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{{Redirect|WWW}}{{Redirect|The Web||Web (disambiguation)}}{{Distinguish2|The Internet}}







factoids
Berners-Lee's breakthrough was to marry hypertext to the Internet. In his book Weaving The Web, he explains that he had repeatedly suggested that a marriage between the two technologies was possible to members of both technical communities, but when no one took up his invitation, he finally tackled the project himself. In the process, he developed a system of globally unique identifiers for resources on the Web and elsewhere: the Universal Document Identifier (UDI), later known as Uniform Resource Locator (URL) and Uniform Resource Identifier (URI); the publishing language HyperText Markup Language (HTML); and the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP).(14)The World Wide Web had a number of differences from other hypertext systems that were then available. The Web required only unidirectional links rather than bidirectional ones. This made it possible for someone to link to another resource without action by the owner of that resource. It also significantly reduced the difficulty of implementing web servers and browsers (in comparison to earlier systems), but in turn presented the chronic problem of link rot. Unlike predecessors such as HyperCard, the World Wide Web was non-proprietary, making it possible to develop servers and clients independently and to add extensions without licensing restrictions. On April 30, 1993, CERN announced(15) that the World Wide Web would be free to anyone, with no fees due. Coming two months after the announcement that the Gopher protocol was no longer free to use, this produced a rapid shift away from Gopher and towards the Web. An early popular web browser was ViolaWWW, which was based upon HyperCard.Scholars generally agree that a turning point for the World Wide Web began with the introduction(16) of the Mosaic web browser(17) in 1993, a graphical browser developed by a team at the National Center for Supercomputing Applications at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (NCSA-UIUC), led by Marc Andreessen. Funding for Mosaic came from the U.S. High-Performance Computing and Communications Initiative, a funding program initiated by the High Performance Computing and Communication Act of 1991, one of several computing developments initiated by U.S. Senator Al Gore.(18) Prior to the release of Mosaic, graphics were not commonly mixed with text in web pages and the Web's popularity was less than older protocols in use over the Internet, such as Gopher and Wide Area Information Servers (WAIS). Mosaic's graphical user interface allowed the Web to become, by far, the most popular Internet protocol.The World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) was founded by Tim Berners-Lee after he left the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) in October, 1994. It was founded at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Laboratory for Computer Science (MIT/LCS) with support from the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA), which had pioneered the Internet; a year later, a second site was founded at INRIA (a French national computer research lab) with support from the European Commission DG InfSo; and in 1996, a third continental site was created in Japan at Keio University. By the end of 1994, while the total number of websites was still minute compared to present standards, quite a number of notable websites were already active, many of which are the precursors or inspiration for today's most popular services.Connected by the existing Internet, other websites were created around the world, adding international standards for domain names and HTML. Since then, Berners-Lee has played an active role in guiding the development of web standards (such as the markup languages in which web pages are composed), and in recent years has advocated his vision of a Semantic Web. The World Wide Web enabled the spread of information over the Internet through an easy-to-use and flexible format. It thus played an important role in popularizing use of the Internet.(19) Although the two terms are sometimes conflated in popular use, World Wide Web is not synonymous with Internet.(20) The Web is an application built on top of the Internet.

