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{{short description|British multinational oil and gas company}}{{About|the energy company}}{{pp-move}}{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2023}}{{Use British English|date=April 2013}}









|2017|240|3.4|74.7|2018|298|9.4|75.0|2019|278|4.0|70.1|2020|180|–20.3|63.6|2021|164|7.6|64.0|2022|248|–2.5|66.3|2023|213|15.2|66.5

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name	BP p.l.c.| logo = BP Helios logo.svg| logo_size = 125| image = BPheadoffice.JPG| image_size = 250 St James’s Square in City of Westminster>Westminster, London	Public limited company>Public	class=nowrap	BP.}}	FTSE 100 Index>FTSE 100 component}}	GB0007980591|sl=n}}	Petroleum industry>Oil and gas	class=nowrap	Anglo-Persian Oil Company>Castrol	Standard Oil>Standard Oil of Ohio	Standard Oil of Indiana>ARCO|Amoco}}	Anglo-Persian Oil Company)	William Knox D’Arcy	Charles Greenway, 1st Baron Greenway>Charles Greenway}}| location = London, England, UK| area_served = Worldwide	df=yes|class=nowrap | Helge Lund (Chairman) | Murray Auchincloss (CEO) {edih}	Petroleum	Natural gas>Motor fuels|Aviation fuels}}	2.3	abbr=on}} of BOE (2023)| services = Service stations	{{increase}} US$210.13 billion (2023)}}	{{increase}} US$27.35 billion (2023)}}	{{increase}} US$15.88 billion (2023)}}	{{decrease}} US$280.29 billion (2023)}}	{{increase}} US$85.49 billion (2023)}}	87,800 (2023)}}	Amoco	Aral AG>Aral	ARCO>BP	Castrol	Jio-bp>}}| divisions = | subsid = | homepage = {{official URL}}}}BP p.l.c. (formerly The British Petroleum Company p.l.c. and BP Amoco p.l.c.; stylised bp) is a British multinational oil and gas company headquartered in London, England. It is one of the oil and gas “supermajors” and one of the world’s largest companies measured by revenues and profits. It is a vertically integrated company operating in all areas of the oil and gas industry, including exploration and extraction, refining, distribution and marketing, power generation, and trading.BP’s origins date back to the founding of the Anglo-Persian Oil Company in 1909, established as a subsidiary of Burmah Oil Company to exploit oil discoveries in Iran. In 1935, it became the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company and in 1954, adopted the name British Petroleum. BP acquired majority control of Standard Oil of Ohio in 1978. Formerly majority state-owned, the British government privatised the company in stages between 1979 and 1987. BP merged with Amoco in 1998, becoming BP Amoco p.l.c., and acquired ARCO, Burmah Castrol and Aral AG shortly thereafter. The company’s name was shortened to BP p.l.c. in 2001.{{as of|2018}}, BP had operations in nearly 80 countries, produced around {{convert|3.7|e6oilbbl/d}} of oil equivalent, and had total proven reserves of {{convert|19.945|e9oilbbl}} of oil equivalent. The company has around 18,700 service stations worldwide, which it operates under the BP brand (worldwide) and under the Amoco brand (in the U.S.) and the Aral brand (in Germany).WEB,www.bp.com/en/global/corporate/who-we-are/our-brands.html, Our brands, BP, 10 October 2022, Its largest division is BP America in the United States. BP is the fourth-largest investor-owned oil company in the world by 2021 revenues (after ExxonMobil, Shell, and TotalEnergies).WEB, Global 500,fortune.com/global500/2022/, 15 September 2022, Fortune (magazine), Fortune, en, BP had a market capitalisation of US$98.36 billion as of 2022, placing it 122nd in the world,WEB, Companies ranked by Market Cap – page 2,companiesmarketcap.com/page/2/, 15 September 2022, companiesmarketcap.com, en-us, WEB, BP Market Cap,ycharts.com/companies/BP/market_cap, 15 September 2022, ycharts.com, and its Fortune Global 500 rank was 35th in 2022 with revenues of US$164.2 billion.WEB, BP {{!, 2022 Global 500 |url=https://fortune.com/company/bp/global500/ |access-date=15 September 2022 |website=Fortune|language=en}} The company’s primary stock listing in on the London Stock Exchange, where it is a member of the FTSE 100 Index. From 1988 to 2015, BP was responsible for 1.53% of global industrial greenhouse gas emissions and has been directly involved in several major environmental and safety incidents. Among them were the 2005 Texas City refinery explosion, which caused the death of 15 workers and which resulted in a record-setting OSHA fine; Britain’s largest oil spill, the wreck of Torrey Canyon in 1967; and the 2006 Prudhoe Bay oil spill, the largest oil spill on Alaska’s North Slope, which resulted in a US$25 million civil penalty, the largest per-barrel penalty at that time for an oil spill. BP’s worst environmental catastrophe was the 2010 Deepwater Horizon oil spill, the largest accidental release of oil into marine waters in history, which leaked about {{convert|4.9|Moilbbl|MUSgal m3}} of oil, causing severe environmental, human health, and economic consequences and serious legal and public relations repercussions for BP, costing more than $4.5 billion in fines and penalties, and an additional $18.7 billion in Clean Water Act-related penalties and other claims, the largest criminal resolution in US history.NEWS,www.washingtontimes.com/news/2015/jul/2/gulf-states-reach-187b-settlement-with-bp-over-oil/, Gulf States Reach $18.7B Settlement With BP Over Oil Spill, McGill, Kevin, Associated Press, The Washington Times, 2 July 2015, 2 July 2015, Altogether, the oil spill cost the company more than $65 billion.{{TOC_limit|4}} History 1909 to 1954 {{Further|Anglo-Iranian Oil Company|Iraq Petroleum Company}}File:William Knox D’Arcy.jpg|thumb|upright|William Knox D’ArcyWilliam Knox D’Arcy(File:BP Motor Spirit, 1922.jpg|thumb|A BP Motor Spirit advertisement from 1922)In May 1908, a group of British geologists discovered a large amount of oil at Masjed Soleyman located in the Khuzestan Province in the southwest of Persia (Iran). It was the first commercially significant find of oil in the Middle East. William Knox D’Arcy, by contract with Ali-Qoli Khan Bakhtiari, obtained permission to explore for oil for the first time in the Middle East,BOOK, Historical Dictionary of the Petroleum Industry, Vassiliou, M. S, Lanham, MD: Scarecrow, 2009, an event which changed the history of the entire region. The oil discovery led to petrochemical industry development and also the establishment of industries that strongly depended on oil. On 14 April 1909, the Anglo-Persian Oil Company (APOC) was incorporated as a subsidiary of Burmah Oil Company. Some of the shares were sold to the public. The first chairman and minority shareholder of the company became Lord Strathcona.Immediately after establishing the company, the British government asked Percy Cox, British resident to Bushehr, to negotiate an agreement with Sheikh Khaz’al Ibn Jabir of Arabistan for APOC to obtain a site on Abadan Island for a refinery, depot, storage tanks, and other operations. The refinery was built and began operating in 1912. In 1914, the British government acquired a controlling interest (50.0025%) in the company, at the urging of Winston Churchill, the then First Lord of the Admiralty, and the British navy quickly switched from coal to oil for the majority of their war ships. APOC also signed a 30-year contract with the British Admiralty for supplying oil for the Royal Navy at the fixed price. In 1915, APOC established its shipping subsidiary the British Tanker Company and in 1916, it acquired the British Petroleum Company which was a marketing arm of the German Europäische Petroleum Union in Britain. In 1919, the company became a shale-oil producer by establishing a subsidiary named Scottish Oils which merged remaining Scottish oil-shale industries.After World War I, APOC started marketing its products in Continental Europe and acquired stakes in the local marketing companies in several European countries. Refineries were built in Llandarcy in Wales (the first refinery in the United Kingdom) and Grangemouth in Scotland. It also acquired the controlling stake in the Courchelettes refinery in France and formed, in conjunction with the Government of Australia, a partnership named Commonwealth Oil Refineries, which built the Australian’s first refinery in Laverton, Victoria. In 1923, Burmah employed Winston Churchill as a paid consultant to lobby the British government to allow APOC have exclusive rights to Persian oil resources, which were subsequently granted by the Iranian monarchy.APOC and the Armenian businessman Calouste Gulbenkian were the driving forces behind the creation of Turkish Petroleum Company (TPC) in 1912, to explore oil in Mesopotamia (now Iraq); and by 1914, APOC held 50% of TPC shares. In 1925, TPC received concession in the Mesopotamian oil resources from the Iraqi government under British mandate. TPC finally struck oil in Iraq on 14 October 1927. By 1928, the APOC’s shareholding in TPC, which by now was named Iraq Petroleum Company (IPC), was reduced to 23.75%; as the result of the changing geopolitics post Ottoman empire break-up, and the Red Line Agreement. Relations were generally cordial between the pro-west Hashemite Monarchy (1932–58) in Iraq and IPC, in spite of disputes centred on Iraq’s wish for greater involvement and more royalties. During the 1928–68 time period, IPC monopolised oil exploration inside the Red Line; excluding Saudi Arabia and Bahrain.In 1927, Burmah Oil and Royal Dutch Shell formed the joint marketing company Burmah-Shell. In 1928, APOC and Shell formed the Consolidated Petroleum Company for sale and marketing in Cyprus, South Africa and Ceylon, which in 1932 followed by a joint marketing company Shell-Mex and BP in the United Kingdom.Ferrier (1982), p. 463 In 1937, AIOC and Shell formed the Shell/D’Arcy Exploration Partners partnership to explore for oil in Nigeria. The partnership was equally owned but operated by Shell. It was later replaced by Shell-D’Arcy Petroleum Development Company and Shell-BP Petroleum Development Company (now Shell Petroleum Development Company).Bamberg (2000), pp. 109–110In 1934, APOC and Gulf Oil founded the Kuwait Oil Company as an equally owned partnership. The oil concession rights were awarded to the company on 23 December 1934 and the company started drilling operations in 1936. In 1935, Rezā Shāh requested the international community to refer to Persia as ‘Iran’, which was reflected in the name change of APOC to the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company (AIOC).In 1937, Iraq Petroleum Company, 23.75% owned by BP,WEB,history.state.gov/milestones/1921-1936/red-line, Milestones: 1921–1936 – Office of the Historian, history.state.gov, signed an oil concession agreement with the Sultan of Muscat that covers the entire region of the Sultanate, which was in fact limited to the coastal area of present-day Oman. After several years of failure to discover oil in the Sultanate’s region, IPC presumed that oil was more likely to be found in the interior region of Oman, which was part of the Imamate of Oman. IPC offered financial support to raise an armed force that would assist the Sultanate in occupying the interior region of Oman. Later, in 1954, the Sultan of Muscat, backed by the British government and the financial aid he received from IPC, started occupying regions within the interior of Oman, which led to the outbreak of Jebel Akhdar War that lasted for more than 5 years.BOOK,books.google.com/books?id=wkUhBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT43, Oman’s Insurgencies: The Sultanate’s Struggle for Supremacy, J. E., Peterson, 2013, Saqi, 978-0-86356-702-5, 43, In 1947, British Petroleum Chemicals was incorporated as a joint venture of AIOC and The Distillers Company. In 1956, the company was renamed British Hydrocarbon Chemicals.Bamberg (2000), pp. 350–352Following World War II, nationalistic sentiments were on the rise in the Middle East; most notable being Iranian nationalism, and Arab Nationalism. In Iran, the AIOC and the pro-western Iranian government led by Prime Minister Ali Razmara resisted nationalist calls to revise AIOC’s concession terms in Iran’s favour. In March 1951, Razmara was assassinated and Mohammed Mossadeq, a nationalist, was elected as the new prime minister by the Majlis of Iran (parliament). In April 1951, the Iranian government nationalised the Iranian oil industry by unanimous vote, and the National Iranian Oil Company (NIOC) was formed, displacing the AIOC. The AIOC withdrew its management from Iran, and Britain organised an effective worldwide embargo of Iranian oil. The British government, which owned the AIOC, contested the nationalisation at the International Court of Justice at The Hague, but its complaint was dismissed.Prime Minister Churchill asked President Eisenhower for help in overthrowing Mossadeq. The anti-Mossadeq plan was orchestrated under the code-name ‘Operation Ajax’ by CIA, and ‘Operation Boot’ by SIS (MI6). The CIA and the British helped stage a coup in August 1953, the 1953 Iranian coup d’état, which established pro-Western general Fazlollah Zahedi as the new PM, and greatly strengthened the political power of Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi. The AIOC was able to return to Iran.JOURNAL, CIA Admits It Was Behind Iran’s Coup, Malcolm, Bryne, 18 August 2013, Foreign Policy,foreignpolicy.com/2013/08/19/cia-admits-it-was-behind-irans-coup/, 1954 to 1979 (File:HY jaune et vert2.jpg|thumb|right|upright=0.9|A BP truck from 1967)In 1954, the AIOC became the British Petroleum Company. After the 1953 Iranian coup d’état, Iranian Oil Participants Ltd (IOP), a holding company, was founded in October 1954, in London to bring Iranian oil back to the international market. British Petroleum was a founding member of this company with 40% stake. IOP operated and managed oil facilities in Iran on behalf of NIOC. Similar to the Saudi-Aramco “50/50” agreement of 1950, the consortium agreed to share profits on a 50–50 basis with Iran, “but not to open its books to Iranian auditors or to allow Iranians onto its board of directors.