the October Revolution many opera composers left Russia. Russia’s most popular operas include Boris Godunov, Eugene Onegin, The Golden Cockerel, Prince Igor, and The Queen of Spades.{{Citation needed|date=August 2022}} Electronic and experimental music (File:Theramin-Alexandra-Stepanoff-1930.jpg|thumb|right|Alexandra Stepanoff playing Theremin in 1930)Russia is the place where many of the earliest experiments in electronic music and noise music took place. Arseny Avraamov’s magnum opus, “Symphony of the factory sirens” (composed in 1918, performed live in 1922) stood as one of the earliest experiments in noise music and a precursor to musique concrete, Avraamov was also a notable inventor in the field of earliest electronic instruments. Theremin, one of the first mass-produced electronic musical instruments, was invented by Leon Theremin in the Soviet Union before 1928. ANS was another early electronic instrument, invented in 1937 by Soviet engineer Evgeny Murzin. Other electronic instruments, invented around the same time in the Soviet Union and also by Russian emigrees, included “la croix sonore” (“a sounding cross“) by Nikolai Obukhov (1929), violena () by Soviet engineer Alexander Gurov and ilston () by Ilya Ilsarov, sonar () by Nikita Ananiev, ekvodin () by Andrei Volodin, kompanola () by Igor Simonov, and many others.During the 1940s, new electronic instruments were invented in the Soviet Union, including “V-9” () by Andrei Volodin, emiriton () by Andrey Rimsky-Korsakov and A.Ivanov. Emiriton was praised by Shostakovich, and an ensemble of four emiritons toured Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic in 1940.In 1956, Ensemble of Electromusical Instruments (), or EMI () was founded by Vyacheslav Mescherin. Among many synthesizers used by EMI were theremins, electronic harps, electronic organs, ekvodin and a Soviet-made reverb unit. EMI played music reminiscent of the Western space-age pop.In 1965, production of the first consumer-grade synthesizer in the Soviet Union, called “Yunost-70” (Youth-70) (), was launched.In 1966, Moscow Experimental Electronic Music Studio (MESEM) () was created by Evgeny Murzin, and it was officially opened in 1967. Several notable electronic and experimental composers emerged from the studio, including Edison Denisov, Sofia Gubaidulina, Stanislav Kreichi, Alexander Nemtin, Sándor Kallós, Vladimir Martynov, Alfred Schnittke and one of the pioneers of new age music, Eduard Artemiev. Artemiev was among the composers, whose work laid down the foundation of trance music almost two decades later.During the late 1960s, electronic light music ensembles emerged in the Soviet Union, among them were Ensemble Rokoko, Ensemble Elektron and various jazz ensembles. Their music was frequently transmitted by radio abroad, an effort to increase foreign tourism to the USSR.By the early 1970s, electronic and electroacoustic instruments became a staple in Soviet estrada and VIA music. Electronic music found acceptance in the Soviet cinema, for instance it was used by Andrei Tarkovsky in “Solaris”, “Mirror”, “Stalker”, was used in Andrei Konchalovsky’s “Siberiade”, but also was used in more accessible movies, such as “Diamond hand”.Among official soundtracks for the 1980 Olympic Games in Moscow opening and closing ceremonies was electronic “Oh Thou Sport, you are eternal progress” () from the electronic cantata “Ode to the good messenger” () composed by Eduard Artemiev. The sound director for the opening ceremony, Yury Bogdanov, was another notable alumni of MESEM and author of more than 200 electronic soundtracks for Soviet movies, and numerous electronic and experimental albums.After the fall of Soviet Union, several electronic music subgenres have emerged from Russia, namely hardbass, drift phonk, dark psytrance, hookah rap, operplugg, sovietwave. Modern music File:Little Big (1) на VK Fest 5.jpg|thumb|left|Little Big is a famous rave band in Russia.]]During the Soviet times, popular music also produced a number of renowned figures, such as the two balladeers—Vladimir Vysotsky and Bulat Okudzhava,ENCYCLOPEDIA,www.britannica.com/place/Russia/Music, Russia - Music, Encyclopædia Britannica, 7 July 2021, and performers such as Alla Pugacheva.WEB,www.nytimes.com/2000/02/28/nyregion/superstar-evokes-superpower-diva-s-voice-adoring-fans-hear-echoes-soviet-days.html?scp=5&sq=pugacheva&st=cse, A Superstar Evokes a Superpower; In Diva’s Voice, Adoring Fans Hear Echoes of Soviet Days, The New York Times, Alison, Smale, 28 February 2000, 7 July 2021, Jazz, even with sanctions from Soviet authorities, flourished and evolved into one of the country’s most popular musical forms. The Ganelin Trio have been described by critics as the greatest ensemble of free-jazz in continental Europe.WEB,www.scaruffi.com/jazz/ganelin.html, Ganelin Trio, Piero, Scaruffi, Piero Scaruffi, 7 July 2021, By the 1980s, rock music became popular across Russia, and produced bands such as Aria, Aquarium,WEB,www.bbc.com/culture/article/20141013-meet-the-bob-dylan-of-russia, Boris Grebenshikov: ‘The Bob Dylan of Russia’, BBC, Sally, McGrane, 21 October 2014, 7 July 2021, DDT,WEB,www.npr.org/2008/02/06/18752518/ddt-notes-from-russias-rock-underground, DDT: Notes from Russia’s Rock Underground, National Public Radio, 6 February 2008, 10 July 2021, and Kino.WEB,www.rferl.org/a/leningrad-rock-club-scorpions-meine-soviet-union-wind-of-change-tsoi/31157285.html, ‘Crazy Pirates’: The Leningrad Rockers Who Rode A Wind Of Change Across The U.S.S.R., Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, Coilin, O’Connor, 23 March 2021, 7 July 2021, Pop music in Russia has continued to flourish since the 1960s, with globally famous acts such as t.A.T.u.WEB,www.theage.com.au/entertainment/music/tatu-bad-to-be-true-20030614-gdvvq0.html, Tatu bad to be true, The Age, 14 June 2003, 7 July 2021, In the recent times, Little Big, a rave band, has gained popularity in Russia and across Europe.WEB,medium.com/@sabrinafaramarzi/a-review-of-russian-rave-band-little-big-in-berlin-9eb4e8e1b0db, Little Big: camp, outrageous Russian rave, Medium (website), Medium, Sabrina, Faramarzi, 12 May 2019, 7 July 2021, Other modern music can be found in the media, such as YouTube. For example, the song “Moscow, Moscow,” is extremely popular among memes and other means of entertainment. Cinema File:Vintage Potemkin.jpg|thumb|upright|Poster of Battleship Potemkin (1925) by Sergei Eisenstein, which was named the greatest film of all time at the Brussels World’s Fair in 1958.WEB, Hodgson, Jonathan,www.play.mdx.ac.uk/media/EISENSTEIN%2C+Sergei+-+BATTLESHIP+POTEMKIN+-+1925+Russia/1_sub9wj41, EISENSTEIN, Sergei - BATTLESHIP POTEMKIN - 1925 Russia, Middlesex UniversityMiddlesex UniversityRussian and later Soviet cinema was a hotbed of invention, resulting in world-renowned films such as The Battleship Potemkin.Miller, Jamie. “Soviet Cinema, 1929-41: The Development of Industry and Infrastructure” Europe-Asia Studies, vol. 58, no. 1, 2006, pp. 103–124. JSTOR. Retrieved 26 May 2021. Soviet-era filmmakers, most notably Sergei Eisenstein and Andrei Tarkovsky, would go on to become among of the world’s most innovative and influential directors.WEB,www.inverse.com/article/40392-sergei-eisenstein-google-doodle, Sergei Eisenstein: How the “Father of Montage” Reinvented Cinema, Inverse (website), Inverse, Mike, Brown, 22 January 2018, 27 May 2021, WEB,www.bfi.org.uk/features/where-begin-with-andrei-tarkovsky, Where to begin with Andrei Tarkovsky, British Film Institute, Carmen, Gray, 27 October 2015, 27 May 2021, Eisenstein was a student of Lev Kuleshov, who developed the groundbreaking Soviet montage theory of film editing at the world’s first film school, the All-Union Institute of Cinematography.ENCYCLOPEDIA,www.britannica.com/topic/All-Union-State-Institute-of-Cinematography, All-Union State Institute of Cinematography, Encyclopædia Britannica, 29 June 2021, Dziga Vertov’s “Kino-Eye” theory had a huge impact on the development of documentary filmmaking and cinema realism.WEB,news.yale.edu/2019/08/12/yale-film-scholar-dziga-vertov-enigma-movie-camera, Yale film scholar on Dziga Vertov, the enigma with a movie camera, Yale University, Kendall, Teare, 12 August 2019, 21 June 2021, Many Soviet socialist realism films were artistically successful, including Chapaev, The Cranes Are Flying, and Ballad of a Soldier.