Function

The terms Internet and World Wide Web are often used in every-day speech without much distinction. However, the Internet and the World Wide Web are not one and the same. The Internet is a global system of interconnected computer networks. In contrast, the Web is one of the services that runs on the Internet. It is a collection of interconnected documents and other resources, linked by hyperlinks and URLs. In short, the Web is an application running on the Internet.(21) Viewing a web page on the World Wide Web normally begins either by typing the URL of the page into a web browser, or by following a hyperlink to that page or resource. The web browser then initiates a series of communication messages, behind the scenes, in order to fetch and display it.First, the server-name portion of the URL is resolved into an IP address using the global, distributed Internet database known as the domain name system, or DNS. This IP address is necessary to contact the Web server. The browser then requests the resource by sending an HTTP request to the Web server at that particular address. In the case of a typical web page, the HTML text of the page is requested first and parsed immediately by the web browser, which then makes additional requests for images and any other files that form parts of the page. Statistics measuring a website's popularity are usually based either on the number of 'page views' or associated server 'hits' (file requests) that take place.While receiving these files from the web server, browsers may progressively render the page onto the screen as specified by its HTML, CSS, and other web languages. Any images and other resources are incorporated to produce the on-screen web page that the user sees. Most web pages will themselves contain hyperlinks to other related pages and perhaps to downloads, source documents, definitions and other web resources. Such a collection of useful, related resources, interconnected via hypertext links, is what was dubbed a "web" of information. Making it available on the Internet created what Tim Berners-Lee first called the WorldWideWeb (in its original CamelCase, which was subsequently discarded) in November 1990.(22) The standardized version is ECMAScript.(23)

WWW prefix

Many web addresses begin with www, because of the long-standing practice of naming Internet hosts (servers) according to the services they provide. The hostname for a web server is often www, as it is ftp for an FTP server, and news or nntp for a USENET news server. These host names appear as Domain Name System (DNS) subdomain names, as in www.example.com. The use of such subdomain names is not required by any technical or policy standard; indeed, the first ever web server was called nxoc01.cern.ch,(24) and many web sites exist without a www subdomain prefix, or with some other prefix such as "www2", "secure", etc. These subdomain prefixes have no consequence; they are simply chosen names. Most web servers are set up such that both the domain by itself (e.g., example.com) and the www subdomain (e.g., www.example.com) refer to the same site, others require one form or the other, or they may map to different web sites.When a single word is typed into the address bar and the return key is pressed, some web browsers automatically try adding "www." to the beginning of it and possibly ".com", ".org" and ".net" at the end. For example, typing 'microsoft' may resolve to http://www.microsoft.com/ and 'openoffice' to http://www.openoffice.org. This feature was beginning to be included in early versions of Mozilla Firefox (when it still had the working title 'Firebird') in early 2003.(25) It is reported that Microsoft was granted a US patent for the same idea in 2008, but only with regard to mobile devices.(26)The 'http://' or 'https://' part of web addresses does have meaning: These refer to Hypertext Transfer Protocol and to HTTP Secure and so define the communication protocol that will be used to request and receive the page, image or other resource. The HTTP network protocol is fundamental to the way the World Wide Web works, and the encryption involved in HTTPS adds an essential layer if confidential information such as passwords or bank details are to be exchanged over the public internet. Web browsers often prepend this 'scheme' part to URLs too, if it is omitted. Despite this, Berners-Lee himself has admitted that the two forward slashes ) were in fact initially unnecessary(27).In overview, RFC 2396 defines web URLs to have the following form:
://?#
Here is for example the web server (like www.example.com), and identifies the web page, from just '/' for the root default page to longer paths in the form common on Unix-like computers. The web server processes the , which can be data sent via a form, e.g., terms sent to a search engine, and the returned page depends on it. Finally, is not sent to the web server. It identifies which portion of the page the browser initially shows.In English, www is pronounced by individually pronouncing the name of characters (double-u double-u double-u). Although some technical users pronounce it dub-dub-dub this is not widespread. The English writer Douglas Adams once quipped in The Independent on Sunday (1999): "The World Wide Web is the only thing I know of whose shortened form takes three times longer to say than what it's short for," with Stephen Fry later pronouncing it in his "Podgrammes" series of podcasts as "wuh wuh wuh." In Mandarin Chinese, World Wide Web is commonly translated via a phono-semantic matching to wàn wéi wǎng (), which satisfies www and literally means "myriad dimensional net",(28) a translation that very appropriately reflects the design concept and proliferation of the World Wide Web. Tim Berners-Lee's web-space states that World Wide Web is officially spelled as three separate words, each capitalized, with no intervening hyphens.(29)