“In 1953, British Petroleum entered the Canadian market through the purchase of a minority stake in Calgary-based Triad Oil Company, and expanded further to Alaska in 1959, resulting discovery of oil at Prudhoe Bay in 1969. In 1956, its subsidiary D’Arcy Exploration Co. (Africa) Ltd. has been granted four oil concessions in Libya. In 1962, Scottish Oils ceased oil-shale operations. In 1965, it was the first company to strike oil in the North Sea. In 1969, BP entered the United States by acquiring the East Coast refining and marketing assets of Sinclair Oil Corporation.Bamberg (2000), p. 273 The Canadian holding company of British Petroleum was renamed BP Canada in 1969; and in 1971, it acquired 97.8% stake of Supertest Petroleum.WEB,members.tripod.com/williams_j/supertesthistory.html, Supertest History, 13 September 2015, By the 1960s, British Petroleum had developed a reputation for taking on the riskiest ventures. It earned the company massive profits; it also earned them the worst safety record in the industry. In 1967, the giant oil tanker Torrey Canyon foundered off the English coast. Over {{convert|32|MUSgal|oilbbl m3}} of crude oil was spilled into the Atlantic and onto the beaches of Cornwall and Brittany, causing Britain’s worst-ever oil spill. The ship was owned by the Bahamas-based Barracuda Tanker Corporation and was flying the flag of Liberia, a well-known flag of convenience, but was being chartered by British Petroleum. The ship was bombed by RAF jet bombers in an effort to break up the ship and burn off the leaking oil, but this failed to destroy the oil slick.In 1967, BP acquired chemical and plastics assets of The Distillers Company which were merged with British Hydrocarbon Chemicals to form BP Chemicals.Bamberg (2000), pp. 385–389The company’s oil assets were nationalised in Libya in 1971, in Kuwait in 1975, and in Nigeria in 1979. In Iraq, IPC ceased its operations after it was nationalised by the Ba’athist Iraqi government in June 1972, although legally Iraq Petroleum Company still remains in existence but as a dormant company, and one of its associated companies —Abu Dhabi Petroleum Company (ADPC), formerly Petroleum Development (Trucial Coast) Ltd – also continues with the original shareholding intact.The intensified power struggle between oil companies and host governments in Middle East, along with the oil price shocks that followed the 1973 oil crisis meant British Petroleum lost most of its direct access to crude oil supplies produced in countries that belonged to the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), and prompted it to diversify its operations beyond the heavily Middle East dependent oil production. In 1976, BP and Shell de-merged their marketing operations in the United Kingdom by dividing Shell-Mex and BP. In 1978, the company acquired a controlling interest in Standard Oil of Ohio (Sohio).In Iran, British Petroleum continued to operate until the Islamic Revolution in 1979. The new regime of Ayatollah Khomeini nationalised all of the company’s assets in Iran without compensation: as a result, BP lost 40% of its global crude oil supplies.In 1970–1980s, BP diversified into coal, minerals and nutrition businesses which all were divested later. 1979 to 1997 The British government sold 80 million shares of BP at $7.58 in 1979, as part of Thatcher-era privatisation. This sale represented slightly more than 5% of BP’s total shares and reduced the government’s ownership of the company to 46%. On 19 October 1987, Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher authorised the sale of an additional GBP7.5 billion ($12.2 billion) of BP shares at 333 pence, representing the government’s remaining 31% stake in the company.NEWS, Steve, Lohr,www.nytimes.com/1987/10/30/business/bp-issue-to-proceed-safeguard-put-on-price.html, B.P. Issue to Proceed; Safeguard Put on Price, The New York Times, 30 October 1987, 13 April 2014, In November 1987, the Kuwait Investment Office purchased a 10.06% interest in BP, becoming the largest institutional shareholder. The following May, the KIO purchased additional shares, bringing their ownership to 21.6%. This raised concerns within BP that operations in the United States, BP’s primary country of operations, would suffer. In October 1988, the British Department of Trade and Industry required the KIO to reduce its shares to 9.6% within 12 months.Peter Walters was the company chairman from 1981 to 1990. During his period as chairman he reduced the company’s refining capacity in Europe. In 1982, the downstream assets of BP Canada were sold to Petro Canada. In 1984, Standard Oil of California was renamed the Chevron Corporation; it bought Gulf Oil—the largest merger in history at that time. To meet anti-trust regulations, Chevron divested many of Gulf’s operating subsidiaries, and sold some Gulf stations and a refinery in the eastern United States to British Petroleum and Cumberland Farms in 1985. In 1987, British Petroleum negotiated the acquisition of Britoil and the remaining publicly traded shares of Standard Oil of Ohio. At the same year it was listed on the Tokyo Stock Exchange where its share were traded until delisting in 2008.Walters was replaced by Robert Horton in 1990. Horton carried out a major corporate downsizing exercise, removing various tiers of management at the head office. In 1992, British Petroleum sold off its 57% stake in BP Canada (upstream operations), which was renamed as Talisman Energy. John Browne, who had joined BP in 1966 and rose through the ranks to join the board as managing director in 1991, was appointed group chief executive in 1995.In 1981, British Petroleum entered into the solar technology sector by acquiring 50% of Lucas Energy Systems, a company which became Lucas BP Solar Systems, and later BP Solar. The company was a manufacturer and installer of photovoltaic solar cells. It became wholly owned by British Petroleum in the mid-1980s.JOURNAL, BP and Lucas form solar company, Electronics and Power, March 1981, 10.1049/ep.1981.0091, 27, 204, British Petroleum entered the Russian market in 1990 and opened its first service station in Moscow in 1996.NEWS, Wilson, Tom, 24 March 2022, Oligarchs, power and profits: the history of BP in Russia, Financial Times,www.ft.com/content/e9238fa2-65a2-4753-a845-ce8129f93a0c, subscription, 25 March 2022, In 1997, it acquired a 10% stake for $571 million in the Russian oil company Sidanco, which later became a part of TNK-BP. Sidanco was run by Russian oligarch Vladimir Potanin who obtained Sidanco through the controversial loans-for-shares privatization scheme. In 2003, BP invested $8 billion into a joint venture with Russian oligarch Mikhail Fridman’s TNK.In 1992, the company entered the Azerbaijani market. In 1994, it signed the production sharing agreement for the Azeri–Chirag–Guneshli oil project and in 1995 for the Shah Deniz gas field development.WEB,www.bp.com/en_az/caspian/aboutus/history.html, BP in Azerbaijan. Our history, BP, 2 March 2018, 1998 to 2009 Under John Browne, British Petroleum acquired other oil companies, transforming BP into the third largest oil company in the world. British Petroleum merged with Amoco (formerly Standard Oil of Indiana) in December 1998, becoming BP Amoco plc. Most Amoco stations in the United States were converted to BP’s brand and corporate identity. In 2000, BP Amoco acquired Atlantic Richfield Co. (ARCO) and Burmah Castrol. Together with the acquisition of ARCO in 2000, BP became owner of a 33.5% stake in the Olympic Pipeline. Later that year, BP became an operator of the pipeline and increased its stake up to 62.5%.As part of the merger’s brand awareness, the company helped the Tate Modern gallery of British Art launch RePresenting Britain 1500–2000. In 2001, in response to negative press on British Petroleum’s poor safety standards, the company adopted a green sunburst logo and rebranded itself as BP (“Beyond Petroleum“) plc.(File:Steven Koonin BP 2005-02-22.jpg|thumb|right|Steven Koonin, BP’s Chief Scientist, speaking in the company boardroom in 2005 (top right of picture))In the beginning of the 2000s, BP became the leading partner (and later operator) of the Baku–Tbilisi–Ceyhan pipeline project which opened a new oil transportation route from the Caspian region. In 2002, BP acquired the majority of Veba Öl AG, a subsidiary of VEBA AG, and subsequently rebranded its existing stations in Germany to the Aral name. As part of the deal, BP acquired also the Veba Öl’s stake in Ruhr Öl joint venture. Ruhr Öl was dissolved in 2016.NEWS,www.ogj.com/articles/print/volume-115/issue-1c/general-interest/rosneft-bp-finalize-dissolution-of-german-refining-jv.html, Rosneft, BP finalize dissolution of German refining JV, 23 January 2017, Oil & Gas Journal, 25 February 2018, subscription, On 1 September 2003, BP and a group of Russian billionaires, known as AAR (Alfa–Access–Renova), announced the creation of a strategic partnership to jointly hold their oil assets in Russia and Ukraine. As a result, TNK-ВР was created.In 2004, BP’s olefins and derivatives business was moved into a separate entity which was sold to Ineos in 2005. In 2007, BP sold its corporate-owned convenience stores, typically known as “BP Connect”, to local franchisees and jobbers.On 23 March 2005, 15 workers were killed and more than 170 injured in the Texas City refinery explosion. To save money, major upgrades to the 1934 refinery had been postponed.NEWS,fortune.com/2011/01/24/bp-an-accident-waiting-to-happen/, BP: ‘An accident waiting to happen’, Fortune (magazine), Fortune, 24 January 2011, 13 April 2014, Browne pledged to prevent another catastrophe. Three months later, ‘Thunder Horse PDQ’, BP’s giant new production platform in the Gulf of Mexico, nearly sank during a hurricane. In their rush to finish the $1 billion platform, workers had installed a valve backwards, allowing the ballast tanks to flood. Inspections revealed other shoddy work. Repairs costing hundreds of millions would keep Thunder Horse out of commission for three years.Lord Browne resigned from BP on 1 May 2007. The head of exploration and production Tony Hayward became the new chief executive. In 2009, Hayward shifted emphasis from Lord Browne’s focus on alternative energy, announcing that safety would henceforth be the company’s “number one priority”.In 2007, BP formed with AB Sugar and DuPont a joint venture Vivergo Fuels which opened a bioethanol plant in Saltend near Hull, United Kingdom in December 2012.NEWS,www.reuters.com/article/uk-vivergo-biofuels/vivergo-uk-biorefinery-starts-operations-idUKBRE8B50J820121206, Vivergo UK biorefinery starts operations	first1 = Nigel, Reuters, 6 December 2012, 16 September 2017, Together with DuPont, BP formed a biobutanol joint venture Butamax by acquiring biobutan technology company Biobutanol LLC in 2009. NEWS,www.reuters.com/article/eu-bp-dupont-idUSBRQ00743220090708, EU clears BP, DuPont to take over biobutanol firm, Reuters, 8 July 2009, 16 September 2017, In 2009, BP obtained a production contract to develop the supergiant Rumaila field with joint venture partner CNPC. 2010 to 2020 File:Obama-hayward.jpg|thumb|right|President Barack Obama meeting with BP executives at the White House in June 2010 to discuss the oil spill in the Gulf of MexicoGulf of MexicoFile:BP Connect Kapiti, New Zealand.jpg|thumb|right|A modern BP filling station (built in 2015) in New ZealandNew ZealandFile:BP filling station, Pudsey Road (geograph 4680793).jpg|thumb|right|A modern BP filling station in Bramley, LeedsLeedsIn January 2010, Carl-Henric Svanberg became chairman of BP board of directors.NEWS,www.wsj.com/articles/bp-chairman-carl-henric-svanberg-to-retire-1508429234, BP Chairman Carl-Henric Svanberg to Retire, Kent, Sarah, The Wall Street Journal, 19 October 2017, 19 July 2019, On 20 April 2010, the Deepwater Horizon oil spill, a major industrial accident, happened. Consequently, Bob Dudley replaced Tony Hayward as the company’s CEO, serving from October 2010 to February 2020.NEWS,uk.reuters.com/article/uk-bp-dividend/new-bp-ceo-says-hopes-to-restore-dividend-in-2011-idUKTRE68T3WR20100930, New BP CEO says hopes to restore dividend in 2011, Young, Sarah, Falloon, Matt, Reuters, 30 September 2010, 30 January 2011, NEWS, BP Chief Executive Bob Dudley Is to Retire,www.nytimes.com/2019/10/04/business/bp-ceo-bob-dudley-bernard-looney.html, Reed, Stanley, The New York Times, 4 October 2019, 28 February 2020, BP announced a divestment program to sell about $38 billion worth of non-core assets to compensate its liabilities related to the accident.NEWS,www.nasdaq.com/article/bp-close-to-gom-assets-sale-analyst-blog-cm171508, BP Close to GoM Assets Sale – Analyst Blog, Zacks Equity Research, NASDAQ, 9 September 2012, 10 September 2012, In July 2010, BP sold its natural gas activities in Alberta and British Columbia, Canada, to Apache Corporation. NEWS,business.financialpost.com/commodities/energy/bp-back-in-growth-mode-eyes-oil-sands, BP back in growth mode, eyes oil