{{Short description|American multinational technology company}}{{About|the company|the search engine provided by the company|Google Search|the parent company with the stock tickers GOOG and GOOGL|Alphabet Inc.|other uses}}{{pp-vandalism|small=yes}}{{pp-move}}{{Use American English|date=July 2022}}{{Use mdy dates|date=March 2024}}

*factoids*

*factoids*
Google was incorporated on September 4, 1998, however, since 2002, the company has celebrated its anniversaries on various days in September, most frequently on September 27.FITZPATRICK >FIRST=ALEX	TITLE=GOOGLE USED TO BE THE COMPANY THAT DID ‘NOTHING BUT SEARCH’	MAGAZINE=TIME (MAGAZINE)	>ACCESS-DATE=SEPTEMBER 27, 2019	ARCHIVE-URL=HTTPS://WEB.ARCHIVE.ORG/WEB/20191016175103/HTTPS://TIME.COM/3250807/GOOGLE-ANNIVERSARY/		URL=HTTPS://WWW.TELEGRAPH.CO.UK/TECHNOLOGY/2019/09/27/WHEN-IS-GOOGLES-21ST-BIRTHDAY-DOODLE/	ARCHIVE-DATE=JANUARY 10, 2022	URL-STATUS=LIVE	THE DAILY TELEGRAPH, {{cbignore}}GRIFFIN	DATE=SEPTEMBER 27, 2019	URL=HTTPS://WWW.INDEPENDENT.CO.UK/LIFE-STYLE/GADGETS-AND-TECH/GOOGLE-BIRTHDAY-SURPRISE-SPINNER-DATE-PROBLEM-START-COMPANY-A7968951.HTML	THE INDEPENDENT >ACCESS-DATE=SEPTEMBER 27, 2019	ARCHIVE-URL=HTTPS://WEB.ARCHIVE.ORG/WEB/20210112103548/HTTPS://WWW.INDEPENDENT.CO.UK/LIFE-STYLE/GADGETS-AND-TECH/GOOGLE-BIRTHDAY-SURPRISE-SPINNER-DATE-PROBLEM-START-COMPANY-A7968951.HTML		DATE=SEPTEMBER 5, 2008	URL=HTTPS://WWW.THEGUARDIAN.COM/BUSINESS/2008/SEP/05/GOOGLE.MEDIABUSINESS	THE GUARDIAN >ACCESS-DATE=SEPTEMBER 27, 2019	ARCHIVE-URL=HTTPS://WEB.ARCHIVE.ORG/WEB/20210112103550/HTTPS://WWW.THEGUARDIAN.COM/BUSINESS/2008/SEP/05/GOOGLE.MEDIABUSINESS	Menlo Park, California>Menlo Park, California, United States\| founders = {{Unbulleted list\| Larry Page\| Sergey Brin}}\| hq_location = Googleplex\| hq_location_city = Mountain View, California\| hq_location_country = U.S.\| area_served = Worldwide\| key_people = {{Ubl	Sundar Pichai (Chief executive officer>CEO)\| Ruth Porat (CFO)	Thomas Kurian (CEO of Google Cloud Platform>Google Cloud)}}\| products = {{Ubl	Android (operating system)>Android	Google Nest>Nest	Google Pixel>Pixel	Google Search>Search	Google Workspace>Workspace\| Waze	List of Google products>Full list}}\| parent = Alphabet Inc.\| subsid = {{Ubl\| Adscape	Android (operating system)>Android\| Charleston Road Registry	Google DeepMind>DeepMind\| Endoxon\| FeedBurner\| Fitbit\| ImageAmerica\| Kaltix	Google Nest>Nest Labs\| reCAPTCHA\| YouTube\| ZipDash}}	about.google/}}		URL=HTTPS://WWW.GOOGLE.COM/INTL/EN/ABOUT/COMPANY/	ARCHIVE-URL=HTTPS://WEB.ARCHIVE.ORG/WEB/20150116073513/HTTPS://WWW.GOOGLE.COM/INTL/EN/ABOUT/COMPANY/	ACCESS-DATE=SEPTEMBER 13, 2018, CLABURN >FIRST=THOMAS	TITLE=GOOGLE FOUNDED BY SERGEY BRIN, LARRY PAGE... AND HUBERT CHANG?!?	URL-STATUS=LIVE	ARCHIVE-DATE=JUNE 28, 2011	WEBSITE=INFORMATIONWEEK	UBM PLC, LOCATIONS â€“ GOOGLE JOBS	URL-STATUS=LIVE	ARCHIVE-DATE=SEPTEMBER 30, 2013, September 27, 2013,

History

Early years

File:Google page brin.jpg|thumb|Larry Page and alt=|leftGoogle began in January 1996 as a research project by Larry Page and Sergey Brin while they were both PhD students at Stanford University in California.WEB, How we started and where we are today â€“ Google,about.google/our-story/, live,archive.today/20200422134018/https://about.google/our-story/, April 22, 2020, April 24, 2021, about.google, en, BOOK, Brezina, Corona, Sergey Brin, Larry Page, Eric Schmidt, and Google, Rosen Publishing Group, 2013, 978-1-4488-6911-4, 1st, New York, 18, 2011039480, WEB, Our history in depth,www.google.com/about/company/history/, dead,www.google.com/about/company/history/," title="web.archive.org/web/20120401005940www.google.com/about/company/history/,">web.archive.org/web/20120401005940www.google.com/about/company/history/, April 1, 2012, July 15, 2017, Google Company, The project initially involved an unofficial “third founder”, Scott Hassan, the original lead programmer who wrote much of the code for the original Google Search engine, but he left before Google was officially founded as a company;WEB, Fisher, Adam, July 10, 2018, Brin, Page, and Mayer on the Accidental Birth of the Company that Changed Everything,www.vanityfair.com/news/2018/07/valley-of-genius-excerpt-google, live,web.archive.org/web/20190704184309/https://www.vanityfair.com/news/2018/07/valley-of-genius-excerpt-google, July 4, 2019, August 23, 2019, Vanity Fair (magazine), Vanity Fair, MAGAZINE, McHugh, Josh, January 1, 2003, Google vs. Evil,www.wired.com/2003/01/google-10/, live,web.archive.org/web/20190602064540/https://www.wired.com/2003/01/google-10/, June 2, 2019, August 24, 2019, Wired (magazine), Wired, Hassan went on to pursue a career in robotics and founded the company Willow Garage in 2006.NEWS, September 5, 2014, Willow Garage Founder Scott Hassan Aims To Build A Startup Village, IEEE Spectrum,spectrum.ieee.org/view-from-the-valley/at-work/start-ups/willow-garage-founder-scott-hassan-aims-to-build-a-startup-village, live, September 1, 2019,web.archive.org/web/20190824075356/https://spectrum.ieee.org/view-from-the-valley/at-work/start-ups/willow-garage-founder-scott-hassan-aims-to-build-a-startup-village, August 24, 2019, NEWS, D’Onfro, Jillian, February 13, 2016, How a billionaire who wrote Google’s original code created a robot revolution, Business Insider,www.businessinsider.com/a-look-back-at-willow-garage-2016-2, live, August 24, 2019,web.archive.org/web/20190824075346/https://www.businessinsider.com/a-look-back-at-willow-garage-2016-2, August 24, 2019, While conventional search engines ranked results by counting how many times the search terms appeared on the page, they theorized about a better system that analyzed the relationships among websites.WEB, Page, Lawrence, Larry Page, Brin, Sergey, Sergey Brin, Motwani, Rajeev, Winograd, Terry, November 11, 1999, The PageRank Citation Ranking: Bringing Order to the Web,ilpubs.stanford.edu:8090/422/, live,ilpubs.stanford.edu:8090/422/," title="web.archive.org/web/20091118014915ilpubs.stanford.edu:8090/422/,">web.archive.org/web/20091118014915ilpubs.stanford.edu:8090/422/, November 18, 2009, Stanford University, They called this algorithm PageRank; it determined a website’s relevance by the number of pages, and the importance of those pages that linked back to the original site.WEB, Helpful products. For everyone.,about.google/products/, live,www.google.com/corporate/tech.html," title="web.archive.org/web/20100210175913www.google.com/corporate/tech.html,">web.archive.org/web/20100210175913www.google.com/corporate/tech.html, February 10, 2010, Google, Inc., WEB, Page, Larry, Larry Page, August 18, 1997, PageRank: Bringing Order to the Web,ilpubs.stanford.edu:8090/422/, live,www-diglib.stanford.edu/cgi-bin/WP/get/SIDL-WP-1997-0072?1," title="web.archive.org/web/20020506051802www-diglib.stanford.edu/cgi-bin/WP/get/SIDL-WP-1997-0072?1,">web.archive.org/web/20020506051802www-diglib.stanford.edu/cgi-bin/WP/get/SIDL-WP-1997-0072?1, May 6, 2002, November 27, 2010, Stanford Digital Library Project, Page told his ideas to Hassan, who began writing the code to implement Page’s ideas.Page and Brin originally nicknamed the new search engine “BackRub”, because the system checked backlinks to estimate the importance of a site.NEWS, Battelle, John, August 2005, The Birth of Google, Wired,www.wired.com/wired/archive/13.08/battelle.html, live, October 12, 2010,www.wired.com/wired/archive/13.08/battelle.html?tw=wn_tophead_4," title="web.archive.org/web/20121107160749www.wired.com/wired/archive/13.08/battelle.html?tw=wn_tophead_4,">web.archive.org/web/20121107160749www.wired.com/wired/archive/13.08/battelle.html?tw=wn_tophead_4, November 7, 2012, WEB, Backrub search engine at Stanford University,huron.stanford.edu,huron.stanford.edu/," title="web.archive.org/web/19961224105215huron.stanford.edu/,">web.archive.org/web/19961224105215huron.stanford.edu/, December 24, 1996, March 12, 2011, Hassan as well as Alan Steremberg were cited by Page and Brin as being critical to the development of Google. Rajeev Motwani and Terry Winograd later co-authored with Page and Brin the first paper about the project, describing PageRank and the initial prototype of the Google search engine, published in 1998. HÃ©ctor GarcÃa-Molina and Jeffrey Ullman were also cited as contributors to the project. PageRank was influenced by a similar page-ranking and site-scoring algorithm earlier used for RankDex, developed by Robin Li in 1996, with Larry Page’s PageRank patent including a citation to Li’s earlier RankDex patent; Li later went on to create the Chinese search engine Baidu.WEB, About: RankDex,www.rankdex.com/about.html, September 29, 2010, January 20, 2012,www.rankdex.com/about.html," title="web.archive.org/web/20120120002301www.rankdex.com/about.html,">web.archive.org/web/20120120002301www.rankdex.com/about.html, dead, , RankDexWEB, Method for node ranking in a linked database,patents.google.com/patent/US6285999, live,www.google.com/patents/US6285999," title="web.archive.org/web/20151015185034www.google.com/patents/US6285999,">web.archive.org/web/20151015185034www.google.com/patents/US6285999, October 15, 2015, October 19, 2015, Google Patents, Eventually, they changed the name to Google; the name of the search engine was a misspelling of the word googol,WEB, Koller, David, January 2004, Origin of the name “Google”,graphics.stanford.edu/~dk/google_name_origin.html, live,graphics.stanford.edu/~dk/google_name_origin.html," title="web.archive.org/web/20120627081942graphics.stanford.edu/~dk/google_name_origin.html,">web.archive.org/web/20120627081942graphics.stanford.edu/~dk/google_name_origin.html, June 27, 2012, Stanford University, NEWS, Hanley, Rachael, February 12, 2003, From Googol to Google, The Stanford Daily, Stanford University,www.stanforddaily.com/2003/02/12/from-googol-to-google, February 15, 2010,www.stanforddaily.com/2003/02/12/from-googol-to-google," title="web.archive.org/web/20100327141327www.stanforddaily.com/2003/02/12/from-googol-to-google,">web.archive.org/web/20100327141327www.stanforddaily.com/2003/02/12/from-googol-to-google, March 27, 2010, a very large number written 10100 (1 followed by 100 zeros), picked to signify that the search engine was intended to provide large quantities of information.WEB, Google! Beta website,www.google.com/company.html, dead,web.archive.org/web/19990221202430/https://www.google.com/company.html, February 21, 1999, October 12, 2010, Google, Inc., File:Google1998.png|thumb|upright=1.15|Google’s original homepage had a simple design because the company founders had little experience in HTML, the alan.blog-city.com/an_evening_with_googles_marissa_mayer.htm, dead,alan.blog-city.com/an_evening_with_googles_marissa_mayer.htm," title="web.archive.org/web/20110930021302alan.blog-city.com/an_evening_with_googles_marissa_mayer.htm,">web.archive.org/web/20110930021302alan.blog-city.com/an_evening_with_googles_marissa_mayer.htm, September 30, 2011, July 5, 2010, Alan Williamson, ">alt=Google’s homepage in 1998Google was initially funded by an August 1998 investment of $100,000 from Andy Bechtolsheim, co-founder of Sun Microsystems. This initial investment served as a motivation to incorporate the company to be able to use the funds.NEWS, Long, Tony, September 7, 2007, Sept. 7, 1998: If the Check Says ‘Google Inc.,’ We’re ‘Google Inc.’, Wired (magazine), Wired,www.wired.com/2007/09/dayintech-0907/, limited, April 6, 2021, May 2, 2021,web.archive.org/web/20210502183045/https://www.wired.com/2007/09/dayintech-0907/, live, NEWS, Kopytoff, Verne, April 29, 2004, For early Googlers, key word is $, San Francisco Chronicle,www.sfgate.com/news/article/For-early-Googlers-key-word-is-Founders-2786378.php, live,www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=%2Fchronicle%2Farchive%2F2004%2F04%2F29%2FMNGLD6CFND34.DTL," title="web.archive.org/web/20090919030812www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=%2Fchronicle%2Farchive%2F2004%2F04%2F29%2FMNGLD6CFND34.DTL,">web.archive.org/web/20090919030812www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=%2Fchronicle%2Farchive%2F2004%2F04%2F29%2FMNGLD6CFND34.DTL, September 19, 2009, Page and Brin initially approached David Cheriton for advice because he had a nearby office in Stanford, and they knew he had startup experience, having recently sold the company he co-founded, Granite Systems, to Cisco for $220 million. David arranged a meeting with Page and Brin and his Granite co-founder Andy Bechtolsheim. The meeting was set for 8 a.m. at the front porch of David’s home in Palo Alto and it had to be brief because Andy had another meeting at Cisco, where he now worked after the acquisition, at 9 a.m. Andy briefly tested a demo of the website, liked what he saw, and then went back to his car to grab the check. David Cheriton later also joined in with a $250,000 investment.WEB, Jolis, Jacob, Frugal after Google,stanforddaily.com/2010/04/16/frugal-after-google/, The Stanford Daily, April 16, 2010, June 3, 2022, June 3, 2022,web.archive.org/web/20220603050109/https://stanforddaily.com/2010/04/16/frugal-after-google/, live, WEB, The Invention And History Of Google {{!, Silicon Valley: The Untold Story |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=85Nyi4Xb9PY&t=262s |website=YouTube | date=June 10, 2018 |publisher=Discovery UK |access-date=June 3, 2022 |archive-date=June 3, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220603050109www.youtube.com/watch?v=85Nyi4Xb9PY&t=262s |url-status=live }}Google received money from two other angel investors in 1998: Amazon.com founder Jeff Bezos, and entrepreneur Ram Shriram.BOOK, Auletta, Ken, Googled: The End of the World as We Know It, Penguin Books, 2010, 978-0-14-311804-6, Reprint, New York, 515456623, On September 7, 1998, the day Google officially incorporated, he [Shriram] wrote out a check for just over $250,000, one of four of this size the founders received., Ken Auletta, Page and Brin had first approached Shriram, who was a venture capitalist, for funding and counsel, and Shriram invested $250,000 in Google in February 1998. Shriram knew Bezos because Amazon had acquired Junglee, at which Shriram was the president. It was Shriram who told Bezos about Google. Bezos asked Shriram to meet Google’s founders and they met six months after Shriram had made his investment when Bezos and his wife were on a vacation trip to the Bay Area. Google’s initial funding round had already formally closed but Bezos’ status as CEO of Amazon was enough to persuade Page and Brin to extend the round and accept his investment.WEB, Canales, Katie, The unlikely way Jeff Bezos became one of the first investors in Google, which probably made him a billionaire outside of Amazon,www.businessinsider.com/how-jeff-bezos-became-first-investors-in-google-2018-4?r=US&IR=T, Business Insider, June 3, 2022, June 3, 2022,web.archive.org/web/20220603054945/https://www.businessinsider.com/how-jeff-bezos-became-first-investors-in-google-2018-4?r=US&IR=T, live, WEB, Bhagat, Rasheeda, The sherpa who funded Google’s ascent,www.thehindubusinessline.com/opinion/columns/rasheeda-bhagat/the-sherpa-who-funded-googles-ascent/article64554661.ece, The Hindu Business Line, January 12, 2012, June 3, 2022, June 3, 2022,web.archive.org/web/20220603054946/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/opinion/columns/rasheeda-bhagat/the-sherpa-who-funded-googles-ascent/article64554661.ece, live, Between these initial investors, friends, and family Google raised around $1,000,000, which is what allowed them to open up their original shop in Menlo Park, California.WEB, Hosch, William L., Hall, Mark, Google Inc.,www.britannica.com/topic/Google-Inc, live,web.archive.org/web/20190220013941/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Google-Inc, February 20, 2019, March 17, 2019, Britannica, Craig Silverstein, a fellow PhD student at Stanford, was hired as the first employee.WEB, Craig Silverstein’s website,www-cs-students.stanford.edu/~csilvers/, dead,www-cs-students.stanford.edu/~csilvers/," title="web.archive.org/web/19991002122809www-cs-students.stanford.edu/~csilvers/,">web.archive.org/web/19991002122809www-cs-students.stanford.edu/~csilvers/, October 2, 1999, October 12, 2010, Stanford University, NEWS, Kopytoff, Verne, September 7, 2008, Craig Silverstein grew a decade with Google, San Francisco Chronicle,www.sfgate.com/news/article/Craig-Silverstein-grew-a-decade-with-Google-3270079.php, live,www.sfgate.com/news/article/Craig-Silverstein-grew-a-decade-with-Google-3270079.php," title="web.archive.org/web/20121107075029www.sfgate.com/news/article/Craig-Silverstein-grew-a-decade-with-Google-3270079.php,">web.archive.org/web/20121107075029www.sfgate.com/news/article/Craig-Silverstein-grew-a-decade-with-Google-3270079.php, November 7, 2012, After some additional, small investments through the end of 1998 to early 1999, a new $25 million round of funding was announced on June 7, 1999,PRESS RELEASE, Google Receives $25 Million in Equity Funding, June 7, 1999, Palo Alto, Calif.,www.google.com/pressrel/pressrelease1.html, February 16, 2009, live,www.google.com/pressrel/pressrelease1.html," title="web.archive.org/web/20010212052759www.google.com/pressrel/pressrelease1.html,">web.archive.org/web/20010212052759www.google.com/pressrel/pressrelease1.html, February 12, 2001, with major investors including the venture capital firms Kleiner Perkins and Sequoia Capital. Both firms were initially reticent about investing jointly in Google, as each wanted to retain a larger percentage of control over the company to themselves. Larry and Sergey however insisted in taking investments from both. Both venture companies finally agreed to investing jointly $12.5 million each due to their belief in Google’s great potential and through the mediation of earlier angel investors Ron Conway and Ram Shriram who had contacts in the venture companies.BOOK, Vise, David, Malseed, Mark, The Google Story, 2005, Chapter 5. Divide and Conquer,

Growth

In March 1999, the company moved its offices to Palo Alto, California,WEB, Weinberger, Matt, October 12, 2015, Google’s cofounders are stepping down from their company. Here are 43 photos showing Google’s rise from a Stanford dorm room to global internet superpower,www.businessinsider.com/google-history-in-photos-2015-10, live,www.businessinsider.com/google-history-in-photos-2015-10," title="web.archive.org/web/20170819101107www.businessinsider.com/google-history-in-photos-2015-10,">web.archive.org/web/20170819101107www.businessinsider.com/google-history-in-photos-2015-10, August 19, 2017, Business Insider, Axel Springer SE, which is home to several prominent Silicon Valley technology start-ups.WEB, A building blessed with tech success,www.cnet.com/news/a-building-blessed-with-tech-success/, live,web.archive.org/web/20170523115134/https://www.cnet.com/news/a-building-blessed-with-tech-success/, May 23, 2017, July 15, 2017, CNET, CBS Interactive, The next year, Google began selling advertisements associated with search keywords against Page and Brin’s initial opposition toward an advertising-funded search engine.BOOK, Stross, Randall,books.google.com/books?id=xOk3EIUW9VgC, Planet Google: One Company’s Audacious Plan to Organize Everything We Know, September 2008, Free Press, 978-1-4165-4691-7, New York, 3â€“4, Introduction, February 14, 2010,books.google.com/books?id=xOk3EIUW9VgC, To maintain an uncluttered page design, advertisements were solely text-based.WEB, October 23, 2000, Google Launches Self-Service Advertising Program,www.google.com/press/pressrel/pressrelease39.html,www.google.com/press/pressrel/pressrelease39.html," title="web.archive.org/web/20120401005413www.google.com/press/pressrel/pressrelease39.html,">web.archive.org/web/20120401005413www.google.com/press/pressrel/pressrelease39.html, April 1, 2012, July 15, 2017, News from Google, In June 2000, it was announced that Google would become the default search engine provider for Yahoo!, one of the most popular websites at the time, replacing Inktomi.NEWS, Naughton, John, July 2, 2000, Why’s Yahoo gone to Google? Search me, The Guardian,www.theguardian.com/technology/2000/jul/02/searchengines.columnists, live, January 30, 2019,web.archive.org/web/20190131040317/https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2000/jul/02/searchengines.columnists, January 31, 2019, www.theguardian.com, WEB, Yahoo! Selects Google as its Default Search Engine Provider â€“ News announcements â€“ News from Google â€“ Google,googlepress.blogspot.com/2000/06/yahoo-selects-google-as-its-default.html, live,web.archive.org/web/20190131041155/https://googlepress.blogspot.com/2000/06/yahoo-selects-google-as-its-default.html, January 31, 2019, January 30, 2019, googlepress.blogspot.com, (File:Google’s First Production Server.jpg|upright|thumb|Google’s first production serverBOOK,www.computerhistory.org/collections/accession/102662167, Google Server Assembly, Computer History Museum, 1999, July 4, 2010,www.computerhistory.org/collections/accession/102662167," title="web.archive.org/web/20100722083804www.computerhistory.org/collections/accession/102662167,">web.archive.org/web/20100722083804www.computerhistory.org/collections/accession/102662167, July 22, 2010, live, |alt=Google’s first servers, showing lots of exposed wiring and circuit boards)In 2003, after outgrowing two other locations, the company leased an office complex from Silicon Graphics, at 1600 Amphitheatre Parkway in Mountain View, California.NEWS, Olsen, Stephanie, July 11, 2003, Google’s movin’ on up, CNET, CBS Interactive,news.cnet.com/Googles-movin-on-up/2110-1032_3-1025111.html, live, February 15, 2010,news.cnet.com/Googles-movin-on-up/2110-1032_3-1025111.html," title="web.archive.org/web/20121102053103news.cnet.com/Googles-movin-on-up/2110-1032_3-1025111.html,">web.archive.org/web/20121102053103news.cnet.com/Googles-movin-on-up/2110-1032_3-1025111.html, November 2, 2012, The complex became known as the Googleplex, a play on the word googolplex, the number one followed by a googol of zeroes. Three years later, Google bought the property from SGI for $319 million.NEWS, June 16, 2006, Google to buy headquarters building from Silicon Graphics, American City Business Journals,www.bizjournals.com/sanjose/stories/2006/06/19/newscolumn3.html, live,sanjose.bizjournals.com/sanjose/stories/2006/06/19/newscolumn3.html," title="web.archive.org/web/20100418071152sanjose.bizjournals.com/sanjose/stories/2006/06/19/newscolumn3.html,">web.archive.org/web/20100418071152sanjose.bizjournals.com/sanjose/stories/2006/06/19/newscolumn3.html, April 18, 2010, By that time, the name “Google” had found its way into everyday language, causing the verb “google” to be added to the Merriam-Webster Collegiate Dictionary and the Oxford English Dictionary, denoted as: “to use the Google search engine to obtain information on the Internet”.WEB, Krantz, Michael, October 25, 2006, Do You “Google“?,googleblog.blogspot.com/2006/10/do-you-google.html, live,googleblog.blogspot.com/2006/10/do-you-google.html," title="archive.today/20120530googleblog.blogspot.com/2006/10/do-you-google.html,">archive.today/20120530googleblog.blogspot.com/2006/10/do-you-google.html, May 30, 2012, February 17, 2010, Google, Inc., WEB, Bylund, Anders, July 5, 2006, To Google or Not to Google,msnbc.msn.com/id/13720643/, dead,msnbc.msn.com/id/13720643/," title="archive.today/20060707062623msnbc.msn.com/id/13720643/,">archive.today/20060707062623msnbc.msn.com/id/13720643/, July 7, 2006, February 17, 2010, msnbc.com, The first use of the verb on television appeared in an October 2002 episode of Buffy the Vampire Slayer.WEB, Meyer, Robinson, June 27, 2014, The First Use of ‘to Google’ on Television? Buffy the Vampire Slayer,www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2014/06/the-first-use-of-the-verb-to-google-on-television-buffy-the-vampire-slayer/373599/, June 30, 2021, The Atlantic, September 29, 2016,www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2014/06/the-first-use-of-the-verb-to-google-on-television-buffy-the-vampire-slayer/373599/," title="web.archive.org/web/20160929140230www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2014/06/the-first-use-of-the-verb-to-google-on-television-buffy-the-vampire-slayer/373599/,">web.archive.org/web/20160929140230www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2014/06/the-first-use-of-the-verb-to-google-on-television-buffy-the-vampire-slayer/373599/, live, Additionally, in 2001 Google’s investors felt the need to have a strong internal management, and they agreed to hire Eric Schmidt as the chairman and CEO of Google. Eric was proposed by John Doerr from Kleiner Perkins. He had been trying to find a CEO that Sergey and Larry would accept for several months, but they rejected several candidates because they wanted to retain control over the company. Michael Moritz from Sequoia Capital at one point even menaced requesting Google to immediately pay back Sequoia’s $12.5m investment if they did not fulfill their promise to hire a chief executive officer, which had been made verbally during investment negotiations. Eric was not initially enthusiastic about joining Google either, as the company’s full potential had not yet been widely recognized at the time, and as he was occupied with his responsibilities at Novell where he was CEO. As part of him joining, Eric agreed to buy $1 million of Google preferred stocks as a way to show his commitment and to provide funds Google needed.BOOK, Vise, David, Malseed, Mark, The Google Story, 2005, Chapter 9. Hiring a Pilot,