{{Citation needed|date=August 2022}}The 1960s and 1970s saw a greater variety of artistic styles in Soviet cinema. The comedies of Eldar Ryazanov and Leonid Gaidai of that time were immensely popular, with many of the catchphrases still in use today.WEB,www.rferl.org/a/eldar-ryazanov-films/27398408.html, Eldar Ryazanov And His Films, Radio Free Europe, 30 November 2015, 27 May 2021, Prokhorova, Elena, “The Man Who Made Them Laugh: Leonid Gaidai, the King of Soviet Comedy”, in Beumers, Birgit (2008) A History of Russian Cinema, Berg Publishers, {{ISBN|978-1845202156}}, pp. 519–542 In 1961–68 Sergey Bondarchuk directed an Oscar-winning film adaptation of Leo Tolstoy’s epic War and Peace, which was the most expensive film made in the Soviet Union.Birgit Beumers. A History of Russian Cinema. Berg Publishers (2009). {{ISBN|978-1-84520-215-6}}. p. 143. In 1969, Vladimir Motyl’s White Sun of the Desert was released, a very popular film in a genre of ostern; the film is traditionally watched by cosmonauts before any trip into space.WEB,filmlinc.com/wrt/onsale08/russian08/whitesunofthedesert.html,filmlinc.com/wrt/onsale08/russian08/whitesunofthedesert.html," title="web.archive.org/web/20080905102633filmlinc.com/wrt/onsale08/russian08/whitesunofthedesert.html,">web.archive.org/web/20080905102633filmlinc.com/wrt/onsale08/russian08/whitesunofthedesert.html, 5 September 2008, Film Society of Lincoln Center, White Sun of the Desert, 18 January 2008, In 2002, Russian Ark was the first feature film ever to be shot in a single take.WEB,www.michigandaily.com/uncategorized/russian-ark-history-one-shot/, ‘Russian Ark’ a history in one shot, The Michigan Daily, Jeff, Dickerson, 31 March 2003, 25 May 2021, Today, the Russian cinema industry continues to expand.WEB,www.themoscowtimes.com/2019/01/18/the-revival-of-russias-cinema-industry-a64197, The Revival of Russia’s Cinema Industry, The Moscow Times, Ben, Aris, 18 January 2019, 25 May 2021, Animation Russia also has a long and rich tradition of animation, which started already in the late Russian Empire times. Most of Russia’s cartoon production for cinema and television was created during Soviet times, when Soyuzmultfilm studio was the largest animation producer. Soviet animators developed a great and unmatched variety of pioneering techniques and aesthetic styles, with prominent directors including Ivan Ivanov-Vano, Fyodor Khitruk and Aleksandr Tatarskiy. Soviet cartoons are still a source for many popular catch phrases, while such cartoon heroes as Russian-style Winnie-the-Pooh, cute little Cheburashka, Wolf and Hare from Nu, Pogodi! being iconic images in Russia and many surrounding countries. The traditions of Soviet animation were developed in the past decade by such directors as Aleksandr Petrov and studios like Melnitsa, along with Ivan Maximov.{{Citation needed|date=August 2022}} Science and technology Radio and TV {{see also|Telecommunications in Russia}}File:11-й логотип Россия-1.svg|thumb|Logo of the state-owned TV channel Russia-1Russia-1Russia has almost 37 thousand media outlets, over 35 thousand newspapers,WEB,medialandscapes.org/country/russia/media/television, Russia, European Journalism Centre, 1 July 2021, and 12 thousand magazines.WEB,www.rusemb.org.uk/massmediainrussia/, Mass Media in Russia, Embassy of Russia, London, The Embassy of the Russian Federation to the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, 1 July 2021, The largest internationally operating news agencies in Russia are TASS, RIA Novosti, and Interfax.WEB,ejc.net/media_landscapes/russia#link_312, Russia – Media Landscape, European Journalism Centre, Natalya, Krasnoboka,ejc.net/media_landscapes/russia#link_312," title="web.archive.org/web/20180320003807ejc.net/media_landscapes/russia#link_312,">web.archive.org/web/20180320003807ejc.net/media_landscapes/russia#link_312, 20 March 2018, dead, 15 May 2021, Television is the most popular media in Russia, as 99% of the Russian population receives at least one television channel, and roughly 60% of Russians watch television on a daily basis.WEB,www.statista.com/statistics/1094478/russia-television-viewing-frequency/, Television watching frequency in Russia 2021, Statista, D. Elagina, 15 February 2021, 1 July 2021, The most watched TV channels in Russia include the state-owned Russia-1, Channel One Russia, NTV, REN TV, and Russia Today. Popular nationwide radio stations in Russia include Radio Rossii, Echo of Moscow, Radio Mayak, Radio Yunost, and Russkoye Radio. Internet File:RUNET-2006 RUNET HYMN.JPG|thumb|Runet PrizeRunet PrizeOriginating from Russian (:Category:Science and technology in Russia|scientific community) and telecommunication industries, a specific Russian culture of using the Internet has been established since the early 1990s. In the second half of the 1990s, the term Runet was coined to call the segment of Internet written or understood in the Russian language. Whereas the Internet “has no boundaries”, “Russian Internet” (online communications in the Russian language) can not be localized solely to the users residing in the Russian Federation as it includes Russian-speaking people from all around the world. This segment includes millions of users in other ex-USSR countries, Israel and others abroad diasporas.WEB, Ruhr University Bochum, 25 January 2008, Henrike, Schmidt, Katy, Teubener, amp, “Our RuNet“? Cultural Identity and Media Usage,www.ruhr-uni-bochum.de/russ-cyb/library/texts/en/control_shift/Schmidt_Teubener_Identity.pdf, With the introduction of the Web, many social and cultural events found reflections within the Russian Internet society. Various online communities formed, and the most popular one grew out of the Russian-speaking users of the California-based blogging platform LiveJournal (which was completely bought out in December 2007 by Russian firm SUP Fabrik).www.telegraph.co.uk/money/main.jhtml?xml=/money/2008/01/06/ccrussia106.xml" title="web.archive.org/web/20080112204814www.telegraph.co.uk/money/main.jhtml?xml=/money/2008/01/06/ccrussia106.xml">Russian oligarch invades the blogosphere – Telegraph.co.uk, 06/01/2008 In January 2008 a LiveJournal blog of the “3rd statesman” Sergey Mironov had appeared and he was shortly followed by the new President Dmitry Medvedev who opened a personal video blog which was later also expanded with a LiveJournal version.{{Citation needed|date=August 2022}}As of late, there are scores of websites offering Russian language content including mass media, e-commerce, search engines and so on. Particularly notorious are the “Russian Hackers”.NEWS, 25 January 2008, Reuters, Police say Russian hackers are increasing threat,www.usatoday.com/tech/news/internetprivacy/2004-07-28-russian-hackers_x.htm, Oliver, Bullough, 28 July 2004, USA Today, Russian web design studios, software and web-hosting enterprises offer a variety of services, and the results form a sort of national digital culture. E-commerce giants such as Google and Microsoft have their Russian branches. In September 2007, the national domain .ru passed the milestone of a million domain names.WEB, United Press International, Millionth Russian domain name registered, 25 January 2008,www.upi.com/NewsTrack/Entertainment/2007/09/18/millionth_russian_domain_name_registered_/8156/, By the end of the 2000s, VKontakte social network became the most populated in the Runet.{{Citation needed|date=August 2022}} Science and innovation {{See also|Timeline of Russian inventions and technology records|List of Russian scientists|List of Russian inventors}}Russia’s research and development budget is the world’s ninth-highest, with an expenditure of approximately 422 billion rubles on domestic research and development.WEB, 7 February 2020, ru:Уровень финансирования российской науки недостаточен для обеспечения технологического прорыва, The level of funding for Russian science is insufficient to ensure a technological breakthrough,ach.gov.ru/checks/9658, 8 November 2020, ach.gov.ru, Accounts Chamber of Russia, ru, 9 November 2020,web.archive.org/web/20201109003550/https://ach.gov.ru/checks/9658, dead, In 2019, Russia was ranked tenth worldwide in the number of scientific publications.WEB, April 2020, SJR – International Science Ranking,www.scimagojr.com/countryrank.php?year=2019&order=it&ord=desc, 9 November 2020, www.scimagojr.com, SCImago Journal & Country Rank, Russia ranked 45th in the Global Innovation Index in 2021.WEB,www.wipo.int/edocs/pubdocs/en/wipo_pub_gii_2021/ru.pdf, RUSSIAN FEDERATION, World Intellectual Property Organization, United Nations, 17 November 2021, Since 1904, Nobel Prize were awarded to twenty-six Soviets and Russians in physics, chemistry, medicine, economy, literature and peace.WEB, 10 December 2019, ru:Кто из российских и советских ученых и литераторов становился лауреатом Нобелевской премии, Which of the Russian and Soviet scientists and writers became the Nobel Prize laureate,tass.ru/info/7308739, 8 November 2020, ru:ТАСС, TASS, ru, Mikhail Lomonosov proposed the conservation of mass in chemical reactions, discovered the atmosphere of