Privacy

Computer users, who save time and money, and who gain conveniences and entertainment, may or may not have surrendered the right to privacy in exchange for using a number of technologies including the Web.(30) Worldwide, more than a half billion people have used a social network service,(31) and of Americans who grew up with the Web, half created an online profile(32) and are part of a generational shift that could be changing norms.(33)(34) Facebook progressed from U.S. college students to a 70% non-U.S. audience, and in 2009 estimated that only 20% of its members use privacy settings.(35) In 2010 (six years after co-founding the company), Mark Zuckerberg wrote, "we will add privacy controls that are much simpler to use".(36)Privacy representatives from 60 countries have resolved to ask for laws to complement industry self-regulation, for education for children and other minors who use the Web, and for default protections for users of social networks.(37) They also believe data protection for personally identifiable information benefits business more than the sale of that information.(38) but they are still tracked in websites' server logs, and particularly web beacons.(39) Berners-Lee and colleagues see hope in accountability and appropriate use achieved by extending the Web's architecture to policy awareness, perhaps with audit logging, reasoners and appliances.(40) Among services paid for by advertising, Yahoo! could collect the most data about users of commercial websites, about 2,500 bits of information per month about each typical user of its site and its affiliated advertising network sites. Yahoo! was followed by MySpace with about half that potential and then by AOL–TimeWarner, Google, Facebook, Microsoft, and eBay.(41)

Security

The Web has become criminals' preferred pathway for spreading malware. Cybercrime carried out on the Web can include identity theft, fraud, espionage and intelligence gathering.(42)(43) and as measured by Google, about one in ten web pages may contain malicious code.(44) Most Web-based attacks take place on legitimate websites, and most, as measured by Sophos, are hosted in the United States, China and Russia.(45) The most common of all malware threats is SQL injection attacks against websites.(46) Through HTML and URIs the Web was vulnerable to attacks like cross-site scripting (XSS) that came with the introduction of JavaScript(47) and were exacerbated to some degree by Web 2.0 and Ajax web design that favors the use of scripts.(48) Today by one estimate, 70% of all websites are open to XSS attacks on their users.(49)Proposed solutions vary to extremes. Large security vendors like McAfee already design governance and compliance suites to meet post-9/11 regulations,(50) and some, like Finjan have recommended active real-time inspection of code and all content regardless of its source.(51) Some security vendors like Commtouch monitor new threats and provide reporting tools for malware outbreaks, spam, and zombie trends along with real-time outbreak monitors.(52)Some have argued that for enterprise to see security as a business opportunity rather than a cost center,(53) "ubiquitous, always-on digital rights management" enforced in the infrastructure by a handful of organizations must replace the hundreds of companies that today secure data and networks.(54) Jonathan Zittrain has said users sharing responsibility for computing safety is far preferable to locking down the Internet.(55)

Standards

Many formal standards and other technical specifications and software define the operation of different aspects of the World Wide Web, the Internet, and computer information exchange. Many of the documents are the work of the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), headed by Berners-Lee, but some are produced by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) and other organizations.Usually, when web standards are discussed, the following publications are seen as foundational: Additional publications provide definitions of other essential technologies for the World Wide Web, including, but not limited to, the following:
  • Uniform Resource Identifier (URI), which is a universal system for referencing resources on the Internet, such as hypertext documents and images. URIs, often called URLs, are defined by the IETF's RFC 3986 / STD 66: Uniform Resource Identifier (URI): Generic Syntax, as well as its predecessors and numerous URI scheme-defining RFCs;
  • HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP), especially as defined by RFC 2616: HTTP/1.1 and RFC 2617: HTTP Authentication, which specify how the browser and server authenticate each other.