Initial public offering

2012 onwards

In June 2013, Google acquired Waze for $966 million.WEB, Kerr, Dara, July 25, 2013, Google reveals it spent $966 million in Waze acquisition,www.cnet.com/news/google-reveals-it-spent-966-million-in-waze-acquisition/, live,web.archive.org/web/20170216011658/https://www.cnet.com/news/google-reveals-it-spent-966-million-in-waze-acquisition/, February 16, 2017, June 12, 2017, CNET, CBS Interactive, While Waze would remain an independent entity, its social features, such as its crowdsourced location platform, were reportedly valuable integrations between Waze and Google Maps, Google’s own mapping service.WEB, Lunden, Ingrid, June 11, 2013, Google Bought Waze For $1.1B, Giving A Social Data Boost To Its Mapping Business,techcrunch.com/2013/06/11/its-official-google-buys-waze-giving-a-social-data-boost-to-its-location-and-mapping-business/, live,web.archive.org/web/20170706051802/https://techcrunch.com/2013/06/11/its-official-google-buys-waze-giving-a-social-data-boost-to-its-location-and-mapping-business/, July 6, 2017, June 12, 2017, TechCrunch, AOL, Google announced the launch of a new company, called Calico, on September 19, 2013, to be led by Apple Inc. chairman Arthur Levinson. In the official public statement, Page explained that the “health and well-being” company would focus on “the challenge of ageing and associated diseases”.NEWS, Wakefield, Jane, September 19, 2013, Google spin-off Calico to search for answers to ageing, BBC News,www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-24158924, live, September 20, 2013,www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-24158924," title="web.archive.org/web/20130919201510www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-24158924,">web.archive.org/web/20130919201510www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-24158924, September 19, 2013, (File:Google-Deep Mind headquarters in London, 6 Pancras Square.jpg|thumb|upright|Entrance of building where Google and its subsidiary Deep Mind are located at 6 Pancras Square, London|alt=)On January 26, 2014, Google announced it had agreed to acquire DeepMind Technologies, a privately held artificial intelligence company from London.NEWS, Chowdhry, Amit, January 27, 2014, Google To Acquire Artificial Intelligence Company DeepMind, Forbes,www.forbes.com/sites/amitchowdhry/2014/01/27/google-to-acquire-artificial-intelligence-company-deepmind/, live, January 27, 2014,www.forbes.com/sites/amitchowdhry/2014/01/27/google-to-acquire-artificial-intelligence-company-deepmind/," title="web.archive.org/web/20140129142153www.forbes.com/sites/amitchowdhry/2014/01/27/google-to-acquire-artificial-intelligence-company-deepmind/,">web.archive.org/web/20140129142153www.forbes.com/sites/amitchowdhry/2014/01/27/google-to-acquire-artificial-intelligence-company-deepmind/, January 29, 2014, Technology news website Recode reported that the company was purchased for $400 million, yet the source of the information was not disclosed. A Google spokesperson declined to comment on the price.NEWS, Helgren, Chris, January 27, 2014, Google to buy artificial intelligence company DeepMind, Reuters,www.reuters.com/article/us-google-deepmind-idUSBREA0Q03220140127, live, January 27, 2014,www.reuters.com/article/2014/01/27/us-google-deepmind-idUSBREA0Q03220140127," title="web.archive.org/web/20140127042513www.reuters.com/article/2014/01/27/us-google-deepmind-idUSBREA0Q03220140127,">web.archive.org/web/20140127042513www.reuters.com/article/2014/01/27/us-google-deepmind-idUSBREA0Q03220140127, January 27, 2014, NEWS, Ribeiro, Jon, January 27, 2014, Google buys artificial intelligence company DeepMind, PC World,www.pcworld.com/article/2091500/google-acquires-artificial-intelligence-company-deepmind.html, live, January 27, 2014,www.pcworld.com/article/2091500/google-acquires-artificial-intelligence-company-deepmind.html," title="web.archive.org/web/20140130042946www.pcworld.com/article/2091500/google-acquires-artificial-intelligence-company-deepmind.html,">web.archive.org/web/20140130042946www.pcworld.com/article/2091500/google-acquires-artificial-intelligence-company-deepmind.html, January 30, 2014, The purchase of DeepMind aids in Google’s recent growth in the artificial intelligence and robotics community.WEB, Opam, Kwame, January 26, 2014, Google buying AI startup DeepMind for a reported $400 million,www.theverge.com/2014/1/26/5348640/google-deepmind-acquisition-robotics-ai, live,web.archive.org/web/20170708161602/https://www.theverge.com/2014/1/26/5348640/google-deepmind-acquisition-robotics-ai, July 8, 2017, March 9, 2017, The Verge, Vox Media, In 2015, DeepMind’s AlphaGo became the first computer program to defeat a top human pro at the game of Go.According to Interbrand’s annual Best Global Brands report, Google has been the second most valuable brand in the world (behind Apple Inc.) in 2013,WEB, Rankings â€“ 2013 â€“ Best Global Brands â€“ Interbrand,interbrand.com/best-brands/best-global-brands/2013/ranking/#?listFormat=ls, live,interbrand.com/best-brands/best-global-brands/2013/ranking/#?listFormat=ls," title="web.archive.org/web/20161022013506interbrand.com/best-brands/best-global-brands/2013/ranking/#?listFormat=ls,">web.archive.org/web/20161022013506interbrand.com/best-brands/best-global-brands/2013/ranking/#?listFormat=ls, October 22, 2016, October 23, 2016, Interbrand, 2014,WEB, Rankings â€“ 2014 â€“ Best Global Brands â€“ Interbrand,interbrand.com/best-brands/best-global-brands/2014/ranking/#?listFormat=ls, live,interbrand.com/best-brands/best-global-brands/2014/ranking/#?listFormat=ls," title="web.archive.org/web/20161103140119interbrand.com/best-brands/best-global-brands/2014/ranking/#?listFormat=ls,">web.archive.org/web/20161103140119interbrand.com/best-brands/best-global-brands/2014/ranking/#?listFormat=ls, November 3, 2016, October 23, 2016, Interbrand, 2015,WEB, Rankings â€“ 2015 â€“ Best Global Brands â€“ Interbrand,interbrand.com/best-brands/best-global-brands/2015/ranking/#?listFormat=ls, live,interbrand.com/best-brands/best-global-brands/2015/ranking/#?listFormat=ls," title="web.archive.org/web/20161021100708interbrand.com/best-brands/best-global-brands/2015/ranking/#?listFormat=ls,">web.archive.org/web/20161021100708interbrand.com/best-brands/best-global-brands/2015/ranking/#?listFormat=ls, October 21, 2016, October 23, 2016, Interbrand, and 2016, with a valuation of $133 billion.WEB, Rankings â€“ 2016 â€“ Best Global Brands,interbrand.com/best-brands/best-global-brands/2016/ranking/#?listFormat=ls, live,interbrand.com/best-brands/best-global-brands/2016/ranking/#?listFormat=ls," title="archive.today/20161220191226interbrand.com/best-brands/best-global-brands/2016/ranking/#?listFormat=ls,">archive.today/20161220191226interbrand.com/best-brands/best-global-brands/2016/ranking/#?listFormat=ls, December 20, 2016, October 23, 2016, Interbrand, On August 10, 2015, Google announced plans to reorganize its various interests as a conglomerate named Alphabet Inc. Google became Alphabet’s largest subsidiary and the umbrella company for Alphabet’s Internet interests. Upon completion of the restructuring, Sundar Pichai became CEO of Google, replacing Larry Page, who became CEO of Alphabet.WEB, Womack, Brian, August 10, 2015, Google Rises After Creating Holding Company Called Alphabet,www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-08-10/google-to-adopt-new-holding-structure-under-name-alphabet-, live,web.archive.org/web/20161123054841/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-08-10/google-to-adopt-new-holding-structure-under-name-alphabet-, November 23, 2016, November 22, 2016, Bloomberg L.P., NEWS, Barr, Alistair, Winkler, Rolf, August 10, 2015, Google Creates Parent Company Called Alphabet in Restructuring, The Wall Street Journal,www.wsj.com/articles/google-creates-new-company-alphabet-1439240645, live, November 22, 2016,www.wsj.com/articles/google-creates-new-company-alphabet-1439240645," title="web.archive.org/web/20161128112043www.wsj.com/articles/google-creates-new-company-alphabet-1439240645,">web.archive.org/web/20161128112043www.wsj.com/articles/google-creates-new-company-alphabet-1439240645, November 28, 2016, WEB, Dougherty, Conor, August 10, 2015, Google to Reorganize as Alphabet to Keep Its Lead as an Innovator,www.nytimes.com/2015/08/11/technology/google-alphabet-restructuring.html, live,www.nytimes.com/2015/08/11/technology/google-alphabet-restructuring.html," title="web.archive.org/web/20161019164806www.nytimes.com/2015/08/11/technology/google-alphabet-restructuring.html,">web.archive.org/web/20161019164806www.nytimes.com/2015/08/11/technology/google-alphabet-restructuring.html, October 19, 2016, November 22, 2016, The New York Times, File:The CEO of Google, Mr. Sundar Pichai calls on the Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi, in New Delhi on December 17, 2015 (1).jpg|thumb|Current CEO, Sundar Pichai, with Prime Minister of India, Narendra Modi Narendra ModiOn August 8, 2017, Google fired employee James Damore after he distributed a memo throughout the company that argued bias and “Google’s Ideological Echo Chamber” clouded their thinking about diversity and inclusion, and that it is also biological factors, not discrimination alone, that cause the average woman to be less interested than men in technical positions.NEWS, Google Fires Engineer Who Wrote Memo Questioning Women in Tech, The New York Times, August 8, 2017,www.nytimes.com/2017/08/07/business/google-women-engineer-fired-memo.html, Wakabayashi, Daisuke, August 10, 2017, August 10, 2017,web.archive.org/web/20170810185646/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/08/07/business/google-women-engineer-fired-memo.html, dead, . The New York Times, August 7, 2017 Google CEO Sundar Pichai accused Damore of violating company policy by “advancing harmful gender stereotypes in our workplace”, and he was fired on the same day.NEWS, Contentious Memo Strikes Nerve Inside Google and Out, The New York Times, August 8, 2017,www.nytimes.com/2017/08/08/technology/google-engineer-fired-gender-memo.html, Wakabayashi, Daisuke, August 10, 2017, August 9, 2017,web.archive.org/web/20170809012140/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/08/08/technology/google-engineer-fired-gender-memo.html, dead, . The New York Times, August 8, 2017diversitymemo.comWEB, Friedersdorf, Conor, August 8, 2017, The Most Common Error in Media Coverage of the Google Memo,www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2017/08/the-most-common-error-in-coverage-of-the-google-memo/536181/, live,web.archive.org/web/20170808230220/https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2017/08/the-most-common-error-in-coverage-of-the-google-memo/536181/, August 8, 2017, August 9, 2017, The Atlantic, Between 2018 and 2019, tensions between the company’s leadership and its workers escalated as staff protested company decisions on internal sexual harassment, Dragonfly, a censored Chinese search engine, and Project Maven, a military drone artificial intelligence, which had been seen as areas of revenue growth for the company.NEWS, Bergen, Mark, November 22, 2019, Google Workers Protest Company’s ‘Brute Force Intimidation’, en, Bloomberg.com,www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-11-22/google-workers-protest-company-s-brute-force-intimidation, November 27, 2019, November 27, 2019,web.archive.org/web/20191127180949/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-11-22/google-workers-protest-company-s-brute-force-intimidation, live, WEB, Hollister, Sean, November 25, 2019, Google is accused of union busting after firing four employees,www.theverge.com/2019/11/25/20983053/google-fires-four-employees-memo-rebecca-rivers-laurence-berland-union-busting-accusation-walkout, November 26, 2019, The Verge, en, November 26, 2019,web.archive.org/web/20191126091658/https://www.theverge.com/2019/11/25/20983053/google-fires-four-employees-memo-rebecca-rivers-laurence-berland-union-busting-accusation-walkout, live, On October 25, 2018, The New York Times published the exposÃ©, “How Google Protected Andy Rubin, the ‘Father of Android’”. The company subsequently announced that “48 employees have been fired over the last two years” for sexual misconduct.WEB, Welch, Chris, October 25, 2018, Google says 48 people have been fired for sexual harassment in the last two years,www.theverge.com/2018/10/25/18024486/google-sexual-harassment-people-fired-rubin-2-years-ceo, live,web.archive.org/web/20181031133020/https://www.theverge.com/2018/10/25/18024486/google-sexual-harassment-people-fired-rubin-2-years-ceo, October 31, 2018, October 31, 2018, The Verge, On November 1, 2018, more than 20,000 Google employees and contractors staged a global walk-out to protest the company’s handling of sexual harassment complaints.WEB, Hamilton, Isobel Asher, etal, November 1, 2018, PHOTOS: Google employees all over the world left their desk and walked out in protest over sexual misconduct,www.businessinsider.com/google-walkout-live-pictures-of-protesting-google-workers-2018-11, live,web.archive.org/web/20181102174328/https://www.businessinsider.com/google-walkout-live-pictures-of-protesting-google-workers-2018-11, November 2, 2018, November 6, 2018, Business Insider, NEWS, Segarra, Lisa Marie, November 3, 2018, More Than 20,000 Google Employees Participated in Walkout Over Sexual Harassment Policy, Fortune (magazine), Fortune,fortune.com/2018/11/03/google-employees-walkout-demands/, live, November 6, 2018,fortune.com/2018/11/03/google-employees-walkout-demands/," title="web.archive.org/web/20181107013331fortune.com/2018/11/03/google-employees-walkout-demands/,">web.archive.org/web/20181107013331fortune.com/2018/11/03/google-employees-walkout-demands/, November 7, 2018, CEO Sundar Pichai was reported to be in support of the protests.NEWS, Liedtke, Michael, November 1, 2018, Google workers walk out to protest sexual misconduct, Akron Beacon/Journal, Associated Press, San Francisco, Calf.,www.ohio.com/news/20181101/google-workers-walk-out-to-protest-sexual-misconduct, November 6, 2018, November 7, 2018,web.archive.org/web/20181107010412/https://www.ohio.com/news/20181101/google-workers-walk-out-to-protest-sexual-misconduct, live, Later in 2019, some workers accused the company of retaliating against internal activists.{{r|Verge busting}}On March 19, 2019, Google announced that it would enter the video game market, launching a cloud gaming platform called Google Stadia.On June 3, 2019, the United States Department of Justice reported that it would investigate Google for antitrust violations.WEB, Google shares take a dive with reports of US DoJ ‘competition’ probe,www.theregister.com/2019/06/03/google_shares_take_a_dive_on_doj_reports/, www.theregister.com, September 27, 2020, September 27, 2020,web.archive.org/web/20200927011823/https://www.theregister.com/2019/06/03/google_shares_take_a_dive_on_doj_reports/, live, This led to the filing of an antitrust lawsuit in October 2020, on the grounds the company had abused a monopoly position in the search and search advertising markets.NEWS, U.S. Files Antitrust Suit Against Google, NPR,www.npr.org/2020/10/20/925895658/u-s-files-antitrust-suit-against-google, October 25, 2020, October 25, 2020,web.archive.org/web/20201025210439/https://www.npr.org/2020/10/20/925895658/u-s-files-antitrust-suit-against-google, live, In December 2019, former PayPal chief operating officer Bill Ready became Google’s new commerce chief. Ready’s role will not be directly involved with Google Pay.WEB, Perez, Sarah, December 11, 2019, PayPal’s exiting COO Bill Ready to join Google as its new president of Commerce,techcrunch.com/2019/12/11/paypals-exiting-coo-bill-ready-to-join-google-as-its-new-president-of-commerce/, TechCrunch, April 8, 2021, May 13, 2021,web.archive.org/web/20210513124523/https://techcrunch.com/2019/12/11/paypals-exiting-coo-bill-ready-to-join-google-as-its-new-president-of-commerce/, live, In April 2020, due to the COVID-19 pandemic, Google announced several cost-cutting measures. Such measures included slowing down hiring for the remainder of 2020, except for a small number of strategic areas, recalibrating the focus and pace of investments in areas like data centers and machines, and non-business essential marketing and travel.WEB, April 15, 2020, Bloomberg â€“ Google to Slow Hiring for Rest of 2020, CEO Tells Staff,www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-04-15/google-to-slow-hiring-for-rest-of-2020-ceo-pichai-tells-staff, April 16, 2020, www.bloomberg.com, April 16, 2020,web.archive.org/web/20200416050831/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-04-15/google-to-slow-hiring-for-rest-of-2020-ceo-pichai-tells-staff, live, Most employees were also working from home due to the COVID-19 pandemic and the success of it even led to Google announcing that they would be permanently converting some of their jobs to work from home JOURNAL, Bonacini, Luca, Gallo, Giovanni, Scicchitano, Sergio, 2021, Working from home and income inequality: risks of a ‘new normal’ with COVID-19, Journal of Population Economics, en, 34, 1, 303â€“360, 10.1007/s00148-020-00800-7, 0933-1433, 7486597, 32952308, The 2020 Google services outages disrupted Google services: one in August that affected Google Drive among others, another in November affecting YouTube, and a third in December affecting the entire suite of Google applications. All three outages were resolved within hours.WEB, Google services including Gmail hit by serious disruption,news.sky.com/story/google-services-including-gmail-hit-by-serious-disruption-12052892, Sky News, December 14, 2020, December 14, 2020,web.archive.org/web/20201214132214/https://news.sky.com/story/google-services-including-gmail-hit-by-serious-disruption-12052892, live, WEB, Li, Abner, November 12, 2020, YouTube is currently down amid widespread outage,9to5google.com/2020/11/11/youtube-tv-down-2/, December 14, 2020, December 23, 2020,web.archive.org/web/20201223191848/https://9to5google.com/2020/11/11/youtube-tv-down-2/, live, WEB, December 14, 2020, YouTube back online, all services restored as Google apologizes for ‘system outage’ | TechRadar,www.techradar.com/amp/news/google-suite-youtube-and-other-services-are-down&ved=0ahUKEwjT_qTet83tAhVJJzQIHcFXB-kQyM8BCCgwAQ&usg=AOvVaw0HFBmVnTnarPXLRK7ok2jE&cf=1, www.techradar.com, February 23, 2022, December 14, 2020,web.archive.org/web/20201214235555/https://www.techradar.com/amp/news/google-suite-youtube-and-other-services-are-down%26ved%3D0ahUKEwjT_qTet83tAhVJJzQIHcFXB-kQyM8BCCgwAQ%26usg%3DAOvVaw0HFBmVnTnarPXLRK7ok2jE%26ampcf%3D1, dead, In 2021, the Alphabet Workers Union was founded, composed mostly of Google employees.WEB, January 4, 2021, Google employees are forming a union,www.androidpolice.com/2021/01/04/google-employees-are-forming-a-union/, March 26, 2022, Android Police, en-US, March 24, 2022,web.archive.org/web/20220324193401/https://www.androidpolice.com/2021/01/04/google-employees-are-forming-a-union/, live, In January 2021, the Australian Government proposed legislation that would require Google and Facebook to pay media companies for the right to use their content. In response, Google threatened to close off access to its search engine in Australia.NEWS, Jose, Renju, January 22, 2021, Google says to block search engine in Australia if forced to pay for news, en, Reuters,www.reuters.com/article/us-australia-media-google-idUSKBN29R04O, January 22, 2021, September 18, 2021,web.archive.org/web/20210918073029/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-australia-media-google-idUSKBN29R04O, live, In March 2021, Google reportedly paid $20 million for Ubisoft ports on Google Stadia.WEB, Google reportedly paid $20m for Ubisoft ports on Stadia,www.gamesindustry.biz/articles/2021-03-01-google-reportedly-paid-usd20m-for-ubisoft-ports-on-stadia, March 1, 2021, GamesIndustry.biz, March 2021, en, March 1, 2021,web.archive.org/web/20210301103546/https://www.gamesindustry.biz/articles/2021-03-01-google-reportedly-paid-usd20m-for-ubisoft-ports-on-stadia, live, Google spent “tens of millions of dollars” on getting major publishers such as Ubisoft and Take-Two to bring some of their biggest games to Stadia.WEB, Schreier, Jason, February 28, 2021, Google had big video game ambitions. Then reality hit,fortune.com/2021/02/27/google-stadia-video-game-streaming-reality-check-consoles/, February 3, 2022, Fortune (magazine), Fortune, en, February 3, 2022,web.archive.org/web/20220203054851/https://fortune.com/2021/02/27/google-stadia-video-game-streaming-reality-check-consoles/, live, In April 2021, The Wall Street Journal reported that Google ran a years-long program called “Project Bernanke” that used data from past advertising bids to gain an advantage over competing for ad services. This was revealed in documents concerning the antitrust lawsuit filed by ten US states against Google in December.WEB, April 11, 2021, Google’s Secret ‘Project Bernanke’ Revealed in Texas Antitrust Case,www.wsj.com/articles/googles-secret-project-bernanke-revealed-in-texas-antitrust-case-11618097760, April 13, 2021, The Wall Street Journal, en, April 13, 2021,web.archive.org/web/20210413012105/https://www.wsj.com/articles/googles-secret-project-bernanke-revealed-in-texas-antitrust-case-11618097760, live, In September 2021, the Australian government announced plans to curb Google’s capability to sell targeted ads, claiming that the company has a monopoly on the market harming publishers, advertisers, and consumers.WEB, September 28, 2021, Australian Government Plans to Curb Google’s Capability to Sell Targeted Ads â€“ September 28, 2021,dailynewsbrief.com/2021/09/28/australian-government-plans-to-curb-googles-capability-to-sell-targeted-ads/, October 4, 2021, Daily News Brief, en-US, October 4, 2021,web.archive.org/web/20211004124647/https://dailynewsbrief.com/2021/09/28/australian-government-plans-to-curb-googles-capability-to-sell-targeted-ads/, live, In 2022, Google began accepting requests for the removal of phone numbers, physical addresses and email addresses from its search results. It had previously accepted requests for removing confidential data only, such as Social Security numbers, bank account and credit card numbers, personal signatures, and medical records. Even with the new policy, Google may remove information from only certain but not all search queries. It would not remove content that is “broadly useful”, such as news articles, or already part of the public record.NEWS, Picchi, Aimee, Google will now remove your phone number and other info from search results. Here’s how to do it.,www.cbsnews.com/news/google-search-remove-phone-number-personal-information/, CBS News, April 28, 2022, May 4, 2022, May 4, 2022,web.archive.org/web/20220504084126/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/google-search-remove-phone-number-personal-information/, live, In May 2022, Google announced that the company had acquired California based, MicroLED display technology development and manufacturing Start-up Raxium. Raxium is set to join Google’s Devices and Services team to aid in the development of micro-optics, monolithic integration, and system integration.WEB, May 5, 2022,www.devdiscourse.com/article/technology/2025894-google-announces-acquisition-of-microled-startup-raxium, Google announces acquisition of MicroLED startup Raxium, Devdiscourse, May 6, 2022, live,web.archive.org/web/20220506121844/https://www.devdiscourse.com/article/technology/2025894-google-announces-acquisition-of-microled-startup-raxium, May 6, 2022, WEB,www.computerworld.com/article/3646533/noteworthy-tech-acquisitions-2022.html, Noteworthy tech acquisitions 2022, Computer World, July 6, 2022, Charlotte Trueman, July 24, 2022, July 16, 2022,web.archive.org/web/20220716040142/https://www.computerworld.com/article/3646533/noteworthy-tech-acquisitions-2022.html, live, In early 2023, following the success of ChatGPT and concerns that Google was falling behind in the AI race, Google’s senior management issued a “code red” and a “directive that all of its most important productsâ€”those with more than a billion usersâ€”must incorporate generative AI within months”.NEWS, Love, Julia, Alba, Davey, March 8, 2023, Google’s Plan to Catch ChatGPT Is to Stuff AI Into Everything, en, Bloomberg News, Bloomberg Businessweek,www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-03-08/chatgpt-success-drives-google-to-put-ai-in-all-its-products, March 14, 2023, March 12, 2023,web.archive.org/web/20230312010416/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-03-08/chatgpt-success-drives-google-to-put-ai-in-all-its-products, live, In early May 2023, Google announced its plans to build two additional data centers in Ohio. These centers, which will be built in Columbus and Lancaster, will power up the company’s tools, including AI technology. The said data hub will add to the already operational center near Columbus, bringing Google’s total investment in Ohio to over $2 billion.NEWS,abcnews.go.com/Technology/wireStory/google-open-data-centers-ohio-99041576, Google to open two more data centers in Ohio, ABC News, May 6, 2023, May 6, 2023,web.archive.org/web/20230506082230/https://abcnews.go.com/Technology/wireStory/google-open-data-centers-ohio-99041576, live,