Venus, and founded modern geology.JOURNAL, Usitalo, Steven A., Lomonosov: Patronage and Reputation at the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences, Jahrbücher für Geschichte Osteuropas, 2011, 217–239, Franz Steiner Verlag, 41302521, 59, 2, 10.25162/jgo-2011-0011, 252450664, Since the times of Nikolay Lobachevsky, who pioneered the non-Euclidean geometry, and a prominent tutor Pafnuty Chebyshev, Russian mathematicians became among the world’s most influential.JOURNAL, Vucinich, Alexander, Mathematics in Russian Culture, 2708192, 10.2307/2708192, University of Pennsylvania Press, 21, 2, 1960, Journal of the History of Ideas, 161–179, Dmitry Mendeleev invented the Periodic table, the main framework of modern chemistry.JOURNAL, Leicester, Henry M., Factors Which Led Mendeleev to the Periodic Law, 27757115, 10.2307/27757115, 1948, 67–74, University of California Press, Chymia, 1, Sofya Kovalevskaya was a pioneer among women in mathematics in the 19th century.JOURNAL, Rappaport, Karen D., S. Kovalevsky: A Mathematical Lesson, 2320506, 10.2307/2320506, Taylor & Francis, The American Mathematical Monthly, 88, 8, 564–574, October 1981, Nine Soviet/Russian mathematicians have been awarded with the Fields Medal. Grigori Perelman was offered the first ever Clay Millennium Prize Problems Award for his final proof of the Poincaré conjecture in 2002, as well as the Fields Medal in 2006, both of which he infamously declined.WEB,www.nytimes.com/2010/07/02/science/02math.html, A Math Problem Solver Declines a $1 Million Prize, The New York Times, Overbye, Dennis, 1 July 2010, 8 January 2022, WEB,www.nytimes.com/2010/07/02/science/02math.html, Chang, Kenneth, Highest Honor in Mathematics Is Refused, The New York Times, 22 August 2006, 8 January 2022, Alexander Popov was among the inventors of radio,WEB, Marsh, Allison,spectrum.ieee.org/tech-history/dawn-of-electronics/who-invented-radio-guglielmo-marconi-or-aleksandr-popov, Who Invented Radio: Guglielmo Marconi or Aleksandr Popov?, IEEE Spectrum, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, 30 April 2020, 12 July 2021, while Nikolai Basov and Alexander Prokhorov were co-inventors of laser and maser.JOURNAL, Shampo, Marc A., Kyle, Robert A., Steensma, David P., Nikolay Basov—Nobel Prize for Lasers and Masers, Mayo Clinic Proceedings, January 2012, 87, 1, e3, 10.1016/j.mayocp.2011.11.003, 22212977, 3498096, Zhores Alferov contributed significantly to the creation of modern heterostructure physics and electronics.JOURNAL, Remembering Zhores Alferov, Ivanov, Sergey, 13, 10, 657–659, 10 September 2019, 10.1038/s41566-019-0525-0, Nature Photonics, 2019NaPho..13..657I, 203099794, Oleg Losev made crucial contributions in the field of semiconductor junctions, and discovered light-emitting diodes.JOURNAL, Zheludev, Nikolay, The life and times of the LED — a 100-year history, April 2007, 1, 189–192, 10.1038/nphoton.2007.34, Nature Photonics, 4, 2007NaPho...1..189Z, Vladimir Vernadsky is considered one of the founders of geochemistry, biogeochemistry, and radiogeology.JOURNAL, Ghilarov, Alexej M., Vernadsky’s Biosphere Concept: An Historical Perspective, 3036242, The University of Chicago Press, 70, 2, The Quarterly Review of Biology, June 1995, 193–203, 10.1086/418982, 85258634, Élie Metchnikoff is known for his groundbreaking research in immunology.JOURNAL, Gordon, Siamon, Elie Metchnikoff, the Man and the Myth, Journal of Innate Immunity, 26836137, 3 February 2016, 8, 3, 223–227, 10.1159/000443331, 6738810, free, Ivan Pavlov is known chiefly for his work in classical conditioning.JOURNAL, Anrep, G. V., Ivan Petrovich Pavlov. 1849-1936, 769124, Royal Society, 2, 5, December 1936, 1–18, Obituary Notices of Fellows of the Royal Society, 10.1098/rsbm.1936.0001, Lev Landau made fundamental contributions to many areas of theoretical physics.JOURNAL, Gorelik, Gennady, The Top-Secret Life of Lev Landau, 24995874, Scientific American, 277, 2, 72–77, August 1997, Scientific American, a division of Nature America, Inc., 10.1038/scientificamerican0897-72, 1997SciAm.277b..72G, Nikolai Vavilov was best known for having identified the centers of origin of cultivated plants.JOURNAL, Janick, Jules, Nikolai Ivanovich Vavilov: Plant Geographer, Geneticist, Martyr of Science, free, 10.21273/HORTSCI.50.6.772, 1 June 2015,www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/pdfs/772.full.pdf, 50, 6, HortScience, 772–776, Many famous Russian scientists and inventors were émigrés. Igor Sikorsky was an aviation pioneer.JOURNAL, Hunsaker, Jerome C., A Half Century of Aeronautical Development, 3143642, American Philosophical Society, 98, 2, 121–130, 15 April 1954, Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, Vladimir Zworykin was the inventor of the iconoscope and kinescope television systems.WEB,lemelson.mit.edu/resources/vladimir-zworykin, Vladimir Zworykin, Lemelson–MIT Prize, 12 July 2021, Theodosius Dobzhansky was the central figure in the field of evolutionary biology for his work in shaping the modern synthesis.JOURNAL, Ford, Edmund Brisco, E. B. Ford, 10.1098/rsbm.1977.0004, Theodosius Grigorievich Dobzhansky, 25 January 1900 - 18 December 1975, November 1977, Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society, 23, 58–89, 11615738, 1748-8494, George Gamow was one of the foremost advocates of the Big Bang theory.WEB,www.colorado.edu/physics/events/outreach/george-gamow-memorial-lecture-series/distinguished-life-and-career-george-gamow, The Distinguished Life and Career of George Gamow, 11 May 2016, University of Colorado Boulder, 21 January 2022, Many foreign scientists lived and worked in Russia for a long period, such as Leonard Euler and Alfred Nobel.JOURNAL, Gautschi, Walter, Leonhard Euler: His Life, the Man, and His Works, 20454060, Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics, SIAM Review, 50, 1, 3–33, March 2008, 10.1137/070702710, 2008SIAMR..50....3G, 10.1.1.177.8766, JOURNAL, Jorpes, J. Erik, Alfred Nobel, 25386146, The British Medical Journal, 1, 5113, 3 January 1959, 1–6, 10.1136/bmj.1.5113.1, 13608066, 1992347, File:M.V. Lomonosov by L.Miropolskiy after G.C.Prenner (1787, RAN).jpg|LomonosovFile:Lobachevsky 03 crop.jpg|LobachevskyFile:Mendeleev 2.jpg|Mendeleev File:Elie Metchnikoff - Between ca. 1910 and ca. 1915 - LOC.jpg|MechnikovFile:Ivan Petrovitch Pavlov. Photograph after a photograph taken Wellcome V0027010.jpg|PavlovFile:Sofja Wassiljewna Kowalewskaja 1.jpg|KovalevskayaFile:Pyotr Kapitsa 1930s.jpg|KapitsaFile:Igor Kurchatov 001.png|KurchatovFile:Nikolai Vavilov NYWTS.jpg|VavilovFile:Sergey Korolyov 140-190 for collage.jpg|KorolyovFile:RIAN archive 25981 Academician Sakharov.jpg|SakharovFile:Grigori Perelman, 1993 (re-scanned) (cropped).jpg|Perelman Space exploration Roscosmos is Russia’s national space agency. The country’s achievements in the field of space technology and space exploration can be traced back to Konstantin Tsiolkovsky, the father of theoretical astronautics, whose works had inspired leading Soviet rocket engineers, such as Sergey Korolyov, Valentin Glushko, and many others who contributed to the success of the Soviet space program in the early stages of the Space Race and beyond.BOOK, Siddiqi, Asif A., Challenge to Apollo: The Soviet Union and the Space Race, 1945-1974, 2000, United States Government Publishing Office, 978-0-160-61305-0, {{rp|6–7,333}}In 1957, the first Earth-orbiting artificial satellite, Sputnik 1, was launched. In 1961, the first human trip into space was successfully made by Yuri Gagarin. Many other Soviet and Russian space exploration records ensued. In 1963, Valentina Tereshkova became the first and youngest woman in space, having flown a solo mission on Vostok 6.WEB,www.history.com/this-day-in-history/first-woman-in-space, Soviet cosmonaut Valentina Tereshkova becomes the first woman in space, History (American TV network), History, A&E Networks, 9 February 2010, 18 January 2022, On June 16, 1963, aboard Vostok 6, Soviet Cosmonaut Valentina Tereshkova becomes the first woman to travel into space., In 1965, Alexei Leonov became the first human to conduct a spacewalk, exiting the space capsule during Voskhod 2.WEB,www.bbc.co.uk/news/special/2014/newsspec_9035/index.html, The First Spacewalk, BBC, Paul, Rincon, 13 October 2014, 31 May 2021, In 1957, Laika, a Soviet space dog, became the first animal to orbit the Earth, aboard Sputnik 2.MAGAZINE, Wellerstein, Alex,www.newyorker.com/tech/annals-of-technology/remembering-laika-space-dog-and-soviet-hero, Remembering Laika, Space Dog and Soviet Hero, The New Yorker, 3 November 2017, 18 January 2022, In 1966, Luna 9 became the first spacecraft to achieve a survivable landing on a celestial body, the