Accessibility

Access to the Web is for everyone regardless of disability including visual, auditory, physical, speech, cognitive, or neurological. Accessibility features also help others with temporary disabilities like a broken arm or the aging population as their abilities change.(56) The Web is used for receiving information as well as providing information and interacting with society, making it essential that the Web be accessible in order to provide equal access and equal opportunity to people with disabilities.(57) Tim Berners-Lee once noted, "The power of the Web is in its universality. Access by everyone regardless of disability is an essential aspect."(58) International cooperation in the W3C Web Accessibility Initiative led to simple guidelines that web content authors as well as software developers can use to make the Web accessible to persons who may or may not be using assistive technology.(59)

Internationalization

The W3C Internationalization Activity assures that web technology will work in all languages, scripts, and cultures.(60) Beginning in 2004 or 2005, Unicode gained ground and eventually in December 2007 surpassed both ASCII and Western European as the Web's most frequently used character encoding.(61) Originally RFC 3986 allowed resources to be identified by URI in a subset of US-ASCII. RFC 3987 allows more characters—any character in the Universal Character Set—and now a resource can be identified by IRI in any language.(62)

Statistics

According to a 2001 study, there were massively more than 550 billion documents on the Web, mostly in the invisible Web, or deep Web.(63) A 2002 survey of 2,024 million Web pages(64) determined that by far the most Web content was in English: 56.4%; next were pages in German (7.7%), French (5.6%), and Japanese (4.9%). A more recent study, which used Web searches in 75 different languages to sample the Web, determined that there were over 11.5 billion Web pages in the publicly indexable Web as of the end of January 2005.(65) {{As of|2009|3}}, the indexable web contains at least 25.21 billion pages.(66) On July 25, 2008, Google software engineers Jesse Alpert and Nissan Hajaj announced that Google Search had discovered one trillion unique URLs.(67) {{As of|2009|5}}, over 109.5 million websites operated.(68) Of these 74% were commercial or other sites operating in the .com generic top-level domain.(69) Speeding up the Internet is an ongoing discussion over the use of peering and QoS technologies. Other solutions to reduce the World Wide Wait can be found at W3C.(70) Standard guidelines for ideal Web response times are:(71)
  • 0.1 second (one tenth of a second). Ideal response time. The user doesn't sense any interruption.
  • 1 second. Highest acceptable response time. Download times above 1 second interrupt the user experience.
  • 10 seconds. Unacceptable response time. The user experience is interrupted and the user is likely to leave the site or system.

Caching

If a user revisits a Web page after only a short interval, the page data may not need to be re-obtained from the source Web server. Almost all web browsers cache recently obtained data, usually on the local hard drive. HTTP requests sent by a browser will usually only ask for data that has changed since the last download. If the locally cached data are still current, it will be reused. Caching helps reduce the amount of Web traffic on the Internet. The decision about expiration is made independently for each downloaded file, whether image, stylesheet, JavaScript, HTML, or whatever other content the site may provide. Thus even on sites with highly dynamic content, many of the basic resources only need to be refreshed occasionally. Web site designers find it worthwhile to collate resources such as CSS data and JavaScript into a few site-wide files so that they can be cached efficiently. This helps reduce page download times and lowers demands on the Web server.There are other components of the Internet that can cache Web content. Corporate and academic firewalls often cache Web resources requested by one user for the benefit of all. (See also Caching proxy server.) Some search engines also store cached content from websites. Apart from the facilities built into Web servers that can determine when files have been updated and so need to be re-sent, designers of dynamically generated Web pages can control the HTTP headers sent back to requesting users, so that transient or sensitive pages are not cached. Internet banking and news sites frequently use this facility. Data requested with an HTTP 'GET' is likely to be cached if other conditions are met; data obtained in response to a 'POST' is assumed to depend on the data that was POSTed and so is not cached.