Products and services

Search engine

Advertising

(File:Ad-tech London 2010 (2).JPG|thumb|Google at ad-tech London, 2010)Google generates most of its revenues from advertising. This includes sales of apps, purchases made in-app, digital content products on Google and YouTube, Android and licensing and service fees, including fees received for Google Cloud offerings. Forty-six percent of this profit was from clicks (cost per clicks), amounting to US$109,652 million in 2017. This includes three principal methods, namely AdMob, AdSense (such as AdSense for Content, AdSense for Search, etc.) and DoubleClick AdExchange.BOOK,abc.xyz/investor, Annualg report (Alphabet Inc.) â€“ 2017, March 1, 2018, Alphabet Inc. Investor relations, December 3, 2018,web.archive.org/web/20160203091612/https://abc.xyz/investor/, February 3, 2016, live, In addition to its own algorithms for understanding search requests, Google uses technology from its acquisition of DoubleClick, to project user interest and target advertising to the search context and the user history.NEWS, Nakashima, Ellen, August 12, 2008, Some Web Firms Say They Track Behavior Without Explicit Consent, The Washington Post,www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/08/11/AR2008081102270_pf.html, live,www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/08/11/AR2008081102270_pf.html," title="web.archive.org/web/20121112172756www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/08/11/AR2008081102270_pf.html,">web.archive.org/web/20121112172756www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/08/11/AR2008081102270_pf.html, November 12, 2012, WEB, Helft, Miguel, March 11, 2009, Google to Offer Ads Based on Interests,www.nytimes.com/2009/03/11/technology/internet/11google.html, live,www.nytimes.com/2009/03/11/technology/internet/11google.html," title="web.archive.org/web/20170328214358www.nytimes.com/2009/03/11/technology/internet/11google.html,">web.archive.org/web/20170328214358www.nytimes.com/2009/03/11/technology/internet/11google.html, March 28, 2017, March 9, 2017, The New York Times, In 2007, Google launched “AdSense for Mobile”, taking advantage of the emerging mobile advertising market.WEB, September 17, 2007, Google AdSense for Mobile unlocks the potential of the mobile advertising market,www.google.com/intl/en/press/annc/20070917_mobileads.html, live,web.archive.org/web/20120620042233/https://www.google.com/intl/en/press/annc/20070917_mobileads.html, June 20, 2012, February 26, 2010, Google, Inc., Google Analytics allows website owners to track where and how people use their website, for example by examining click rates for all the links on a page.WEB, Bright, Peter, August 27, 2008, Surfing on the sly with IE8’s new “InPrivate” Internet,arstechnica.com/information-technology/2008/08/surfing-on-the-sly-ie8s-inprivate-internet/, live,web.archive.org/web/20170312040931/https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2008/08/surfing-on-the-sly-ie8s-inprivate-internet/, March 12, 2017, March 9, 2017, Ars Technica, CondÃ© Nast, Google advertisements can be placed on third-party websites in a two-part program. Google Ads allows advertisers to display their advertisements in the Google content network, through a cost-per-click scheme.WEB, Beal, Vangie, December 21, 2010, AdWords â€“ Google AdWords,www.webopedia.com/TERM/A/adwords.html, live,www.webopedia.com/TERM/A/adwords.html," title="web.archive.org/web/20170629163240www.webopedia.com/TERM/A/adwords.html,">web.archive.org/web/20170629163240www.webopedia.com/TERM/A/adwords.html, June 29, 2017, May 27, 2017, Webopedia, QuinStreet Inc., The sister service, Google AdSense, allows website owners to display these advertisements on their website and earn money every time ads are clicked.WEB, Beal, Vangie, December 20, 2010, AdSense â€“ Google AdSense,www.webopedia.com/TERM/A/adsense.html, live,www.webopedia.com/TERM/A/adsense.html," title="web.archive.org/web/20170502044751www.webopedia.com/TERM/A/adsense.html,">web.archive.org/web/20170502044751www.webopedia.com/TERM/A/adsense.html, May 2, 2017, May 27, 2017, Webopedia, QuinStreet Inc., One of the criticisms of this program is the possibility of click fraud, which occurs when a person or automated script clicks on advertisements without being interested in the product, causing the advertiser to pay money to Google unduly. Industry reports in 2006 claimed that approximately 14 to 20 percent of clicks were fraudulent or invalid.NEWS, Mills, Elinor, July 25, 2006, Google to offer advertisers click fraud stats, news.cnet.com, CNET,news.cnet.com/Google-to-offer-advertisers-click-fraud-stats/2100-1024_3-6098469.html, live, July 29, 2006,news.cnet.com/Google-to-offer-advertisers-click-fraud-stats/2100-1024_3-6098469.html," title="web.archive.org/web/20110510075216news.cnet.com/Google-to-offer-advertisers-click-fraud-stats/2100-1024_3-6098469.html,">web.archive.org/web/20110510075216news.cnet.com/Google-to-offer-advertisers-click-fraud-stats/2100-1024_3-6098469.html, May 10, 2011, Google Search Console (rebranded from Google Webmaster Tools in May 2015) allows webmasters to check the sitemap, crawl rate, and for security issues of their websites, as well as optimize their website’s visibility.

Artificial intelligence

Google had previously utilized virtual assistants and chatbots, such as Google Bard, prior to the announcement of Gemini in March 2024. None of them, however, had been seen as legitimate competitors to ChatGPT, unlike Gemini.NEWS, Metz, Cade, 2024-02-08, Google Releases Gemini, an A.I.-Driven Chatbot and Voice Assistant,www.nytimes.com/2024/02/08/technology/google-gemini-ai-app.html, 2024-05-05, The New York Times, en-US, 0362-4331, An artificial intelligence training program for Google employees was also introduced in April 2024.WEB, Nietzel, Michael T., Google Introduces New AI Training Course,www.forbes.com/sites/michaeltnietzel/2024/04/26/google-introduces-new-ai-training-course/, 2024-05-05, Forbes, en,

Consumer services

Web-based services

Google offers Gmail for email,WEB, Gayomali, Chris, April 1, 2014, When Gmail Launched On April 1, 2004, People Thought It Was A Joke,www.fastcompany.com/3028513/when-gmail-launched-on-april-1-2004-people-thought-it-was-a-joke, live,web.archive.org/web/20171018201644/https://www.fastcompany.com/3028513/when-gmail-launched-on-april-1-2004-people-thought-it-was-a-joke, October 18, 2017, June 12, 2017, Fast Company (magazine), Fast Company, Mansueto Ventures, Google Calendar for time-management and scheduling,WEB, Vincent, James, January 5, 2017, Google Calendar update makes it easier to track your New Year’s fitness goals,www.theverge.com/2017/1/5/14175830/google-calendar-track-fitness-goals-health-data, live,www.theverge.com/2017/1/5/14175830/google-calendar-track-fitness-goals-health-data," title="web.archive.org/web/20170113025213www.theverge.com/2017/1/5/14175830/google-calendar-track-fitness-goals-health-data,">web.archive.org/web/20170113025213www.theverge.com/2017/1/5/14175830/google-calendar-track-fitness-goals-health-data, January 13, 2017, June 12, 2017, The Verge, Vox Media, Google Maps for mapping, navigation and satellite imagery,WEB, Broussard, Mitchel, March 22, 2017, Google Maps Introduces New Location Sharing Feature With Real-Time Friend Tracking,www.macrumors.com/2017/03/22/google-maps-location-sharing/, live,web.archive.org/web/20170327173708/https://www.macrumors.com/2017/03/22/google-maps-location-sharing/, March 27, 2017, June 12, 2017, MacRumors, Google Drive for cloud storage of files,WEB, Sottek, T.C., April 24, 2012, Google Drive officially launches with 5 GB free storage, Google Docs integration,www.theverge.com/2012/4/24/2971025/google-drive-official-launch-features, live,www.theverge.com/2012/4/24/2971025/google-drive-official-launch-features," title="web.archive.org/web/20161226161807www.theverge.com/2012/4/24/2971025/google-drive-official-launch-features,">web.archive.org/web/20161226161807www.theverge.com/2012/4/24/2971025/google-drive-official-launch-features, December 26, 2016, June 12, 2017, The Verge, Vox Media, Google Docs, Sheets and Slides for productivity, Google Photos for photo storage and sharing,WEB, Perez, Sarah, May 28, 2015, Google Photos Breaks Free Of Google+, Now Offers Free, Unlimited Storage,techcrunch.com/2015/05/28/google-photos-breaks-free-of-google-now-offers-free-unlimited-storage/, live,web.archive.org/web/20170706135643/https://techcrunch.com/2015/05/28/google-photos-breaks-free-of-google-now-offers-free-unlimited-storage/, July 6, 2017, June 12, 2017, TechCrunch, AOL, Google Keep for note-taking,WEB, Graziano, Dan, March 20, 2013, Google launches Google Keep note-taking service [video],bgr.com/2013/03/20/google-keep-annnounced-388095/, live,bgr.com/2013/03/20/google-keep-annnounced-388095/," title="web.archive.org/web/20161008154306bgr.com/2013/03/20/google-keep-annnounced-388095/,">web.archive.org/web/20161008154306bgr.com/2013/03/20/google-keep-annnounced-388095/, October 8, 2016, June 12, 2017, Boy Genius Report, BGR, Penske Media Corporation, Google Translate for language translation,MAGAZINE, Eadicicco, Lisa, November 16, 2016, Google’s Translation App Is About To Get Much Better,time.com/4572942/google-translate-app-update-2016/, live, Time (magazine), Time,time.com/4572942/google-translate-app-update-2016/," title="web.archive.org/web/20170401152526time.com/4572942/google-translate-app-update-2016/,">web.archive.org/web/20170401152526time.com/4572942/google-translate-app-update-2016/, April 1, 2017, June 12, 2017, YouTube for video viewing and sharing,WEB, Hamedy, Saba, February 28, 2017, People now spend 1 billion hours watching YouTube every day,mashable.com/2017/02/27/youtube-one-billion-hours-of-video-daily/, live,mashable.com/2017/02/27/youtube-one-billion-hours-of-video-daily/," title="web.archive.org/web/20170517233015mashable.com/2017/02/27/youtube-one-billion-hours-of-video-daily/,">web.archive.org/web/20170517233015mashable.com/2017/02/27/youtube-one-billion-hours-of-video-daily/, May 17, 2017, June 12, 2017, Mashable, Google My Business for managing public business information,WEB, Google My Business â€“ Stand Out on Google for Free,www.google.com/business/, live,web.archive.org/web/20190207151521/https://www.google.com/business/, February 7, 2019, February 6, 2019, www.google.com, and Duo for social interaction.MAGAZINE, Levy, Steven, June 28, 2011, Inside Google+ - How the search giant plans to go social,www.wired.com/2011/06/inside-google-plus-social/, live, Wired (website), Wired, CondÃ© Nast,web.archive.org/web/20170405130052/https://www.wired.com/2011/06/inside-google-plus-social/, April 5, 2017, June 12, 2017, In March 2019, Google unveiled a cloud gaming service named Stadia.WEB, Warren, Tom, March 19, 2019, Google unveils Stadia cloud gaming service, launches in 2019,www.theverge.com/2019/3/19/18271702/google-stadia-cloud-gaming-service-announcement-gdc-2019, live,web.archive.org/web/20190319173136/https://www.theverge.com/2019/3/19/18271702/google-stadia-cloud-gaming-service-announcement-gdc-2019, March 19, 2019, April 8, 2019, The Verge, A job search product has also existed since before 2017,WEB, Zakrasek, Nick, 2017, Connecting more Americans with jobs,www.blog.google/products/search/connecting-more-americans-jobs/, blog.google, June 21, 2021, June 24, 2021,web.archive.org/web/20210624204109/https://www.blog.google/products/search/connecting-more-americans-jobs/, live, WEB, Job Search on Google â€“ Get Your Job Postings on Google Today,jobs.google.com/about, jobs.google.com, June 28, 2021, June 28, 2021,web.archive.org/web/20210628200911/https://jobs.google.com/about/, live, WEB, Search Job Opportunities & Expand Career Skills,grow.google/job-seekers/, Grow With Google, June 21, 2021, June 19, 2021,web.archive.org/web/20210619224906/https://grow.google/job-seekers/, live, Google for Jobs is an enhanced search feature that aggregates listings from job boards and career sites.WEB, Ryan, Robin, 2019, How To Use Google’s Job Search Feature To Land A Job,www.forbes.com/sites/robinryan/2019/08/06/how-to-use-googles-new-job-search-feature-to-land-a-job,web.archive.org/web/20190806144615/https://www.forbes.com/sites/robinryan/2019/08/06/how-to-use-googles-new-job-search-feature-to-land-a-job/, dead, August 6, 2019, forbes.com, Some Google services are not web-based. Google Earth, launched in 2005, allows users to see high-definition satellite pictures from all over the world for free through a client software downloaded to their computers.JOURNAL, Clarke, Philippa, Ailshire, Jennifer, Melendez, Robert, Bader, Michael, Morenoff, Jeffrey, 2010, Using Google Earth to conduct a neighborhood audit: reliability of a virtual audit instrument, Health & Place, 16, 6, 1224â€“1229, 10.1016/j.healthplace.2010.08.007, 2952684, 20797897,

Software

Hardware

(File:Pixel 3 ã¨ Pixel 3 XL ã‚’åˆè§¦ã€‚æœ¬ä½“ã‚’ã‚®ãƒ¥ãƒƒã¨æ¡ã‚‹ã¨ Google Assistant ãŒç«‹ã¡ä¸ŠãŒã‚‹ã®ãŒãŠã‚‚ã—ã‚ã„ã€‚ ãƒ¯ã‚·ãƒ³ãƒˆãƒ³DC (44519013945).jpg|thumb|180px|Google Pixel smartphones on display in a store)In January 2010, Google released Nexus One, the first Android phone under its own brand.WEB, Siegler, MG, January 5, 2010, The Droid You’re Looking For: Live From The Nexus One Event,techcrunch.com/2010/01/05/nexus-one-event/, live,web.archive.org/web/20161123054909/https://techcrunch.com/2010/01/05/nexus-one-event/, November 23, 2016, November 22, 2016, TechCrunch, AOL, It spawned a number of phones and tablets under the “Nexus” brandingWEB, Ion, Florence, May 15, 2013, From Nexus One to Nexus 10: a brief history of Google’s flagship devices,arstechnica.com/gadgets/2013/05/from-the-nexus-one-to-the-nexus-10-a-brief-history-of-nexus-devices/, live,web.archive.org/web/20170624004245/https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2013/05/from-the-nexus-one-to-the-nexus-10-a-brief-history-of-nexus-devices/, June 24, 2017, June 12, 2017, Ars Technica, CondÃ© Nast, until its eventual discontinuation in 2016, replaced by a new brand called Pixel.WEB, Bohn, Dieter, October 4, 2016, The Google Phone: The inside story of Google’s bold bet on hardware,www.theverge.com/a/google-pixel-phone-new-hardware-interview-2016, live,www.theverge.com/a/google-pixel-phone-new-hardware-interview-2016," title="web.archive.org/web/20170106213353www.theverge.com/a/google-pixel-phone-new-hardware-interview-2016,">web.archive.org/web/20170106213353www.theverge.com/a/google-pixel-phone-new-hardware-interview-2016, January 6, 2017, June 12, 2017, The Verge, Vox Media, In 2011, the Chromebook was introduced, which runs on ChromeOS.WEB, Pichai, Sundar, Upson, Linus, May 11, 2011, A new kind of computer: Chromebook,googleblog.blogspot.no/2011/05/new-kind-of-computer-chromebook.html, live,web.archive.org/web/20161122222651/https://googleblog.blogspot.no/2011/05/new-kind-of-computer-chromebook.html, November 22, 2016, November 22, 2016, Official Google Blog, In July 2013, Google introduced the Chromecast dongle, which allows users to stream content from their smartphones to televisions.WEB, Robertson, Adi, July 24, 2013, Google reveals Chromecast: video streaming to your TV from any device for $35,www.theverge.com/2013/7/24/4552204/google-reveals-chromecast-tv-streaming, live,www.theverge.com/2013/7/24/4552204/google-reveals-chromecast-tv-streaming," title="web.archive.org/web/20161226065215www.theverge.com/2013/7/24/4552204/google-reveals-chromecast-tv-streaming,">web.archive.org/web/20161226065215www.theverge.com/2013/7/24/4552204/google-reveals-chromecast-tv-streaming, December 26, 2016, November 29, 2016, The Verge, Vox Media, WEB, July 31, 2013, Google Chromecast takes on streaming content to TV,www.bbc.com/news/technology-23514400, live,www.bbc.com/news/technology-23514400," title="web.archive.org/web/20161129205929www.bbc.com/news/technology-23514400,">web.archive.org/web/20161129205929www.bbc.com/news/technology-23514400, November 29, 2016, November 29, 2016, BBC News, BBC, In June 2014, Google announced Google Cardboard, a simple cardboard viewer that lets the user place their smartphone in a special front compartment to view virtual reality (VR) media.WEB, O’Toole, James, June 26, 2014, Google’s cardboard virtual-reality goggles,money.cnn.com/2014/06/25/technology/innovation/google-cardboard/, live,money.cnn.com/2014/06/25/technology/innovation/google-cardboard/," title="web.archive.org/web/20161129145138money.cnn.com/2014/06/25/technology/innovation/google-cardboard/,">web.archive.org/web/20161129145138money.cnn.com/2014/06/25/technology/innovation/google-cardboard/, November 29, 2016, November 29, 2016, CNN, In October 2016, Google announced Daydream View, a lightweight VR viewer which lets the user place their smartphone in the front hinge to view VR media.WEB, Kastrenakes, Jacob, 2016-10-04, Google’s Daydream View VR headset goes on sale next month for $79,www.theverge.com/2016/10/4/13161506/google-vr-headset-photos-daydream-view-virtual-reality, 2024-05-16, The Verge, en, WEB, 2016-10-04, Daydream: Bringing high-quality VR to everyone,blog.google/products/google-ar-vr/daydream-bringing-high-quality-vr-everyone/, 2024-05-16, Google, en-us, Other hardware products include:

Nest, a series of voice assistant smart speakers that can answer voice queries, play music, find information from apps (calendar, weather etc.), and control third-party smart home appliances (users can tell it to turn on the lights, for example). The Google Nest line includes the original Google HomeWEB, Bohn, Dieter, October 4, 2016, Google Home is smart, loud, and kind of cute,www.theverge.com/2016/10/4/13156676/google-home-assistant-speaker-photos-video-device-hands-on, live,www.theverge.com/2016/10/4/13156676/google-home-assistant-speaker-photos-video-device-hands-on," title="web.archive.org/web/20161007204916www.theverge.com/2016/10/4/13156676/google-home-assistant-speaker-photos-video-device-hands-on,">web.archive.org/web/20161007204916www.theverge.com/2016/10/4/13156676/google-home-assistant-speaker-photos-video-device-hands-on, October 7, 2016, October 8, 2016, The Verge, Vox Media, (later succeeded by the Nest Audio), the Google Home Mini (later succeeded by the Nest Mini), the Google Home Max, the Google Home Hub (later rebranded as the Nest Hub), and the Nest Hub Max.
Nest Wifi (originally Google Wifi), a connected set of Wi-Fi routers to simplify and extend coverage of home Wi-Fi.WEB, Bohn, Dieter, October 4, 2016, The Google Wifi routers are little white pucks you can scatter throughout your house,www.theverge.com/2016/10/4/13157680/google-wifi-router-photos-hands-on, live,www.theverge.com/2016/10/4/13157680/google-wifi-router-photos-hands-on," title="web.archive.org/web/20161007180430www.theverge.com/2016/10/4/13157680/google-wifi-router-photos-hands-on,">web.archive.org/web/20161007180430www.theverge.com/2016/10/4/13157680/google-wifi-router-photos-hands-on, October 7, 2016, October 8, 2016, The Verge, Vox Media,