sands, Financial Post	last1= Cattaneo, 30 July 2012, 19 September 2012, It sold its stake in the Petroperijá and Boquerón fields in Venezuela and in the Lan Tay and Lan Do fields, the Nam Con Son pipeline and terminal, and the Phu My 3 power plant in Vietnam to TNK-BP, forecourts and supply businesses in Namibia, Botswana, Zambia, Tanzania and Malawi to Puma Energy, NEWS,uk.reuters.com/article/bp-trafigura/update-3-bp-sells-southern-africa-fuel-retail-units-idUKLDE6AE0D020101115, BP sells Southern Africa fuel retail units, Reuters	last1= Bergin	last2 = Farge, 15 November 2010, 10 September 2012, the Wytch Farm onshore oilfield in Dorset and a package of North Sea gas assets to Perenco, NEWS,www.marketwatch.com/story/bp-sells-uk-gas-assets-to-perenco-for-400-million-2012-03-27, BP sells UK gas assets to Perenco for $399.253 million, MarketWatch	last = Flynn, 27 March 2012, 10 September 2012, natural-gas liquids business in Canada to Plains All American Pipeline LP, natural gas assets in Kansas to Linn Energy, NEWS,www.bizjournals.com/wichita/news/2012/02/28/bp-sell-kansas-natural-gas-assets-to.html, BP sell Kansas natural gas assets to Linn Energy for $1.2 billion, Wichita Business Journal	last1 = McCoy, 28 February 2012, 10 September 2012, Carson Refinery in Southern California and its ARCO retail network to Tesoro, Sunray and Hemphill gas processing plants in Texas, together with their associated gas gathering system, to Eagle Rock Energy Partners, NEWS,www.ft.com/content/fe474230-01a3-11e2-8aaa-00144feabdc0, BP in talks to sell Texas City refinery, Financial Times	last1 = Chazan	last2 = Sakoui, 18 September 2012, 21 September 2012, registration, PRESS RELEASE, BP Agrees to Sell Carson Refinery and ARCO Retail Network in US Southwest to Tesoro for $2.5 Billion,www.bp.com/genericarticle.do?categoryId=2012968&contentId=7076807, BP, 13 August 2012, 17 August 2012,www.bp.com/genericarticle.do?categoryId=2012968&contentId=7076807," title="web.archive.org/web/20120815055325www.bp.com/genericarticle.do?categoryId=2012968&contentId=7076807,">web.archive.org/web/20120815055325www.bp.com/genericarticle.do?categoryId=2012968&contentId=7076807, 15 August 2012, PRESS RELEASE,www.bp.com/genericarticle.do?categoryId=2012968&contentId=7076777, BP To Sell Texas Midstream Gas Assets, BP, 10 August 2012, 10 September 2012,www.bp.com/genericarticle.do?categoryId=2012968&contentId=7076777," title="web.archive.org/web/20120815022054www.bp.com/genericarticle.do?categoryId=2012968&contentId=7076777,">web.archive.org/web/20120815022054www.bp.com/genericarticle.do?categoryId=2012968&contentId=7076777, 15 August 2012, the Texas City Refinery and associated assets to Marathon Petroleum,NEWS,uk.reuters.com/article/us-marathon-bp/marathon-to-buy-bp-texas-city-refinery-for-up-to-2-5-billion-idUSBRE8970KG20121008, Marathon to buy BP Texas City refinery for up to $2.5 billion, Reuters	last1= Hays, 8 October 2012, 22 October 2012, NEWS,www.bizjournals.com/houston/news/2013/02/01/bp-completes-texas-city-refinery-sale.html, BP completes Texas City refinery sale to Marathon Petroleum, Houston Business Journal	last1= Pulsinelli, 1 February 2013, 1 February 2013, the Gulf of Mexico located Marlin, Dorado, King, Horn Mountain, and Holstein fields as also its stake in non-operated Diana Hoover and Ram Powell fields to Plains Exploration & Production,NEWS,www.wsj.com/articles/SB10000872396390444554704577643112090398808, BP in Deal to Sell Some Gulf Fields, The Wall Street Journal	last1 = Das	last2 = Dezember	last3 = Flynn, 9 September 2012, 10 September 2012, subscription, non-operating stake in the Draugen oil field to Norske Shell, NEWS,www.reuters.com/article/bp-brief/brief-bp-to-sell-interest-in-draugen-field-to-shell-for-240-mln-idUSWLA324220120913, BP to sell interest in Draugen field to Shell for $240 mln, Reuters, 13 September 2012, 22 October 2012, and the UK’s liquefied petroleum gas distribution business to DCC. NEWS,uk.reuters.com/article/bp-dcc/update-1-bp-sells-uk-lpg-distribution-business-to-dcc-idINL6E8J83R020120808, BP sells UK LPG distribution business to DCC, Reuters, 8 August 2012, 16 September 2017, In November 2012, the U.S. Government temporarily banned BP from bidding any new federal contracts. The ban was conditionally lifted in March 2014.NEWS,www.nytimes.com/2014/03/14/business/energy-environment/epa-to-lift-suspension-of-oil-leases-for-bp.html, U.S. Agrees to Allow BP Back into Gulf Waters to Seek Oil, The New York Times, 14 March 2014, 14 March 2014, Krauss, Clifford, In February 2011, BP formed a partnership with Reliance Industries, taking a 30% stake in a new Indian joint-venture for an initial payment of $7.2 billion.NEWS,nypost.com/2011/02/21/bp-announces-7-2b-partnership-with-indias-reliance/, New York Post, BP announces $7.2B partnership with India’s Reliance, 21 February 2011, 9 September 2012, In September 2012, BP sold its subsidiary BP Chemicals (Malaysia) Sdn. Bhd., an operator of the Kuantan purified terephthalic acid (PTA) plant in Malaysia, to Reliance Industries for $230 million.NEWS,www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/Reliance-Global-to-buy-BP%E2%80%99s-Malaysian-petrochem-unit-for-230-mn/article20506813.ece, Reliance Global to buy BP’s Malaysian petrochem unit for $230 mn, Business Line, 29 September 2012, 22 October 2012, In October 2012, BP sold its stake in TNK-BP to Rosneft for $12.3 billion in cash and 18.5% of Rosneft’s stock.JOURNAL, Overland, Indra, Godzimirski, Jakub, Lunden, Lars Petter, Fjaertoft, Daniel, 2013, Rosneft’s offshore partnerships: the re-opening of the Russian petroleum frontier?,www.researchgate.net/publication/259431566, Polar Record, en, 49, 2, 140–153, 10.1017/S0032247412000137, 0032-2474, free, 2013PoRec..49..140O, 11250/2442558, free, NEWS,uk.reuters.com/article/bp-rosneft/update-5-russias-rosneft-beefs-up-with-tnk-bp-purchase-idUSL5E8LM23U20121022, Rosneft beefs up with TNK-BP purchase, Reuters	last1= Korsunskaya	last2 = Callus, 22 October 2012, 22 October 2012, The deal was completed on 21 March 2013. NEWS ,uk.reuters.com/article/uk-rosneft-tnkbp-deal/rosneft-pays-out-in-historic-tnk-bp-deal-completion-idUKBRE92K0IX20130322 , Rosneft pays out in historic TNK-BP deal completion , Reuters , Vladimir, Soldatkin , Andrew, Callus , 22 March 2013, 25 March 2013, In 2012, BP acquired an acreage in the Utica Shale but these developments plans were cancelled in 2014. In 2011–2015, BP cut down its alternative energy business. The company announced its departure from the solar energy market in December 2011 by closing its solar power business, BP Solar.NEWS, Reuters, BP turns out lights at solar business,uk.reuters.com/article/us-bp-solar/bp-turns-out-lights-at-solar-business-idUSTRE7BK1CC20111221, Tom, Bergin, Sarah, Young, 21 December 2011, 21 December 2011, In 2012, BP shut down the BP Biofuels Highlands project which was developed since 2008 to make cellulosic ethanol from emerging energy crops like switchgrass and from biomass.NEWS, Sunshine State News, BP Changes Ethanol Plans in Florida,www.sunshinestatenews.com/story/bp-changes-ethanol-plans-florida, Michael, Peltier, 26 October 2012, 3 November 2012, NEWS,www.biofuelsdigest.com/bdigest/2012/10/26/the-october-surprise-bp-cancels-plans-for-us-cellulosic-ethanol-plant/, The October Surprise: BP Cancels Plans for US Cellulosic Ethanol Plant	first1 = Jim, Biofuels Digest, 26 October 2012, 17 September 2017, In 2015, BP decided to exit from other lignocellulosic ethanol businesses. NEWS,www.biofuelsdigest.com/bdigest/2015/01/18/bps-exit-from-cellulosic-ethanol-the-assets-the-auction-the-process-the-timing-the-skinny/, BP’s exit from cellulosic ethanol: the assets, the auction, the process, the timing, the skinny	first1 = Jim, Biofuels Digest, 18 January 2015, 16 September 2017, It sold its stake in Vivergo to Associated British Foods. NEWS,www.fwi.co.uk/business/bp-sells-vivergo-fuels-stake-abf.htm, BP sells its Vivergo Fuels stake to ABF	first1 = Suzie, Farmers Weekly, 8 May 2015, 16 September 2017, BP and DuPont also mothballed their joint biobutanol pilot plant in Saltend. NEWS,www.biofuelsdigest.com/bdigest/2015/12/17/bp-and-dupont-to-mothball-uk-biobutanol-rd-facility-by-mid-2016/, BP and Dupont to mothball UK biobutanol R&D facility by mid-2016	first1 = Meghan, Biofuels Digest, 17 December 2015, 16 September 2017, In June 2014, BP agreed to a deal worth around $20 billion to supply CNOOC with liquefied natural gas. In 2014, Statoil Fuel & Retail sold its aviation fuel business to BP. To ensure the approval of competition authorities, BP agreed to sell the former Statoil aviation fuel businesses in Copenhagen, Stockholm, Gothenburg and Malmö airports to World Fuel Services in 2015.In 2016, BP sold its Decatur, Alabama, plant to Indorama Ventures, of Thailand.NEWS, BP sells Alabama petrochemical complex to Thai company, Blum, Jordan,fuelfix.com/blog/2016/01/06/bp-sells-alabama-petrochemical-complex-to-thai-company/, Fuel Fix, 6 January 2016, 26 April 2016, 29 January 2021,web.archive.org/web/20210129055105/https://www.houstonchronicle.com/business/fuelfix/blog/2016/01/06/bp-sells-alabama-petrochemical-complex-to-thai-company/, dead, At the same year, its Norwegian daughter company BP Norge merged with Det Norske Oljeselskap to form Aker BP.NEWS ,www.rigzone.com/news/oil_gas/a/146868/det_norske_completes_merger_with_bp_norge_creates_aker_bp , Det Norske Completes Merger with BP Norge, Creates Aker BP , Rigzone , 30 September 2016, 10 June 2017, In April 2017, the company reached an agreement to sell its Forties pipeline system in the North Sea to Ineos for $250 million. The sale included terminals at Dalmeny and Kinneil, a site in Aberdeen, and the Forties Unity Platform.NEWS, BP sells Forties North Sea pipeline to Ineos,www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-scotland-business-39476674, 3 April 2017, BBC News, 3 April 2017, In 2017, the company floated its subsidiary BP Midstream Partners LP, a pipeline operator in the United States, at the New York Stock Exchange. In Argentina, BP and Bridas Corporation agreed to merge their interests in Pan American Energy and Axion Energy to form a jointly owned Pan American Energy Group.NEWS,uk.reuters.com/article/uk-bp-bridas-m-a/bp-in-south-american-venture-with-argentinas-bridas-idUKKCN1BM1F7, BP in South American venture with Argentina’s Bridas, Reuters, 11 September 2017, 26 December 2017, In 2017, BP invested $200 million to acquire a 43% stake in the solar energy developer Lightsource Renewable Energy, a company which was renamed Lightsource BP. In March 2017, the company acquired Clean Energy’s biomethane business and assets, including its production sites and existing supply contracts. In April 2017, its subsidiary Butamax bought an isobutanol production company Nesika Energy.In 2018, the company purchased BHP’s shale assets in Texas and Louisiana, including Petrohawk Energy, for $10.5 billion, which were integrated with its subsidiary BPX Energy. Also in 2018, BP bought a 16.5% interest in the Clair field in the UK from ConocoPhillips, increasing its share to 45.1%. BP paid £1.3 billion and gave to ConocoPhillips its 39.2% non-operated stake in the Kuparuk River Oil Field and satellite oil fields in Alaska. In December 2018, BP sold its wind assets in Texas.In 2018, BP acquired Chargemaster, which operated the UK’s largest electric vehicle charging network. In 2019, BP and Didi Chuxing formed a joint venture to build out electric vehicle charging infrastructure in China. In September 2020, BP announced it will build out a rapid charging network in London for Uber.In January 2019, BP discovered {{convert|1|Goilbbl}} oil at its Thunder Horse location in the Gulf of Mexico. The company also announced plans to spend $1.3 billion on a third phase of its Atlantis field near New Orleans.WEB,www.cnbc.com/2019/01/08/bp-just-discovered-a-billion-barrels-of-oil-in-gulf-of-mexico.html, BP just discovered a billion barrels of oil in Gulf of Mexico, DiChristopher, Tom, 8 January 2019, www.cnbc.com, 8 January 2019, 2020 to present Helge Lund succeeded Carl-Henric Svanberg on 1 January 2019 as chairman of BP Plc board of directors,PRESS RELEASE,www.bp.com/en/global/corporate/news-and-insights/press-releases/helge-lund-to-suceed-carl-henric-svanberg-as-chairman.html, Helge Lund to succeed Carl-Henric Svanberg as BP chairman, BP, 28 April 2018, 21 March 2019, and Bernard Looney succeeded Bob Dudley on 5 February 2020 as chief executive.NEWS, New BP boss Bernard Looney pledges net-zero emissions by 2050, Financial Times,www.ft.com/content/e1ee8ab4-4d89-11ea-95a0-43d18ec715f5, Raval, Anjli, 12 February 2020, 12 February 2020, Amidst the COVID-19 pandemic, BP claimed that it would “accelerate the transition to a lower carbon economy and energy system” after announcing that the company had to write down $17.5 billion for the second quarter of 2020.WEB,www.barrons.com/articles/bp-takes-up-to-17-5-billion-writedown-and-lowers-30-year-oil-price-forecast-heres-what-it-means-51592235645, BP Takes Up To $17.5 Billion Writedown and Lowers 30-Year Oil Price Forecast. Here’s What It Means, Callum, Keown, www.barrons.com, On 29 June 2020, BP sold its petrochemicals unit to Ineos for $5 billion. The business was focused on aromatics and acetyls. It had interests in 14 plants in Asia, Europe and the U.S., and achieved production of 9.7 million metric tons in 2019.NEWS, BP sells petrochemicals unit to INEOS for $5B,www.marketwatch.com/story/bp-sells-petrochemicals-unit-to-ineos-for-5b-2020-06-29, 