Moon.WEB,nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1966-006A, Luna 9, NASA, 1 June 2021, Luna 9 was the first spacecraft to achieve a lunar soft landing and to transmit photographic data from the Moon’s surface to Earth..., In 1968, Zond 5 brought the first Earthlings (two tortoises and other life forms) to arrive at and circumnavigate the Moon.WEB, Betz, Eric,www.discovermagazine.com/the-sciences/the-first-earthlings-around-the-moon-were-two-soviet-tortoises, The First Earthlings Around the Moon Were Two Soviet Tortoises, Discover (magazine), Discover, 19 September 2018, 18 January 2022, ...on September 18, 1968, the Soviet Union’s Zond 5 spacecraft circled the moon, ferrying the first living creatures known to have orbited another world. On board were two Russian steppe tortoises along with some worms, flies and seeds., In 1970, Venera 7 became the first spacecraft to land on another planet, Venus.JOURNAL, Avduevsky, V. S., Ya Marov, M., Rozhdestvensky, M. K., Borodin, N. F., Kerzhanovich, V. V., 1 March 1971, Soft Landing of Venera 7 on the Venus Surface and Preliminary Results of Investigations of the Venus Atmosphere, 10.1175/1520-0469(1971)0282.0.CO;2, free, 263–269, Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union, Moscow, Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 28, 2, 1971JAtS...28..263A, In 1971, Mars 3 became the first spacecraft to land on Mars.BOOK, Perminov, V.G., The Difficult Road to Mars - A Brief History of Mars Exploration in the Soviet Union, July 1999, NASA History Division, 0-16-058859-6,history.nasa.gov/monograph15.pdf, {{rp|34–60}} During the same period, Lunokhod 1 became the first space exploration rover,WEB,solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/lunokhod-01/in-depth/, Lunokhod 01, NASA, The Lunokhod 1 rover was delivered to the lunar surface by the Luna 17 spacecraft and was first successful rover to operate beyond Earth., 1 June 2021, 31 March 2022,web.archive.org/web/20220331072547/https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/lunokhod-01/in-depth/, dead, while Salyut 1 became the world’s first space station.WEB,www.nasa.gov/feature/50-years-ago-launch-of-salyut-the-world-s-first-space-station, 50 Years Ago: Launch of Salyut, the World’s First Space Station, NASA, 19 April 2021, 1 June 2021, On April 19, 1971, the Soviet Union placed into orbit Salyut, the world’s first space station., Russia had 176 active satellites in space in 2021,WEB, Burgueño Salas, Erick,www.statista.com/statistics/264472/number-of-satellites-in-orbit-by-operating-country/, Number of satellites in orbit by country as of January 1, 2021, Statista, 21 July 2021, 18 January 2022, the world’s third-highest.WEB,www.weforum.org/agenda/2019/03/chart-of-the-day-the-countries-with-the-most-satellites-in-space/, Wood, Johnny, The countries with the most satellites in space, 4 March 2019, 18 January 2022, ...and Russia is third with 147., World Economic Forum, Lifestyle Ethnic dress of Russian people File:Prokudin-Gorskii-08.jpg|alt=|thumb|Picture of young Russian peasant women in front of traditional wooden house (ca. 1909 to 1915), taken by Prokudin-GorskiiProkudin-GorskiiNot only the minorities in Russia but the Russian culture as a whole has in the different regions of the country like in Northwest Russia, Central Russia, Southern Russia, Siberian Russia, Volga Russia, Ural Russia, Far East Russia and the Russian North Caucasus and their Oblasts own local traditions and characteristics which were developed over a long period of time through strong ethno-cultural interactions within the various groups and communities, like Slavs, Tatars and Finno-Ugrics.WEB,kai-ehlers.de/2014/07/russland-verstehen/, Russland verstehen, Kai, 2014-07-17, Kai Ehlers, de-DE, 2019-04-27, Traditional Russian clothes include kaftan, a cloth which Old Russia had in common with similar robes in the Ottoman Empire, Scandinavia and Persia.WEB,nicholaskotar.com/2016/03/10/russian-kaftan/, Everything You Need to Know about the Russian Kaftan, 2016-03-10, Nicholas Kotar, en-US, 2019-04-27, Kosovorotka, which was over a long time of period a traditional holidays blouse worn by men.BOOK, History of Russian costume from the eleventh to the twentieth century : from the collections of the Arsenal Museum, Leningrad, Hermitage, Leningrad, Historical Museum, Moscow, Kremlin Museums, Moscow, Pavlovsk Museum, Aleshina, T. S. (Tatʹi︠a︡na Stepanovna), Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York, N.Y.), 2013, 9780300200973, POD, Charlestown, MA, 64, 882932334, Ushanka for men, which design was influenced in 17th century when in central and northern Russia a hat with earflaps called treukh was worn. Sarafan which is connected to the Middle East region and were worn in Central- and Northern regions of Old Russia. In Southern Russia burka and papaha are connected to the Cossacks which, in turn, is culturally connected to the people of the Northern Caucaus. Kokoshnik for women was primarily worn in the northern regions of Russia in the 16th to 19th centuries. Lapti and similar shoes were mostly worn by poorer members in Old Russia and northern regions where Slavic, Baltic and Finno-Ugric people lived. Valenki are traditional Russian shoes from 18th century designs which originally originated in the Great steppe, from Asian nomads.{{Citation needed|date=December 2020}} Russian traditional cloths and its elements still have a high priority in today’s Russia, especially in pagan Slavic communities, folk festivals, Cossack communities, in modern fashion and Russian music ensembles.{{Citation needed|date=August 2022}} Cuisine {{See also|Russian cuisine}}File:Mint bread kvas.jpg|thumb|KvassKvassRussian cuisine has been formed by climate, cultural and religious traditions, and the vast geography of the nation; and it shares similarities with the cuisines of its neighbouring countries. Crops of rye, wheat, barley, and millet provide the ingredients for various breads, pancakes and cereals, as well as for many drinks.BOOK, Morales, Brumkin Fonnie, Prichep, Deena, Kachka: A Return to Russian Cooking, 2017, Flatiron Books, 978-1-250-08760-7, Bread, of many varieties,WEB, Azhnina, Maria,www.rbth.com/russian_kitchen/2017/07/13/7-kinds-of-russian-bread-youll-want-to-bite-the-crust-off-of_801997, 7 kinds of Russian bread you’ll want to bite the crust off of, Russia Beyond, 13 July 2017, 5 December 2021, Life in Russia would have been impossible without bread, and the different types of bread are as varied as life itself., is very popular across Russia.WEB, Thatcher, Gary,www.csmonitor.com/1985/0916/obread.html, When it comes to bread, Russians don’t loaf, The Christian Science Monitor, 16 September 1985, 7 August 2021, Flavourful soups and stews include shchi, borsch, ukha, solyanka, and okroshka. Smetana (a heavy sour cream) and mayonnaise are often added to soups and salads.WEB,www.themoscowtimes.com/2021/05/15/spotlight-on-smetana-russias-sour-cream-a73909, Spotlight on Smetana: Russia’s Sour Cream, The Moscow Times, Jennifer, Eremeeva, 15 May 2021, 18 May 2021, WEB, Shearlaw, Maeve,www.theguardian.com/world/2014/nov/21/-sp-understanding-russias-obsession-with-mayonnaise, Understanding Russia’s obsession with mayonnaise, The Guardian, 21 November 2014, 5 December 2021, Mayonnaise was introduced to imperialist Russia at the turn of the 20th century and it remained a stalwart throughout Soviet times. Mass-produced and durable, it was everywhere – from workers canteens to households that didn’t have an abundance of fresh food. Today the average Russian consumes 2.5kg a year, using it as everything from a salad dressing to a bread spread., Pirozhki, blini, and syrniki are native types of pancakes. Beef Stroganoff, Chicken Kiev, pelmeni,WEB, 7 April 2011,www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2011/apr/07/in-praise-of-pierogi, In praise of … pierogi, The Guardian, 5 January 2021, But ask Russians what pierogi resemble, and they show no hesitation. It is, of course, nothing more than Russian pelmeni, they reply., and shashlyk are popular meat dishes.WEB, Naylor, Tony,www.theguardian.com/food/2020/jul/22/from-sizzling-shashlik-to-spicy-seekh-kebabs-barbecue-recipes-from-around-the-world, From sizzling shashlik to spicy seekh kebabs: barbecue recipes from around the world, The Guardian, 22 July 2020, 5 January 2021, Other meat dishes include stuffed cabbage rolls (golubtsy) usually filled with meat.WEB, Eremeeva, Jennifer,www.themoscowtimes.com/2021/02/06/north-meets-south-in-mini-golubtsy-a72851, North Meets South in Mini Golubtsy, The Moscow Times, 10 February 2021, 5 January 2022, At the other end of Europe, the popularity in medieval France of pigeon and foie gras wrapped en paupiettes with