Enterprise services{{anchor|Enterprise_products}}

Google Workspace (formerly G Suite until October 2020WEB, Announcing Google Workspace, everything you need to get it done, in one location,cloud.google.com/blog/products/workspace/introducing-google-workspace/, October 24, 2020, Google Cloud Blog, January 28, 2022,web.archive.org/web/20220128010314/https://cloud.google.com/blog/products/workspace/introducing-google-workspace, live, ) is a monthly subscription offering for organizations and businesses to get access to a collection of Google’s services, including Gmail, Google Drive and Google Docs, Google Sheets and Google Slides, with additional administrative tools, unique domain names, and 24/7 support.WEB, Choose a Plan,gsuite.google.com/intl/en_ie/pricing.html, live,web.archive.org/web/20161212231639/https://gsuite.google.com/intl/en_ie/pricing.html, December 12, 2016, December 2, 2016, G Suite by Google Cloud, On September 24, 2012,WEB, September 24, 2012, Celebrating the spirit of entrepreneurship with the new Google for Entrepreneurs,googleblog.blogspot.com/2012/09/celebrating-spirit-of-entrepreneurship.html, live,web.archive.org/web/20180320171207/https://googleblog.blogspot.com/2012/09/celebrating-spirit-of-entrepreneurship.html, March 20, 2018, March 20, 2018, Official Google Blog, en, Google launched Google for Entrepreneurs, a largely not-for-profit business incubator providing startups with co-working spaces known as Campuses, with assistance to startup founders that may include workshops, conferences, and mentorships.NEWS, Fell, Jason, September 27, 2012, How Google Wants to Make Starting Up Easier for Entrepreneurs, en, Entrepreneur,www.entrepreneur.com/article/224522, live, March 20, 2018,web.archive.org/web/20180320230407/https://www.entrepreneur.com/article/224522, March 20, 2018, Presently, there are seven Campus locations: Berlin, London, Madrid, Seoul, SÃ£o Paulo, Tel Aviv, and Warsaw.On March 15, 2016, Google announced the introduction of Google Analytics 360 Suite, “a set of integrated data and marketing analytics products, designed specifically for the needs of enterprise-class marketers” which can be integrated with BigQuery on the Google Cloud Platform. Among other things, the suite is designed to help “enterprise class marketers” “see the complete customer journey”, generate “useful insights”, and “deliver engaging experiences to the right people”.WEB, Muret, Paul, March 15, 2016, Introducing the Google Analytics 360 Suite,analytics.googleblog.com/2016/03/introducing-google-analytics-360-suite.html, live,web.archive.org/web/20170112142850/https://analytics.googleblog.com/2016/03/introducing-google-analytics-360-suite.html, January 12, 2017, January 22, 2017, Jack Marshall of The Wall Street Journal wrote that the suite competes with existing marketing cloud offerings by companies including Adobe, Oracle, Salesforce, and IBM.NEWS, Marshall, Jack, March 15, 2016, Google Launches New Data Tools for Marketers, The Wall Street Journal,www.wsj.com/articles/google-launches-new-data-tools-for-marketers-1458043217, live, January 22, 2017,www.wsj.com/articles/google-launches-new-data-tools-for-marketers-1458043217," title="web.archive.org/web/20161113150024www.wsj.com/articles/google-launches-new-data-tools-for-marketers-1458043217,">web.archive.org/web/20161113150024www.wsj.com/articles/google-launches-new-data-tools-for-marketers-1458043217, November 13, 2016,

Internet services

In February 2010, Google announced the Google Fiber project, with experimental plans to build an ultra-high-speed broadband network for 50,000 to 500,000 customers in one or more American cities.WEB, Ingersoll, Minnie, Kelly, James, February 10, 2010, Think big with a gig: Our experimental fiber network,googleblog.blogspot.no/2010/02/think-big-with-gig-our-experimental.html, live,web.archive.org/web/20161129150926/https://googleblog.blogspot.no/2010/02/think-big-with-gig-our-experimental.html, November 29, 2016, November 29, 2016, Official Google Blog, WEB, Schonfeld, Erick, February 10, 2010, Google Plans To Deliver 1Gb/sec Fiber-Optic Broadband Network To More Than 50,000 Homes,techcrunch.com/2010/02/10/google-fiber-optic-network-home/, live,web.archive.org/web/20161129145628/https://techcrunch.com/2010/02/10/google-fiber-optic-network-home/, November 29, 2016, November 29, 2016, TechCrunch, AOL, Following Google’s corporate restructure to make Alphabet Inc. its parent company, Google Fiber was moved to Alphabet’s Access division.WEB, McLaughlin, Kevin, August 25, 2016, Inside the Battle Over Google Fiber,www.theinformation.com/articles/inside-the-battle-over-google-fiber, live,web.archive.org/web/20161129144256/https://www.theinformation.com/articles/inside-the-battle-over-google-fiber, November 29, 2016, November 29, 2016, The Information, WEB, Statt, Nick, August 25, 2016, Alphabet is putting serious pressure on Google Fiber to cut costs,www.theverge.com/2016/8/25/12652734/google-fiber-access-alphabet-layoffs-wireless-internet, live,www.theverge.com/2016/8/25/12652734/google-fiber-access-alphabet-layoffs-wireless-internet," title="web.archive.org/web/20161129145849www.theverge.com/2016/8/25/12652734/google-fiber-access-alphabet-layoffs-wireless-internet,">web.archive.org/web/20161129145849www.theverge.com/2016/8/25/12652734/google-fiber-access-alphabet-layoffs-wireless-internet, November 29, 2016, November 29, 2016, The Verge, Vox Media, In April 2015, Google announced Project Fi, a mobile virtual network operator, that combines Wi-Fi and cellular networks from different telecommunication providers in an effort to enable seamless connectivity and fast Internet signal.WEB, Fox, Nick, April 22, 2015, Say hi to Fi: A new way to say hello,googleblog.blogspot.no/2015/04/project-fi.html, live,web.archive.org/web/20161129150714/https://googleblog.blogspot.no/2015/04/project-fi.html, November 29, 2016, November 29, 2016, Official Google Blog, WEB, Goldman, David, April 22, 2015, Google launches ‘Project Fi’ wireless service,money.cnn.com/2015/04/22/technology/google-project-fi-wireless-service/, live,money.cnn.com/2015/04/22/technology/google-project-fi-wireless-service/," title="web.archive.org/web/20161129150255money.cnn.com/2015/04/22/technology/google-project-fi-wireless-service/,">web.archive.org/web/20161129150255money.cnn.com/2015/04/22/technology/google-project-fi-wireless-service/, November 29, 2016, November 29, 2016, CNN,

Financial services

In August 2023, Google became the first major tech company to join the OpenWallet Foundation, launched earlier in the year, whose goal was creating open-source software for interoperable digital wallets.WEB, Google joins OpenWallet Foundation,www.paymentsdive.com/news/google-open-wallet-foundation-owf-digital-wallet-jenny-cheng-daniel-goldscheider/692368/, September 1, 2023, Payments Dive, en-US, September 1, 2023,web.archive.org/web/20230901160500/https://www.paymentsdive.com/news/google-open-wallet-foundation-owf-digital-wallet-jenny-cheng-daniel-goldscheider/692368/, live,

Corporate affairs

Stock price performance and quarterly earnings

Google’s initial public offering (IPO) took place on August 19, 2004. At IPO, the company offered 19,605,052 shares at a price of $85 per share. The sale of $1.67 billion gave Google a market capitalization of more than $23 billion. The stock performed well after the IPO, with shares hitting $350 for the first time on October 31, 2007,NEWS, Hancock, Jay, October 31, 2007, Google shares hit $700, The Baltimore Sun,weblogs.baltimoresun.com/business/hancock/blog/2007/10/google_shares_hit_700.html, live, November 27, 2010,weblogs.baltimoresun.com/business/hancock/blog/2007/10/google_shares_hit_700.html," title="web.archive.org/web/20120202214534weblogs.baltimoresun.com/business/hancock/blog/2007/10/google_shares_hit_700.html,">web.archive.org/web/20120202214534weblogs.baltimoresun.com/business/hancock/blog/2007/10/google_shares_hit_700.html, February 2, 2012, primarily because of strong sales and earnings in the online advertising market.NEWS, La Monica, Paul R., May 25, 2005, Bowling for Google, CNN,money.cnn.com/2005/05/25/technology/techinvestor/lamonica/index.htm, live, February 28, 2007,money.cnn.com/2005/05/25/technology/techinvestor/lamonica/index.htm," title="web.archive.org/web/20120304043014money.cnn.com/2005/05/25/technology/techinvestor/lamonica/index.htm,">web.archive.org/web/20120304043014money.cnn.com/2005/05/25/technology/techinvestor/lamonica/index.htm, March 4, 2012, The surge in stock price was fueled mainly by individual investors, as opposed to large institutional investors and mutual funds. GOOG shares split into GOOG class C shares and GOOGL class A shares.WEB, April 2, 2015, This could cost Google more than $500 million,www.cnbc.com/2015/04/02/stock-split-could-cost-google-over-500-million.html, live,web.archive.org/web/20151226080454/https://www.cnbc.com/2015/04/02/stock-split-could-cost-google-over-500-million.html, December 26, 2015, December 30, 2015, CNBC, The company is listed on the NASDAQ stock exchange under the ticker symbols GOOGL and GOOG, and on the Frankfurt Stock Exchange under the ticker symbol GGQ1. These ticker symbols now refer to Alphabet Inc., Google’s holding company, {{as of|2015|8|10|alt=since the fourth quarter of 2015.}}NEWS, Pramuk, Jacob, August 10, 2015, Google to become part of new company, Alphabet, CNBC,www.cnbc.com/2015/08/10/google-announces-plans-for-new-operating-structure.html, live, August 11, 2015,web.archive.org/web/20150811000128/https://www.cnbc.com/2015/08/10/google-announces-plans-for-new-operating-structure.html, August 11, 2015, In the third quarter of 2005, Google reported a 700% increase in profit, largely due to large companies shifting their advertising strategies from newspapers, magazines, and television to the Internet.NEWS, Vise, David, October 21, 2005, Online Ads Give Google Huge Gain in Profit, The Washington Post,www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/10/20/AR2005102002058.html, live, November 27, 2016,www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/10/20/AR2005102002058.html," title="web.archive.org/web/20161020134416www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/10/20/AR2005102002058.html,">web.archive.org/web/20161020134416www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/10/20/AR2005102002058.html, October 20, 2016, NEWS, La Monica, Paul R., October 21, 2005, All signals go for Google, CNN,money.cnn.com/2005/10/20/technology/google_analysis/index.htm, April 6, 2021, April 16, 2021,web.archive.org/web/20210416051657/https://money.cnn.com/2005/10/20/technology/google_analysis/index.htm, live, NEWS, October 21, 2005, Google shares jump on big profit increase, CBC News,www.cbc.ca/amp/1.558678, April 6, 2021, April 14, 2021,web.archive.org/web/20210414223654/https://www.cbc.ca/amp/1.558678, live, For the 2006 fiscal year, the company reported $10.492 billion in total advertising revenues and only $112 million in licensing and other revenues.WEB, Form 10-K{{nbsp, â€“ Annual Report |url=https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1288776/000119312507044494/d10k.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101106152355www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1288776/000119312507044494/d10k.htm |archive-date=November 6, 2010 |access-date=July 5, 2010 |publisher=SEC}} In 2011, 96% of Google’s revenue was derived from its advertising programs.WEB, Google Inc, Form 10-K, Annual Report, Filing Date January 26, 2012,pdf.secdatabase.com/44/0001193125-12-025336.pdf, live,pdf.secdatabase.com/44/0001193125-12-025336.pdf," title="web.archive.org/web/20130502193637pdf.secdatabase.com/44/0001193125-12-025336.pdf,">web.archive.org/web/20130502193637pdf.secdatabase.com/44/0001193125-12-025336.pdf, May 2, 2013, March 8, 2013, secdatabase.com, Google generated $50 billion in annual revenue for the first time in 2012, generating $38 billion the previous year. In January 2013, then-CEO Larry Page commented, “We ended 2012 with a strong quarter ... Revenues were up 36% year-on-year, and 8% quarter-on-quarter. And we hit $50 billion in revenues for the first time last year â€“ not a bad achievement in just a decade and a half.“WEB, Fiegerman, Seth, January 22, 2013, Google Has Its First $50 Billion Year,mashable.com/2013/01/22/google-q4-earnings/#42cbeRCbSkqH, live,mashable.com/2013/01/22/google-q4-earnings/#42cbeRCbSkqH," title="web.archive.org/web/20161201014741mashable.com/2013/01/22/google-q4-earnings/#42cbeRCbSkqH,">web.archive.org/web/20161201014741mashable.com/2013/01/22/google-q4-earnings/#42cbeRCbSkqH, December 1, 2016, November 30, 2016, Mashable, Google’s consolidated revenue for the third quarter of 2013 was reported in mid-October 2013 as $14.89 billion, a 12 percent increase compared to the previous quarter.WEB, Whitwam, Ryan, October 18, 2013, Google Beats Analyst Estimates For Third Quarter Results, Stock Passes $1000 Per Share,www.androidpolice.com/2013/10/18/google-beats-analyst-estimates-for-third-quarter-results-stock-passes-1000-per-share/, live,www.androidpolice.com/2013/10/18/google-beats-analyst-estimates-for-third-quarter-results-stock-passes-1000-per-share/," title="web.archive.org/web/20170316025733www.androidpolice.com/2013/10/18/google-beats-analyst-estimates-for-third-quarter-results-stock-passes-1000-per-share/,">web.archive.org/web/20170316025733www.androidpolice.com/2013/10/18/google-beats-analyst-estimates-for-third-quarter-results-stock-passes-1000-per-share/, March 16, 2017, March 15, 2017, Android Police, Google’s Internet business was responsible for $10.8 billion of this total, with an increase in the number of users’ clicks on advertisements.NEWS, October 17, 2013, Google earnings up 12% in third quarter even as Motorola losses deepen, The Guardian, Reuters,www.theguardian.com/technology/2013/oct/17/google-q3-revenue-earnings-report, dead, October 18, 2013,www.theguardian.com/technology/2013/oct/17/google-q3-revenue-earnings-report," title="web.archive.org/web/20131017221536www.theguardian.com/technology/2013/oct/17/google-q3-revenue-earnings-report,">web.archive.org/web/20131017221536www.theguardian.com/technology/2013/oct/17/google-q3-revenue-earnings-report, October 17, 2013, By January 2014, Google’s market capitalization had grown to $397 billion.WEB, Google Overview,www.marketwatch.com/investing/stock/goog, live,www.marketwatch.com/investing/stock/GOOG," title="web.archive.org/web/20140202073406www.marketwatch.com/investing/stock/GOOG,">web.archive.org/web/20140202073406www.marketwatch.com/investing/stock/GOOG, February 2, 2014, February 2, 2014, Marketwatch,

Tax avoidance strategies

{{Further|Corporation tax in the Republic of Ireland#Multinational tax schemes|Google tax}}Google uses various tax avoidance strategies. On the list of largest technology companies by revenue, it pays the lowest taxes to the countries of origin of its revenues. Google between 2007 and 2010 saved $3.1 billion in taxes by shuttling non-U.S. profits through Ireland and the Netherlands and then to Bermuda. Such techniques lower its non-U.S. tax rate to 2.3 per cent, while normally the corporate tax rate in, for instance, the UK is 28 per cent.WEB, Metz, Cade, October 22, 2010, Google slips $3.1bn through ‘Double Irish’ tax loophole.,www.theregister.co.uk/2010/10/22/google_double_irish_tax_loophole/, live,web.archive.org/web/20170706132414/https://www.theregister.co.uk/2010/10/22/google_double_irish_tax_loophole/, July 6, 2017, August 10, 2017, The Register, This reportedly sparked a French investigation into Google’s transfer pricing practices in 2012.WEB, Leach, Anna, October 31, 2012, French gov ‘plans to hand Google â‚¬1bn tax bill’ â€“ report,www.theregister.co.uk/2012/10/31/google_france_tax_office_billion_euros/, live,www.theregister.co.uk/2012/10/31/google_france_tax_office_billion_euros/," title="web.archive.org/web/20130104002014www.theregister.co.uk/2012/10/31/google_france_tax_office_billion_euros/,">web.archive.org/web/20130104002014www.theregister.co.uk/2012/10/31/google_france_tax_office_billion_euros/, January 4, 2013, January 2, 2013, The Register, In 2020, Google said it had overhauled its controversial global tax structure and consolidated all of its intellectual property holdings back to the US.NEWS, Waters, Richard, January 2, 2020, Google to end use of ‘double Irish’ as tax loophole set to close, Financial Times,www.ft.com/content/991f11ae-2c51-11ea-bc77-65e4aa615551, subscription, January 2, 2020, January 2, 2020,web.archive.org/web/20200102131057/https://www.ft.com/content/991f11ae-2c51-11ea-bc77-65e4aa615551, live, Google Vice-president Matt Brittin testified to the Public Accounts Committee of the UK House of Commons that his UK sales team made no sales and hence owed no sales taxes to the UK.WEB, Parnell, Brid-Aine, May 17, 2013, I think you DO do evil, using smoke and mirrors to avoid tax,www.theregister.co.uk/2013/05/17/quotw_ending_may_17/, live,www.theregister.co.uk/2013/05/17/quotw_ending_may_17/," title="web.archive.org/web/20131226090028www.theregister.co.uk/2013/05/17/quotw_ending_may_17/,">web.archive.org/web/20131226090028www.theregister.co.uk/2013/05/17/quotw_ending_may_17/, December 26, 2013, March 13, 2014, The Register, In January 2016, Google reached a settlement with the UK to pay Â£130m in back taxes plus higher taxes in future.WEB, John, Gapper, January 23, 2016, Google strikes Â£130m back tax deal,www.ft.com/cms/s/0/d50ad5f4-c125-11e5-9fdb-87b8d15baec2.html, subscription, live,www.ft.com/cms/s/0/d50ad5f4-c125-11e5-9fdb-87b8d15baec2.html," title="web.archive.org/web/20160124195612www.ft.com/cms/s/0/d50ad5f4-c125-11e5-9fdb-87b8d15baec2.html,">web.archive.org/web/20160124195612www.ft.com/cms/s/0/d50ad5f4-c125-11e5-9fdb-87b8d15baec2.html, January 24, 2016, January 24, 2016, Financial Times, In 2017, Google channeled $22.7 billion from the Netherlands to Bermuda to reduce its tax bill.NEWS, Bart, Meijer, January 3, 2019, Google shifted $23 billion to tax haven Bermuda in 2017: filing, Reuters,www.reuters.com/article/us-google-taxes-netherlands/google-shifted-23-billion-to-tax-haven-bermuda-in-2017-filing-idUSKCN1OX1G9, live, January 3, 2019,web.archive.org/web/20190103215930/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-google-taxes-netherlands/google-shifted-23-billion-to-tax-haven-bermuda-in-2017-filing-idUSKCN1OX1G9, January 3, 2019, Google moved 19.9 billion euros ($22.7 billion) through a Dutch shell company to Bermuda in 2017, as part of an arrangement that allows it to reduce its foreign tax bill, In 2013, Google ranked 5th in lobbying spending, up from 213th in 2003. In 2012, the company ranked 2nd in campaign donations of technology and Internet sections.NEWS, Hamburger, Tom, Gold, Matea, April 13, 2014, Google, once disdainful of lobbying, now a master of Washington influence, The Washington Post,www.washingtonpost.com/politics/how-google-is-transforming-power-and-politicsgoogle-once-disdainful-of-lobbying-now-a-master-of-washington-influence/2014/04/12/51648b92-b4d3-11e3-8cb6-284052554d74_story.html, live, August 22, 2017,web.archive.org/web/20171027124925/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/how-google-is-transforming-power-and-politicsgoogle-once-disdainful-of-lobbying-now-a-master-of-washington-influence/2014/04/12/51648b92-b4d3-11e3-8cb6-284052554d74_story.html, October 27, 2017,