29 June 2020, On 30 June 2020, BP sold all its Alaska upstream operations and interests, including interests in Prudhoe Bay Oil Field, to Hilcorp for $5.6 billion. On 14 December 2020, it sold its 49% stake in the Trans-Alaska Pipeline System to Harvest Alaska.File:A_modern_BP_gas_station_or_filling_station_in_the_United_States_05.jpg|thumb|Modern BP gas pumps in North CarolinaNorth CarolinaIn September 2020, BP formed a partnership with Equinor to develop offshore wind and announced it will acquire 50% non-operating stake in the Empire Wind off New York and Beacon Wind off Massachusetts offshore wind farms. The deal is expected to be completed at the first half of 2021. In December 2020, BP acquired a majority stake in Finite Carbon, the largest forest carbon offsets developer in the United States.In response to the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, BP announced that it would sell its 19.75% stake in Rosneft, although no timeline was announced.NEWS,www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-60548382, BP to offload stake in Rosneft amid Ukraine conflict, BBC News, 27 February 2022, 27 February 2022, At the time of BP’s decision, Rosneft’s activities accounted for around half of BP’s oil and gas reserves and a third of its production.NEWS, Bousso, Ron, Zhdannikov, Dmitry, 27 February 2022, BP retreats from Russia’s Rosneft at cost of $25 bln over Ukraine invasion, en, Reuters,www.reuters.com/business/energy/britains-bp-says-exit-stake-russian-oil-giant-rosneft-2022-02-27/, 27 February 2022, BP’s decision came after the British government expressed concern about BP’s involvement in Russia.NEWS, Strasburg, Max Colchester and Jenny, 25 February 2022, BP Faces Pressure From U.K. Government Over Stake in Russia’s Rosneft, en-US, The Wall Street Journal,www.wsj.com/articles/bp-faces-pressure-from-u-k-government-over-stake-in-russias-rosneft-11645817245, 27 February 2022, 0099-9660, WEB, 25 February 2022, BP’s ties to Russia draw UK government ‘concern’,www.theguardian.com/business/2022/feb/25/bps-ties-to-russia-draw-uk-government-concern, 27 February 2022, The Guardian, en, However, BP remained a Rosneft shareholder throughout the whole 2022 year, which caused some criticism from the Ukrainian president’s office.NEWS,www.bbc.com/news/63821028, BP ‘stands to receive blood money’ from Ukraine war, 2 December 2022, BBC News, 2 December 2022, In October 2022, BP announced that it would be acquiring Archaea Energy Inc., a renewable natural gas producer, for $4.1 billion.NEWS, Bousso, Ron, Soni, Ruhi, 17 October 2022, BP to buy U.S. biogas producer Archaea for $4.1 bln, en, Reuters,www.reuters.com/markets/deals/archaea-energy-be-bought-by-bp-41-bln-including-debt-2022-10-17/, 17 October 2022, In December 2022, it was announced BP had completed the acquisition of Archaea Energy Inc. for $3.3 billion.WEB, TOP NEWS: BP completes USD3.3 billion acquisition of Archaea Energy {{!, Financial News |url=https://www.lse.co.uk/news/top-news-bp-completes-usd33-billion-acquisition-of-archaea-energy-mbfybrzhf006ql2.html |access-date=29 December 2022 |website=www.lse.co.uk |language=en}} In November 2022, the company announced a large increase in profit for the period from July to September due to the high fuel prices caused by the Russian invasion of Ukraine.NEWS,www.bbc.com/news/business-63468313, BP sees huge profit due to high oil and gas prices, November 2022, BBC News, 1 November 2022, In February 2023, BP reported record annual profits, on a replacement cost basis, for the year 2022. On that basis, 2022 profits were more than double than in 2021, and they were also the biggest profits in the whole 114-year long history of BP.NEWS,www.bbc.com/news/business-64544110, BP sees biggest profit in 114-year history after oil and gas prices soar, 7 February 2023, BBC News, 7 February 2023, After 10 years of force majeure, BP, Eni and Sonatrach resumed exploration in their blocks in the Ghadames Basin (A-B) and offshore Block C in August 2023, continuing their contract obligations.WEB, BP, Sonatrach and ENI resume operations in Libya,www.theafricareport.com/317982/bp-sonatrach-and-eni-resume-operations-in-libya/, 2023-10-24, The Africa Report.com, en, NEWS, 2023-08-03, Libya’s NOC says ENI, BP, Sonatarch to lift force majeure and resume activities, en, Reuters,www.reuters.com/business/energy/libyas-noc-says-eni-bp-sonatarch-lift-force-majeure-resume-activities-2023-08-03/, 2023-10-24, BP increased its dividend by 10% year-on-year in early 2024 and accelerated share buybacks. It has already announced $1.75 billion before reporting first quarter results and intends to announce a $3.5 billion share buyback in the first half of the year.WEB, en,www.cnbc.com/2024/02/06/bp-earnings-q4-and-fy-2023.html, Oil major BP accelerates pace of share buybacks even as full-year profit slides over 50%, CNBC, 6 February 2024, 2024-02-08, 2024-02-06,web.archive.org/web/20240206073645/https://www.cnbc.com/2024/02/06/bp-earnings-q4-and-fy-2023.html, Murray Auchincloss became CEO in January 2024.NEWS,www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/cw0zj77e145o, New BP boss gets £8m pay packet in 2023, BBC News, 8 March 2024, 15 April 2024, Logo evolution File:Bp logo1920.png|1920File:Bp logo1930.png|1930File:Bp logo1947.png|1947File:Bp logo1961.png|1961File:Bp logo89.svg|1989File:BP Helios logo.svg|2001 Operations File:BP North Sea Headquarters - geograph.org.uk - 937691.jpg|thumb|BP North SeaNorth Sea{{As of|2018|12|31}}, BP had operations in 78 countries worldwide with the global headquarters in London, United Kingdom. BP operations are organized into three business segments, Upstream, Downstream, and renewables.Since 1951, BP has annually published its Statistical Review of World Energy, which is considered an energy industry benchmark. Operations by location United Kingdom File:Hedon Clough and the BP Chemicals site at Saltend - geograph.org.uk - 145508.jpg|thumb|The BP chemicals plant in Saltend near Hull, United Kingdom]]BP has a major corporate campus in Sunbury-on-Thames which is home to around 3,500 employees and over 50 business units.WEB,www.bp.com/en_gb/united-kingdom/where-we-operate/sunbury.html, ICBT Sunbury, BP, 9 August 2017, Its North Sea operations are headquartered in Aberdeen, Scotland. BP’s trading functions are based at 20 Canada Square in Canary Wharf, London. BP has three major research and development centres in the UK.As of 2020, and following the sale of its Andrew and Shearwater interests, BP’s operations were focussed in the Clair, Quad 204 and ETAP hubs.WEB,www.worldoil.com/news/2020/1/7/bp-reshapes-its-uk-north-sea-portfolio-with-625-million-asset-sale, BP reshapes its UK North Sea portfolio with $625 million asset sale, 1 July 2020, World Oil, 27 December 2020, In 2011, the company announced that it is focusing its investment in the UK North Sea into four development projects including the Clair, Devenick, Schiehallion and Loyal, and Kinnoull oilfields.NEWS, BP cleared to develop £4.5bn North Sea oilfield,www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/energy/oilandgas/8824186/BP-cleared-to-develop-4.5bn-North-Sea-oilfield.html,ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/energy/oilandgas/8824186/BP-cleared-to-develop-4.5bn-North-Sea-oilfield.html, 11 January 2022, live, The Daily Telegraph, The Telegraph, 13 October 2011, 17 September 2017, subscription, {{cbignore}} BP is the operator of the Clair oilfield, which has been appraised as the largest hydrocarbon resource in the UK.NEWS, BP to pump £4.5bn into North Sea projects, Tom Bawden,www.independent.co.uk/environment/green-living/bp-to-pump-45bn-into-north-sea-projects-2370250.html, The Independent, 14 October 2011, 10 July 2012, London, There are 1,200 BP service stations in the UK. Since 2018 BP operates the UK’s largest electric vehicle charging network through its subsidiary BP Pulse (formerly Chargemaster).In February 2020, BP announced a Joint Venture with EnBW to develop and operate 3GW off Offshore Wind capacity in the Crown Estate Leasing Round 4.NEWS, Twidale, Susanna, 8 February 2021, RWE, Total, BP among winners in UK offshore wind farm auction, en, Reuters,www.reuters.com/article/us-britain-windpower-auction-idINKBN2A80RN, 18 February 2021, This is BP’s first move into Britain’s Offshore wind market, however, BP currently provides a range of services to the Offshore Wind sector in the UK through its subsidiary ONYX InSight who provide a range of Predictive Maintenance and Engineering Consultancy services to the sector.NEWS, 23 January 2020, BP’s unicorn seeker not afraid to back the occasional wrong horse - News for the Oil and Gas Sector, en-US, Energy Voice,www.energyvoice.com/renewables-energy-transition/219707/bps-unicorn-seeker-not-afraid-to-back-the-occasional-wrong-horse/, 18 February 2021, In February 2022, BP announced it acquired a 30% stake in the London-based company, Green Biofuels Ltd, a producer of renewable hydrogenated vegetable oil fuels that can be used as a direct replacement for diesel.WEB, BP acquires 30% stake in UK producer of hydrogenated vegetable oil,www.autocar.co.uk/car-news/business-environment-and-energy/bp-acquires-30-stake-uk-producer-hydrogenated-vegetable-oil, 3 February 2022, Autocar, en, United States File:BPAmericasHQ.JPG|thumb|The headquarters of BP America in Westlake Park, HoustonHoustonFile:Thunder Horse Semisub.jpg|thumb|The Thunder Horse PDQ semi-submersible oil platform in the Thunder Horse Oil FieldThunder Horse Oil FieldThe United States operations comprise nearly one-third of BP’s operations.NEWS, BP Plc.,www.nytimes.com/topic/company/bp-plc, The New York Times, 2 May 2012, 7 June 2012, Emma G., Fitzsimmons, BP employs approximately 14,000 people in the United States. In 2018, BP’s total production in the United States included {{convert|385000|oilbbl/d}} of oil and {{convert|1.9|e9cuft/d|abbr=off}} of natural gas, and its refinery throughput was {{convert|703000|oilbbl/d}}.BP’s major subsidiary in the United States is BP America, Inc. (formerly: Standard Oil Company (Ohio) and Sohio) based in Houston, Texas. BP Exploration & Production Inc., a 1996 established Houston-based subsidiary, is dealing with oil exploration and production. BP Corporation North America, Inc., provides petroleum refining services as also transportation fuel, heat and light energy. BP Products North America, Inc., a 1954 established Houston-based subsidiary, is engaged in the exploration, development, production, refining, and marketing of oil and natural gas. BP America Production Company, a New Mexico-based subsidiary, engages in oil and gas exploration and development. BP Energy Company, a Houston-based subsidiary, is a provider of natural gas, power, and risk management services to the industrial and utility sectors and a retail electric provider in Texas.BP’s upstream activities in the Lower 48 states are conducted through Denver-based BPX Energy. It has a {{convert|7.5|Goilbbl|abbr=off}} resource base on {{convert|5.7|e6acre}}.NEWS, BP’s US Lower 48 unit buys Devon’s New Mexico assets,www.ogj.com/articles/2015/12/bp-s-lower-48-unit-buys-devon-s-new-mexico-assets.html, Oil & Gas Journal, 18 December 2015, 5 April 2016, It has shale positions in the Woodford, Oklahoma, Haynesville, Texas, and Eagle Ford, Texas shales. It has unconventional gas (shale gas or tight gas) stakes also in Colorado, New Mexico and Wyoming, primarily in the San Juan Basin.{{As of|2019}}, BP produced about {{convert|300000|oilbbl/d}} of oil equivalent in the Gulf of Mexico.NEWS, BP to boost Gulf of Mexico spending as shale-focused rivals pull back, Resnick-Ault, Jessica,www.reuters.com/article/us-bp-oil-gulfmexico/bp-to-boost-gulf-of-mexico-spending-as-shale-focused-rivals-pull-back-idUSKCN1SC12F, Reuters, 6 May 2019, 3 July 2019, BP operates the Atlantis, Mad Dog, Na Kika, and Thunder Horse production platforms while holding interest in hubs operated by other companies.NEWS, BP starts up new $1bn Gulf of Mexico project almost one year early, Ambrose, Jillian,www.telegraph.co.uk/business/2017/01/23/bp-starts-new-1bn-gulf-mexico-project-almost-one-year-early/,ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/business/2017/01/23/bp-starts-new-1bn-gulf-mexico-project-almost-one-year-early/, 11 January 2022, live, The Daily Telegraph, 23 January 2017, 25 May 2018, subscription, {{cbignore}}WEB,www.bp.com/en_us/bp-us/what-we-do/exploration-and-production/deepwater-gulf-of-mexico.html, Gulf of Mexico, BP, 25 May 2018, In April 2023, BP launched a new oil rig, the Argos, in the Gulf.NEWS, Drane, Amanda, BP’s Argos platform begins producing oil in the Gulf of Mexico,www.houstonchronicle.com/business/energy/article/bp-gulf-offshore-argos-platform-oil-production-17894070.php, 7 June 2023, Houston Chronicle, 13 April 2023, BP operates Whiting Refinery in IndianaWEB,www.bp.com/en_us/bp-us/what-we-do/refining.html, United States: Refining, BP, 17 September 2017, and Cherry Point Refinery in Washington. It formerly co-owned and operated a refinery in Toledo, Ohio, with Husky Energy, but sold its stake in the refinery in February 2023 to Cenovus Energy.NEWS, Skebba, Jay, BP sells remaining 50% stake in Toledo refinery to Cenovus for $300M,www.wtol.com/article/money/business/bp-sells-remaining-50-stake-toledo-refinery-to-cenovus/512-b099f0d5-8797-4430-b4a9-f7a776eada5e, 7 June 2023, WTOL, 8 August 2022, NEWS, Krishna, Rithika, Cenovus to buy remaining 50% stake in Toledo refinery from