See also

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Notes





  1. |launch year = 1990|company = CERN|available = Worldwide}}The World Wide Web, abbreviated as WWW and commonly known as the Web, is a system of interlinked hypertext documents accessed via the Internet. With a web browser, one can view web pages that may contain text, images, videos, and other multimedia and navigate between them by using hyperlinks. Using concepts from earlier hypertext systems, British engineer and computer scientist Sir Tim Berners-Lee, now the Director of the World Wide Web Consortium, wrote a proposal in March 1989 for what would eventually become the World Wide Web.WEB, Tim Berners Lee - Time 100 People of the Century,weblink Time Magazine, 17 May 2010, He wove the World Wide Web and created a mass medium for the 21st century. The World Wide Web is Berners-Lee's alone. He designed it. He loosed it on the world. And he more than anyone else has fought to keep it open, nonproprietary and free..,


  2. "WEB,weblink WorldWideWeb: Proposal for a hypertexts Project, Tim, Berners-Lee, Tim Berners-Lee, Robert, Cailliau, Robert Cailliau, November 12, 1990, July 27, 2009,


  3. WEB, Berners-Lee, Tim, Pre-W3C Web and Internet Background,weblink World Wide Web Consortium, April 21, 2009,


  4. Wardrip-Fruin, Noah and Nick Montfort, ed (2003). The New Media Reader. Section 54. The MIT Press. ISBN 0-262-23227-8.


  5. WEB, 8QAAAAAAMBAJ&pg=66&query=a+c+clarke, May, 1970, TV Broadcast Satellite,


  6. WEB,weblink March, 1989, Information Management: A Proposal, July 27, 2009,


  7. This proposal estimated that a read-only web would be developed within three months and that it would take six months to achieve "the creation of new links and new material by readers, [so that] authorship becomes universal" as well as "the automatic notification of a reader when new material of interest to him/her has become available." See Web 2.0 and RSS/Atom, which have taken a little longer to mature.The proposal had been modeled after the Dynatext SGML reader by Electronic Book Technology, a spin-off from the Institute for Research in Information and Scholarship at Brown University. The Dynatext system, licensed by CERN, was technically advanced and was a key player in the extension of SGML ISO 8879:1986 to Hypermedia within HyTime, but it was considered too expensive and had an inappropriate licensing policy for use in the general high energy physics community, namely a fee for each document and each document alteration.File:First Web Server.jpg|thumb|right|This NeXT Computer used by Tim Berners-LeeTim Berners-LeeFile:Cern datacenter.jpg|thumb|right|The CERN datacenter in 20102010A NeXT Computer was used by Berners-Lee as the world's first web server and also to write the first web browser, WorldWideWeb, in 1990. By Christmas 1990, Berners-Lee had built all the tools necessary for a working Web:WEB,weblink Tim Berners-Lee: client, W3.org, July 27, 2009,


  8. WEB,weblink First Web pages, W3.org, July 27, 2009,


  9. WEB,weblink Short summary of the World Wide Web project, Groups.google.com, August 6, 1991, July 27, 2009,


  10. WEB,weblink W3C timeline, March 30, 2010,


  11. WEB,weblink About SPIRES, March 30, 2010,


  12. WEB,weblink The Early World Wide Web at SLAC,


  13. WEB,weblink A Little History of the World Wide Web,


  14. WEB, Inventor of the Week Archive: The World Wide Web,weblink Massachusetts Institute of Technology: MIT School of Engineering, July 23, 2009,


  15. WEB,weblink Ten Years Public Domain for the Original Web Software, Tenyears-www.web.cern.ch, April 30, 2003, July 27, 2009,


  16. WEB,weblink Mosaic Web Browser History - NCSA, Marc Andreessen, Eric Bina, Livinginternet.com, July 27, 2009,


  17. WEB,weblink NCSA Mosaic - September 10, 1993 Demo, Totic.org, July 27, 2009,


  18. WEB,weblink Vice President Al Gore's ENIAC Anniversary Speech, Cs.washington.edu, February 14, 1996, July 27, 2009,


  19. WEB,weblink Internet legal definition of Internet, Free Online Law Dictionary, July 15, 2009, West's Encyclopedia of American Law, edition 2, November 25, 2008,