Corporate identity

{{further|History of Google#Name|Google (verb)|Google logo|Google Doodle|List of Google April Fools’ Day jokes|List of Google Easter eggs}}(File:Google 2013 logo.svg|thumb|200px|Google’s logo from 2013 to 2015)The name “Google” originated from a misspelling of “googol”,WEB, Koller, David, Origin of the name, “Google.”,graphics.stanford.edu/~dk/google_name_origin.html, May 28, 2006, June 27, 2012,graphics.stanford.edu/~dk/google_name_origin.html," title="web.archive.org/web/20120627081942graphics.stanford.edu/~dk/google_name_origin.html,">web.archive.org/web/20120627081942graphics.stanford.edu/~dk/google_name_origin.html, dead, Stanford University, January 2004, Hanley, Rachael. “WEB, From Googol to Google: Co-founder returns,www.stanforddaily.com/2003/02/12/from-googol-to-google/, February 15, 2010, May 11, 2011,www.stanforddaily.com/2003/02/12/from-googol-to-google/," title="web.archive.org/web/20110511111017www.stanforddaily.com/2003/02/12/from-googol-to-google/,">web.archive.org/web/20110511111017www.stanforddaily.com/2003/02/12/from-googol-to-google/, dead, .” The Stanford Daily. February 12, 2003. Retrieved on August 26, 2010. which refers to the number represented by a 1 followed by one-hundred zeros. Page and Brin write in their original paper on PageRank:JOURNAL, Brin, Sergey, Sergey Brin, Page, Lawrence, Larry Page, 1998, The anatomy of a large-scale hypertextual Web search engine,infolab.stanford.edu/pub/papers/google.pdf, live, Computer Networks and ISDN Systems, 30, 1â€“7, 107â€“117, 10.1.1.115.5930, 10.1016/S0169-7552(98)00110-X, 7587743, 0169-7552,infolab.stanford.edu/pub/papers/google.pdf," title="web.archive.org/web/20150927004511infolab.stanford.edu/pub/papers/google.pdf,">web.archive.org/web/20150927004511infolab.stanford.edu/pub/papers/google.pdf, September 27, 2015, April 7, 2019, “We chose our system name, Google, because it is a common spelling of googol, or 10100[,] and fits well with our goal of building very large-scale search engines.” Having found its way increasingly into everyday language, the verb “google” was added to the Merriam Webster Collegiate Dictionary and the Oxford English Dictionary in 2006, meaning “to use the Google search engine to obtain information on the Internet.“NEWS, Harris, Scott D., July 7, 2006, Dictionary adds verb: to google, San Jose Mercury News,www.mercurynews.com/mld/mercurynews/business/14985574.htm, dead, July 7, 2006,www.mercurynews.com/mld/mercurynews/business/14985574.htm," title="web.archive.org/web/20070206065348www.mercurynews.com/mld/mercurynews/business/14985574.htm,">web.archive.org/web/20070206065348www.mercurynews.com/mld/mercurynews/business/14985574.htm, February 6, 2007, NEWS, Bylund, Anders, July 5, 2006, To Google or Not to Google, The Motley Fool,msnbc.msn.com/id/13720643/, dead, July 7, 2006,msnbc.msn.com/id/13720643/," title="archive.today/20060707062623msnbc.msn.com/id/13720643/,">archive.today/20060707062623msnbc.msn.com/id/13720643/, July 7, 2006, MSNBC, Google’s mission statement, from the outset, was “to organize the world’s information and make it universally accessible and useful”,WEB, Gibbs, Samuel, November 3, 2014, Google has ‘outgrown’ its 14-year old mission statement, says Larry Page,www.theguardian.com/technology/2014/nov/03/larry-page-google-dont-be-evil-sergey-brin, live,web.archive.org/web/20170326053031/https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2014/nov/03/larry-page-google-dont-be-evil-sergey-brin, March 26, 2017, March 25, 2017, The Guardian, and its unofficial slogan is “Don’t be evil”.WEB, April 11, 2012, Google Code of Conduct,abc.xyz/investor/other/google-code-of-conduct.html, live,web.archive.org/web/20170211223917/https://abc.xyz/investor/other/google-code-of-conduct.html, February 11, 2017, March 25, 2017, Alphabet Investor Relations, Alphabet Inc., In October 2015, a related motto was adopted in the Alphabet corporate code of conduct by the phrase: “Do the right thing”.WEB, Lawler, Richard, October 2, 2015, Alphabet replaces Google’s ‘Don’t be evil’ with ‘Do the right thing’,www.engadget.com/2015/10/02/alphabet-do-the-right-thing/, live,web.archive.org/web/20170701225925/https://www.engadget.com/2015/10/02/alphabet-do-the-right-thing/, July 1, 2017, March 25, 2017, Engadget, AOL, The original motto was retained in the code of conduct of Google, now a subsidiary of Alphabet.The original Google logo was designed by Sergey Brin.NEWS, Happy Birthday Google!, ndtv.com, NDTV Convergence Limited,www.ndtv.com/photos/news/happy-birthday-google--8267#photo-99345, live, April 28, 2016,web.archive.org/web/20190407042748/https://www.ndtv.com/photos/news/happy-birthday-google--8267#photo-99345, April 7, 2019, {{As of|1998|since=y|post=,}} Google has been designing special, temporary alternate logos to place on their homepage intended to celebrate holidays, events, achievements and people. The first Google Doodle was in honor of the Burning Man Festival of 1998.WEB, Doodle 4 Google,www.google.com/doodle4google/history.html, live,www.google.com/doodle4google/history.html," title="web.archive.org/web/20140427143948www.google.com/doodle4google/history.html,">web.archive.org/web/20140427143948www.google.com/doodle4google/history.html, April 27, 2014, April 23, 2014, WEB, August 30, 1998, Burning Man Festival,www.google.com/doodles/burning-man-festival, live,web.archive.org/web/20140425051111/https://www.google.com/doodles/burning-man-festival, April 25, 2014, April 23, 2014, The doodle was designed by Larry Page and Sergey Brin to notify users of their absence in case the servers crashed. Subsequent Google Doodles were designed by an outside contractor, until Larry and Sergey asked then-intern Dennis Hwang to design a logo for Bastille Day in 2000. From that point onward, Doodles have been organized and created by a team of employees termed “Doodlers”.NEWS, April 12, 2014, Meet the people behind the Google Doodles, The Guardian,www.theguardian.com/technology/2014/apr/12/meet-people-behind-google-doodles-logo, live, September 27, 2014,www.theguardian.com/technology/2014/apr/12/meet-people-behind-google-doodles-logo," title="web.archive.org/web/20141006222909www.theguardian.com/technology/2014/apr/12/meet-people-behind-google-doodles-logo,">web.archive.org/web/20141006222909www.theguardian.com/technology/2014/apr/12/meet-people-behind-google-doodles-logo, October 6, 2014, Google has a tradition of creating April Fools’ Day jokes. Its first on April 1, 2000, was Google MentalPlex which allegedly featured the use of mental power to search the web.WEB, April 1, 2000, Google MentalPlex,www.google.com/mentalplex/, live,www.google.com/mentalplex/," title="web.archive.org/web/20100921223048www.google.com/mentalplex/,">web.archive.org/web/20100921223048www.google.com/mentalplex/, September 21, 2010, July 5, 2010, Google, Inc., In 2007, Google announced a free Internet service called TiSP, or Toilet Internet Service Provider, where one obtained a connection by flushing one end of a fiber-optic cable down their toilet.WEB, April 1, 2007, Welcome to Google TiSP,www.google.com/tisp/, live,www.google.com/tisp/," title="web.archive.org/web/20100709034300www.google.com/tisp/,">web.archive.org/web/20100709034300www.google.com/tisp/, July 9, 2010, July 5, 2010, Google, Inc., Google’s services contain easter eggs, such as the Swedish Chef’s “Bork bork bork,” Pig Latin, “Hacker” or leetspeak, Elmer Fudd, Pirate, and Klingon as language selections for its search engine.WEB, Language Tools,www.google.com/language_tools, dead,www.google.com/language_tools," title="web.archive.org/web/20090522220537www.google.com/language_tools,">web.archive.org/web/20090522220537www.google.com/language_tools, May 22, 2009, July 4, 2010, Google, Inc., When searching for the word “anagram,” meaning a rearrangement of letters from one word to form other valid words, Google’s suggestion feature displays “Did you mean: nag a ram?“WEB, anagram search,www.google.com/search?q=anagram, live,www.google.com/search?q=anagram," title="web.archive.org/web/20130624205429www.google.com/search?q=anagram,">web.archive.org/web/20130624205429www.google.com/search?q=anagram, June 24, 2013, September 22, 2010, Google, Inc., Since 2019, Google runs free online courses to help engineers learn how to plan and author technical documentation better.WEB,developers.google.com/tech-writing, developers.google.com, Technical Writing Courses, February 27, 2023, March 26, 2023,web.archive.org/web/20230326074732/https://developers.google.com/tech-writing, live,

Workplace culture{{Anchor|Innovation Time Off|Employees}}

File:Pride in London 2016 - Google participating in the parade.png|alt=|thumb|Google employees marching in the Pride in London Pride in LondonOn Fortune magazine’s list of the best companies to work for, Google ranked first in 2007, 2008 and 2012,JOURNAL, Levering, Robert, Moskowitz, Milton, January 22, 2007, Serwer, Andrew, In good company,money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune_archive/2007/01/22/8398125/index.htm, live, Fortune Magazine, 155, 1, 94â€“6, 100, 102 passim, 17256628,money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune_archive/2007/01/22/8398125/index.htm," title="web.archive.org/web/20100301175257money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune_archive/2007/01/22/8398125/index.htm,">web.archive.org/web/20100301175257money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune_archive/2007/01/22/8398125/index.htm, March 1, 2010, June 19, 2010, Andrew Serwer, JOURNAL, Levering, Robert, Moskowitz, Milton, February 4, 2008, Serwer, Andrew, The 2008 list,money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/bestcompanies/2008/full_list/index.html, live, Fortune Magazine, 157, 2,money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/bestcompanies/2008/full_list/index.html," title="web.archive.org/web/20100723223729money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/bestcompanies/2008/full_list/index.html,">web.archive.org/web/20100723223729money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/bestcompanies/2008/full_list/index.html, July 23, 2010, June 19, 2010, Andrew Serwer, JOURNAL, The 2012 list,money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/best-companies/2012/full_list/, live, Fortune Magazine,money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/best-companies/2012/full_list/," title="web.archive.org/web/20121031135647money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/best-companies/2012/full_list/,">web.archive.org/web/20121031135647money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/best-companies/2012/full_list/, October 31, 2012, February 26, 2012, and fourth in 2009 and 2010.JOURNAL, Levering, Robert, Moskowitz, Milton, February 2, 2009, Serwer, Andrew, The 2009 list,money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/bestcompanies/2009/full_list/index.html, live, Fortune Magazine, 159, 2,money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/bestcompanies/2009/full_list/index.html," title="web.archive.org/web/20100726042849money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/bestcompanies/2009/full_list/index.html,">web.archive.org/web/20100726042849money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/bestcompanies/2009/full_list/index.html, July 26, 2010, June 19, 2010, Andrew Serwer, JOURNAL, Levering, Robert, Moskowitz, Milton, February 8, 2010, Serwer, Andrew, The 2010 list,money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/bestcompanies/2010/full_list/, live, Fortune Magazine, 161, 2,money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/bestcompanies/2010/full_list/," title="web.archive.org/web/20100618125312money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/bestcompanies/2010/full_list/,">web.archive.org/web/20100618125312money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/bestcompanies/2010/full_list/, June 18, 2010, June 19, 2010, Andrew Serwer, Google was also nominated in 2010 to be the world’s most attractive employer to graduating students in the Universum Communications talent attraction index.WEB, September 28, 2010, The World’s Most Attractive Employers 2010,www.universumglobal.com/IDEAL-Employer-Rankings/Global-Top-50, dead,www.universumglobal.com/IDEAL-Employer-Rankings/Global-Top-50," title="web.archive.org/web/20101112131208www.universumglobal.com/IDEAL-Employer-Rankings/Global-Top-50,">web.archive.org/web/20101112131208www.universumglobal.com/IDEAL-Employer-Rankings/Global-Top-50, November 12, 2010, October 28, 2010, Universum Global, Google’s corporate philosophy includes principles such as “you can make money without doing evil,” “you can be serious without a suit,” and “work should be challenging and the challenge should be fun.“WEB, Our Philosophy,www.google.com/corporate/tenthings.html, live,www.google.com/corporate/tenthings.html," title="web.archive.org/web/20100709041157www.google.com/corporate/tenthings.html,">web.archive.org/web/20100709041157www.google.com/corporate/tenthings.html, July 9, 2010, June 20, 2010, Google, Inc., {{As of|2020|9|30|df=US|post=,}} Alphabet Inc. had 132,121 employees,WEB, Alphabet Q3 2020 10-Q Report,abc.xyz/investor/static/pdf/20201030_alphabet_10Q.pdf, live,archive.today/20201230042646/https://abc.xyz/investor/static/pdf/20201030_alphabet_10Q.pdf, December 30, 2020, December 30, 2020, Alphabet Inc., of which more than 100,000 worked for Google.NEWS, Wakabayashi, Daisuke, May 28, 2019, Google’s Shadow Work Force: Temps Who Outnumber Full-Time Employees (Published 2019), en-US, The New York Times,www.nytimes.com/2019/05/28/technology/google-temp-workers.html, live, December 30, 2020,web.archive.org/web/20201218055115/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/05/28/technology/google-temp-workers.html, December 18, 2020, 0362-4331, Google’s {{as of|2020|||alt=2020}} diversity report states that 32 percent of its workforce are women and 68 percent are men, with the ethnicity of its workforce being predominantly white (51.7%) and Asian (41.9%).WEB, Nieva, Richard, Carson, Erin, May 5, 2020, Google’s diversity numbers show incremental progress,www.cnet.com/news/googles-diversity-numbers-show-incremental-progress/, January 1, 2021, CNET, en, December 30, 2020,web.archive.org/web/20201230195450/https://www.cnet.com/news/googles-diversity-numbers-show-incremental-progress/, live, Within tech roles, 23.6 percent were women; and 26.7 percent of leadership roles were held by women.WEB, 2020, Google Diversity Annual Report 2020,kstatic.googleusercontent.com/files/25badfc6b6d1b33f3b87372ff7545d79261520d821e6ee9a82c4ab2de42a01216be2156bc5a60ae3337ffe7176d90b8b2b3000891ac6e516a650ecebf0e3f866, live,web.archive.org/web/20201216005455/https://kstatic.googleusercontent.com/files/25badfc6b6d1b33f3b87372ff7545d79261520d821e6ee9a82c4ab2de42a01216be2156bc5a60ae3337ffe7176d90b8b2b3000891ac6e516a650ecebf0e3f866, December 16, 2020, January 1, 2021, Google, In addition to its 100,000+ full-time employees, Google used about 121,000 temporary workers and contractors, {{As of|2019|March|lc=y|post=.}}Google’s employees are hired based on a hierarchical system. Employees are split into six hierarchies based on experience and can range “from entry-level data center workers at level one to managers and experienced engineers at level six.“NEWS, Wakabayashi, Daisuke, September 8, 2017, Google workers collected data showing their male colleagues make more than women, CNBC,www.cnbc.com/2017/09/08/google-gender-pay-gap-spreadsheet-finds-men-paid-more-than-women.html, live, September 25, 2017,web.archive.org/web/20170926095602/https://www.cnbc.com/2017/09/08/google-gender-pay-gap-spreadsheet-finds-men-paid-more-than-women.html, September 26, 2017, As a motivation technique, Google uses a policy known as Innovation Time Off, where Google engineers are encouraged to spend 20% of their work time on projects that interest them. Some of Google’s services, such as Gmail, Google News, Orkut, and AdSense, originated from these independent endeavors.WEB, Mediratta, Bharat, Bick, Julie, October 21, 2007, The Google Way: Give Engineers Room,www.nytimes.com/2007/10/21/jobs/21pre.html, live,www.nytimes.com/2007/10/21/jobs/21pre.html," title="web.archive.org/web/20170402201354www.nytimes.com/2007/10/21/jobs/21pre.html,">web.archive.org/web/20170402201354www.nytimes.com/2007/10/21/jobs/21pre.html, April 2, 2017, March 9, 2017, The New York Times, In a talk at Stanford University, Marissa Mayer, Google’s vice-president of Search Products and User Experience until July 2012, showed that half of all new product launches in the second half of 2005 had originated from the Innovation Time Off.AV MEDIA,www.youtube.com/watch?v=soYKFWqVVzg, Marissa Mayer at Stanford University, June 30, 2006, Mayer, Marissa (speaker), Seminar, Martin Lafrance, 11:33, June 20, 2010,www.youtube.com//watch?v=soYKFWqVVzg," title="web.archive.org/web/20100816150501www.youtube.com//watch?v=soYKFWqVVzg,">web.archive.org/web/20100816150501www.youtube.com//watch?v=soYKFWqVVzg, August 16, 2010, live, Fifty percent of what Google launched in the second half of 2005 actually got built out of 20% time., In 2005, articles in The New York TimesWEB, Rivlin, Gary, August 24, 2005, Relax, Bill Gates; It’s Google’s Turn as the Villain,www.nytimes.com/2005/08/24/technology/relax-bill-gates-its-googles-turn-as-the-villain.html, live,www.nytimes.com/2005/08/24/technology/relax-bill-gates-its-googles-turn-as-the-villain.html," title="web.archive.org/web/20170403014314www.nytimes.com/2005/08/24/technology/relax-bill-gates-its-googles-turn-as-the-villain.html,">web.archive.org/web/20170403014314www.nytimes.com/2005/08/24/technology/relax-bill-gates-its-googles-turn-as-the-villain.html, April 3, 2017, March 9, 2017, The New York Times, and other sources began suggesting that Google had lost its anti-corporate, no evil philosophy.JOURNAL, Utz, Richard, 2013, The Good Corporation? Google’s Medievalism and Why It Matters, Studies in Medievalism, 23, 21â€“28, 10.1515/9781782041160-005, 978-1-78204-116-0, NEWS, Gibson, Owen, Wray, Richard, August 25, 2005, Search giant may outgrow its fans, The Sydney Morning Herald,www.smh.com.au/news/technology/search-giant-may-outgrow-its-fans/2005/08/25/1124562975596.html3001.asp, live, November 27, 2010,www.smh.com.au/news/technology/search-giant-may-outgrow-its-fans/2005/08/25/1124562975596.html3001.asp," title="web.archive.org/web/20100517075346www.smh.com.au/news/technology/search-giant-may-outgrow-its-fans/2005/08/25/1124562975596.html3001.asp,">web.archive.org/web/20100517075346www.smh.com.au/news/technology/search-giant-may-outgrow-its-fans/2005/08/25/1124562975596.html3001.asp, May 17, 2010, WEB, Ranka, Mohit, May 17, 2007, Google â€“ Don’t Be Evil,www.osnews.com/story/17928/Google--Dont-Be-Evil, live,www.osnews.com/story/17928/Google--Dont-Be-Evil," title="web.archive.org/web/20100706224751www.osnews.com/story/17928/Google--Dont-Be-Evil,">web.archive.org/web/20100706224751www.osnews.com/story/17928/Google--Dont-Be-Evil, July 6, 2010, November 27, 2010, OSNews, In an effort to maintain the company’s unique culture, Google designated a Chief Culture Officer whose purpose was to develop and maintain the culture and work on ways to keep true to the core values that the company was founded on.WEB, Mills, Elinor, April 30, 2007, Google’s culture czar,www.zdnet.com.au/meet-google-s-culture-czar-339275147.htm, dead,www.zdnet.com.au/meet-google-s-culture-czar-339275147.htm," title="web.archive.org/web/20101031155723www.zdnet.com.au/meet-google-s-culture-czar-339275147.htm,">web.archive.org/web/20101031155723www.zdnet.com.au/meet-google-s-culture-czar-339275147.htm, October 31, 2010, November 27, 2010, ZDNet, Google has also faced allegations of sexism and ageism from former employees.NEWS, Kawamoto, Dawn, July 27, 2005, Google hit with job discrimination lawsuit, CNET, CBS Interactive,news.cnet.com/Google-hit-with-job-discrimination-lawsuit/2100-1030_3-5807158.html?tag=nl, November 27, 2010, October 17, 2019,web.archive.org/web/20191017004134/https://www.cnet.com/news/google-hit-with-job-discrimination-lawsuit/, live, WEB, October 6, 2007, Google accused of ageism in reinstated lawsuit,www.ctvnews.ca/google-accused-of-ageism-in-reinstated-lawsuit-1.259152, live,www.ctv.ca/servlet/ArticleNews/story/CTVNews/20071006/google_old_071006/20071006," title="web.archive.org/web/20071011205140www.ctv.ca/servlet/ArticleNews/story/CTVNews/20071006/google_old_071006/20071006,">web.archive.org/web/20071011205140www.ctv.ca/servlet/ArticleNews/story/CTVNews/20071006/google_old_071006/20071006, October 11, 2007, January 22, 2017, ctv.ca, In 2013, a class action against several Silicon Valley companies, including Google, was filed for alleged “no cold call” agreements which restrained the recruitment of high-tech employees.WEB, Rosenblatt, Seth, May 16, 2014, Judge approves first payout in antitrust wage-fixing lawsuit,www.cnet.com/news/judge-approves-first-payout-in-antitrust-wage-fixing-lawsuit/, live,web.archive.org/web/20170202030937/https://www.cnet.com/news/judge-approves-first-payout-in-antitrust-wage-fixing-lawsuit/, February 2, 2017, January 22, 2017, CNET, CBS Interactive, In a lawsuit filed January 8, 2018, multiple employees and job applicants alleged Google discriminated against a class defined by their “conservative political views[,] male gender[,] and/or [...] Caucasian or Asian race”.WEB, Damore, et al. v. Google â€“ FAC,www.dhillonlaw.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/20180418-Damore-et-al.-v.-Google-FAC_Endorsed.pdf, December 12, 2020, www.dhillonlaw.com, July 6, 2018,web.archive.org/web/20180706181339/https://www.dhillonlaw.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/20180418-Damore-et-al.-v.-Google-FAC_Endorsed.pdf, live, On January 25, 2020, the formation of an international workers union of Google employees, Alpha Global, was announced.WEB, Google Unions Announce Global Alliance: “Together, we will change Alphabet”,www.uniglobalunion.org/AlphaGlobal, January 25, 2021, UNI Global Union, en, January 25, 2021,web.archive.org/web/20210125135902/https://www.uniglobalunion.org/AlphaGlobal, dead, The coalition is made up of “13 different unions representing workers in 10 countries, including the United States, [the] United Kingdom, and Switzerland.“WEB, Schiffer, Zoe, January 25, 2021, Exclusive: Google workers across the globe announce international union alliance to hold Alphabet accountable,www.theverge.com/2021/1/25/22243138/google-union-alphabet-workers-europe-announce-global-alliance, January 25, 2021, The Verge, en, January 25, 2021,web.archive.org/web/20210125114814/https://www.theverge.com/2021/1/25/22243138/google-union-alphabet-workers-europe-announce-global-alliance, live, The group is affiliated with the UNI Global Union, which represents nearly 20 million international workers from various unions and federations. The formation of the union is in response to persistent allegations of mistreatment of Google employees and a toxic workplace culture.WEB, Ghaffary, Shirin, September 9, 2019, Dozens of Google employees say they were retaliated against for reporting harassment,www.vox.com/recode/2019/9/9/20853647/google-employee-retaliation-harassment-me-too-exclusive, January 25, 2021, Vox (website), Vox, en, January 22, 2021,web.archive.org/web/20210122212540/https://www.vox.com/recode/2019/9/9/20853647/google-employee-retaliation-harassment-me-too-exclusive, live, Google had previously been accused of surveilling and firing employees who were suspected of organizing a workers union.WEB, Rahman, Rema, December 2, 2020, Google illegally surveilled and fired organizers, NLRB complaint alleges,thehill.com/policy/technology/528513-google-illegally-surveilled-and-fired-organizers-nlrb-complaint, January 25, 2021, The Hill (newspaper), The Hill, en, January 25, 2021,web.archive.org/web/20210125153854/https://thehill.com/policy/technology/528513-google-illegally-surveilled-and-fired-organizers-nlrb-complaint, live, In 2021, court documents revealed that between 2018 and 2020, Google ran an anti-union campaign called Project Vivian to “convince them (employees) that unions suck”.WEB, Google Had Secret Project to ‘Convince’ Employees ‘That Unions Suck’,www.vice.com/en/article/v7d7j9/google-had-secret-project-to-convince-employees-that-unions-suck, January 10, 2022, www.vice.com, January 10, 2022, en, January 10, 2022,web.archive.org/web/20220110150222/https://www.vice.com/en/article/v7d7j9/google-had-secret-project-to-convince-employees-that-unions-suck, live,