BP,www.reuters.com/business/energy/cenovus-buy-remaining-50-stake-toledo-refinery-bp-2022-08-08/, 7 June 2023, Reuters, 8 August 2022, en, NEWS, Company acquires full ownership of former bp-Husky Toledo Refinery,www.13abc.com/2023/02/28/company-acquires-full-ownership-bp-husky-toledo-refinery/, 7 June 2023, WTVG, 28 February 2023, en, BP operates nine onshore wind farms in six states, and held an interest in another in Hawaii with a net generating capacity of 1,679 MW.WEB, Wind energy,www.bp.com/en_us/united-states/home/who-we-are/what-we-do/wind-energy.html, BP, 13 July 2019, These wind farms include the Cedar Creek 2, Titan 1, Goshen North, Flat Ridge 1 and 2, Mehoopany, Fowler Ridge 1, 2 and 3 and Auwahi wind farms.WEB, Wind Energy sites,www.bp.com/en_us/united-states/home/where-we-operate/wind-energy-sites.html, BP, 21 July 2019, It is also in process to acquire 50% non-operating stake in the Empire Wind off New York and Beacon Wind off Massachusetts offshore wind farms. Other locations In Egypt, BP produces approximately 15% of the country’s total oil production and 40% of its domestic gas.NEWS, BP Starts Nile Delta Seth field gas production, Alan, Petzet,www.ogj.com/articles/2012/06/bp-starts-nile-delta-seth-field-gas-production.html, Oil & Gas Journal, Pennwell Corporation, 28 June 2012, 9 October 2012, The company also has offshore gas developments in the East Nile Delta Mediterranean, and in the West Nile Delta,NEWS, BP’s Seth Yields Gas Before Plan,finance.yahoo.com/news/bps-seth-yields-gas-plan-171529513.html, Zacks Equity Research, 29 June 2012, 1 October 2012, where the company has a joint investment of US$9 billion with Wintershall Dea to develop North Alexandria and West Mediterranean concessions offshore gas fields.NEWS, RWE, BP to Jointly Invest $9B in Offshore Egypt Blocks, Jan, Hromadko,www.rigzone.com/news/oil_gas/a/96222/rwe_bp_to_jointly_invest_9b_in_offshore_egypt_blocks/, Rigzone, 19 July 2010, 10 October 2012, PRESS RELEASE, BP Signs Agreement with the Egyptian Ministry of Petroleum and the Egyptian General Petroleum Corporation to Amend the North Alexandria and West Mediterranean Deepwater Concessions,www.bp.com/en/global/corporate/media/press-releases/bp-signs-agreement-with-egyptian-ministry.html, BP, 19 July 2010, 10 October 2012, BP is active in offshore oil development in Angola, where it holds an interest in a total of nine oil exploration and production blocks covering more than {{convert|30000|km2}}. This includes four blocks it acquired in December 2011 and an additional block that is operated by Brazilian national oil company, Petrobras, in which it holds a 40% stake.PRESS RELEASE, BP Grows Deepwater Exploration Portfolio with Major Win of Angola Acreage,www.bp.com/en/global/corporate/media/press-releases/bp-grows-deepwater-exploration-portfolio-with-major-win-of-angola-acreage.html, BP, 20 December 2011, 1 October 2012, BP has a stake in exploration of two blocks of offshore deepwater assets in the South China Sea.NEWS, BP gets OK for deepwater gas exploration,www.china.org.cn/business/2012-02/15/content_24640409.htm, China.org.cn, 15 February 2012, 21 June 2012, NEWS, BP hopes to drill new S.China Sea gas block this yr, Wan Xu, Wills, Ken,uk.reuters.com/article/bp-gas-china/bp-hopes-to-drill-new-s-china-sea-gas-block-this-yr-idUSL4E8DF2E320120215, Reuters, 15 February 2012, 30 July 2012, In India, BP owns a 30% share of oil and gas assets operated by Reliance Industries, including exploration and production rights in more than 20 offshore oil and gas blocks, representing an investment of more than US$7 billion into oil and gas exploration in the country.NEWS, BP to Make Big India Investment, Amol, Sharma, Marietta, Cauchi,www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748704476604576157930214553312, The Wall Street Journal, 21 February 2011, 21 June 2012, BP has major liquefied natural gas activities in Indonesia, where it operates the Tangguh LNG project, which began production in 2009 and has a capacity of 7.6 million tonnes of liquid natural gas per year.NEWS, Indonesia’s Tangguh LNG Project Begins Commissioning, Tom, Grieder,w3.nexis.com/new/docview/getDocForCuiReq?lni=4VHY-CTH0-TX4S-W0NW&csi=250053&oc=00240&perma=true, Global Insight, 3 February 2009, 30 July 2012, subscription, dead,w3.nexis.com/new/docview/getDocForCuiReq?lni=4VHY-CTH0-TX4S-W0NW&csi=250053&oc=00240&perma=true," title="web.archive.org/web/20140222045322w3.nexis.com/new/docview/getDocForCuiReq?lni=4VHY-CTH0-TX4S-W0NW&csi=250053&oc=00240&perma=true,">web.archive.org/web/20140222045322w3.nexis.com/new/docview/getDocForCuiReq?lni=4VHY-CTH0-TX4S-W0NW&csi=250053&oc=00240&perma=true, 22 February 2014, Also in that country, the company has invested in the exploration and development of coalbed methane.BP operates in Iraq as part of the joint venture Rumaila Operating Organization in the Rumaila oil field, the world’s fourth largest oilfield, where it produced over {{convert|1|Moilbbl/d}} of oil equivalent in 2011.NEWS, Iraq signs deal with BP, CNPC for Rumaila field,www.reuters.com/article/idINIndia-43021420091008, Reuters, 8 October 2009, 1 October 2012, NEWS, BP reaches production milestone in Iraq,www.upi.com/Business_News/Energy-Industry/2011/01/12/BP-reaches-production-milestone-in-Iraq/UPI-97321294840756/, United Press International, UPI, 12 January 2011, 21 June 2012, A BBC investigation found in 2022 that waste-gas was being burned as close as 350 meters from people’s homes. A leaked report from Ministry of Health (Iraq) blamed air pollution for 20% rise in cancer in Basra between 2015 and 2018.BP in oil field where ‘cancer is rife’, by Jess Kelly, Owen Pinnell & Esme Stallard, 30 September, BBC The Iraqi Ministry of Health has banned its employees from speaking about the health damage. Iraqi Environment Minister Jassem al-Falahi later admitted that “pollution from oil production is the main reason for increases in local cancer rates.“NEWS,www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-63284896, Iraqi minister admits gas flaring cancer link - BBC News, BBC News, 17 October 2022, 2 December 2022, In Oman, BP currently has a 60% participation interest in Block 61. Block 61 is one of Oman’s largest gas blocks with a daily production capacity of 1.5 billion cubic feet of gas and more than 65,000 barrels of condensate. It covers around 3,950 km in central Oman and contains the largest tight gas development in the Middle East. On 1 February 2021, BP inked a deal to sell 20% participating interest in Block 61 to Thailand’s PTT Exploration and Production Public Company Ltd. (PTTEP) for a total of $2.6 billion. Upon closure of the sale, the BP will remain the block’s operator with a 40% interest.WEB, 1 February 2021, BP sells minority shares in Oman’s Block 61 for $2.6 billion,wafoman.com/2021/02/01/bp-sells-minority-shares-in-omans-block-61-for-2-6-billion/?lang=en, 1 February 2021, WAF, en-US, NEWS, 1 February 2021, BP sells 20% stake in Oman gas development to Thailand’s PTTEP, en, Reuters,www.reuters.com/article/uk-bp-divestiture-idUSKBN2A11QB, 1 February 2021, File:Australian road train headed by Volvo NH15.jpg|thumb|A BP road trainroad trainBP operates the Kwinana refinery in Western Australia, which can process up to {{convert|146000|oilbbl/d}} of crude oil and is the country’s largest refinery,NEWS, BP Australia to invest A$450 million to expand and upgrade retail network, Denton, Vicky,fuelsandlubes.com/bp-australia-to-invest-aud-450-million-to-expand-and-upgrade-retail-network-2/, F+L Daily, 6 May 2015, 18 August 2017, supplying fuel to 80% of Western Australia.NEWS, $80m overhaul at BP, McKnight, Gareth,thewest.com.au/news/sound-southern-telegraph/80m-overhaul-at-bp-ng-b88474084z, The West Australian, 16 May 2017, 18 August 2017, BP is a non-operating joint venture partner in the North West Shelf, which produces LNG, pipeline gas, condensate and oil.NEWS, BP job cuts go deeper as focus turns to fuel retailing, Chambers, Matt,www.theaustralian.com.au/business/mining-energy/bp-job-cuts-go-deeper-as-focus-turns-to-fuel-retailing/news-story/24f57e9e2170bd3fdd3a0d4b2588c27a, The Australian, 18 May 2016, 18 August 2017, subscription, The NWS venture is Australia’s largest resource development and accounts for around one third of Australia’s oil and gas production.NEWS, Counting the missing billions: How Australia is losing out to oil and gas giants, Lanis, Roman, Govendir, Brett, McClure, Ross,www.theguardian.com/business/2017/apr/26/counting-the-missing-billions-how-australia-is-losing-out-to-oil-and-gas-giants, The Guardian, 25 April 2017, 18 August 2017, NEWS, Woodside hedges bet with extra $2B North West Shelf investment, Daiss, Tim,www.rigzone.com/news/oil_gas/a/142516/woodside_hedges_bet_with_extra_2b_north_west_shelf_investment, Rigzone, 15 January 2016, 18 August 2017, BP operates the two largest oil and gas production projects in the Azerbaijan’s sector of the Caspian Sea, the Azeri–Chirag–Guneshli offshore oil fields, which supplies 80% of the country’s oil production, and the Shah Deniz gas field. It also and develops the Shafag-Asiman complex of offshore geological structures.NEWS, BP Chief Reassures Azerbaijan on U.K. Firm’s Commitment amid Talk of Asset Sales, Andrew, Neff,ihsmarkit.com/country-industry-forecasting.html?id=106594069, Global Insight, 7 July 2010, 30 July 2012, NEWS, BP to boost investment in Azeri projects in 2012, Lada, Yevgrashina,www.reuters.com/article/azerbaijan-bp-investment-idUSL5E8E17K820120301, Reuters, 1 March 2012, 21 June 2012, NEWS,today.az/news/business/70583.html, SOCAR and BP sign agreement on development project of oil and gas structures in Azerbaijan, Today.az, 6 July 2010, 6 July 2010, In addition, it operates the Sangachal terminal and the Azerbaijan’s major export pipelines through Georgia such as Baku–Tbilisi–Ceyhan, Baku–Supsa and South Caucasus pipelines.NEWS, Yumich, Seth, BP-Georgia General Director – Mr. Neil Dunn,www.the-american-times.com/bp-georgia-general-director-mr-neil-dunn/2013/01/12, The American Times, 12 January 2013, 27 May 2013, (File:Oil depot, Frontignan, Hérault 01.jpg|thumb|right|A GDH (subsidiary of BP) oil depot, Frontigan, Hérault, France)BP’s refining operations in continental Europe include Europe’s second-largest oil refinery, located in Rotterdam, the Netherlands, which can process up to {{convert|377000|oilbbl}} of crude oil per day. Other facilities are located in Ingolstadt, Gelsenkirchen and Lingen, in Germany, as well as one in Castellón, Spain.WEB, Refineries and petrochemicals plants,www.bp.com/en/global/corporate/what-we-do/downstream/refineries-and-petrochemicals-plants.html, BP, 8 June 2019,archive.today/20190608222836/https://www.bp.com/en/global/corporate/what-we-do/downstream/refineries-and-petrochemicals-plants.html, 8 June 2019, In addition to its offshore operations in the British zone of North Sea, BP has interests in the Norwegian section of the sea through its stake in Aker BP. {{As of|2018|12}}, BP holds a 19.75% stake in Russia’s state-controlled oil company Rosneft.Retail operations of motor vehicle fuels in Europe are present in the United Kingdom, France, Germany (through the Aral brand), the Netherlands, Switzerland, Italy, Austria, Poland, Greece and Turkey.WEB, The countries,www.bp.com/en/global/bp-europa-se/the-countries.html, BP, 8 June 2019, WEB, BP’s impact on the EU27 economies in 2016,www.bp.com/en_gb/united-kingdom/home/who-we-are/bps-impact-on-the-eu27-countries.html, BP, 8 June 2019, WEB, All petrol stations BP, Greece,gr.fuelo.net/?lang=en, Fuelo.net, 9 June 2019, BP’s Canadian operations are headquartered in Calgary and the company operates primarily in Newfoundland.NEWS,globalnews.ca/news/8916897/bp-exits-oilsands-offshore-focus-sunrise-to-cenovus/, BP exits oilsands to focus on offshore; will sell Sunrise stake to Cenovus, 13 June 2022, Global News, 4 April 2023, It purchases crude oil for the company’s refineries in the United States, and has a 35 per cent stake in the undeveloped Bay du Nord project and three offshore exploration block in Newfoundland.NEWS,www.saltwire.com/atlantic-canada/business/industry-abuzz-about-bp-well-being-drilled-off-newfoundland-this-summer-100814253/, Industry abuzz about BP well being drilled off Newfoundland this summer, Wiffen, Glen, The Telegram, 13 January 2023, 4 April 2023, subscription, BP is the largest oil and gas producer in Trinidad and Tobago, where it holds more than {{convert|1350|km2}} of offshore assets and is the largest shareholder in Atlantic LNG, one of the largest LNG plants in Western Hemisphere.NEWS, BP eyes new work in Trinidad and Tobago,www.upi.com/Business_News/Energy-Industry/2012/05/15/BP-eyes-new-work-in-Trinidad-and-Tobago/UPI-75291337075292/, United Press International, UPI, 15 May 2011, 21 June 2012, In Brazil, BP holds stakes in offshore oil and gas exploration in the Barreirinhas, Ceará and Campos basins, in addition to onshore processing facilities.NEWS, BP Expands Brazil Exploration Footprint, Alexis, Flynn,www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052970203370604577265662775076758, The Wall Street Journal, 6 March 2012, 19 June 2012, BP also operates biofuel production facilities in Brazil, including three cane sugar mills for ethanol production.NEWS, BP Expands Biofuels Business in Brazil, Jeff, Fick, Alexis, Flynn,www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748703597804576194820019691968, The Wall Street Journal, 14 March 2011, 19 June 2012, BP operated in Singapore until 2004 when it sold