cabbage leaves may well have migrated east — or at least its association with pigeon may have. That seems to be the origin of Polish Cabbage roll#Poland, golÄ…bki, Ukrainian Cabbage roll#Ukraine, holubtsi, and Russian golubtsy, all versions of the word pigeon., Salads include Olivier salad,WEB, Cloake, Felicity,www.theguardian.com/food/2020/aug/05/how-to-make-the-perfect-russian-salad-felicity-cloake, How to make the perfect Russian salad, The Guardian, 5 August 2020, 5 January 2022, ...if Russian salad is an orchestra of flavours and textures, then each player deserves to be heard., vinegret,WEB,www.rbth.com/russian-kitchen/326159-russian-vinegret-salad-super-easy, Russian Vinegret salad: Super-easy and super-traditional, Russia Beyond, 13 September 2017, 5 January 2022, Beloved by Russians, this dish is an essential ingredient for any feast, especially the New Year celebration., and dressed herring.WEB,www.dw.com/en/global-snack-herring-under-a-fur-coat/av-55811920, Global Snack: Herring under a fur coat, DW News, Deutsche Welle, 12 April 2020, 5 January 2022, Shuba, or dressed herring, fills many Russian hearts with nostalgia. Also known as “herring under a fur coat”, it was a traditional New Year’s Eve dish in the Soviet era - and is still a much loved snack., Russia’s national non-alcoholic drink is kvass,WEB,www.themoscowtimes.com/2020/07/04/kvas-russias-national-tipple-a70784, Kvas: Russia’s National Tipple, The Moscow Times, Jennifer, Eremeeva, 4 July 2020, 19 May 2021, and the national alcoholic drink is vodka, which was created in the nation in the 14th century.WEB,www.atlasobscura.com/articles/how-to-drink-vodka-like-a-russian, How To Drink Vodka Like a Russian, Atlas Obscura, Dan, Nosowitz, 7 April 2016, 19 May 2021, The country has the world’s highest vodka consumption,WEB,qz.com/179708/map-where-the-worlds-biggest-vodka-drinkers-are/, Map: Where the world’s biggest vodka drinkers are, Quartz (publication), Quartz, Roberto A., Ferdman, 23 February 2014, 18 May 2021, The Russians drink some 17.3 shots of vodka per month on average, according to data from Euromonitor. That’s easily the most in the world., while beer is the most popular alcoholic beverage.WEB, Melkadze, A.,www.statista.com/topics/5378/alcohol-market-in-russia/, Alcohol market in Russia, Statista, 25 August 2021, 17 November 2021, Wine has become increasingly popular in Russia in the 21st century.REPORT,apps.fas.usda.gov/newgainapi/api/Report/DownloadReportByFileName?fileName=Russia%20Wine%20Market%20Overview_Moscow%20ATO_Russian%20Federation_04-21-2021, Russia Wine Market Overview, Foreign Agricultural Service, United States Department of Agriculture, 22 April 2021, 7 January 2022, The topic of wine production and wine varieties is gaining popularity among the population. More and more, Russian wine consumers want to learn about the product being consumed, which is reflected in the growing influence of beverage retailers on the retail distribution of wine., Tea has also been a historically popular beverage in Russia.WEB, Teslova, Elena,www.aa.com.tr/en/europe/russian-samovars-make-tea-time-distinctive-tradition/1720329, Anadolu Agency, Russian samovars make tea-time distinctive tradition, 31 January 2021, 17 November 2021, In Russia, where tea is a part of daily life in all seasons, “tea-drinking,” or chayepitiye, refers to more than just simply consuming the brewed delicacy., Traditions {{clear}} Holidays File:Алые паруса.jpg|thumb|left|The Scarlet Sails being celebrated along the NevaNevaRussia has eight, diverse—public, patriotic, and religious—official holidays.WEB,www.cbr.ru/eng/other/holidays/, Public Holidays in Russia, Central Bank of Russia, 9 January 2022, The year starts with New Year’s Day on January 1, soon followed by Russian Orthodox Christmas on January 7; the two are the country’s most popular holidays.WEB, Lagunina, Irina, O’Connor, Coilin,www.rferl.org/a/russia-christmas-new-near-traditions-food-customs/31010307.html, Russian New Year: At The Heart Of A Wide Tapestry Of Winter Traditions, Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, 30 December 2020, 9 January 2022, Defender of the Fatherland Day, dedicated to men, is celebrated on February 23;WEB, 23 February 2011, ru:День защитника Отечества. История праздника, Defender of the Fatherland Day. history of the holiday,ria.ru/20110223/336868820.html, 19 December 2021, ru:РИА Новости, RIA Novosti, ru, International Women’s Day, dedicated to women, on March 8;WEB,www.france24.com/en/20190307-russians-splurge-flowers-international-womens-day, Russians splurge on flowers for International Women’s Day, France 24, 7 March 2019, 9 January 2022, A legacy of the Soviet era, March 8 is widely celebrated and a public holiday in Russia., and Spring and Labor Day, originally a Soviet era holiday dedicated to workers; on May 1.WEB,www.euronews.com/2020/05/01/in-pictures-may-day-through-history, In pictures: May Day through history, Euronews, 1 May 2020, 9 January 2022, Since the end of the Soviet era in Russia, May Day has become a rallying point for Russians who are nostalgic for the Communist era., Victory Day, which honors Soviet victory over Nazi Germany and the End of World War II in Europe, is celebrated as an annual large parade in Moscow’s Red Square;WEB, Ilyushina, Maria, Hodge, Nathan,edition.cnn.com/2020/06/24/europe/victory-day-moscow-parade-coronavirus-2020-intl/index.html, Russia kicks off lavish Victory Day parade following coronavirus delay, CNN, 24 June 2020, 9 January 2022, The annual parade, which commemorates the end of World War II in Europe, is usually held on May 9., and marks the famous Immortal Regiment civil event.WEB, Prokopyeva, Svetlana,www.rferl.org/a/russia-immortal-regiment-grassroots-to-quasi-religious-cult/28482905.html, Russia’s Immortal Regiment: From Grassroots To ‘Quasi-Religious Cult’, Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, 12 May 2017, 9 January 2022, With each passing year, the so-called Immortal Regiment procession marking the Soviet victory over Nazi Germany becomes larger and more widespread., Other patriotic holidays include Russia Day on June 12, celebrated to commemorate Russia’s declaration of sovereignty from the collapsing Soviet Union;WEB, Yegorov, Oleg,www.rbth.com/lifestyle/330502-russia-day-holiday, What do Russians celebrate on June 12?, Russia Beyond, 12 June 2019, 9 January 2022, It marks the anniversary of the First Congress of People’s Deputies of Russia, Congress of People’s Deputies adopting the Declaration of State Sovereignty of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (RSFSR) in 1990., and Unity Day on November 4, commemorating the uprising which marked the end of the Polish–Lithuanian occupation of Moscow.WEB,tass.com/society/1357591, Russia celebrates National Unity Day, TASS, 3 November 2021, 9 January 2022, The holiday was established to mark Moscow’s liberation from Polish invaders in 1612, Popular non-public holidays include Old New Year on 14 January;WEB, Guzeva, Alexandra,www.rbth.com/lifestyle/333267-old-new-year-russia, Why Russians celebrate New Year TWICE, Russia Beyond, 13 January 2021, 10 January 2022, The Old New Year isn’t an official holiday. By this time, there have been enough days off for Russians - almost eleven days to celebrate the New Year and Orthodox Christmas. But, for some reason, January 13–14 is a feast yet again., Tatiana Day on 25 January, dedicated to students;WEB, Ziffer, Emily,www.themoscowtimes.com/2019/01/25/students-celebrate-tatianas-day-a64283, Students Celebrate Tatiana’s Day, The Moscow Times, 25 January 2019, 10 January 2022, In Russia, Jan. 25 is Tatiana’s Day—otherwise known as student’s day—and Moscow has an array of events planned to mark the occasion., Maslenitsa, an ancient and popular East Slavic folk holiday;WEB, Godoy, Maria,www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2013/03/14/174097702/its-russian-mardi-gras-bring-on-the-pancakes-and-butter, 14 March 2013, 10 January 2022, It’s Russian Mardi Gras: Time For Pancakes, Butter And Fistfights, NPR, The country is in the midst of celebrating Maslenitsa, an Eastern Slavic folk holiday that takes place the week before the start of Russian Orthodox Great Lent, Lent... Though now tied to the Christian calendar, Maslenitsa has roots in ancient Slavic sun worshippers — it originally marked the end of winter and advent of spring., Cosmonautics Day on 12 April, in tribute to the first human trip into space;WEB, Dambach, Kai,www.dw.com/en/russia-marks-cosmonautics-day-in-pictures/g-57175251, Russia marks Cosmonautics Day — in pictures, DW News, Deutsche Welle, 12 April 2020, 10 January 2022, The day has been celebrated every year as Cosmonautics Day since the