Office locations

{{Further|Googleplex}}(File:111 Eighth Avenue.jpg|alt=|thumb|Google’s New York City office building houses its largest advertising sales team.)File:Google at 111 Richmond Street West in Toronto (cropped).jpg|thumb|Google’s Toronto TorontoGoogle’s headquarters in Mountain View, California is referred to as “the Googleplex”, a play on words on the number googolplex and the headquarters itself being a complex of buildings. Internationally, Google has over 78 offices in more than 50 countries.WEB, Google: Our Offices,www.google.com/intl/en/about/locations/?region=north-america, live,web.archive.org/web/20180726014216/https://www.google.com/intl/en/about/locations/?region=north-america, July 26, 2018, April 19, 2018, In 2006, Google moved into about {{convert|300000|sqft|m2|-2}} of office space at 111 Eighth Avenue in Manhattan, New York City. The office was designed and built specially for Google, and houses its largest advertising sales team.WEB, Reardon, Marguerite, October 11, 2006, Google takes a bigger bite of Big Apple,www.cnet.com/news/google-takes-a-bigger-bite-of-big-apple/, live,web.archive.org/web/20161012171317/https://www.cnet.com/news/google-takes-a-bigger-bite-of-big-apple/, October 12, 2016, June 13, 2017, CNET, CBS Interactive, In 2010, Google bought the building housing the headquarter, in a deal that valued the property at around $1.9 billion.NEWS, Grant, Peter, December 3, 2010, Google to Buy New York Office Building, The Wall Street Journal, Dow Jones & Company,www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748704377004575651380545769418, live, subscription,www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748704377004575651380545769418," title="web.archive.org/web/20161010041640www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748704377004575651380545769418,">web.archive.org/web/20161010041640www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748704377004575651380545769418, October 10, 2016, JOURNAL, Gustin, Sam, December 22, 2010, Google buys giant New York building for $1.9 billion,www.wired.com/2010/12/google-nyc/, live, Wired (website), Wired, CondÃ© Nast,web.archive.org/web/20170102101149/https://www.wired.com/2010/12/google-nyc/, January 2, 2017, June 13, 2017, In March 2018, Google’s parent company Alphabet bought the nearby Chelsea Market building for $2.4 billion. The sale is touted as one of the most expensive real estate transactions for a single building in the history of New York.NEWS, Google buys NYC’s Chelsea Market building for $2.4 bn,phys.org/news/2018-03-google-nyc-chelsea-bn.html, live, June 1, 2018,web.archive.org/web/20180613184159/https://phys.org/news/2018-03-google-nyc-chelsea-bn.html, June 13, 2018, WEB, Google bought Manhattan’s Chelsea Market building for $2.4 billion â€“ TechCrunch,techcrunch.com/2018/03/20/google-bought-manhattans-chelsea-market-building-for-2-4-billion/, live,web.archive.org/web/20180608214250/https://techcrunch.com/2018/03/20/google-bought-manhattans-chelsea-market-building-for-2-4-billion/, June 8, 2018, June 1, 2018, techcrunch.com, March 20, 2018, en-US, NEWS, Reuters, Google closes $2.4 billion Chelsea Market deal to expand New York..., en-US, Reuters,www.reuters.com/article/us-new-york-property-google-chelseamarke/google-closes-2-4-billion-chelsea-market-deal-to-expand-new-york-campus-idUSKBN1GW35U, live, June 1, 2018,web.archive.org/web/20180527003159/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-new-york-property-google-chelseamarke/google-closes-2-4-billion-chelsea-market-deal-to-expand-new-york-campus-idUSKBN1GW35U, May 27, 2018, NEWS, February 9, 2018, Report: Alphabet Is Buying Chelsea Market for Over $2B, en-GB, PCMag UK,uk.pcmag.com/news/93278/report-alphabet-is-buying-chelsea-market-for-over-2b, live, June 1, 2018,uk.pcmag.com/news/93278/report-alphabet-is-buying-chelsea-market-for-over-2b," title="web.archive.org/web/20180613210609uk.pcmag.com/news/93278/report-alphabet-is-buying-chelsea-market-for-over-2b,">web.archive.org/web/20180613210609uk.pcmag.com/news/93278/report-alphabet-is-buying-chelsea-market-for-over-2b, June 13, 2018, In November 2018, Google announced its plan to expand its New York City office to a capacity of 12,000 employees.NEWS, Douglas, MacMillan, Eliot, Brown, Peter, Grant, Google Plans Large New York City Expansion, en-US, The Wall Street Journal,www.wsj.com/articles/google-plans-large-new-york-city-expansion-1541636579, live, November 8, 2018,web.archive.org/web/20181108182715/https://www.wsj.com/articles/google-plans-large-new-york-city-expansion-1541636579, November 8, 2018, The same December, it was announced that a $1 billion, {{convert|1,700,000|ft2|m2|adj=on}} headquarters for Google would be built in Manhattan’s Hudson Square neighborhood.WEB, December 17, 2018, Google To Build New $1 Billion Campus In NYC,newyork.cbslocal.com/2018/12/17/google-to-build-new-1-billion-campus-in-nyc/, live,web.archive.org/web/20181217165433/https://newyork.cbslocal.com/2018/12/17/google-to-build-new-1-billion-campus-in-nyc/, December 17, 2018, December 17, 2018, CBS New York, WEB, Gartenberg, Chaim, December 17, 2018, Google announces a new $1 billion NYC campus in Hudson Square,www.theverge.com/2018/12/17/18144448/google-nyc-campus-hudson-square-location-cost-open-date, live,web.archive.org/web/20181217203157/https://www.theverge.com/2018/12/17/18144448/google-nyc-campus-hudson-square-location-cost-open-date, December 17, 2018, December 17, 2018, The Verge, Called Google Hudson Square, the new campus is projected to more than double the number of Google employees working in New York City.NEWS, Chappell, Bill, December 17, 2018, Google Will Spend $1 Billion For New York City Campus On Hudson River, en, NPR,www.npr.org/2018/12/17/677450467/google-will-spend-1-billion-for-new-york-city-campus-on-hudson-river, live, December 17, 2018,web.archive.org/web/20181217211911/https://www.npr.org/2018/12/17/677450467/google-will-spend-1-billion-for-new-york-city-campus-on-hudson-river, December 17, 2018, By late 2006, Google established a new headquarters for its AdWords division in Ann Arbor, Michigan.WEB, Weier, Mary Hayes, October 24, 2007, Inside Google’s Michigan Office,www.informationweek.com/news/internet/webdev/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=202600809, dead,www.informationweek.com/news/internet/webdev/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=202600809," title="web.archive.org/web/20080503233009www.informationweek.com/news/internet/webdev/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=202600809,">web.archive.org/web/20080503233009www.informationweek.com/news/internet/webdev/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=202600809, May 3, 2008, January 22, 2017, InformationWeek, UBM plc, In November 2006, Google opened offices on Carnegie Mellon’s campus in Pittsburgh, focusing on shopping-related advertisement coding and smartphone applications and programs.NEWS, November 17, 2006, Google Completes Pittsburgh Office, Holds Open House, WTAE TV, WTAE,www.thepittsburghchannel.com/technology/10346550/detail.html, dead, January 13, 2008,www.thepittsburghchannel.com/technology/10346550/detail.html," title="web.archive.org/web/20090515115505www.thepittsburghchannel.com/technology/10346550/detail.html,">web.archive.org/web/20090515115505www.thepittsburghchannel.com/technology/10346550/detail.html, May 15, 2009, WEB, Olson, Thomas, December 8, 2010, Google search: Tech-minded workers,triblive.com/x/pittsburghtrib/business/s_712700.html, live,triblive.com/x/pittsburghtrib/business/s_712700.html," title="web.archive.org/web/20130603080308triblive.com/x/pittsburghtrib/business/s_712700.html,">web.archive.org/web/20130603080308triblive.com/x/pittsburghtrib/business/s_712700.html, June 3, 2013, December 8, 2010, Trib Total Media, Other office locations in the U.S. include Atlanta, Georgia; Austin, Texas; Boulder, Colorado; Cambridge, Massachusetts; San Francisco, California; Seattle, Washington; Kirkland, Washington; Birmingham, Michigan; Reston, Virginia, Washington, D.C.,WEB, Google locations,www.google.com/about/company/facts/locations/, live,web.archive.org/web/20130815024220/https://www.google.com/about/company/facts/locations/, August 15, 2013, March 16, 2016, and Madison, Wisconsin.WEB, January 31, 2019, Xconomy: Google’s Madison Expansion to Triple Size of Local Offices,xconomy.com/wisconsin/2019/01/31/googles-madison-expansion-to-triple-size-of-local-offices/, August 5, 2021, Xconomy, en, (File:Google Headquarters in Ireland Building Sign.jpg|thumb|Google’s Dublin Ireland office, headquarters of Google Ads for Europe)It also has product research and development operations in cities around the world, namely Sydney (birthplace location of Google Maps)WEB, Sydney,careers.google.com/locations/sydney/, live,web.archive.org/web/20170505110757/https://careers.google.com/locations/sydney/, May 5, 2017, June 4, 2017, Google Careers, and London (part of Android development).WEB, London,careers.google.com/locations/london/, live,web.archive.org/web/20170214074855/https://careers.google.com/locations/london/, February 14, 2017, June 4, 2017, Google Careers, In November 2013, Google announced plans for a new London headquarter, a 1 million square foot office able to accommodate 4,500 employees. Recognized as one of the biggest ever commercial property acquisitions at the time of the deal’s announcement in January,WEB, Mirani, Leo, November 1, 2013, Inside Google’s new 1-million-square-foot London officeâ€”three years before it’s ready,qz.com/139794/inside-googles-new-1-million-square-foot-london-office-three-years-before-its-ready/, live,web.archive.org/web/20170316025208/https://qz.com/139794/inside-googles-new-1-million-square-foot-london-office-three-years-before-its-ready/, March 16, 2017, March 15, 2017, Quartz (publication), Quartz, Atlantic Media, Google submitted plans for the new headquarter to the Camden Council in June 2017.WEB, Vincent, James, June 1, 2017, Google’s new London HQ is a ‘landscraper’ with a rooftop garden,www.theverge.com/2017/6/1/15723642/google-london-office-pictures-headquarters-kings-cross, live,web.archive.org/web/20170603164958/https://www.theverge.com/2017/6/1/15723642/google-london-office-pictures-headquarters-kings-cross, June 3, 2017, June 4, 2017, The Verge, Vox Media, WEB, Brian, Matt, June 1, 2017, Google’s ‘innovative’ new London HQ features giant moving blinds,www.engadget.com/2017/06/01/google-london-kings-cross-hq-plans-photos/, live,web.archive.org/web/20170604003356/https://www.engadget.com/2017/06/01/google-london-kings-cross-hq-plans-photos/, June 4, 2017, June 4, 2017, Engadget, AOL, In May 2015, Google announced its intention to create its own campus in Hyderabad, India. The new campus, reported to be the company’s largest outside the United States, will accommodate 13,000 employees.WEB, May 12, 2015, Google to build biggest campus outside US in Hyderabad,indianexpress.com/article/india/google-to-build-biggest-campus-outside-us-in-hyderabad/, live,indianexpress.com/article/india/google-to-build-biggest-campus-outside-us-in-hyderabad/," title="web.archive.org/web/20151118040601indianexpress.com/article/india/google-to-build-biggest-campus-outside-us-in-hyderabad/,">web.archive.org/web/20151118040601indianexpress.com/article/india/google-to-build-biggest-campus-outside-us-in-hyderabad/, November 18, 2015, June 13, 2017, The Indian Express, WEB, May 13, 2015, Google’s upcoming campus in Hyderabad to be its biggest outside the US,tech.firstpost.com/news-analysis/googles-upcoming-campus-in-hyderabad-to-be-its-biggest-outside-the-us-267059.html, live,tech.firstpost.com/news-analysis/googles-upcoming-campus-in-hyderabad-to-be-its-biggest-outside-the-us-267059.html," title="web.archive.org/web/20161118003932tech.firstpost.com/news-analysis/googles-upcoming-campus-in-hyderabad-to-be-its-biggest-outside-the-us-267059.html,">web.archive.org/web/20161118003932tech.firstpost.com/news-analysis/googles-upcoming-campus-in-hyderabad-to-be-its-biggest-outside-the-us-267059.html, November 18, 2016, June 13, 2017, Firstpost, Network 18, Google’s Global Offices sum a total of 85 Locations worldwide,WEB, Google world office locations,about.google/locations/, May 29, 2021, Google, May 28, 2021,web.archive.org/web/20210528153612/https://about.google/locations/, live, with 32 offices in North America, 3 of them in Canada and 29 in United States Territory, California being the state with the most Google’s offices with 9 in total including the Googleplex. In the Latin America Region Google counts with 6 offices, in Europe 24 (3 of them in UK), the Asia Pacific region counts with 18 offices principally 4 in India and 3 in China, and the Africa Middle East region counts 5 offices.

North America {|class“wikitable sortable”

! SN !! City !! Country or US StateAnn Arbor >Michigan}} Atlanta >Georgia (U.S. state)|name=Georgia}} Austin, Texas>Austin {{flag|Texas}} Boulder, Colorado>Boulder {{flag|Colorado}} Colorado}} Colorado}} Cambridge >Massachusetts}}Chapel Hill, North Carolina>Chapel Hill {{flag|North Carolina}} Chicago â€“ Carpenter >Illinois}}Illinois}}Detroit >Michigan}}Irvine, California>Irvine {{flag|California}}Kirkland, Washington>Kirkland {{flag|Washington}}Kitchener, Ontario>Kitchener {{CAN}}Los Angeles >California}}Madison, Wisconsin>Madison {{flag|Wisconsin}}Miami >Florida}} Montreal >|{{CAN}}Mountain View, California>Mountain View {{flag|California}}New York City>New York {{flag|New York}}Pittsburgh >Pennsylvania}}Playa Vista >California}}Portland, Oregon>Portland {{flag|Oregon}}Redwood City >California}}Reston, Virginia>Reston {{flag|Virginia}}San Bruno >California}}San Diego >California}}Mountain View, California>San Francisco â€“ ‘’’Googleplex’’’ >California}}Seattle >Washington}}Sunnyvale >California}}Toronto >| {{CAN}}Washington DC >District of Columbia}}“>

Latin America {|class“wikitable sortable”

! SN !! City !! CountryBelo Horizonte >| {{BRA}}BogotÃ¡ >|{{COL}}Buenos Aires >|{{ARG}}Mexico City >|{{MEX}}Santiago >|{{CHL}}SÃ£o Paulo >| {{BRA}}“>

Europe {|class“wikitable sortable”

! SN !! City !! CountryAarhus >| {{DNK}}Amsterdam >|{{NED}}Athens >|{{GRE}}Berlin >| {{GER}}Brussels >|{{BEL}}Copenhagen >| {{DNK}}Dublin >| {{IRL}}Hamburg >| {{GER}}Lisbon >| {{POR}}London â€“ 6PS >| {{UK}}| {{UK}}| {{UK}}Madrid >| {{ESP}}Milan >| {{ITA}}Moscow >| {{RUS}}Munich >| {{GER}}Oslo >| {{NOR}}Paris >| {{FRA}}Prague >| {{CZE}}Stockholm >| {{SWE}}Vienna >| {{AUT}}Warsaw >| {{POL}}WrocÅ‚aw >| {{POL}}ZÃ¼rich â€“ BRA >| {{CHE}}| {{CHE}}“>

Asiaâ€“Pacific {|class“wikitable sortable”

! SN !! City !! CountryAuckland >| {{NZL}}Bangalore >| {{IND}}Bangkok >| {{THA}}Beijing >| {{CHN}}Guangzhou >| {{CHN}}Gurgaon >| {{IND}}Hong Kong >| {{HKG}}Hyderabad >| {{IND}}Jakarta >| {{IDN}}Kuala Lumpur >| {{MYS}}Manila >| {{PHL}}Melbourne >| {{AUS}}Mumbai >| {{IND}}Seoul >| {{KOR}}Shanghai >| {{CHN}}Singapore >| {{SGP}}Sydney >| {{AUS}}Taipei >| {{TWN}}Tokyo â€“ RPG >| {{JPN}}| {{JPN}}“>

Africa and the Middle East {|class“wikitable sortable”

! SN !! City !! CountryDubai >| {{UAE}}Haifa >| {{ISR}}Istanbul >| {{TUR}}Johannesburg >| {{ZAF}}Tel Aviv >| {{ISR}}

Infrastructure

{{Further|Google data centers}}Google has data centers in North and South America, Asia, and Europe.WEB, Data center locations,www.google.com/about/datacenters/inside/locations/index.html, live,web.archive.org/web/20180517162154/https://www.google.com/about/datacenters/inside/locations/index.html, May 17, 2018, May 17, 2018, There is no official data on the number of servers in Google data centers; however, research and advisory firm Gartner estimated in a July 2016 report that Google at the time had 2.5 million servers.WEB, March 16, 2017, How Many Servers Does Google Have?,www.datacenterknowledge.com/archives/2017/03/16/google-data-center-faq, live,web.archive.org/web/20190217073018/https://www.datacenterknowledge.com/archives/2017/03/16/google-data-center-faq, February 17, 2019, September 20, 2018, Data Center Knowledge, Traditionally, Google relied on parallel computing on commodity hardware like mainstream x86 computers (similar to home PCs) to keep costs per query low.WEB, October 10, 2003, Google’s Secret: ‘Cheap and Fast’ Hardware,research.google.com/archive/googlecluster-ieee.pdf, live,research.google.com/archive/googlecluster-ieee.pdf," title="web.archive.org/web/20091214182753research.google.com/archive/googlecluster-ieee.pdf,">web.archive.org/web/20091214182753research.google.com/archive/googlecluster-ieee.pdf, December 14, 2009, May 26, 2018, PCWorld, JOURNAL, Barroso, L.A., Dean, J., Holzle, U., April 29, 2003, Web search for a planet: the google cluster architecture, IEEE Micro, 23, 2, 22â€“28, 10.1109/mm.2003.1196112, 0272-1732, We believe that the best price/performance tradeoff for our applications comes from fashioning a reliable computing infrastructure from clusters of unreliable commodity PCs., 15886858, NEWS, April 1, 2009, Google uncloaks once-secret server, CNET,www.cnet.com/news/google-uncloaks-once-secret-server-10209580/, live, May 26, 2018,web.archive.org/web/20180606105133/https://www.cnet.com/news/google-uncloaks-once-secret-server-10209580/, June 6, 2018, Mainstream servers with x86 processors were the only option, he added. “Ten years ago...it was clear the only way to make (search) work as free product was to run on relatively cheap hardware. You can’t run it on a mainframe server, mainframe. The margins just don’t work out,” he said., In 2005, it started developing its own designs, which were only revealed in 2009.Google has built its own private submarine communications cables. The first cable, named Curie, connects California with Chile and was completed on November 15, 2019.WEB, Home â€“ Submarine Networks,www.submarinenetworks.com/en/systems/brazil-us/curie, July 14, 2020, Submarine Networks, August 1, 2020,web.archive.org/web/20200801041348/https://www.submarinenetworks.com/en/systems/brazil-us/curie, live, NEWS, April 6, 2019, Google and other tech giants are quietly buying up the most important part of the internet, en-US, VentureBeat,venturebeat.com/2019/04/06/google-and-other-tech-giants-are-quietly-buying-up-the-most-important-part-of-the-internet/, live, April 25, 2019,web.archive.org/web/20190425024849/https://venturebeat.com/2019/04/06/google-and-other-tech-giants-are-quietly-buying-up-the-most-important-part-of-the-internet/, April 25, 2019, The second fully Google-owned undersea cable, named Dunant, connects the United States with France and is planned to begin operation in 2020.WEB, Sawers, Paul, April 24, 2019, How Google is building its huge subsea cable infrastructure,venturebeat.com/2019/04/24/how-google-is-building-its-huge-subsea-cable-infrastructure/, live,web.archive.org/web/20190425163121/https://venturebeat.com/2019/04/24/how-google-is-building-its-huge-subsea-cable-infrastructure/, April 25, 2019, April 26, 2019, VentureBeat, Google’s third subsea cable, Equiano, will connect Lisbon, Portugal with Lagos, Nigeria and Cape Town, South Africa.WEB, Sawers, Paul, June 28, 2019, Google announces Equiano, a privately funded subsea cable that connects Europe with Africa,venturebeat.com/2019/06/28/google-announces-equiano-a-privately-funded-subsea-cable-that-connects-europe-with-africa/, live,web.archive.org/web/20201125060941/https://venturebeat.com/2019/06/28/google-announces-equiano-a-privately-funded-subsea-cable-that-connects-europe-with-africa/, November 25, 2020, December 31, 2020, VentureBeat, en-US, The company’s fourth cable, named Grace Hopper, connects landing points in New York, US, Bude, UK and Bilbao, Spain, and is expected to become operational in 2022.WEB, Lardinois, Frederic, July 28, 2020, Google is building a new private subsea cable between Europe and the US,social.techcrunch.com/2020/07/28/google-is-building-a-new-private-subsea-cable-between-europe-and-the-u-s/, live,web.archive.org/web/20201231052511/https://techcrunch.com/2020/07/28/google-is-building-a-new-private-subsea-cable-between-europe-and-the-u-s/, December 31, 2020, December 31, 2020, TechCrunch, en-US,