its retail network of 28 stations and LPG business to Singapore Petroleum Company (SPC). It also sold its 50% in SPC.WEB,www.spc.com.sg/about-us/history-milestones/, History & Milestones, 19 November 2022, SPC, BP’s Türkiye Operator was Petrol Ofisi. (Vitol) (Agreement in place expected 2024.WEB, Vitol on LinkedIn: Today, Vitol-owned Petrol Ofisi announced it has agreed to buy bp’s shares…,www.linkedin.com/posts/vitol-b%2Ev%2E_today-vitol-owned-petrol-ofisi-announced-activity-7130852043426000897-Ailh, 2023-11-16, www.linkedin.com, en, ) Exploration and production {{See also|Oil fields operated by BP}}BP Upstream’s activities include exploring for new oil and natural gas resources, developing access to such resources, and producing, transporting, storing and processing oil and natural gas. The activities in this area of operations take place in 25 countries worldwide. In 2018, BP produced around {{convert|3.7|Moilbbl/d}} of oil equivalent, of which {{convert|2.191|Moilbbl/d}} were liquids and {{convert|8.659|e9cuft/d|abbr=off}} was natural gas, and had total proved reserves of {{convert|19945|Moilbbl}} of oil equivalent, of which liquids accounted {{convert|11456|Moilbbl}} barrels and natural gas {{convert|49.239|e12cuft|abbr=off}}. In addition to the conventional oil exploration and production, BP has a stake in the three oil sands projects in Canada.BP expects its oil and gas production to fall by at least one million barrels a day by 2030, a 40% reduction on 2019 levels. The reduction excludes non-operated production and BP’s stake in Rosneft. Refining and marketing File:Aral.JPG|thumb|An Aral service station in Weiterstadt, Germany]]BP downstream’s activities include the refining, marketing, manufacturing, transportation, trading and supply of crude oil and petroleum products. Downstream is responsible for BP’s fuels and lubricants businesses, and has major operations located in Europe, North America and Asia.NEWS, Profile: BP PLC (BP),www.reuters.com/finance/stocks/companyProfile?rpc=66&symbol=BP,www.reuters.com/finance/stocks/companyProfile?rpc=66&symbol=BP," title="web.archive.org/web/20100210091851www.reuters.com/finance/stocks/companyProfile?rpc=66&symbol=BP,">web.archive.org/web/20100210091851www.reuters.com/finance/stocks/companyProfile?rpc=66&symbol=BP, dead, 10 February 2010, Reuters, 7 June 2012, As of 2018, BP owned or had a share in 11 refineries.BP, which employs about 1,800 people in oil trading and trades over {{convert|5|Moilbbl/d}} of oil and refined products, is the world’s third-biggest oil trader after Royal Dutch Shell and Vitol. The operation is estimated to be able to generate over $1 billion trading profits in a good year.NEWS, Bousso, Ron, Zhdannikov, Dmitry, BP sees trading benefits from oil boom in the Americas,uk.reuters.com/article/uk-bp-refining-trading-idUKKBN1701KN, 29 March 2017, Reuters, 29 March 2017, Air BP is the aviation division of BP, providing aviation fuel, lubricants & services. It has operations in over 50 countries worldwide. BP Shipping provides the logistics to move BP’s oil and gas cargoes to market, as well as marine structural assurance.WEB,www.bp.com/sectiongenericarticle.do?categoryId=9019836&contentId=7036987, Marine Assurance, BP, 1 January 2008, 17 July 2010,www.bp.com/sectiongenericarticle.do?categoryId=9019836&contentId=7036987," title="web.archive.org/web/20100719050328www.bp.com/sectiongenericarticle.do?categoryId=9019836&contentId=7036987,">web.archive.org/web/20100719050328www.bp.com/sectiongenericarticle.do?categoryId=9019836&contentId=7036987, 19 July 2010, live, It manages a large fleet of vessels most of which are held on long-term operating leases. BP Shipping’s chartering teams based in London, Singapore, and Chicago also charter third party vessels on both time charter and voyage charter basis. The BP-managed fleet consists of Very Large Crude Carriers (VLCCs), one North Sea shuttle tanker, medium size crude and product carriers, liquefied natural gas (LNG) carriers, liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) carriers, and coasters. All of these ships are double-hulled.WEB,www.bp.com/en/global/bp-shipping/our-fleet.html, Our fleet, BP, 17 July 2010, BP has around 18,700 service stations worldwide. Its flagship retail brand is BP Connect, a chain of service stations combined with a convenience store,WEB,www.bp.com/sectiongenericarticle.do?categoryId=9021516&contentId=7040016, Service stations and shops, BP, 4 April 2013, dead,www.bp.com/sectiongenericarticle.do?categoryId=9021516&contentId=7040016," title="web.archive.org/web/20130419124838www.bp.com/sectiongenericarticle.do?categoryId=9021516&contentId=7040016,">web.archive.org/web/20130419124838www.bp.com/sectiongenericarticle.do?categoryId=9021516&contentId=7040016, 19 April 2013, although in the US it is gradually being transitioned to the ampm format. BP also owns half of Kentucky-based convenience store company Thorntons LLC with ArcLight Capital Partners (who own the Gulf brand in the United States) since 2019. On 13 July 2021, BP announced it will take acquire ArcLight Capital Partners’ share of Thorntons, and thus fully own the convenience store company. The deal is expected to close later in the year.WEB,www.bp.com/en_us/united-states/home/news/press-releases/bp-to-grow-mobility-and-convenience-presence-in-america-integrating-convenience-leader-thorntons.html, bp to grow mobility and convenience presence in America, integrating convenience leader Thorntons | News | Home, United States, In Germany and Luxembourg, BP operates service stations under the Aral brand.WEB,www.bp.com/en/global/corporate/about-bp/our-history/heritage-brands/history-of-aral.html, History of Aral, BP, 17 September 2010,www.bp.com/en/global/corporate/about-bp/our-history/heritage-brands/history-of-aral.html," title="web.archive.org/web/20160417124444www.bp.com/en/global/corporate/about-bp/our-history/heritage-brands/history-of-aral.html,">web.archive.org/web/20160417124444www.bp.com/en/global/corporate/about-bp/our-history/heritage-brands/history-of-aral.html, 17 April 2016, dead, On the US West Coast, in the states of California, Oregon, Washington, Nevada, Idaho, Arizona, and Utah, BP primarily operates service stations under the ARCO brand.WEB,www.bp.com/en/global/corporate/about-bp/our-history/heritage-brands/history-of-arco-ampm.html, History of ARCO/ampm, BP, 17 September 2010,www.bp.com/en/global/corporate/about-bp/our-history/heritage-brands/history-of-arco-ampm.html," title="web.archive.org/web/20160417070840www.bp.com/en/global/corporate/about-bp/our-history/heritage-brands/history-of-arco-ampm.html,">web.archive.org/web/20160417070840www.bp.com/en/global/corporate/about-bp/our-history/heritage-brands/history-of-arco-ampm.html, 17 April 2016, dead, dmy-all, In Australia BP operates a number of BP Travel Centres, large-scale destination sites located which, in addition to the usual facilities in a BP Connect site, also feature food-retail tenants such as McDonald’s, KFC and Nando’s and facilities for long-haul truck drivers.WEB,www.bp.com/en_au/australia/products-services/service-stations/truck-stops.html, BP Truck Stop Network, BP, 17 September 2010, Castrol is BP’s main brand for industrial and automotive lubricants and is applied to a large range of BP oils, greases and similar products for most lubrication applications.WEB,www.bp.com/en/global/corporate/about-bp/our-brands/castrol.html, Castrol, BP, 17 September 2010,www.bp.com/en/global/corporate/about-bp/our-brands/castrol.html," title="web.archive.org/web/20130612011554www.bp.com/en/global/corporate/about-bp/our-brands/castrol.html,">web.archive.org/web/20130612011554www.bp.com/en/global/corporate/about-bp/our-brands/castrol.html, 12 June 2013, dead, dmy-all, Clean energy rhetoric (File:SolarpanelBp.JPG|thumb|right|A BP photovoltaic (PV) module that is composed of multiple PV cells. Two or more interconnected PV modules create an array.)File:Fowler Ridge Wind Farm 2621902438.jpg|thumb|The Fowler Ridge Wind FarmFowler Ridge Wind FarmBP’s public rhetoric and pledges emphasise that the company is shifting towards climate-friendly, low-carbon and transition strategies. However, a 2022 study found that the company’s spending on clean energy was insignificant and opaque, with little to suggest that the company’s discourse matched its actions.JOURNAL, Li, Mei, Trencher, Gregory, Asuka, Jusen, 16 February 2022, The clean energy claims of BP, Chevron, ExxonMobil and Shell: A mismatch between discourse, actions and investments, PLOS ONE, en, 17, 2, e0263596, 10.1371/journal.pone.0263596, 35171938, 1932-6203, 8849545, 2022PLoSO..1763596L, free, BP was the first of supermajors to say that it would focus on energy sources other than fossil fuels. It established an alternative and low carbon energy business in 2005. According to the company, it spent a total of $8.3 billion in renewable energy projects including solar, wind, and biofuels, and non-renewable projects including natural gas and hydrogen power, through completion in 2013. The relatively small size of BP’s alternative energy operations has led to allegations of greenwashing by Greenpeace, Mother Jones, and energy analyst and activist Antonia Juhasz, among others. In 2018, the CEO Bob Dudley said that out of the company’s total spending of $15 to $17 billion per year, about $500 million will be invested in low-carbon energy and technology. In August 2020, BP promised to increase its annual low carbon investments to $5 billion by 2030. The company announced plans to transform into an integrated energy company, with a renewed focus on investing away from oil and into low-carbon technologies.WEB,www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2020-09-20-bp-to-become-integrated-energy-company-as-it-moves-away-from-oil-and-gas/, BP to become integrated energy company as it moves away from oil and gas, 20 September 2020, Business Live, 26 December 2020, It has set targets to have a renewables portfolio of 20 GW by 2025, and 50 GW by 2030.WEB,www.greentechmedia.com/articles/read/how-lightsource-inspired-bps-low-carbon-pivot, How Lightsource Inspired BP’s Low-Carbon Pivot, John, Parnell, 1 December 2020, Greentech Media, 26 December 2020, BP operates nine wind farms in seven states of the U.S., and held an interest in another in Hawaii with a net generating capacity of 1,679 MW. It is also in process to acquire 50% non-operating stake in the Empire Wind off New York and Beacon Wind off Massachusetts offshore wind farms. BP and Tesla, Inc. are cooperating for testing the energy storage by battery at the Titan 1 wind farm. BP Launchpad has also invested in ONYX InSight, one of the leading providers of predictive analytic solutions serving the wind industry.In Brazil, BP owns two ethanol producers—Companhia Nacional de Açúcar e Álcool andTropical BioEnergia—with three ethanol mills. These mills produce around {{convert|800000|m3/a|oilbbl/a}} of ethanol equivalent. BP has invested in an agricultural biotechnology company Chromatin, a company developing crops that can grow on marginal land and that are optimized to be used as feedstock for biofuel. Its joint venture with DuPont called Butamax, which has developed the patented bio-butanol-producing technology, and owns an isobutanol plant in Scandia, Kansas, United States. In addition BP owns biomethane production facilities in Canton, Michigan, and North Shelby, Tennessee, as well as share of facilities under construction in Oklahoma City and Atlanta. BP’s subsidiary Air BP supplies aviation biofuel at Oslo, Halmstad, and Bergen airports.BP owns a 43% stake in Lightsource BP, a company which focuses on the managing and maintaining solar farms. {{As of|2017}}, Lightsource has commissioned 1.3 GW of solar capacity and manages about 2 GW of solar capacity. It plans to increase the capacity up to 8 GW through projects in the United States, India, Europe and the Middle East. BP has invested $20 million in Israeli quick-charging battery firm StoreDot Ltd. It operates electric vehicle charging networks in the UK under its subsidiary BP Chargemaster, and in China via a joint venture with Didi Chuxing.In partnership with Ørsted A/S, BP plans a 50 MV electrolyser at the Lingen refinery to produce hydrogen using North Sea wind power. Production is expected to begin in 2024.BP is a majority shareholder in carbon offset developer Finite Carbon, and acquired 9 GW of US solar projects in 2021.WEB, BP acquires 9GW solar pipeline in US in biggest green power deal,reneweconomy.com.au/bp-acquires-9gw-solar-pipeline-in-us-in-biggest-green-power-deal/, RenewEconomy, en-AU, 2 June 2021, In 2023, following the announcement of record profits, the company scaled back their emissions targets. Originally, the company promised a 35-40% cut of emissions by the end of the decade. On 7 February, BP revised the target to a 20-30% cut in emissions, stating that it needed to keep up with the current demands for oil and gas.NEWS, 7 February 2023, BP scales back climate targets as profits hit record, en-GB, BBC News,www.bbc.com/news/business-64544110, 7 February 2023, Corporate affairs {{Big Oil}} Business trends The key trends of BP are (as at the financial year ending December 31):WEB, BP Fundamentalanalyse {{!, KGV {{!}} Kennzahlen |url=https://www.boerse.de/fundamental-analyse/BP-Aktie/GB0007980591 |access-date=2024-04-06 |website=boerse.de |language=de}}{| class=“wikitable float-left” style="text-align: center;“!Year!Revenue (US$ bn)!Net income (US$ bn)!Employees (k)