spaceflight took place in 1961., Kupala Night on 6–7 July, a traditional Slavic holiday;WEB,www.theatlantic.com/photo/2018/07/images-from-ivan-kupala-night/564818/, Images From Ivan Kupala Night, The Atlantic, Taylor, Alan, 10 July 2018, 10 January 2022, In parts of Ukraine, Belarus, Poland, and Russia, an ancient pagan summer rite called Kupala combined with the traditional Orthodox feast of Saint John the Baptist, becoming Ivan Kupala Night, a festival celebrating the summer solstice., and Peter and Fevronia Day. Two major Christian holidays are Easter and Trinity Sunday.WEB, Leonov, Tatyana, Celebrate: Russian Orthodox Easter,www.sbs.com.au/food/article/2013/04/04/celebrate-russian-orthodox-easter, Special Broadcasting Service, 5 April 2018, 12 January 2022, The biggest Russian Orthodox celebration of the year is Easter (Paskha) – a time for friends, family, food and, of course, vodka., The Scarlet Sails is a famous public event held annually during the White Nights Festival in Saint Petersburg.WEB,tass.com/society/1065252, St. Petersburg paints the town red with Scarlet Sails festival, TASS, 24 June 2019, 10 January 2021, More than 1.4 million people gathered along the Neva River in St. Petersburg on June 23 to watch the famous Scarlet Sails celebration held in honour of the city’s high school graduates, Religion File:Moscow July 2011-7a.jpg|thumb|254x254px|Cathedral of Christ the SaviourCathedral of Christ the SaviourChristianity, Islam, Buddhism, and Judaism are Russia’s traditional religions, deemed part of Russia’s “historical heritage” in a law passed in 1997.BOOK, Bell, I, Eastern Europe, Russia and Central Asia, 20 September 2023, Taylor & Francis,books.google.com/books?id=EPP3ti4hysUC&pg=PA47, 27 December 2007, 9781857431377, Estimates of believers widely fluctuate among sources, and some reports put the number of non-believers in Russia as high as 48-67% of the population.BOOK, Zuckerman, P, Atheism: Contemporary Rates and Patterns, chapter in The Cambridge Companion to Atheism, ed. by Michael Martin, Cambridge University Press, 2005, Russian Orthodoxy is the dominant religion in Russia.WEB, Religion In Russia, Embassy of the Russian Federation,www.russianembassy.org/RUSSIA/religion.htm, 27 December 2007,www.russianembassy.org/RUSSIA/religion.htm," title="web.archive.org/web/20071219055545www.russianembassy.org/RUSSIA/religion.htm,">web.archive.org/web/20071219055545www.russianembassy.org/RUSSIA/religion.htm, 19 December 2007, dead, dmy-all, 95% of the registered Orthodox parishes belong to the Russian Orthodox Church while there are a number of smaller Orthodox Churches.WEB, ru:Сведения о религиозных организациях, зарегистрированных в Российской Федерации По данным Федеральной регистрационной службы, December 2006,www.religare.ru/article36302.htm, 27 December 2007, ru, However, the vast majority of Orthodox believers do not attend church on a regular basis. Nonetheless, the church is widely respected by both believers and nonbelievers, who see it as a symbol of Russian heritage and culture.ENCYCLOPEDIA, Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia 2007, Russia,encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761569000_6/Russia.html, 27 December 2007, dead,web.archive.org/web/20080109010927/https://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761569000_6/Russia.html, 9 January 2008, dmy-all, Smaller Christian denominations such as Roman Catholics, Armenian Gregorians, and various Protestants exist.File:Russian paska bread Kulich Русская пасха Кулич пасхальный хлеб.jpg|left|thumb|285x285px|Kulich is a popular variant of Russian Easter breads called Paska ]]The ancestors of many of today’s Russians adopted Orthodox Christianity in the 10th century. The 2007 International Religious Freedom Report published by the US Department of State said that approximately 100 million citizens consider themselves Russian Orthodox Christians.WEB,2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2007/90196.htm, 8 April 2008, Russia, According to a poll by the Russian Public Opinion Research Center, 63% of respondents considered themselves Russian Orthodox, 6% of respondents considered themselves Muslim and less than 1% considered themselves either Buddhist, Catholic, Protestant or Jewish. Another 12% said they believe in God, but did not practice any religion, and 16% said they are non-believers.WEB, ru:Опубликована подробная сравнительная статистика религиозности в России и Польше, religare.ru, 6 June 2007,www.religare.ru/article42432.htm, 27 December 2007, ru, Cossack culture in Russia (File:06 806 Book illustrations of Historical description of the clothes and weapons of Russian troops.jpg|thumb|Volga Cossack in 1774. The picture is made before 1841. ({{YouTube|UgRQvsOqs7c|Watch Russian Cossacks singing famous Russian folk song Oy, to ne vecher}}))The steppe culture of the Russian Cossacks originated from nomadic steppe people which merged with Eastern Slavic people groups into large communities. The early Cossack communities emerged in the 14th century, the first, among others, were the Don Cossacks. Other Cossack communities that have played an important role in Russia’s history and culture are the Ural Cossacks, Terek Cossacks, Kuban Cossacks, Orenburg Cossacks, Volga Cossacks, Astrakhan Cossacks, Siberian Cossacks, Transbaikal Cossacks, Amur Cossacks, Ussuri Cossacks. Cossacks defended the Russian borders and expanded Russia’s territory. The regions of the large Cossack communities enjoyed many freedoms in Tsarist Russia. The culture of the Cossacks became an important part of Russian culture, many Russian songs and various elements in dances and Russia’s culture in general were much shaped by the Cossack communities.WEB,gorenka.org/index.php/folklor/7910-pesni-russkogo-kazachestva, Песни русского казачества, gorenka.org, 2019-06-26, Russian forest culture The forest plays a very important role in Russia’s culture and history. The forest had a great influence on the characteristics of Russian people and their cultural creations. Many myths of Russian culture are closely intertwined with the forest. Various of the early Slavic and other tribes built their houses out of wood so that the forest influenced the style of Russian architecture significantly.WEB,www.russia-ic.com/culture_art/museums/377/, Splendour of Russian Wooden Architecture :: Museums :: Culture & Arts :: Russia-InfoCentre, www.russia-ic.com, 2019-06-11, WEB,www.thoughtco.com/russian-history-in-architecture-and-pictures-4065259, Russian History in Architecture, Craven, Jackie, ThoughtCo, en, 2019-06-11, The handcraft Hohloma which originated in the Volga region is made out of wood and depicts numerous plants of the forest, like the berry Viburnum opulus (Russian: Калина, Kalina), flowers and leaves. Many Russian fairy tales play in the forest and fictional characters like Baba Yaga are strongly connected to Russian wood culture. The forest is also an important subject of many Russian folk songs.WEB,mirznanii.com/a/133844/rol-lesa-v-khudozhestvennom-soznanii-russkogo-naroda-v-ekonomike-i-kulture-rossii, Роль леса в художественном сознании русского народа в экономике и культуре России, mirznanii.com, 2019-06-11, More elements of Russian society and culture {{Further|topic=the non-profit organizaton|Russian Culture Now}}Russian walking cultureStrolling or walking (Russian: гулять, gulyat) is very common in the Russian society. In contrast to many western countries strolling is very common among young people in Russia. Young people often arrange just to go for a walk.WEB,matadornetwork.com/read/biggest-culture-shocks-americans-face-russia/, The biggest culture shocks Americans face in Russia, Matador Network, en-US, 2019-08-08, WEB,blogs.transparent.com/russian/what-do-russians-like-doing/, What Do Russians Like Doing?, 2019-08-08, Besides the verb, the experience itself, which describes the time span of the walk, is called progulka (Russian: прогулка).WEB,www.russlandjournal.de/en/learn-russian/verb-conjugation/gulyat/, гулять – Russian Verb Conjugation, 2016-01-13, RusslandJournal.de English, en-US, 2019-08-08, Walking is so important in Russian culture that gulyat is also a synonym for “to party”.WEB,seelrc-iis.trinity.duke.edu/russdict/word.aspx?nWordID=215458, Russian Word: гулять, seelrc-iis.trinity.duke.edu, 2019-08-08, BOOK, RUSSIAN, BOOK 1 : russian through propaganda., PETTUS, MARK., 2017, LULU COM, 978-1387423521, [Place of publication not identified], 202, 1021096626, {{self-published inline|date=February 2020}}Mushroom hunting and berry pickingActivities in the forest where people pick mushrooms and berries are very common in Russia.Mushrooms (Russian: грибы, griby) have been an important