Environment

In October 2006, the company announced plans to install thousands of solar panels to provide up to 1.6 Megawatt of electricity, enough to satisfy approximately 30% of the campus’ energy needs.NEWS, Marshall, Matt, October 16, 2006, Google builds largest solar installation in U.S. â€” oh, and bigger than Microsoft’s, VentureBeat,venturebeat.com/2006/10/16/google-builds-largest-solar-installation-in-us-oh-and-bigger-than-microsofts/, April 6, 2021, May 6, 2021,web.archive.org/web/20210506164701/https://venturebeat.com/2006/10/16/google-builds-largest-solar-installation-in-us-oh-and-bigger-than-microsofts/, live, NEWS, Thangham, Chris V., June 19, 2007, Google Solar Panels Produced 9,810 Kilowatt-hours of Electricity in 24 Hours, Digital Journal,www.digitaljournal.com/article/197545, April 6, 2021, January 26, 2021,www.digitaljournal.com/article/197545," title="web.archive.org/web/20210126000251www.digitaljournal.com/article/197545,">web.archive.org/web/20210126000251www.digitaljournal.com/article/197545, live, The system is the largest rooftop photovoltaic power station constructed on a U.S. corporate campus and one of the largest on any corporate site in the world. {{As of|2007|since=y|post=,}} Google has aimed for carbon neutrality in regard to its operations.NEWS, McGrath, Jack, May 18, 2011, Google’s Green Initiative: Environmentally Conscious Technology,www.technobuffalo.com/2011/05/18/googles-green-initiative-environmentally-conscious-technology/, live,www.technobuffalo.com/2011/05/18/googles-green-initiative-environmentally-conscious-technology/," title="web.archive.org/web/20161012172247www.technobuffalo.com/2011/05/18/googles-green-initiative-environmentally-conscious-technology/,">web.archive.org/web/20161012172247www.technobuffalo.com/2011/05/18/googles-green-initiative-environmentally-conscious-technology/, October 12, 2016, January 22, 2017, TechnoBuffalo, Google disclosed in September 2011 that it “continuously uses enough electricity to power 200,000 homes”, almost 260 million watts or about a quarter of the output of a nuclear power plant. Total carbon emissions for 2010 were just under 1.5 million metric tons, mostly due to fossil fuels that provide electricity for the data centers. Google said that 25 percent of its energy was supplied by renewable fuels in 2010. An average search uses only 0.3 watt-hours of electricity, so all global searches are only 12.5 million watts or 5% of the total electricity consumption by Google.WEB, Glanz, James, September 8, 2011, Google Details, and Defends, Its Use of Electricity,www.nytimes.com/2011/09/09/technology/google-details-and-defends-its-use-of-electricity.html, live,www.nytimes.com/2011/09/09/technology/google-details-and-defends-its-use-of-electricity.html," title="web.archive.org/web/20170312053616www.nytimes.com/2011/09/09/technology/google-details-and-defends-its-use-of-electricity.html,">web.archive.org/web/20170312053616www.nytimes.com/2011/09/09/technology/google-details-and-defends-its-use-of-electricity.html, March 12, 2017, March 9, 2017, The New York Times, In 2010, Google Energy made its first investment in a renewable energy project, putting $38.8 million into two wind farms in North Dakota. The company announced the two locations will generate 169.5 megawatts of power, enough to supply 55,000 homes.NEWS, Morrison, Scott, Sweet, Cassandra, May 4, 2010, Google Invests in Two Wind Farms, The Wall Street Journal,www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748704342604575222420304732394, live, November 27, 2010,www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748704342604575222420304732394," title="web.archive.org/web/20150213232857www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748704342604575222420304732394,">web.archive.org/web/20150213232857www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748704342604575222420304732394, February 13, 2015, In February 2010, the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission granted Google an authorization to buy and sell energy at market rates.NEWS, Google Energy can now buy and sell energy, Cnet.com,news.cnet.com/8301-11128_3-10456435-54.html, live, September 23, 2013,news.cnet.com/8301-11128_3-10456435-54.html," title="web.archive.org/web/20130919091407news.cnet.com/8301-11128_3-10456435-54.html,">web.archive.org/web/20130919091407news.cnet.com/8301-11128_3-10456435-54.html, September 19, 2013, The corporation exercised this authorization in September 2013 when it announced it would purchase all the electricity produced by the not-yet-built 240-megawatt Happy Hereford wind farm.NEWS, Todd, Woody, September 18, 2013, Google is on the way to quietly becoming an electric utility, Quartz,qz.com/125407/google-is-on-the-way-to-quietly-becoming-an-electric-utility/, live, September 23, 2013,qz.com/125407/google-is-on-the-way-to-quietly-becoming-an-electric-utility/," title="web.archive.org/web/20130921050811qz.com/125407/google-is-on-the-way-to-quietly-becoming-an-electric-utility/,">web.archive.org/web/20130921050811qz.com/125407/google-is-on-the-way-to-quietly-becoming-an-electric-utility/, September 21, 2013, In July 2010, Google signed an agreement with an Iowa wind farm to buy 114 megawatts of power for 20 years.WEB, July 21, 2010, Google buys power from Iowa wind farm,news.techworld.com/green-it/3232690/google-buys-power-from-iowa-wind-farm/?olo=rss, dead,news.techworld.com/green-it/3232690/google-buys-power-from-iowa-wind-farm/?olo=rss," title="web.archive.org/web/20120105061730news.techworld.com/green-it/3232690/google-buys-power-from-iowa-wind-farm/?olo=rss,">web.archive.org/web/20120105061730news.techworld.com/green-it/3232690/google-buys-power-from-iowa-wind-farm/?olo=rss, January 5, 2012, October 26, 2010, News.techworld.com, In December 2016, Google announced thatâ€”starting in 2017â€”it would purchase enough renewable energy to match 100% of the energy usage of its data centers and offices. The commitment will make Google “the world’s largest corporate buyer of renewable power, with commitments reaching 2.6 gigawatts (2,600 megawatts) of wind and solar energy”.WEB, HÃ¶lzle, Urs, December 6, 2016, We’re set to reach 100% renewable energy â€” and it’s just the beginning,blog.google/topics/environment/100-percent-renewable-energy/, live,web.archive.org/web/20161208102229/https://www.blog.google/topics/environment/100-percent-renewable-energy/, December 8, 2016, December 28, 2020, The Keyword Google Blog, WEB, Statt, Nick, December 6, 2016, Google just notched a big victory in the fight against climate change,www.theverge.com/2016/12/6/13852004/google-data-center-oklahoma-renewable-energy-climate-change, live,www.theverge.com/2016/12/6/13852004/google-data-center-oklahoma-renewable-energy-climate-change," title="web.archive.org/web/20161208001307www.theverge.com/2016/12/6/13852004/google-data-center-oklahoma-renewable-energy-climate-change,">web.archive.org/web/20161208001307www.theverge.com/2016/12/6/13852004/google-data-center-oklahoma-renewable-energy-climate-change, December 8, 2016, December 28, 2020, The Verge, Vox Media, WEB, Etherington, Darrell, December 7, 2016, Google says it will hit 100% renewable energy by 2017,techcrunch.com/2016/12/06/google-says-it-will-hit-100-renewable-energy-by-2017/, live,web.archive.org/web/20161207164915/https://techcrunch.com/2016/12/06/google-says-it-will-hit-100-renewable-energy-by-2017/, December 7, 2016, December 28, 2020, TechCrunch, AOL, In November 2017, Google bought 536 megawatts of wind power. The purchase made the firm reach 100% renewable energy. The wind energy comes from two power plants in South Dakota, one in Iowa and one in Oklahoma.NEWS, Donnelly, Grace, November 30, 2017, Google Just Bought Enough Wind Power to Run 100% On Renewable Energy, Fortune (magazine), Fortune,fortune.com/2017/12/01/google-clean-energy/, live, subscription, December 1, 2017,fortune.com/2017/12/01/google-clean-energy/," title="web.archive.org/web/20171201172833fortune.com/2017/12/01/google-clean-energy/,">web.archive.org/web/20171201172833fortune.com/2017/12/01/google-clean-energy/, December 1, 2017, In September 2019, Google’s chief executive announced plans for a $2 billion wind and solar investment, the biggest renewable energy deal in corporate history. This will grow their green energy profile by 40%, giving them an extra 1.6 gigawatt of clean energy, the company said.NEWS, Jillian, Ambrose, September 20, 2019, Google signs up to $2bn wind and solar investment, en-GB, The Guardian,www.theguardian.com/technology/2019/sep/20/google-says-its-energy-deals-will-lead-to-2bn-wind-and-solar-investment, September 25, 2019, 0261-3077, September 25, 2019,web.archive.org/web/20190925001424/https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2019/sep/20/google-says-its-energy-deals-will-lead-to-2bn-wind-and-solar-investment, live, In September 2020, Google announced it had retroactively offset all of its carbon emissions since the company’s foundation in 1998.WEB, Hern, Alex, September 15, 2020, Facebook and Google announce plans to become carbon neutral,www.theguardian.com/environment/2020/sep/15/facebook-and-google-announce-plans-become-carbon-neutral, live,web.archive.org/web/20201209182453/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2020/sep/15/facebook-and-google-announce-plans-become-carbon-neutral, December 9, 2020, December 28, 2020, The Guardian, en, It also stated that it is committed to operating its data centers and offices using only carbon-free energy by 2030.WEB, September 14, 2020, Google aims to run on carbon-free energy by 2030,www.cnbc.com/2020/09/14/google-aims-to-run-on-carbon-free-energy-by-2030.html, live,web.archive.org/web/20201210191711/https://www.cnbc.com/2020/09/14/google-aims-to-run-on-carbon-free-energy-by-2030.html, December 10, 2020, December 28, 2020, CNBC, en, In October 2020, the company pledged to make the packaging for its hardware products 100% plastic-free and 100% recyclable by 2025. It also said that all its final assembly manufacturing sites will achieve a UL 2799 Zero Waste to Landfill certification by 2022 by ensuring that the vast majority of waste from the manufacturing process is recycled instead of ending up in a landfill.WEB, Schoon, Ben, October 26, 2020, Google will ditch plastic packaging by 2025,9to5google.com/2020/10/26/google-plastic-packaging-sustainability/, live,web.archive.org/web/20201104130117/https://9to5google.com/2020/10/26/google-plastic-packaging-sustainability/, November 4, 2020, December 28, 2020, 9to5Google, en-US,

Climate change denial and misinformation

Google donates to climate change denial political groups including the State Policy Network and the Competitive Enterprise Institute.NEWS, Kirchgaessner, Stephanie, October 11, 2019, Revealed: Google made large contributions to climate change deniers, en-GB, The Guardian,www.theguardian.com/environment/2019/oct/11/google-contributions-climate-change-deniers, February 7, 2020, 0261-3077, NEWS, Kirchgaessner, Stephanie, October 11, 2019, The obscure law that explains why Google backs climate deniers, en-GB, The Guardian,www.theguardian.com/environment/2019/oct/11/obscure-law-google-climate-deniers-section-230, February 7, 2020, 0261-3077, The company also actively funds and profits from climate disinformation by monetizing ad spaces on most of the largest climate disinformation sites.WEB, Major Ad Platforms Profit Off Climate Disinformation (And Fund It, Too),foe.org/news/dewey-ad-report/, November 2, 2022, Friends of the Earth, October 20, 2022, en-US, Google continued to monetize and profit from sites propagating climate disinformation even after the company updated their policy to prohibit placing their ads on similar sites.WEB, October 20, 2022, Briefing Note: Programmatic Digital Advertisements and Climate Disinformation,foeus.wpenginepowered.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/Briefing-Note-Programmatic-Digital-Ads-and-Disinfo.pdf, Climate Action Against Disinformation (CAAD),

Philanthropy

In 2004, Google formed the not-for-profit philanthropic Google.org, with a start-up fund of $1 billion.WEB, About the Foundation,www.google.org/about.html, dead,www.google.org/about.html," title="web.archive.org/web/20100714080922www.google.org/about.html,">web.archive.org/web/20100714080922www.google.org/about.html, July 14, 2010, July 16, 2010, Google, Inc., The mission of the organization is to create awareness about climate change, global public health, and global poverty. One of its first projects was to develop a viable plug-in hybrid electric vehicle that can attain 100 miles per gallon. Google hired Larry Brilliant as the program’s executive director in 2004WEB, Hafner, Katie, September 14, 2006, Philanthropy Google’s Way: Not the Usual,www.nytimes.com/2006/09/14/technology/14google.html, live,www.nytimes.com/2006/09/14/technology/14google.html," title="web.archive.org/web/20160723065526www.nytimes.com/2006/09/14/technology/14google.html,">web.archive.org/web/20160723065526www.nytimes.com/2006/09/14/technology/14google.html, July 23, 2016, March 9, 2017, The New York Times, and Megan Smith has {{as of|2009|2|23|alt=since}} replaced him as director.WEB, Helft, Miguel, February 23, 2009, Google Chief for Charity Steps Down on Revamp,www.nytimes.com/2009/02/24/technology/companies/24google.html, live,www.nytimes.com/2009/02/24/technology/companies/24google.html," title="web.archive.org/web/20170422112540www.nytimes.com/2009/02/24/technology/companies/24google.html,">web.archive.org/web/20170422112540www.nytimes.com/2009/02/24/technology/companies/24google.html, April 22, 2017, March 9, 2017, The New York Times, In March 2007, in partnership with the Mathematical Sciences Research Institute (MSRI), Google hosted the first Julia Robinson Mathematics Festival at its headquarters in Mountain View.WEB, The 2007, YouTube,www.youtube.com/watch?v=qDL7yoz1TGQ, April 28, 2018, November 20, 2018,web.archive.org/web/20181120090220/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qDL7yoz1TGQ, dead, Julia Robinson Mathematics Festival at Google was the founding of this event for middle school and high school students. video In 2011, Google donated 1 million euros to International Mathematical Olympiad to support the next five annual International Mathematical Olympiads (2011â€“2015).MAGAZINE, Duffy, Jill, January 21, 2011, Mathletes Receive â‚¬1M Donation from Google,www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2376099,00.asp, live,www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2376099,00.asp," title="web.archive.org/web/20170323234649www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2376099,00.asp,">web.archive.org/web/20170323234649www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2376099,00.asp, March 23, 2017, March 23, 2017, PC Magazine, Ziff Davis, WEB, January 20, 2011, Google donating 1 million euros to IMO,www.imo2011.nl/node/39, dead,web.archive.org/web/20110724154518/https://www.imo2011.nl/node/39, July 24, 2011, February 4, 2011, In July 2012, Google launched a “Legalize Love” campaign in support of gay rights.WEB, July 8, 2012, Google launches ‘Legalise Love’ gay rights campaign,www.pinknews.co.uk/2012/07/08/google-launches-legalise-love-gay-rights-campaign/, live,www.pinknews.co.uk/2012/07/08/google-launches-legalise-love-gay-rights-campaign/," title="web.archive.org/web/20140819044558www.pinknews.co.uk/2012/07/08/google-launches-legalise-love-gay-rights-campaign/,">web.archive.org/web/20140819044558www.pinknews.co.uk/2012/07/08/google-launches-legalise-love-gay-rights-campaign/, August 19, 2014, September 9, 2014, PinkNews.co.uk, In 2008, Google announced its “project 10100”, which accepted ideas for how to help the community and then allowed Google users to vote on their favorites.WEB, Project 10 to the 100th,www.project10tothe100.com/, dead,www.project10tothe100.com/," title="web.archive.org/web/20090728234553www.project10tothe100.com/,">web.archive.org/web/20090728234553www.project10tothe100.com/, July 28, 2009, July 16, 2010, Google, Inc., After two years of no update, during which many wondered what had happened to the program,NEWS, Van Burskirk, Elliot, June 28, 2010, Google Struggles to Give Away $10 million, Wired (website), Wired,www.wired.com/epicenter/2010/06/google-struggles-to-give-away-10-million/, live, September 26, 2010,www.wired.com/epicenter/2010/06/google-struggles-to-give-away-10-million/," title="web.archive.org/web/20100831172215www.wired.com/epicenter/2010/06/google-struggles-to-give-away-10-million/,">web.archive.org/web/20100831172215www.wired.com/epicenter/2010/06/google-struggles-to-give-away-10-million/, August 31, 2010, Google revealed the winners of the project, giving a total of ten million dollars to various ideas ranging from non-profit organizations that promote education to a website that intends to make all legal documents public and online.WEB, Twohill, Lorraine, September 24, 2010, $10 million for Project 10^100 winners,googleblog.blogspot.com/2010/09/10-million-for-project-10100-winners.html, live,googleblog.blogspot.com/2010/09/10-million-for-project-10100-winners.html," title="web.archive.org/web/20100926020623googleblog.blogspot.com/2010/09/10-million-for-project-10100-winners.html,">web.archive.org/web/20100926020623googleblog.blogspot.com/2010/09/10-million-for-project-10100-winners.html, September 26, 2010, September 26, 2010, Google, Inc., Responding to the humanitarian crisis after the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, Google announced a $15 million donation to support Ukrainian citizens.NEWS, en

,www.business-standard.com/article/international/google-donates-15-mn-in-relief-to-ukraine-blocks-rt-sputnik-on-youtube-122030200492_1.html
, Google donates $15 mn in relief to Ukraine, blocks RT, Sputnik on YouTube
, Business Standard India
, Business Standard
, March 2, 2022, March 8, 2022, The company also decided to transform its office in Warsaw into a help center for refugees.WEB
, Amiah Taylor
, en
,fortune.com/2022/03/07/google-poland-office-ukraine-aid-russia-invasion/
, Google transforms Poland office into help center for Ukrainian refugees
, Fortune
, March 7, 2022, March 8, 2022,

Also in February 2022, Google announced a $100 million fund to expand skills training and job placement for low-income Americans, in conjunction with non-profits Year Up, Social Finance, and Merit America.NEWS,www.nytimes.com/2022/02/17/business/google-training-program.html, Google Creates $100 Million Fund for Skills Training Program, Steve, Lohr, The New York Times, February 17, 2022, NYTimes.com,

Criticism and controversies

{{Further|Criticism of Google|Censorship by Google|Privacy concerns regarding Google}}{{summarize|from|Criticism of Google|better=y|section=y|date=April 2019}}File:Google bus protest.jpg|thumb|San Francisco activists protest privately owned shuttle buses that transport workers for tech companies such as Google from their homes in San Francisco and Oakland to corporate campuses in Silicon Valley.]]Google has had criticism over issues such as aggressive tax avoidance,NEWS, Drucker, Jesse, October 21, 2010, Google 2.4% Rate Shows How $60 Billion Is Lost to Tax Loopholes, Bloomberg News, Bloomberg L.P.,www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2010-10-21/google-2-4-rate-shows-how-60-billion-u-s-revenue-lost-to-tax-loopholes, live, subscription,www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2010-10-21/google-2-4-rate-shows-how-60-billion-u-s-revenue-lost-to-tax-loopholes," title="web.archive.org/web/20160922035532www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2010-10-21/google-2-4-rate-shows-how-60-billion-u-s-revenue-lost-to-tax-loopholes,">web.archive.org/web/20160922035532www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2010-10-21/google-2-4-rate-shows-how-60-billion-u-s-revenue-lost-to-tax-loopholes, September 22, 2016, search neutrality, copyright, censorship of search results and content,WEB, February 20, 2018, The Case Against Google,www.nytimes.com/2018/02/20/magazine/the-case-against-google.html, live,web.archive.org/web/20180319192049/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/02/20/magazine/the-case-against-google.html, March 19, 2018, March 21, 2018, The New York Times, and privacy.NEWS, June 11, 2007, Google ranked ‘worst’ on privacy, BBC News,news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/6740075.stm, live, April 30, 2010,news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/6740075.stm," title="web.archive.org/web/20121027120902news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/6740075.stm,">web.archive.org/web/20121027120902news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/6740075.stm, October 27, 2012, WEB, Rosen, Jeffrey, November 28, 2008, Google’s Gatekeepers,www.nytimes.com/2008/11/30/magazine/30google-t.html, live,www.nytimes.com/2008/11/30/magazine/30google-t.html," title="web.archive.org/web/20170228140546www.nytimes.com/2008/11/30/magazine/30google-t.html,">web.archive.org/web/20170228140546www.nytimes.com/2008/11/30/magazine/30google-t.html, February 28, 2017, March 9, 2017, The New York Times, Other criticisms are alleged misuse and manipulation of search results, its use of other people’s intellectual property, concerns that its compilation of data may violate people’s privacy, and the energy consumption of its servers, as well as concerns over traditional business issues such as monopoly, restraint of trade, anti-competitive practices, and patent infringement.Google formerly complied with Internet censorship policies of the People’s Republic of China,NEWS, January 25, 2006, Google censors itself for China, BBC News,news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/technology/4645596.stm, live, August 4, 2018,news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/technology/4645596.stm," title="web.archive.org/web/20181119073206news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/technology/4645596.stm,">web.archive.org/web/20181119073206news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/technology/4645596.stm, November 19, 2018, enforced by means of filters colloquially known as “The Great Firewall of China”, but no longer does so. As a result, all Google services except for Chinese Google Maps are blocked from access within mainland China without the aid of virtual private networks, proxy servers, or other similar technologies.

2018

In July 2018, Mozilla program manager Chris Peterson accused Google of intentionally slowing down YouTube performance on Firefox.WEB, Kan, Michael, July 25, 2018, Mozilla Developer Claims Google Is Slowing YouTube on Firefox,www.pcmag.com/news/mozilla-developer-claims-google-is-slowing-youtube-on-firefox, live,web.archive.org/web/20190813134744/https://www.pcmag.com/news/362696/mozilla-developer-claims-google-is-slowing-youtube-on-firefo, August 13, 2019, PCMag, NEWS, Cimpanu, Catalin, April 15, 2019, Former Mozilla exec: Google has sabotaged Firefox for years, ZDNet,www.zdnet.com/article/former-mozilla-exec-google-has-sabotaged-firefox-for-years/, In August 2018, The Intercept reported that Google is developing for the People’s Republic of China a censored version of its search engine (known as Dragonfly) “that will blacklist websites and search terms about human rights, democracy, religion, and peaceful protest”.NEWS, Gallagher, Ryan, August 1, 2018, Google Plans to Launch Censored Search Engine in China, Leaked Documents Reveal, The Intercept,theintercept.com/2018/08/01/google-china-search-engine-censorship/, live, August 4, 2018,web.archive.org/web/20180801120009/https://theintercept.com/2018/08/01/google-china-search-engine-censorship/, August 1, 2018, NEWS, Disis, Jill, September 26, 2018, Google grilled over ‘Project Dragonfly’ at Senate hearing on data privacy, CNN,money.cnn.com/2018/09/26/technology/google-dragonfly-senate-hearing/index.html, live,web.archive.org/web/20180926222719/https://money.cnn.com/2018/09/26/technology/google-dragonfly-senate-hearing/index.html, September 26, 2018, However, the project had been withheld due to privacy concerns.WEB, Gallagher, Ryan, December 17, 2018, Google’s Secret China Project “Effectively Ended” After Internal Confrontation,theintercept.com/2018/12/17/google-china-censored-search-engine-2/, live,web.archive.org/web/20190321020856/https://theintercept.com/2018/12/17/google-china-censored-search-engine-2/, March 21, 2019, December 17, 2018, The Intercept, en-US, WEB, July 17, 2019, Google’s Project Dragonfly ‘terminated’ in China,www.bbc.com/news/technology-49015516, June 18, 2022, BBC News, en-GB,

2019

In 2019, a hub for critics of Google dedicated to abstaining from using Google products coalesced in the Reddit online community /r/degoogle.WEB, March 23, 2019, Thousands of Reddit users are trying to delete Google from their lives, but they’re finding it impossible because Google is everywhere,www.businessinsider.com/profile-reddit-de-google-community-2019-3, live,web.archive.org/web/20190325123426/https://www.businessinsider.com/profile-reddit-de-google-community-2019-3/, March 25, 2019, April 24, 2019, Business Insider, The DeGoogle grassroots campaign continues to grow as privacy activists highlight information about Google products, and the associated incursion on personal privacy rights by the company.In April 2019, former Mozilla executive Jonathan Nightingale accused Google of intentionally and systematically sabotaging the Firefox browser over the past decade in order to boost adoption of Google Chrome.WEB, Cimpanu, Catalin, Former Mozilla exec: Google has sabotaged Firefox for years,www.zdnet.com/article/former-mozilla-exec-google-has-sabotaged-firefox-for-years/, live,web.archive.org/web/20190819235446/https://www.zdnet.com/article/former-mozilla-exec-google-has-sabotaged-firefox-for-years/, August 19, 2019, August 13, 2019, ZDNet, en, In November 2019, the Office for Civil Rights of the United States Department of Health and Human Services began investigation into Project Nightingale, to assess whether the “mass collection of individuals’ medical records” complied with HIPAA.NEWS, Copeland, Rob, November 12, 2019, Google’s ‘Project Nightingale’ Triggers Federal Inquiry,www.wsj.com/articles/behind-googles-project-nightingale-a-health-data-gold-mine-of-50-million-patients-11573571867, November 18, 2019, According to The Wall Street Journal, Google secretively began the project in 2018, with St. Louis-based healthcare company Ascension.NEWS, Copeland, Rob, November 11, 2019, Google’s ‘Project Nightingale’ Gathers Personal Health Data on Millions of Americans,www.wsj.com/articles/google-s-secret-project-nightingale-gathers-personal-health-data-on-millions-of-americans-11573496790, November 17, 2019,

2022

In a 2022 National Labor Relations Board ruling, court documents suggested that Google sponsored a secretive projectâ€”Project Vivianâ€”to counsel its employees and to discourage them from forming unions.WEB, Google Had Secret Project to ‘Convince’ Employees ‘That Unions Suck’,www.vice.com/en/article/v7d7j9/google-had-secret-project-to-convince-employees-that-unions-suck, January 11, 2022, Vice, January 10, 2022, en, Google reportedly paid Apple a staggering $22 billion in 2022 to maintain its position as the default search engine on Safari. This deal underscores the intense competition in the tech industry for dominance in the search market. It marks one of the largest payments between two tech giants in recent years.WEB, 2024-05-06, Google’s $22 Billion Payment to Apple for Safari Default Search Engine (2022),news.abplive.com/technology/google-paid-apple-22-billion-safari-default-search-engine-2022-1684636, 2024-05-06, ABPLIVE, en,

2023

On May 1, 2023, Google placed an ad against anti-disinformation Brazilian Congressional Bill No. 2630, which was about to be approved, on its search homepage in Brazil, calling on its users to ask congressional representatives to oppose the legislation. The country’s government and judiciary accused the company of undue interference in the congressional debate, saying it could amount to abuse of economic power and ordering the company to change the ad within two hours of notification or face fines of {{BRLConvert|1|m|year=2023|force=yes}} per non-compliance hour. The company then promptly removed the ad.NEWS, Brazil receives pushback from tech companies on ‘fake news’ bill,www.theguardian.com/world/2023/may/03/alphabet-google-fake-news-law, May 10, 2023, The Guardian, May 3, 2023, NEWS, Brazil’s ‘fake news’ bill sparks outcry from tech giants,www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/5/2/brazil-fake-news-bill-sparks-outcry-from-tech-giants, May 11, 2023, Al Jazeera English, Al Jazeera, May 2, 2023,