Management

As of October 2023, the following individuals serve on the board:WEB, The board,www.bp.com/en/global/corporate/who-we-are/board-and-executive-management/the-board.html, bp, 14 July 2023,

• Helge Lund (chairman)
• Murray Auchincloss (chief executive officer)
• Paula Rosput Reynolds (senior independent director)
• Amanda Blanc (independent non-executive director)
• Pamela Daley (independent non-executive director)
• Melody Meyer (independent non-executive director)
• Tushar Morzaria (independent non-executive director)
• Hina Nagarajan (independent non-executive director)
• Satish Pai (independent non-executive director)
• Karen Richardson (independent non-executive director)
• Sir John Sawers (independent non-executive director)
• Johannes Teyssen (independent non-executive director)
• Ben Mathews (company secretary)

Past chairmen

Past chairmen have included:WEB, Post-war – 1946-1970 {{!, Who we are {{!}} Home |url=https://www.bp.com/en/global/corporate/who-we-are/our-history/post-war.html |access-date=16 February 2023 |website=bp global |language=en}}WEB, Late century – 1971-1999 {{!, Who we are {{!}} Home |url=https://www.bp.com/en/global/corporate/who-we-are/our-history/late-century.html |access-date=16 February 2023 |website=bp global |language=en}}WEB, The new millennium – 2000-2012 {{!, Who we are {{!}} Home |url=https://www.bp.com/en/global/corporate/who-we-are/our-history/the-new-millennium.html |access-date=16 February 2023 |website=bp global |language=en}}

• The Lord Strathalmond, 1954–1956
• Basil Jackson, 1956–1957
• Sir Neville Gass, 1957–1960
• Sir Maurice Bridgeman, 1960–1969
• Sir Eric Drake, 1969–1975
• Sir David Steel, 1975–1981
• Sir Peter Walters, 1981–1990
• Sir Robert Horton, 1990–1992
• The Lord Ashburton, 1992–1995
• The Lord Simon of Highbury, 1995–1997
• Peter Sutherland, 1997–2009
• Carl-Henric Svanberg, 2010–2018
• Helge Lund, 2019–

Stock

The company’s shares are primarily traded on the London Stock Exchange, but also listed on the Frankfurt Stock Exchange in Germany. In the United States shares are traded in US$ on the New York Stock Exchange in the form of American depository shares (ADS). One ADS represents six ordinary shares.WEB,www.bp.com/sectiongenericarticle.do?categoryId=9038743&contentId=7070796, Share capital, 2012, BP, 11 September 2012, dead,www.bp.com/sectiongenericarticle.do?categoryId=9038743&contentId=7070796," title="web.archive.org/web/20120815163243www.bp.com/sectiongenericarticle.do?categoryId=9038743&contentId=7070796,">web.archive.org/web/20120815163243www.bp.com/sectiongenericarticle.do?categoryId=9038743&contentId=7070796, 15 August 2012, Following the United States Federal Trade Commission’s approval of the BP-Amoco merger in 1998, Amoco’s stock was removed from the S&P 500 and was merged with BP shares on the London Stock Exchange.NEWS, Business: The Company File Green light for BP Amoco,news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/244864.stm, BBC News, 30 December 1998, 28 August 2012,

Branding and public relations

In the first quarter of 2001 the company adopted the marketing name of BP, and replaced its “Green Shield” logo with the “Helios” symbol, a green and yellow sunflower logo named after the Greek sun god and designed to represent energy in its many forms. BP introduced a new corporate slogan – “Beyond Petroleum” along with a $200M advertising and marketing campaign.Laura Ries for Ries Pieces. May 2010. BP has a Brand ProblemAnne Landman PR Watch. 3 May 2010 BP’s “Beyond Petroleum” Campaign Losing its Sheen According to the company, the new slogan represented their focus on meeting the growing demand for fossil fuels, manufacturing and delivering more advanced products, and to enable transitioning to a lower carbon footprint.JOURNAL, Beyond petroleum, Science, 329, 5993, 727, BP, 2010Sci...329..727K, Kennedy, D., 2010, 10.1126/science.1194561, 20705817, 206528572, By 2008, BP’s branding campaign had succeeded with the culmination of a 2007 Effie Award from the American Marketing Association, and consumers had the impression that BP was one of the greenest petroleum companies in the world.Gregory Solman for Adweek 21 January 2008 Coloring Public Opinion? BP was criticised by environmentalists and marketing experts, who stated that the company’s alternative energy activities were only a fraction of the company’s business at the time.Stephen A. Greyser for the Harvard Business Review Magazine. 9 June 2010 The BP Brand’s Avoidable Fall According to Democracy Now, BP’s marketing campaign amounted to a deceptive greenwashing public-relations spin campaign given that BP’s 2008 budget included more than $20 billion for fossil fuel investment and less than $1.5 billion for all alternative forms of energy.Carbon Scam: Noel Kempff Climate Action Project and the Push for Sub-national Forest Offsets Sub-prime carbon brought to you by AEP, BP, and Pacificorp, Greenpeace 10/2009 pages 4–5 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110628234759www.greenpeace.org/usa/Global/usa/report/2010/1/carbon-scam-noel-kempff-clima.pdf |date=28 June 2011 }} Oil and energy analyst Antonia Juhasz notes BP’s investment in green technologies peaked at 4% of its exploratory budget prior to cutbacks, including the discontinuation of BP Solar and the closure of its alternative energy headquarters in London.EPISODE, BP Funnels Millions into Lobbying to Influence Regulation and Rebrand Image,www.democracynow.org/2010/5/5/bp_funnels_millions_into_lobbying_to, Amy Goodman’s Weekly Column, Interviewer: Amy Goodman, Guest: Antonia Juhasz, Democracy Now, 5 May 2010, BP attained a negative public image from the series of industrial accidents that occurred through the 2000s, and its public image was severely damaged after the Deepwater Horizon explosion and Gulf Oil spill. In the immediate aftermath of the spill, BP initially downplayed the severity of the incident, and made many of the same PR errors that Exxon had made after the Exxon Valdez disaster.Ann C Mulkern for The New York Times. 10 June 2010 BP’s PR Blunders Mirror Exxon’s, Appear Destined for Record BookNEWS, Van Buskirk, Eliot, BP’s Social Media Campaign Going About as Well as Capping That Well,www.wired.com/business/2010/06/bps-social-media-campaign-going-about-as-well-as-capping-that-well/, Wired, 2 April 2013, 9 June 2010, CEO Tony Hayward was criticised for his statements and had committed several gaffes, including stating that he “wanted his life back.“Suzanne Vranica for the Wall Street Journal. 29 December 2010 Public Relations Learned the Hard Way Some in the media commended BP for some of its social media efforts, such as the use of Twitter and Facebook as well as a section of the company’s website where it communicated its efforts to clean up the spill.Christopher Beam for Slate. 5 May 2010 Oil Slick: How BP is handling its P.R. disasterElizabeth Shogren for NPR. 21 April 2011 BP: A Textbook Example Of How Not To Handle PRIan Smith for Intelegia. 24 January 2011. Good Content Strategy or Public Relations {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130617144304www.intelegia.com/en/2011/01/24/good-content-strategy-or-public-relations/ |date=17 June 2013 }}In February 2012 BP North America launched a $500 million branding campaign to rebuild its brand.Jonathan Morris for Wall St. Cheat Sheet. 3 February 2012 BP To Spend $500M to Restore Its BrandThe company’s advertising budget was about $5 million per week during the four-month spill in the Gulf of Mexico, totalling nearly $100 million.NEWS,www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/04/16/bp-oil-spill-ads-since-deepwater-horizon_n_3093185.html, HuffPost, Nick, Visser, WATCH: A History of BP’s Ads Since The Gulf Spill, 16 April 2013, NEWS, Shelley DuBois,money.cnn.com/2010/09/01/news/companies/BP_spill_advertising_costs.fortune/index.htm, BP’s advertising budget during the spill neared $100 million – Sep. 1, 2010, CNN, 1 September 2010, 26 April 2013, In May 2012, BP tasked a press office staff member to openly join discussions on the Pseudopedia article’s talk page and suggest content to be posted by other editors.Brian Merchant for Motherboard. 2 April 2013. Meet the PR Guru Who Wants to Help Corporations Write Pseudopedia {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130403142317motherboard.vice.com/blog/meet-the-pr-guru-who-wants-to-help-corporations-get-heard-on-Pseudopedia |date=3 April 2013 }} Controversy emerged in 2013 over the amount of content from BP that had entered this article.Violet Blue, “Big Oil’s Pseudopedia cleanup: A brand management experiment out of control”, ZDNet, 27 March 2013. Retrieved 28 March 2013Natasha Lennard Salon, 21 March 2013. Retrieved 28 March 2013 Pseudopedia co-founder Jimmy Wales stated that, by identifying himself as a BP staff member, the contributor in question had complied with site policy regarding conflicts of interest.

Integrity and compliance

Investigative journalism by BBC Panorama and Africa Eye aired in June 2019 criticising BP for the way in which it had obtained the development rights of Cayar Offshore Profond and St. Louis Offshore Profond blocks, off the coast of Senegal in 2017. In 2012, a Frank TimiÈ™ company, Petro-Tim, though previously unknown to the oil industry, was awarded a license to explore the blocks despite having no known record in the industry. Soon after, Aliou Sall, brother of Senegal’s president, Macky Sall, was hired at the company, implying a conflict of interest,NEWS,uk.reuters.com/article/uk-senegal-politics-energy/senegal-justice-ministry-calls-for-inquiry-into-energy-contracts-idUKKCN1TB29Z, Senegal justice ministry calls for inquiry into energy contracts, 10 June 2019, Reuters, 16 June 2019, causing public outrage in Senegal. The 2019 program by BBC Panorama and Africa Eye accuses BP of a failure in due diligence when it agreed on a deal with Timis Corporation in 2017. The deal by BP is expected to provide substantial royalties to Frank TimiÈ™ despite accusations of initially obtaining the exploration rights through corruption. Kosmos Energy was also implicated.WEB,www.kosmosenergy.com/latest-news/response-to-bbc-panorama/, Response to BBC Panorama, 6 June 2019, Kosmos Energy {{!, Deepwater Exploration and Production|language=en-US|access-date=16 June 2019}} BP refutes any implications of improper conduct. Regarding the acquisition of Timis Corporation interests in Senegal in April 2017, BP states that it “paid what it considered a fair market value for the interests at this stage of exploration/development”. However, BP has not made public what was the basis of the valuation, and states that “the details of the deal are confidential”.NEWS,www.bp.com/content/dam/bp/business-sites/en/global/corporate/pdfs/what-we-do/worldwide/bbc-panorama-response-english.pdf, BP Response to BBC Panorama Programme, 6 June 2019, BP Press Release, 16 June 2019, BP argues that “the amount which would be paid separately by BP to Timis Corporation would be less than one percent of what the Republic of Senegal would receive”. Senegal’s justice ministry has called an inquiry into the energy contracts.

LGBTQ recognition

In 2014, BP backed a global study researching challenges for lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender employees and for ways that companies can be a “force for change” for LGBT workers around the world.NEWS, BP backs global discrimination research,www.ft.com/content/6c0d3d2a-924d-11e3-9e43-00144feab7de, Financial Times, 10 February 2014, 7 November 2017, In 2015, Reuters wrote that BP is “known for their more liberal policies for gay and transgender workers”.NEWS, Exxon adds discrimination protections in U.S. for LGBT workers, Driver, Anna,www.reuters.com/article/us-exxon-lgbt/exxon-adds-discrimination-protections-in-u-s-for-lgbt-workers-idUSKBN0L32D420150130, Reuters, 30 January 2015, 7 November 2017, A 2016 article in the Houston Chronicle said BP was “among the first major companies in the United States to offer LGBT workers equal protection and benefits roughly 20 years ago”.NEWS, In energy sector, coming out ‘can put you at risk’, Blum, Jordan,www.houstonchronicle.com/news/houston-texas/houston/article/In-energy-sector-coming-out-can-put-you-at-risk-6764343.php, Houston Chronicle, 16 January 2016, 7 November 2017, BP scored a 100% on the 2018 Human Rights Campaign’s Corporate Equality Index, which was released in 2017, although this was the most common score.WEB,assets2.hrc.org/files/assets/resources/CEI-2018-FullReport.pdf?_ga=2.206231312.2055568906.1510934209-601590341.1510934209, Corporate Equality Index 2018, Human Rights Campaign, 17 November 2017, Also in 2017, BP added gender reassignment surgery to its list of benefits for U.S. employees.NEWS, BP boosts benefits, includes gender reassignment surgery, Hunn, David,www.chron.com/business/energy/article/BP-boosts-benefits-includes-gender-reassignment-11172800.php, Houston Chronicle, 26 May 2017, 7 November 2017, According to the Human Rights Campaign, BP is one of only a few oil and gas companies offering transgender benefits to its employees. BP ranked No. 51 on the list of Top 100 employers for lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender staff on the 2017 Stonewall Workplace Equality Index.WEB,www.stonewall.org.uk/sites/default/files/top_100_employers_2017-web_0.pdf, Stonewall Workplace Equality Index, Stonewall, 7 November 2017,www.stonewall.org.uk/sites/default/files/top_100_employers_2017-web_0.pdf," title="web.archive.org/web/20180205103741www.stonewall.org.uk/sites/default/files/top_100_employers_2017-web_0.pdf,">web.archive.org/web/20180205103741www.stonewall.org.uk/sites/default/files/top_100_employers_2017-web_0.pdf, 5 February 2018, dead, Also in 2017, John Mingé, chairman and president of BP America, signed a letter alongside other Houston oil executives denouncing the proposed “bathroom bill” in Texas.NEWS, Houston oil executives join Dallas business leaders in denouncing Texas ‘bathroom bill’, Andrews, Travis M.,www.washingtonpost.com/news/morning-mix/wp/2017/08/01/houston-oil-executives-join-dallas-business-leaders-in-denouncing-texas-bathroom-bill/, The Washington Post, 1 August 2017, 7 November 2017,