part of Russian folk culture at least since the 10th century and an essential part of Russian meals. There are more than 200 kinds of edible mushrooms in Russia. Mushrooms were always considered magical and so they play a prominent role in Russian fairy tales. The ability to identify and prepare edible mushrooms is often passed on from generation to generation. The mushroom hunting tradition is especially common in Slavic-speaking and Baltic countries. The berry (Russian: ягода, yagoda) also plays an important role in Russian folk culture and is often part of Russian craftsmanship, folk songs and national costumes. The cranberry was known in Europe for centuries as the “Russian berry”. To pick mushrooms and berries in forests is a kind of meditation in Russia.WEB,www.passportmagazine.ru/article/257/, Mushroom Picking, Passport, 2019-08-21, NEWS,www.nytimes.com/2013/10/06/travel/if-you-are-normal-you-search-for-mushrooms.html, If You Are Normal, You Search for Mushrooms, Sharma, Akhil, 2013-10-03, The New York Times, 2019-08-21, en-US, 0362-4331, WEB,en.psilosophy.info/mushrooms_russia_and_history.html, mushrooms russia and history – Enteogenic Mushrooms – philosophy of cultivation, en.psilosophy.info, 2019-08-21, WEB,www.rbth.com/russian_kitchen/2017/07/01/silent-hunt-why-the-woods-is-best-to-meditate-russian-style_793760, Silent hunt: Why the woods is best to ‘meditate’ Russian style, Mityagov, Duc, 2017-07-01, www.rbth.com, en-US, 2019-08-21, WEB,www.rbth.com/politics_and_society/2015/11/27/vologda-region-residents-see-freedom-in-cranberries_545123, Vologda Region residents see freedom in cranberries, Reporter, Julia Gutova, Russky, 2015-11-28, www.rbth.com, en-US, 2019-08-21, Sports File:Maria Sharapova (18405201199).jpg|thumb|Maria Sharapova, former world No. 1 tennis player; and the world’s highest-paid female athlete for 11 consecutive years.WEB,www.forbes.com/sites/kurtbadenhausen/2016/03/08/how-maria-sharapova-earned-285-mill-during-her-tennis-career/, How Maria Sharapova Earned $285 Million During Her Tennis Career, ForbesForbesHistorically, Russian athletes have been one of the most successful contenders in the Olympic Games,BOOK, Jenifer, Parks, The Olympic Games, the Soviet Sports Bureaucracy, and the Cold War: Red Sport, Red Tape,books.google.com/books?id=X5apDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA178, 2016, Lexington Books, 978-1-4985-4119-0, 178–179, ranking second in an all-time Olympic Games medal count.WEB,www.statista.com/statistics/262864/all-time-summer-olympics-medals-table/, All-time Summer Olympics medals table 1896-2016, Statista, 22 August 2016, 4 June 2021, Russia is the leading nation in rhythmic gymnastics; and Russian synchronized swimming is considered to be the world’s best.WEB,www.usatoday.com/story/sports/olympics/2016/08/19/russian-mastery-in-synchronized-swimming-yields-double-gold/89000222/, Russian mastery in synchronized swimming yields double gold, USA Today, 19 August 2016, 21 June 2021, Figure skating is another popular sport in Russia, especially pair skating and ice dancing.WEB,www.vox.com/the-goods/22276736/figure-skating-olympics-winter-2022-lessons, Figure skating is on thin ice. Here’s how to fix it., Vox (website), Vox, Rebecca, Jennings, 18 February 2021, 21 June 2021, Russia has produced a number of famous tennis players.WEB,petercioth.medium.com/roots-of-the-fall-and-rise-of-russian-tennis-9ba2e01635e8, Roots of The Fall And Rise of Russian Tennis., Medium (website), Medium, Peter, Cioth, 9 February 2021, 3 June 2021, Chess is also a widely popular pastime in the nation, with many of the world’s top chess players being Russian for decades.WEB,slate.com/news-and-politics/2009/09/how-did-russians-get-so-good-at-chess.html, Why are the Russians so good at chess?, Slate (magazine), Slate, Christopher, Beam, 25 September 2009, 21 June 2021, The 1980 Summer Olympic Games were held in Moscow,WEB,olympics.com/en/olympic-games/moscow-1980, Moscow 1980 Summer Olympics - Athletes, Medals & Results, Olympics.com, 24 April 2018, 31 May 2021, and the 2014 Winter Olympics and the 2014 Winter Paralympics were hosted in Sochi.WEB,olympics.com/en/olympic-games/sochi-2014, Sochi 2014 Winter Olympics - Athletes, Medals & Results, Olympics.com, 23 April 2018, 31 May 2021, WEB,www.paralympic.org/sochi-2014, Sochi 2014, International Paralympic Committee, 31 May 2021, Basketball As the Soviet Union, Russia was traditionally very strong in basketball, winning Olympic tournaments, World Championships and Eurobasket. As of 2009 they have various players in the NBA, notably Utah Jazz forward Andrei Kirilenko, and are considered as a worldwide basketball force. In 2007, Russia defeated world champions Spain to win Eurobasket 2007. Russian basketball clubs such as PBC CSKA Moscow (numerous Euroleague Champions) have also had great success in European competitions such as the Euroleague and the ULEB Cup.{{Citation needed|date=August 2022}} Ice hockey Although ice hockey was only introduced during the Soviet era, the national team soon dominated the sport internationally, winning gold at seven of the nine Olympics and 19 of the 30 World Championships they contested between 1954 and 1991. Russian players Valeri Kharlamov, Sergei Makarov, Viacheslav Fetisov and Vladislav Tretiak hold four of the six positions on the IIHF Team of the Century.WEB,www.iihf.com/channels/iihf-world-championship/news/news-singleview-world-championship/article/iihf-centennial-all-star-team.html?tx_ttnews%5BbackPid%5D=552&cHash=3a26b76f60, IIHF Centennial All-Star Team, As with some other sports, the Russian ice hockey programme suffered after the breakup of the Soviet Union, with Russia enduring a 15-year gold medal drought. At that time many prominent Russian players made their careers in the National Hockey League (NHL). In recent years Russia has reemerged as a hockey power, winning back to back gold medals in the 2008 and 2009 World Championships, and overtaking Team Canada as the top ranked ice hockey team in the world, but then lost to Canada in the quarter-finals of the 2010 Olympics and 2010 World Junior Championship.WEB,www.iihf.com/channels/iihf-world-championship-oc09/home/news/news-singleview-world-championship-2009/article/pure-gold-russia-repeats.html?tx_ttnewsbackPid=2717&cHash=f61f91921e, 11 May 2009, Pure gold: Russia repeats!, IIHF, The Kontinental Hockey League (KHL) was founded in 2008 as a rival of the NHL.{{Citation needed|date=August 2022}} Bandy Bandy, known in Russian as “hockey with a ball” and sometimes informally as “Russian hockey” (as opposed to “Canadian hockey”, an informal name for ice hockey), is another traditionally popular ice sport, with national league games averaging around 3,500 spectators.WEB,www.rusbandy.ru/content.html?PageID=325, XV чемпионат России по хоккею с мячом сезон 2006/07 г.г. (Russian Bandy Championship, 2006–7 season), ru, bandy.ru, 30 October 2009,rusbandy.ru/content.html?PageID=325," title="web.archive.org/web/20080530185714rusbandy.ru/content.html?PageID=325,">web.archive.org/web/20080530185714rusbandy.ru/content.html?PageID=325, 30 May 2008, dead, dmy-all, It’s considered a national sport.WEB,eng.tatar-inform.ru/news/2011/01/21/33986/,eng.tatar-inform.ru/news/2011/01/21/33986/," title="web.archive.org/web/20120424230703eng.tatar-inform.ru/news/2011/01/21/33986/,">web.archive.org/web/20120424230703eng.tatar-inform.ru/news/2011/01/21/33986/, dead, Russian bandy players blessed for victory at world championship in Kazan, 24 April 2012, The Soviet Union national bandy team won all the Bandy World Championships from 1957 to 1979. The Russian team is the reigning world champion since the 2014 tournament, having defended the title in 2015.