  20. WEB,weblink WWW (World Wide Web) Definition, TechTerms, february 19 2010,


  21. WEB, The W3C Technology Stack,weblink World Wide Web Consortium, April 21, 2009,


  22. Linking

    File:WorldWideWebAroundWikipedia.png|thumb|Graphic representation of a minute fraction of the WWW, demonstrating hyperlinkhyperlinkOver time, many web resources pointed to by hyperlinks disappear, relocate, or are replaced with different content. This makes hyperlinks obsolete, a phenomenon referred to in some circles as link rot and the hyperlinks affected by it are often called dead links. The ephemeral nature of the Web has prompted many efforts to archive web sites. The Internet Archive, active since 1996, is one of the best-known efforts.

    Dynamic updates of web pages

    JavaScript is a scripting language that was initially developed in 1995 by Brendan Eich, then of Netscape, for use within web pages.WEB, Hamilton, Naomi, The A-Z of Programming Languages: JavaScript,weblink July 31, 2008, Computerworld, IDG, May 12, 2009,


  23. To overcome some of the limitations of the page-by-page model described above, some web applications also use Ajax (asynchronous JavaScript and XML). JavaScript is delivered with the page that can make additional HTTP requests to the server, either in response to user actions such as mouse-clicks, or based on lapsed time. The server's responses are used to modify the current page rather than creating a new page with each response. Thus the server only needs to provide limited, incremental information. Since multiple Ajax requests can be handled at the same time, users can interact with a page even while data is being retrieved. Some web applications regularly poll the server to ask if new information is available.WEB,weblink jQuery Polling plugin, 23 September 2008, Buntin, Seth, 2009-08-22,


  24. WEB,weblink Frequently asked questions by the Press - Tim Berners-Lee, W3.org, July 27, 2009,


  25. WEB,weblink automatically adding www.___.com, mozillaZine, May 16, 2003, May 27, 2009,


  26. WEB,weblink Microsoft Patents Adding 'www.' And '.com' To Text, Techdirt, Masnick, Mike, July 7, 2008, May 27, 2009,


  27. NEWS, http:news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/technology/8306631.stm, BBC News, Berners-Lee 'sorry' for slashes, October 14, 2009, March 31, 2010,


  28. WEB,weblink MDBG Chinese-English dictionary - Translate, July 27, 2009,


  29. WEB,weblink Frequently asked questions by the Press - Tim BL, W3.org, July 27, 2009,


  30. BOOK, Hal Abelson, Ken Ledeen and Harry Lewis, Blown to Bits: Your Life, Liberty, and Happiness After the Digital Explosion,weblink April 14, 2008, 0-13-713559-9, 1–2, Addison Wesley, November 6, 2008,


  31. PRESS RELEASE, Social Networking Explodes Worldwide as Sites Increase their Focus on Cultural Relevance,weblink comScore, August 12, 2008, November 9, 2008,


  32. WEB, Amanda Lenhart and Mary Madden, Teens, Privacy & Online Social Networks,weblink April 18, 2007, PDF, Pew Internet & American Life Project, November 9, 2008,


  33. VIDEO, Schmidt, Eric (Google), October 20, 2008, Eric Schmidt at Bloomberg on the Future of Technology,weblink YouTube, New York, New York, November 9, 2008, 16:30,


  34. NEWS, Nussbaum, Emily, Say Everything,weblink February 12, 2007, New York, New York Media, November 9, 2008,


  35. NEWS, Stone, Brad, Is Facebook Growing Up Too Fast?,weblink March 28, 2009, The New York Times, and WEB, Lee Byron (Facebook), The Road to 200 Million,weblink The New York Times, March 28, 2009, April 2, 2009,


  36. NEWS, Zuckerberg, Mark, From Facebook, answering privacy concerns with new settings,weblink The Washington Post, May 24, 2010, May 24, 2010,


  37. PRESS RELEASE, Protecting privacy in a borderless world,weblink PDF, October 17, 2008, 30th International Conference of Data Protection and Privacy Commissioners, November 8, 2008,