2024

In March 2024, a former Google software engineer and Chinese national, Linwei Ding, was accused of stealing confidential artificial intelligence information from the company and handing it to Chinese corporations.WEB, 2024-03-06, Ex-Google engineer charged with stealing AI trade secrets while working with Chinese companies,apnews.com/article/china-google-justice-department-63156ade1e564d15d92adbef91e9c5da, 2024-05-05, AP News, en, Ding had allegedly stolen over 500 files from the company over the course of 5 years, having been hired in 2019.WEB, Lucas, Ryan, March 6, 2024, Chinese national arrested and charged with stealing AI trade secrets from Google,www.npr.org/2024/03/06/1236380984/china-google-fbi-ai, npr.org, Upon discovering Ding had been in contact with Chinese state-owned companies, Google notified the FBI, who carried on the investigation.WEB, Barr, Kelsey Vlamis, Alistair, A Google engineer ran a secret startup in China while stealing AI technology, DOJ alleges,www.businessinsider.com/google-engineer-ran-secret-startup-china-stealing-ai-tech-doj-2024-3, 2024-05-05, Business Insider, en-US, In May 2024, a misconfiguration in Google Cloud led to the accidental deletion of UniSuper’s $135 billion Australian pension fund account, affecting over half a million members who were unable to access their accounts for a week. The outage, attributed to a cloud service error and not a cyberattack, prompted a joint apology from UniSuper and Google Cloud executives, who assured members that no personal data was compromised and restoration efforts were underway.NEWS, published, Ted Litchfield, 2024-05-18, Always keep backups: an ‘unprecedented’ Google Cloud debacle saw a $135 billion pension fund’s entire account deleted and services knocked out for nearly two weeks,www.pcgamer.com/gaming-industry/always-keep-backups-an-unprecedented-google-cloud-debacle-saw-a-dollar135-billion-pension-funds-entire-account-deleted-and-services-knocked-out-for-nearly-two-weeks/, 2024-05-21, PC Gamer, en,

Racially-targeted surveillance

Google has aided controversial governments in mass surveillance projects, sharing with police and military the identities of those protesting racial injustice. In 2020, they shared with the FBI information collected from all Android users at a Black Lives Matter protest in Seattle,WEB, Faife, Corin, February 5, 2022, FBI used geofence warrant in Seattle after BLM protest attack, new documents show,www.theverge.com/2022/2/5/22918487/fbi-geofence-seattle-blm-protest-police-guild-attack, November 17, 2022, The Verge, en-US, including those who had opted out of location data collection.WEB, Sonnemaker, Tyler, ‘Apple is eating our lunch’: Google employees admit in lawsuit that the company made it nearly impossible for users to keep their location private,www.businessinsider.com/unredacted-google-lawsuit-docs-detail-efforts-to-collect-user-location-2021-5, May 28, 2021, November 17, 2022, Business Insider, en-US, WEB, Doctorow, Cory, Cory Doctorow, November 11, 2022, Apple’s business model made Chinese oppression inevitable,pluralistic.net/2022/11/11/foreseeable-consequences/#airdropped, November 16, 2022, Pluralistic, Google is also part of Project Nimbus, a $1.2 billion deal in which the technology companies Google and Amazon will provide Israel and its military with artificial intelligence, machine learning, and other cloud computing services, including building local cloud sites that will “keep information within Israel’s borders under strict security guidelines.“NEWS, Grant, Nico, August 30, 2022, Google Employee Who Played Key Role in Protest of Contract With Israel Quits, en-US, The New York Times,www.nytimes.com/2022/08/30/technology/google-employee-israel.html, subscription, August 30, 2022, 0362-4331, WEB, July 24, 2022, Sam, Biddle, Documents Reveal Advanced AI Tools Google Is Selling to Israel,theintercept.com/2022/07/24/google-israel-artificial-intelligence-project-nimbus/, August 30, 2022, The Intercept, en, NEWS, Reuters, April 21, 2021, Israel picks Amazon’s AWS, Google for flagship cloud project, en, Reuters,www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/israel-picks-amazons-aws-google-flagship-cloud-project-2021-04-21/, August 31, 2022, The contract has been criticized by shareholders as well as their employees over concerns that the project will lead to further abuses of Palestinians’ human rights in the context of the ongoing illegal occupation and the Israeliâ€“Palestinian conflict.WEB, May 18, 2022, Sam, Biddle, Google and Amazon Face Shareholder Revolt Over Israeli Defense Work,theintercept.com/2022/05/18/google-amazon-israel-military-nimbus/, August 30, 2022, The Intercept, en, WEB, October 12, 2021, We are Google and Amazon workers. We condemn Project Nimbus,www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2021/oct/12/google-amazon-workers-condemn-project-nimbus-israeli-military-contract, August 30, 2022, The Guardian, en, Ariel Koren, a former marketing manager for Google’s educational products and an outspoken critic of the project, wrote that Google “systematically silences Palestinian, Jewish, Arab and Muslim voices concerned about Google’s complicity in violations of Palestinian human rightsâ€”to the point of formally retaliating against workers and creating an environment of fear”, and said she was retaliated against for organizing against the project.WEB, Koren, Ariel, August 30, 2022, Google’s Complicity in Israeli Apartheid: How Google Weaponizes “Diversity” to Silence Palestinians and Palestinian Human Rights Supporters,medium.com/@arielkoren/googles-complicity-in-israeli-apartheid-how-google-weaponizes-diversity-to-silence-palestinians-cb41b24ac423, August 30, 2022, Medium, en, live,web.archive.org/web/20220830120248/https://medium.com/@arielkoren/googles-complicity-in-israeli-apartheid-how-google-weaponizes-diversity-to-silence-palestinians-cb41b24ac423, August 30, 2022, In March 2024, The New York Times reported that Google Photos was being used in a facial recognition program by Unit 8200, a surveillance unit of the Israeli Defense Forces, to surveil Palestinians in the Gaza Strip amid the Israel-Hamas War. A Google spokesman commented that the service is free and “does not provide identities for unknown people in photographs.“NEWS, Frenkel, Sheera, 2024-03-27, Israel Deploys Expansive Facial Recognition Program in Gaza,www.nytimes.com/2024/03/27/technology/israel-facial-recognition-gaza.html, 2024-03-27, The New York Times, On April 18, 2024, Google dismissed 28 employees who participated in protests against the company’s involvement in Project Nimbus, a $1.2 billion contract with the Israeli government to provide cloud computing and AI infrastructure, which the employees argued should not be used for military or intelligence services. The protesting employees, part of the group No Tech For Apartheid, staged sit-ins at Google’s offices in New York and Sunnyvale, California,WEB, Day of Action,www.notechforapartheid.com/dayofaction, 2024-04-20, www.notechforapartheid.com, en, leading to disruptions and blockages within the company facilities.MAGAZINE, 2024-04-08, Exclusive: Google Workers Revolt Over $1.2 Billion Israel Contract,time.com/6964364/exclusive-no-tech-for-apartheid-google-workers-protest-project-nimbus-1-2-billion-contract-with-israel/, 2024-04-20, TIME, en, WEB, Google sacked staff protesting about contract with Israel,www.bbc.com/news/articles/c3gqw1d37l4o, 2024-04-19, www.bbc.com, This had followed reports of Israeli forces killing large numbers of Palestinian civilians while using own Lavender AI system to identify targets.NEWS, McKernan, Bethan, Davies, Harry, 2024-04-03, ‘The machine did it coldly’: Israel used AI to identify 37,000 Hamas targets,www.theguardian.com/world/2024/apr/03/israel-gaza-ai-database-hamas-airstrikes, 2024-04-20, The Guardian, en-GB, 0261-3077, WEB, Iraqi, Amjad, 2024-04-03, ‘Lavender’: The AI machine directing Israel’s bombing spree in Gaza,www.972mag.com/lavender-ai-israeli-army-gaza/, 2024-04-20, +972 Magazine, en-US,

Anti-trust, privacy, and other litigation

(File:Belgique - Bruxelles - Schuman - Berlaymont - 01.jpg|thumb|The European Commission, which imposed three fines on Google in 2017, 2018, and 2019)

Fines and lawsuits

European Union

On June 27, 2017, the company received a record fine of {{â‚¬|2.42 billion|link=yes}} from the European Union for “promoting its own shopping comparison service at the top of search results.“WEB, Kelion, Leo, June 27, 2017, Google hit with record EU fine over Shopping service,www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-40406542, live,web.archive.org/web/20170627100311/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-40406542, June 27, 2017, June 29, 2017, BBC, On July 18, 2018,WEB, July 18, 2018, Antitrust: Commission fines Google â‚¬4.34 billion for illegal practices regarding Android mobile devices to strengthen dominance of Google’s search engine,europa.eu/rapid/press-release_IP-18-4581_en.htm, live,europa.eu/rapid/press-release_IP-18-4581_en.htm," title="archive.today/20180718112553europa.eu/rapid/press-release_IP-18-4581_en.htm,">archive.today/20180718112553europa.eu/rapid/press-release_IP-18-4581_en.htm, July 18, 2018, European Commission, Bruxelles, the European Commission fined Google â‚¬4.34 billion for breaching EU antitrust rules. The abuse of dominants position has been referred to as Google’s constraint applied to Android device manufacturers and network operators to ensure that traffic on Android devices goes to the Google search engine. On October 9, 2018, Google confirmedWEB, October 10, 2018, Google appeals $5 billion EU fine in Android antitrust case,apnews.com/f9797e4935c1464f8f6010793ded7c1d, live,web.archive.org/web/20181010101238/https://apnews.com/f9797e4935c1464f8f6010793ded7c1d, October 10, 2018, APNews.com, Bruxelles, en, that it had appealed the fine to the General Court of the European Union.NEWS, Foo Yun Chee, May 13, 2014, Google challenges record $5 billion EU antitrust fine, Reuters,www.reuters.com/article/us-eu-alphabet-inc-antitrust/google-challenges-record-5-billion-eu-antitrust-fine-idUSKCN1MJ2CA, live,web.archive.org/web/20181222061539/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-eu-google-dataprotection/european-court-says-google-must-respect-right-to-be-forgotten-idUSBREA4C07120140513, December 22, 2018, On October 8, 2018, a class action lawsuit was filed against Google and Alphabet due to “non-public” Google+ account data being exposed as a result of a bug that allowed app developers to gain access to the private information of users. The litigation was settled in July 2020 for $7.5 million with a payout to claimants of at least $5 each, with a maximum of $12 each.NEWS, Murdock, Jason, August 5, 2020, Google+ Settlement: How to Submit a Claim over Privacy Bug and Get a Payout, Newsweek,www.newsweek.com/google-plus-privacy-bug-settlement-claim-money-1522967, August 5, 2020,web.archive.org/web/20200806080428/https://www.newsweek.com/google-plus-privacy-bug-settlement-claim-money-1522967, August 6, 2020, NEWS, Graham, Jefferson, August 4, 2020, Did you use Google+? You may be owed some money from class-action privacy settlement, USA Today,www.usatoday.com/story/tech/2020/08/04/google-privacy-settlement-how-much-money-how-to-get/3290508001/, August 5, 2020,web.archive.org/web/20200806014134/https://www.usatoday.com/story/tech/2020/08/04/google-privacy-settlement-how-much-money-how-to-get/3290508001/, August 6, 2020, WEB, July 22, 2020, In re Google Plus Profile Litigation District Court ND of California,www.courtlistener.com/docket/7999009/in-re-google-plus-profile-litigation/,web.archive.org/web/20200806003928/https://www.courtlistener.com/docket/7999009/in-re-google-plus-profile-litigation/, August 6, 2020, August 5, 2020, courtlistener.com, Free Law Project, On March 20, 2019, the European Commission imposed a â‚¬1.49 billion ($1.69 billion) fine on Google for preventing rivals from being able to “compete and innovate fairly” in the online advertising market. European Union competition commissioner Margrethe Vestager said Google had violated EU antitrust rules by “imposing anti-competitive contractual restrictions on third-party websites” that required them to exclude search results from Google’s rivals.WEB, Reid, David, March 20, 2019, EU regulators hit Google with $1.7 billion fine for blocking ad rivals,www.cnbc.com/2019/03/20/eu-vestager-hits-google-with-fine-for.html, live,web.archive.org/web/20190320155204/https://www.cnbc.com/2019/03/20/eu-vestager-hits-google-with-fine-for.html, March 20, 2019, March 20, 2019, CNBC, WEB, March 20, 2019, Europe hits Google with a third, $1.7 billion antitrust fine,www.cnn.com/2019/03/20/tech/google-eu-antitrust/index.html, live,web.archive.org/web/20190320133734/https://www.cnn.com/2019/03/20/tech/google-eu-antitrust/index.html, March 20, 2019, March 21, 2019, CNN, On September 14, 2022, Google lost the appeal of a â‚¬4.125 billion (Â£3.5 billion) fine, which was ruled to be paid after it was proved by the European Commission that Google forced Android phone-makers to carry Google’s search and web browser apps. Since the initial accusations, Google has changed its policy.NEWS,www.bbc.com/news/technology-62888137, Google loses appeal over record EU anti-trust Android fine, September 14, 2022, BBC News, September 14, 2022,

France

On January 21, 2019, French data regulator CNIL imposed a record â‚¬50 million fine on Google for breaching the European Union’s General Data Protection Regulation. The judgment claimed Google had failed to sufficiently inform users of its methods for collecting data to personalize advertising. Google issued a statement saying it was “deeply committed” to transparency and was “studying the decision” before determining its response.WEB, Fox, Chris, January 21, 2019, Google hit with Â£44m GDPR fine,www.bbc.com/news/technology-46944696, live,web.archive.org/web/20190121231240/https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-46944696, January 21, 2019, January 22, 2019, BBC News, On January 6, 2022, France’s data privacy regulatory body CNIL fined Alphabet’s Google 150 million euros (US$169 million) for not allowing its Internet users an easy refusal of Cookies along with Facebook.NEWS, Rosemain, Mathieu, January 6, 2022, Google hit with 150 mln euro French fine for cookie breaches, en, Reuters,www.reuters.com/world/europe/france-imposes-fines-facebook-ireland-google-2022-01-06/, January 6, 2022, On March 20, 2024, Google was fined approximately $270 million by French regulators for using content from news outlets in France without proper disclosure to train its AI, Bard, now renamed Gemini, violating a previous commitment to negotiate content use transparently and fairly.WEB, Squire, Paul, Google just got hit with a hefty fine, in part over how it trained its AI,www.businessinsider.com/google-fined-270-million-trained-ai-news-outlets-france-2024-3, 2024-03-21, Business Insider, en-US,

United States

After U.S. Congressional hearings in July 2020,NEWS, July 30, 2020, Tech bosses grilled over claims of ‘harmful’ power, en-GB, BBC News,www.bbc.com/news/business-53583941, July 30, 2020,web.archive.org/web/20200730020044/https://www.bbc.com/news/business-53583941, July 30, 2020, and a report from the U.S. House of Representatives’ Antitrust Subcommittee released in early October,NEWS, Bond, Shannon, Selyukh, Alina, Allyn, Bobby, October 6, 2020, How Are Apple, Amazon, Facebook, Google Monopolies? House Report Counts The Ways, NPR,www.npr.org/2020/10/06/920882893/how-are-apple-amazon-facebook-google-monopolies-house-report-counts-the-ways, the United States Department of Justice filed an antitrust lawsuit against Google on October 20, 2020, asserting that it has illegally maintained its monopoly position in web search and search advertising.WEB, McCabe, David, Kang, Cecilia, October 20, 2020, U.S. Accuses Google of Illegally Protecting Monopoly,www.nytimes.com/2020/10/20/technology/google-antitrust.html,web.archive.org/web/20201020123008/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/10/20/technology/google-antitrust.html, October 20, 2020, subscription, live, October 20, 2020, The New York Times, WEB, Allyn, Bobby, DOC,www.documentcloud.org/documents/7273448-DOC.html, www.documentcloud.org, The lawsuit alleged that Google engaged in anticompetitive behavior by paying Apple between $8 billion and $12 billion to be the default search engine on iPhones.NEWS, Ngo, Keach Hagey and Vivien, November 7, 2019, How Google Edged Out Rivals and Built the World’s Dominant Ad Machine: A Visual Guide, en-US, The Wall Street Journal,www.wsj.com/articles/how-google-edged-out-rivals-and-built-the-worlds-dominant-ad-machine-a-visual-guide-11573142071, December 25, 2020, 0099-9660, Later that month, both Facebook and Alphabet agreed to “cooperate and assist one another” in the face of investigation into their online advertising practices.NEWS, McKinnon, Ryan Tracy and John D., December 22, 2020, WSJ News Exclusive {{!, Google, Facebook Agreed to Team Up Against Possible Antitrust Action, Draft Lawsuit Says |language=en-US |work=The Wall Street Journal |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/google-facebook-agreed-to-team-up-against-possible-antitrust-action-draft-lawsuit-says-11608612219 |access-date=December 25, 2020 |issn=0099-9660}}NEWS, Tracy, John D. McKinnon and Ryan, December 16, 2020, Ten States Sue Google, Alleging Deal With Facebook to Rig Online Ad Market, en-US, The Wall Street Journal,www.wsj.com/articles/states-sue-google-over-digital-ad-practices-11608146817, December 25, 2020, 0099-9660, Another suit was brought against Google in 2023 for illegally monopolizing the advertising technology market.WEB, January 24, 2023, Justice Department Sues Google for Monopolizing Digital Advertising Technologies,www.justice.gov/opa/pr/justice-department-sues-google-monopolizing-digital-advertising-technologies, March 31, 2023, United States Department of Justice, en,

Private browsing lawsuit

{{See also|Private browsing}}In early June 2020, a $5 billion class-action lawsuit was filed against Google by a group of consumers, alleging that Chrome’s Incognito browsing mode still collects their user history.WEB, March 13, 2021, $5 billion class-action lawsuit against Google,www.theverge.com/2021/3/13/22329240/judge-rules-google-5-billion-lawsuit-tracking-chrome-incognito-privacy, October 4, 2021, The Verge, WEB, March 15, 2021, $5 billion class-action lawsuit against Google,www.searchenginejournal.com/google-to-face-5b-lawsuit-over-tracking-users-in-incognito-mode/399113/#close, October 4, 2021, SearchEngineJournal, The lawsuit became known in March 2021 when a federal judge denied Google’s request to dismiss the case, ruling that they must face the group’s charges.WEB, March 13, 2021, $5 billion class-action lawsuit,www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-03-13/google-must-face-suit-over-snooping-on-incognito-browsing, October 4, 2021, Bloomberg News, Bloomberg, WEB, March 15, 2021, Google gets sued,arstechnica.com/gadgets/2021/03/judge-rules-5-billion-google-chrome-incognito-mode-lawsuit-can-go-forward/, October 4, 2021, Ars Technica, Reuters reported that the lawsuit alleged that Google’s CEO Sundar Pichai sought to keep the users unaware of this issue.WEB, September 24, 2021, $5 billion class-action lawsuit against Google,www.reuters.com/technology/google-ceo-sought-keep-incognito-mode-issues-out-spotlight-lawsuit-alleges-2021-09-24/, October 4, 2021, Reuters, In April 2024, it was announced that Google agreed to settle this lawsuit. Under the terms of the settlement Google agreed to destroy billions of data records to settle a lawsuit claiming it secretly tracked the internet use of people who thought they were browsing privately.NEWS, Liedtke, Michael, April 1, 2024, Google to purge billions of files containing personal data in settlement of Chrome privacy case,www.msn.com/en-us/money/companies/google-to-purge-billions-of-files-containing-personal-data-in-settlement-of-chrome-privacy-case/ar-BB1kTLBe, April 3, 2024, Associated Press,

Gender discrimination lawsuit

In 2017, three women sued Google, accusing the company of violating California’s Equal Pay Act by underpaying its female employees. The lawsuit cited the wage gap was around $17,000 and that Google locked women into lower career tracks, leading to smaller salaries and bonuses. In June 2022, Google agreed to pay a $118 million settlement to 15,550 female employees working in California since 2013. As a part of the settlement, Google also agreed to hire a third party to analyze its hiring and compensation practices.WEB, Roth, Emma, June 12, 2022, Google to pay $118 million to settle gender discrimination lawsuit,www.theverge.com/2022/6/12/23164678/google-pay-118-million-settle-gender-discrimination-lawsuit, June 14, 2022, The Verge, en, WEB, Complex, Valerie, June 12, 2022, Google Agrees to Pay Out $118 Million To Former Employees In Gender Discrimination And Pay Equity Suit,deadline.com/2022/06/google-agrees-to-pay-out-118-million-to-former-1235043474/, June 14, 2022, Deadline Hollywood, Deadline, en-US, NEWS, Grant, Nico, June 13, 2022, Google Agrees to Pay $118 Million to Settle Pay Discrimination Case, en-US, The New York Times,www.nytimes.com/2022/06/12/business/google-discrimination-settlement-women.html, June 14, 2022, 0362-4331,

U.S. government contracts

Following media reports about PRISM, the NSA’s massive electronic surveillance program, in June 2013, several technology companies were identified as participants, including Google.WEB, January 17, 2014, Edward Snowden: Leaks that exposed US spy programme,www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-23123964, live,www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-23123964," title="web.archive.org/web/20170320171345www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-23123964,">web.archive.org/web/20170320171345www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-23123964, March 20, 2017, March 25, 2017, BBC News, According to unnamed sources, Google joined the PRISM program in 2009, as YouTube in 2010.WEB, Greenwald, Glenn, MacAskill, Ewen, June 7, 2013, NSA Prism program taps in to user data of Apple, Google and others,www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jun/06/us-tech-giants-nsa-data, live,www.guardian.co.uk/world/2013/jun/06/us-tech-giants-nsa-data," title="web.archive.org/web/20060818114650www.guardian.co.uk/world/2013/jun/06/us-tech-giants-nsa-data,">web.archive.org/web/20060818114650www.guardian.co.uk/world/2013/jun/06/us-tech-giants-nsa-data, August 18, 2006, April 17, 2021, The Guardian, Google has worked with the United States Department of Defense on drone software through the 2017 Project Maven that could be used to improve the accuracy of drone strikes.NEWS, Amadeo, Ron, April 4, 2018, Google employees revolt, say company should shut down military drone project, Ars Technica,arstechnica.com/gadgets/2018/04/google-should-not-be-in-the-business-of-war-googlers-decry-pentagon-project/, live, April 21, 2021,web.archive.org/web/20210202043739/https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2018/04/google-should-not-be-in-the-business-of-war-googlers-decry-pentagon-project/, February 2, 2021, In April 2018, thousands of Google employees, including senior engineers, signed a letter urging Google CEO Sundar Pichai to end this controversial contract with the Pentagon.NEWS, Chapman, Ben, April 3, 2018, Google staff protest company’s involvement with Pentagon drones programme, The Independent,www.independent.co.uk/news/business/news/google-protest-pentagon-drones-programme-company-sundar-pichai-department-defense-a8290111.html, live, April 21, 2021,web.archive.org/web/20210214235047/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/news/google-protest-pentagon-drones-programme-company-sundar-pichai-department-defense-a8290111.html, February 14, 2021, Google ultimately decided not to renew this DoD contract, which was set to expire in 2019.WEB, Wakabayashi, Daisuke, Shane, Scott, June 1, 2018, Google Will Not Renew Pentagon Contract That Upset Employees,www.nytimes.com/2018/06/01/technology/google-pentagon-project-maven.html, live,web.archive.org/web/20181016004020/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/06/01/technology/google-pentagon-project-maven.html, October 16, 2018, October 16, 2018, The New York Times,

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