{{Citation needed|date=August 2022}} Football File:RussianBear.JPG|left|thumb|Russian football fans with a gigantic Go Russia! banner, featuring Russian Bear on the background of the Russian flag.]]Football is the most popular sport in Russia.BOOK, Suzanne J., Murdico, Russia: A Primary Source Cultural Guide,books.google.com/books?id=zwEWwYhv9ZUC&pg=PT96, 19 November 2013, 2005, Rosen Publishing, 978-1-4042-2913-6, 132, The Soviet Union national football team became the first European champions by winning Euro 1960,WEB,www.uefa.com/uefaeuro-2020/news/025a-0eb0ecf360cc-a9532565e049-1000--euro-1960-all-you-need-to-know/, EURO 1960: all you need to know, UEFA Champions League, 13 February 2020, 31 May 2021, and reached the finals of Euro 1988.WEB,www.uefa.com/uefaeuro-2020/news/025d-0f859f66fcba-c8d3aa08dfa3-1000--classics-ussr-vs-netherlands-1988/, Classics: Soviet Union vs Netherlands, 1988, UEFA Champions League, 29 May 2020, 31 May 2021, In 1956 and 1988, the Soviet Union won gold at the Olympic football tournament. Russian clubs CSKA Moscow and Zenit Saint Petersburg won the UEFA Cup in 2005 and 2008.WEB,www.uefa.com/uefachampionsleague/news/0253-0d806e352f9f-e83f37a18d8b-1000--sporting-cska-moskva-watch-their-2005-final/, Sporting-CSKA Moskva: watch their 2005 final, UEFA Champions League, 7 August 2015, 31 May 2021, WEB,thesefootballtimes.co/2019/11/18/how-a-brilliant-zenit-saint-petersburg-lifted-the-uefa-cup-in-2008/, How a brilliant Zenit Saint Petersburg lifted the UEFA Cup in 2008, These Football Times, Joe, Terry, 18 November 2019, 31 May 2021, The Russian national football team reached the semi-finals of Euro 2008.WEB,www.theguardian.com/football/2008/jun/26/russiaspainlive, Euro 2008: Russia v Spain - as it happened, The Guardian, Sean, Ingle, 26 June 2008, 31 May 2021, Russia was the host nation for the 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup,WEB,www.fifa.com/confederationscup/, 2018 FIFA Confederations Cup Russia 2017, FIFA, 31 May 2021, and the 2018 FIFA World Cup.WEB,www.fifa.com/worldcup/archive/russia2018/,web.archive.org/web/20200224033040/https://www.fifa.com/worldcup/archive/russia2018/, dead, 24 February 2020, 2018 FIFA World Cup Russiaâ„¢, FIFA, 31 May 2021, Martial arts Russia has an extensive history of martial arts. Some of its best-known forms include the fistfight, Sambo, and Systema with its derivatives Ryabko’s Systema and Retuinskih’s System ROSS. Undefeated lightweight UFC champion Khabib Nurmagomedov is from Makhachkala and was called by President Vladimir Putin following his victory over Conor McGregor.{{Citation needed|date=August 2022}} National symbols State symbols State symbols of Russia include the Byzantine double-headed eagle, combined with St. George of Moscow in the Russian coat of arms; these symbols date from the time of the Grand Duchy of Moscow. The Russian flag appeared in the late Tsardom of Russia period and became widely used during the era of the Russian Empire. The current Russian national anthem shares its music with the Soviet Anthem, though not the lyrics (many Russians of older generations don’t know the new lyrics and sing the old ones). The Russian imperial motto God is with us and the Soviet motto Proletarians of all countries, unite! are now obsolete and no new motto has been officially introduced to replace them. The Hammer and sickle and the full Soviet coat of arms are still widely seen in Russian cities as a part of old architectural decorations. Soviet Red Stars are also encountered, often on military equipment and war memorials. The Soviet Red Banner is still honored, especially the Banner of Victory of 1945.{{Citation needed|date=August 2022}}File:Russian-Matroshka2.jpg|thumb|Dissected Matryoshka dollMatryoshka doll Unofficial symbols The Matryoshka doll is a recognizable symbol of Russia, while the towers of Moscow Kremlin and Saint Basil’s Cathedral in Moscow are main Russia’s architectural symbols. Cheburashka is a mascot of Russian national Olympic team. Mary, Saint Nicholas, Saint Andrew, Saint George, Saint Alexander Nevsky, Saint Sergius of Radonezh, Saint Seraphim of Sarov are Russia’s patron saints. Chamomile is a flower that Russians often associate with their Motherland, while birch is a national tree. The Russian bear is an animal often associated with Russia, though this image has Western origins and Russians themselves do not consider it as a special symbol. The native Russian national personification is “Родина мать” Mother Motherland (the statue of it located on the Mamay hill “Мамаев курган” in Volgograd /former Stalingrad/), called Mother Russia at the West.{{Citation needed|date=August 2022}} In Russia another state symbol would be White or Silver Birch Trees or chamomile. Chamomile can be found in most places of Russia but is mostly found in the forests. Finding a chamomile can be a good sign in Russia and you could also make a headband out of it called a venok. Mostly young girls will sit outside with their friends in poorer regions and make them. You can make them out of any flower and keep them hanging in the house or wear it when outside. Tourism Tourism in Russia has seen rapid growth since the late Soviet times, first inner tourism and then international tourism as well. Rich cultural heritage and great natural variety place Russia among the most popular tourist destinations in the world. The country contains 29 UNESCO World Heritage Sites, while many more are on UNESCO’s tentative lists.WEB,whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/state=ru, UNESCO World Heritage Centre - Tentative Lists, UNESCO World Heritage, Centre, UNESCO World Heritage Centre, Major tourist routes in Russia include a travel around the Golden Ring of ancient cities, cruises on the big rivers like Volga, and long journeys on the famous Trans-Siberian Railway. Diverse regions and ethnic cultures of Russia offer many different food and souvenirs, and show a great variety of traditions, like Russian banya, Tatar Sabantuy, or Siberian shamanist rituals.{{Citation needed|date=August 2022}} Cultural tourism File:Grand Cascade in Peterhof 01.jpg|thumb|Grand Cascade in Peterhof Palace, nicknamed Russian Versailles, a popular tourist destination in Saint PetersburgSaint PetersburgMost popular tourist destinations in Russia are Moscow and Saint Petersburg, the current and the former capitals of the country and great cultural centers, recognized as World Cities. Moscow and Saint Petersburg feature such world-renowned museums as Tretyakov Gallery and Hermitage, famous theaters like Bolshoi and Mariinsky, ornate churches like Saint Basil’s Cathedral, Cathedral of Christ the Saviour, Saint Isaac’s Cathedral and Church of the Savior on Blood, impressive fortifications like Moscow Kremlin and Peter and Paul Fortress, beautiful squares like Red Square and Palace Square, and streets like Tverskaya and Nevsky Prospect. Rich palaces and parks of extreme beauty are found in the former in suburbs of Moscow (Kolomenskoye, Tsaritsyno) and Saint Petersburg (Peterhof, Strelna, Oranienbaum, Gatchina, Pavlovsk Palace, Tsarskoye Selo). Moscow contains a great variety of impressive Soviet-era buildings along with modern skyscrapers, while Saint Petersburg, nicknamed Venice of the North, boasts of its classical architecture, many rivers, channels and bridges.{{Citation needed|date=August 2022}}Kazan, the capital of Tatarstan, shows a unique mix of Christian Russian and Muslim Tatar cultures. The city has registered a brand The Third Capital of Russia, though a number of other major Russian cities compete for this status, like Novosibirsk, Yekaterinburg and Nizhny Novgorod, all being major cultural centers with rich history and prominent architecture. Veliky Novgorod, Pskov and the cities of Golden Ring (Vladimir, Yaroslavl, Kostroma and others) have at best preserved the architecture and the spirit of ancient and medieval Rus’, and also are among the main tourist destinations. Many old fortifications (typically Kremlins), monasteries and churches are scattered throughout Russia, forming its unique cultural landscape both in big cities and in remote areas.{{Citation needed|date=August 2022}} Resorts and nature tourism File:Dombai 3760 Gornolyzhnie Trassy.jpg|thumb|The ski resort at Dombay, Western CaucasusWestern CaucasusThe warm subtropical Black Sea coast of Russia is the site for a number of popular sea resorts, like Sochi, known for its beaches and wonderful nature. At the same time Sochi can boast a number of major ski resorts, like Krasnaya Polyana; the city is the host of 2014 Winter Olympics and the 2014 Winter Paralympics. The mountains of the Northern Caucasus contain many other popular ski resorts, like Dombay in Karachay–Cherkessia.{{Citation needed|date=August 2022}}The most famous natural tourist destination in Russia is Lake Baikal, named the Blue Eye of Siberia. This unique lake, oldest and deepest in the world, has crystal-clean waters and is surrounded by taiga-covered mountains.{{Citation needed|date=August 2022}}Other popular natural destinations include Kamchatka with its volcanoes and geysers, Karelia with its many lakes and granite rocks, Altai with its snowy mountains and Tyva with its wild steppes.{{Citation needed|date=August 2022}}{{World Heritage Sites in Russia|state=uncollapsed}} See also Slavs: East Slavs Material culture in Russia List of Russian people List of museums in Russia List of Russian-language poets List of Russian-language novelists List of Russian-language playwrights Culture of the Soviet Union Culture of Tatarstan Culture of the Russian Armed Forces References {{Reflist}} External links Russian Film Hub {{Clear}}{{Russia topics}}{{Culture of Europe}}{{Culture of Asia}}