  38. Users can opt-in to features in browsers to clear their personal histories locally and block some cookies and advertising networksWEB, Cooper, Alissa, Browser Privacy Features: A Work In Progress,weblink PDF, Center for Democracy and Technology, October 2008, November 8, 2008,


  39. WEB, Joshua Gomez, Travis Pinnick, and Ashkan Soltani, KnowPrivacy, 8–9, June 1, 2009,weblink PDF, University of California, Berkeley, School of Information, June 2, 2009,


  40. WEB, Daniel J. Weitzner, Harold Abelson, Tim Berners-Lee, Joan Feigenbaum, James Hendler, Gerald Jay Sussman, Information Accountability,weblink June 13, 2007, MIT Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, November 6, 2008,


  41. NEWS, Story, Louise and comScore, They Know More Than You Think,weblink JPEG, March 10, 2008, The New York Times, in NEWS, Story, Louise, To Aim Ads, Web Is Keeping Closer Eye on You,weblink The New York Times, The New York Times Company, March 10, 2008, March 9, 2008,


  42. Web-based vulnerabilities now outnumber traditional computer security concerns,WEB, Christey, Steve and Martin, Robert A., Vulnerability Type Distributions in CVE (version 1.1),weblink May 22, 2007, MITRE Corporation, June 7, 2008,


  43. WEB, Symantec Internet Security Threat Report: Trends for July-December 2007 (Executive Summary), Symantec Corp., XIII, 1–2, April 2008,weblink PDF, May 11, 2008,


  44. NEWS, Google searches web's dark side,weblink May 11, 2007, BBC News, April 26, 2008,


  45. WEB, Security Threat Report,weblink PDF, Q1 2008, Sophos, April 24, 2008,


  46. WEB, Security threat report,weblink PDF, July 2008, Sophos, August 24, 2008,


  47. BOOK, Fogie, Seth, Jeremiah Grossman, Robert Hansen, and Anton Rager, Cross Site Scripting Attacks: XSS Exploits and Defense, 68–69, 127, Syngress, Elsevier Science & Technology,weblinkSAMPLE_1597491543.pdf, PDF, 2007, 1597491543, June 6, 2008,


  48. WEB, O'Reilly, Tim, What Is Web 2.0, http:www.oreillynet.com/pub/a/oreilly/tim/news/2005/09/30/what-is-web-20.html, 4–5, September 30, 2005, O'Reilly Media, June 4, 2008, and AJAX web applications can introduce security vulnerabilities like "client-side security controls, increased attack surfaces, and new possibilities for Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)", in JOURNAL, Ritchie, Paul, The security risks of AJAX/web 2.0 applications,weblink PDF, March 2007, Infosecurity, Elsevier, June 6, 2008, which cites NEWS, Hayre, Jaswinder S. and Kelath, Jayasankar, Ajax Security Basics,weblink SecurityFocus, June 22, 2006, June 6, 2008,


  49. NEWS, Berinato, Scott, Software Vulnerability Disclosure: The Chilling Effect,weblink CSO, 7, CXO Media, January 1, 2007, June 7, 2008,


  50. NEWS, Prince, Brian, McAfee Governance, Risk and Compliance Business Unit,weblink eWEEK, Ziff Davis Enterprise Holdings, April 9, 2008, April 25, 2008,


  51. NEWS, Ben-Itzhak, Yuval, Infosecurity 2008 - New defence strategy in battle against e-crime,weblink ComputerWeekly, Reed Business Information, April 18, 2008, April 20, 2008,


  52. NEWS, Rebecca Steinberg Herson, Commtouch Unveils New Security Center Web Site - New Web Security Lab Highlights Malware, Phishing Web Categories,weblink April 20, 2008, May 25, 2010,


  53. NEWS, Preston, Rob, Down To Business: It's Past Time To Elevate The Infosec Conversation,weblink InformationWeek, United Business Media, April 12, 2008, April 25, 2008,


  54. NEWS, Claburn, Thomas, RSA's Coviello Predicts Security Consolidation,weblink InformationWeek, United Business Media, February 6, 2007, April 25, 2008,


  55. NEWS, Carolyn, Duffy Marsan, How the iPhone is killing the 'Net,weblink Network World, IDG, April 9, 2008, April 17, 2008,


  56. WEB, Web Accessibility Initiative (WAI),weblink World Wide Web Consortium, April 7, 2009,


  57. WEB, Developing a Web Accessibility Business Case for Your Organization: Overview,weblink World Wide Web Consortium, April 7, 2009,


  58. Many countries regulate web accessibility as a requirement for websites.WEB, Legal and Policy Factors in Developing a Web Accessibility Business Case for Your Organization,weblink World Wide Web Consortium, April 7, 2009,


  59. WEB, Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG) Overview,weblink World Wide Web Consortium, April 7, 2009,


  60. WEB, Internationalization (I18n) Activity,weblink World Wide Web Consortium, April 10, 2009,


  61. NEWS, Davis, Mark, Moving to Unicode 5.1,weblink April 5, 2008, Google, April 10, 2009,


  62. PRESS RELEASE, World Wide Web Consortium Supports the IETF URI Standard and IRI Proposed Standard,weblink January 26, 2005, World Wide Web Consortium, April 10, 2009,


  63. WEB,weblink The 'Deep' Web: Surfacing Hidden Value, Brightplanet.com, July 27, 2009,


  64. WEB,weblink Distribution of languages on the Internet, Netz-tipp.de, July 27, 2009,


  65. WEB, Alessio Signorini,weblink Indexable Web Size, Cs.uiowa.edu, July 27, 2009,


  66. WEB,weblink The size of the World Wide Web, Worldwidewebsize.com, July 27, 2009,


  67. WEB,weblink We knew the web was big..., Alpert, Jesse, Hajaj, Nissan, July 25, 2008, The Official Google Blog,


  68. WEB, Domain Counts & Internet Statistics,weblink Name Intelligence, May 17, 2009,


  69. Speed issues

    Frustration over congestion issues in the Internet infrastructure and the high latency that results in slow browsing has led to an alternative, pejorative name for the World Wide Web: the World Wide Wait.WEB, World Wide Wait,weblink TechEncyclopedia, United Business Media, April 10, 2009,


  70. WEB, Khare, Rohit and Jacobs, Ian, W3C Recommendations Reduce 'World Wide Wait',weblink 1999, World Wide Web Consortium, April 10, 2009,


  71. WEB, Nielsen, Jakob (from Miller 1968; Card et al. 1991), Usability Engineering: Response Times: The Three Important Limits, 5,weblink 1994, Morgan Kaufmann, April 10, 2009,




References

  • Niels Brügger, ed. Web History (2010) 362 pages; Historical perspective on the World Wide Web, including issues of culture, content, and preservation.
  • PAPER, Fielding, R.; Gettys, J.; Mogul, J.; Frystyk, H.; Masinter, L.; Leach, P.; Berners-Lee, T., Hypertext Transfer Protocol — HTTP/1.1, Information Sciences Institute, June 1999, Request For Comments 2616,weblink
  • PAPER, Berners-Lee, Tim; Bray, Tim; Connolly, Dan; Cotton, Paul; Fielding, Roy; Jeckle, Mario; Lilley, Chris; Mendelsohn, Noah; Orchard, David; Walsh, Norman; Williams, Stuart, Architecture of the World Wide Web, Volume One, W3C, December 15, 2004, Version 20041215,weblink
  • WEB, Polo, Luciano, World Wide Web Technology Architecture: A Conceptual Analysis, 2003, New Devices,weblink July 31, 2005,
  • WEB, Skau, H.O., The World Wide Web and Health Information, March 1990, New Devices,weblink 1989,

External links

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- time: 1:14pm EDT - Thu, Jul 29 2010