Environmental record

Climate policy

Prior to 1997, BP was a member of the Global Climate Coalition, an industry organisation established to promote global warming scepticism, but withdrew in 1997, saying “the time to consider the policy dimensions of climate change is not when the link between greenhouse gases and climate change is conclusively proven, but when the possibility cannot be discounted and is taken seriously by the society of which we are part. We in BP have reached that point.”.WEB, Climate Change Speech By John Browne, Group Chief Executive, British Petroleum (BP America) Stanford University, 19 May 1997,www.jayhanson.us/page106.htm, From Capitalism To Democracy, 28 October 2013, 31 October 2020,web.archive.org/web/20201031153114/https://www.jayhanson.us/page106.htm, dead, NEWS,www.gsb.stanford.edu/community/bmag/sbsm0997/feature_ranks.html, Breaking Ranks, Stanford Graduate School of Business,www.gsb.stanford.edu/community/bmag/sbsm0997/feature_ranks.html," title="web.archive.org/web/20121006112452www.gsb.stanford.edu/community/bmag/sbsm0997/feature_ranks.html,">web.archive.org/web/20121006112452www.gsb.stanford.edu/community/bmag/sbsm0997/feature_ranks.html, 6 October 2012, 12 February 2013, BP was distinguished as the first multinational outside of the reinsurance industry to publicly support the scientific consensus on climate change, which Pew Center on Global Climate Change president Eileen Claussen then described as a transformative moment on the issue.BOOK, Cornelissen, Joep, Corporate Communications: Theory and Practice, 2004, SAGE, 978-0761944362, 51,books.google.com/books?id=VWVOhNxeLpEC, In March 2002, Lord John Browne, the group chief executive of BP that time, declared in a speech that global warming was real and that urgent action was needed.NEWS, Frey, Darcy, How green is BP?, The New York Times,www.nytimes.com/2002/12/08/magazine/how-green-is-bp.html, 8 December 2002, 5 June 2010, Notwithstanding this, from 1988 to 2015 BP was responsible for 1.53% of global industrial greenhouse gas emissions. In 2015, BP was listed by the UK-based non-profit organisation Influence Map as the fiercest opponent of action on climate change in Europe.NEWS, Neslen, Arthur, BP tops the list of firms obstructing climate action in Europe, The Guardian,www.theguardian.com/environment/2015/sep/21/bp-tops-the-list-of-firms-obstructing-climate-action-in-europe, 21 September 2015, 25 October 2020, In 2018, BP was the largest contributor to the campaign opposing carbon fee initiative 1631 in Washington State.NEWS, Times, Seattle, Carbon-fee opponents raise record $25.8M to defeat I-1631,www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/politics/carbon-fee-opponents-raise-record-25-8m-to-defeat-i-1631/, 23 October 2018, Robert Allendorfer, manager of BP’s Cherry Point refinery, wrote the following in a letter to state lawmakers: “[Initiative 1631] would exempt six of the ten largest stationary source emitters in the state, including a coal-fired power plant, an aluminum smelter, and a number of pulp and paper plants.“NEWS, E&E News,www.eenews.net/stories/1060095019, 23 October 2018, According to a 2019 Guardian ranking, BP was the 6th largest emitter of greenhouse gases in the world.NEWS, Taylor, Matthew, Watts, Jonathan, 9 October 2019, Revealed: the 20 firms behind a third of all carbon emissions, The Guardian,www.theguardian.com/environment/2019/oct/09/revealed-20-firms-third-carbon-emissions, 14 June 2020, In February 2020, BP set a goal to cut its greenhouse gas emissions to net-zero by 2050. BP is seeking net-zero carbon emissions across its operations and the fuels the company sells, including emissions from cars, homes, and factories. Details on the scope of this and how this will be achieved are publicly limited.NEWS, Marchese, David Hodari and Adriano,www.wsj.com/articles/bp-wants-to-be-carbon-neutral-by-2050-11581517147, BP Wants to Become Carbon Neutral by 2050, but Doesn’t Say How, 12 February 2020, The Wall Street Journal, 20 February 2020, 0099-9660, subscription, BP said that it is restructuring its operations into four business groups to meet these goals: production and operations; customers and products; gas and low carbon; and innovation and engineering. The company discontinued involvement with American Fuel and Petrochemical Manufacturers, Western States Petroleum Association, and Western Energy Alliance, involved in lobbying government within the United States, because of differences of position on the issue of methane and carbon policies, as a development of this new commitment. However, an investigation conducted by Unearthed, an investigations unit of Greenpeace UK, and HuffPost unveiled eight anti-climate trade associations BP failed to disclose, including Alliance of Western Energy Consumers, Texas Oil and Gas Association, Australian Petroleum Production and Exploration Association, and the Business Council of Australia, among others.In August 2020, BP America’s chairman David Lawler criticised elimination of federal requirements to install equipment to detect and fix methane leaks by saying that “direct federal regulation of methane emissions is essential to preventing leaks throughout the industry and protecting the environment.“WEB, Rachel, Frazin, 18 April 2021, Major oil companies oppose EPA methane rollback,thehill.com/policy/energy-environment/512097-oil-majors-oppose-epa-methane-rollback, 14 August 2020, The Hill (newspaper), The Hill, In BP’s Energy Outlook 2020, BP stated that the changing energy landscape coupled with the economic toll of the COVID-19 pandemic means that the global crude demand will never again surpass 2019’s average. All three scenarios in the outlook see the consumption of coal, oil, and natural gas dropping while the role of renewable energy will soar. BP is also attempting to move from being an international oil company into becoming an integrated energy company that will focus on low-carbon technologies while also setting a target to reduce its overall oil and gas production by 40% by 2030.BP’s Energy Outlook Foresees Big Shift For Oil Demand Journal of Petroleum Technology, 14 September 2020In 2021, BP was ranked as the 5th most environmentally responsible company out of 120 oil, gas, and mining companies involved in resource extraction north of the Arctic Circle in the Arctic Environmental Responsibility Index (AERI).JOURNAL, Overland, I., Bourmistrov, A., Dale, B., Irlbacher-Fox, S., Juraev, J., Podgaiskii, E, Stammler, F., Tsani, S., Vakulchuk, R., Wilson, E.C., 2021, The Arctic Environmental Responsibility Index: A method to rank heterogenous extractive industry companies for governance purposes. Business Strategy and the Environment. 30, Business Strategy and the Environment, 30, 4, 1623–1643, 10.1002/bse.2698, 233618866,onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/bse.2698, 11250/2833568, free, In December 2022, U.S. House Oversight and Reform Committee Chair Carolyn Maloney and U.S. House Oversight Environment Subcommittee Chair Ro Khanna sent a memorandum to all House Oversight and Reform Committee members summarizing additional findings from the Committee’s investigation into the fossil fuel industry disinformation campaign to obscure the role of fossil fuels in causing global warming, and that upon reviewing internal company documents, accused BP along with ExxonMobil, Chevron, and Shell of greenwashing their Paris Agreement carbon neutrality pledges while continuing long-term investment in fossil fuel production and sales, for engaging in a campaign to promote the use of natural gas as a clean energy source and bridge fuel to renewable energy, and of intimidating journalists reporting about the companies’ climate actions and of obstructing the Committee’s investigation.NEWS, Clifford, Catherine, 9 December 2022, Democratic lawmakers accuse big oil companies of ‘greenwashing’, CNBC,www.cnbc.com/2022/12/09/democratic-lawmakers-accuse-big-oil-of-greenwashing.html, 10 December 2022, REPORT, Maloney, Carolyn, Khanna, Ro, MEMORANDUM – Re: Investigation of Fossil Fuel Industry Disinformation, 9 December 2022, U.S. House Oversight and Reform Committee,oversight.house.gov/sites/democrats.oversight.house.gov/files/2022-12-09.COR_Supplemental_Memo-Fossil_Fuel_Industry_Disinformation.pdf, 10 December 2022, 28 December 2022,web.archive.org/web/20221228070207/https://oversight.house.gov/sites/democrats.oversight.house.gov/files/2022-12-09.COR_Supplemental_Memo-Fossil_Fuel_Industry_Disinformation.pdf, dead, EPISODE, The Power of Big Oil, The Power of Big Oil, FRONTLINE, Frontline (American TV program), PBS, WGBH-TV, WGBH, 40, 10–12,www.pbs.org/wgbh/frontline/film/the-power-of-big-oil/, 8 July 2022, After initially pledging to reduce its emissions by 35% by 2030, BP stated in 2023 that it would aim for a 20-30% reduction instead.NEWS, Noor, Dharna, 16 July 2023, Big oil quietly walks back on climate pledges as global heat records tumble, en-GB, The Guardian,www.theguardian.com/us-news/2023/jul/16/big-oil-climate-pledges-extreme-heat-fossil-fuel, 0261-3077,

Indigenous rights

In a 2016 study, conducted by Indra Øverland of Norwegian Institute of International Affairs BP was ranked 15th out of 18 levels (in total 37th out of 92 oil, gas and mining companies) on indigenous rights and resource extraction in the Arctic. The ranking of companies took into account 20 criteria, such as the companies’ commitments to international standards, the presence of organisational units dedicated to handling indigenous rights, competent staffing, track records on indigenous issues, transparency, and procedures for consulting with indigenous peoples, but the actual performance of companies on indigenous rights was not assessed.WEB,www.researchgate.net/publication/313474088, Ranking Oil, Gas and Mining Companies on Indigenous Rights in the Arctic, Øverland, Indra, Indra Øverland, December 2016, Árran, 2 August 2018,

{{anchor|1993.E2.80.931995:_Hazardous_substance_dumping}}Hazardous substance dumping 1993–1995

In September 1999, one of BP’s US subsidiaries, BP Exploration Alaska (BPXA), pleaded guilty to criminal charges stemming from its illegally dumping of hazardous wastes on the Alaska North Slope, paying fines and penalties totalling $22 million. BP paid the maximum $500,000 in criminal fines, $6.5 million in civil penalties, and established a $15 million environmental management system at all of BP facilities in the US and Gulf of Mexico that are engaged in oil exploration, drilling or production. The charges stemmed from the 1993 to 1995 dumping of hazardous wastes on Endicott Island, Alaska by BP’s contractor Doyon Drilling. The firm illegally discharged waste oil, paint thinner and other toxic and hazardous substances by injecting them down the outer rim, or annuli, of the oil wells. BPXA failed to report the illegal injections when it learned of the conduct, in violation of the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act.NEWS,yosemite.epa.gov/opa/admpress.nsf/016bcfb1deb9fecd85256aca005d74df/5d61856989631e20852567f6004bbbff?OpenDocument, BP Exploration [Alaska] Pleads Guilty To Hazardous Substance Crime Will Pay $22 Million, Establish Nationwide Environmental Management System, United States Environmental Protection Agency, 23 September 1999, 11 June 2010,yosemite.epa.gov/opa/admpress.nsf/016bcfb1deb9fecd85256aca005d74df/5d61856989631e20852567f6004bbbff?OpenDocument," title="web.archive.org/web/20100705140015yosemite.epa.gov/opa/admpress.nsf/016bcfb1deb9fecd85256aca005d74df/5d61856989631e20852567f6004bbbff?OpenDocument,">web.archive.org/web/20100705140015yosemite.epa.gov/opa/admpress.nsf/016bcfb1deb9fecd85256aca005d74df/5d61856989631e20852567f6004bbbff?OpenDocument, 5 July 2010, live,

Air pollution violations

In 2000, BP Amoco acquired ARCO, a Los Angeles-based oil group.In 2003, California’s South Coast Air Quality Management District (AQMD) filed a complaint against BP/ARCO, seeking $319 million in penalties for thousands of air pollution violations over an 8-year period.WEB,www.aqmd.gov/news1/2003/bp_lawsuitpr.html, AQMD Seeks $319 Million Fine from BP for Air Pollution Violations, Aqmd.gov, 26 April 2013, dead,www.aqmd.gov/news1/2003/bp_lawsuitpr.html," title="web.archive.org/web/20130510161921www.aqmd.gov/news1/2003/bp_lawsuitpr.html,">web.archive.org/web/20130510161921www.aqmd.gov/news1/2003/bp_lawsuitpr.html, 10 May 2013, In January 2005, the agency filed a second suit against BP based on violations between August 2002 and October 2004. The suit alleged that BP illegally released air pollutants by failing to adequately inspect, maintain, repair and properly operate thousands of pieces of equipment across the refinery as required by AQMD regulations. It was alleged that in some cases the violations were due to negligence, while in others the violations were knowingly and willfully committed by refinery officials.WEB,www.aqmd.gov/news1/2005/bp%20lawsuit%202005.html, AQMD Files $183 Million Lawsuit Against BP for Air Pollution Violations, Aqmd.gov, 20 January 2005, 26 April 2013, dead,www.aqmd.gov/news1/2005/BP%20Lawsuit%202005.html," title="web.archive.org/web/20130510160809www.aqmd.gov/news1/2005/BP%20Lawsuit%202005.html,">web.archive.org/web/20130510160809www.aqmd.gov/news1/2005/BP%20Lawsuit%202005.html, 10 May 2013, In 2005, a settlement was reached under which BP agreed to pay $25 million in cash penalties and $6 million in past emissions fees, while spending $20 million on environmental improvements at the refinery and $30 million on community programs focused on asthma diagnosis and treatment.WEB,www.aqmd.gov/news1/2005/bpsettlementpr.html, AQMD and BP Settle Refinery Emission Violations, Aqmd.gov, 17 March 2005, 26 April 2013, dead,www.aqmd.gov/news1/2005/BPSettlementPR.html," title="web.archive.org/web/20130510160714www.aqmd.gov/news1/2005/BPSettlementPR.html,">web.archive.org/web/20130510160714www.aqmd.gov/news1/2005/BPSettlementPR.html, 10 May 2013, In 2013, a total of 474 Galveston County residents living near the BP Texas City Refinery filed a $1 billion lawsuit against BP, accusing the company of “intentionally misleading the public about the seriousness” of a two-week release of toxic fumes which began on 10 November 2011. “BP reportedly released Sulfur Dioxide, Methyl Carpaptan, Dimethyl Disulfide and other toxic chemicals into the atmosphere” reads the report. The lawsuit further claims Galveston county has the worst air quality in the United States due to BP’s violations of air pollution laws. BP had no comment and said it would address the suit in the court system.NEWS, Langford, Cameron, Texas Refinery Neighbors Sue BP for Billions,courthousenews.com/2013/04/15/56672.htm, 19 April 2013, Courthouse News Service, 15 April 2013, dead,www.courthousenews.com/2013/04/15/56672.htm," title="web.archive.org/web/20130419162338www.courthousenews.com/2013/04/15/56672.htm,">web.archive.org/web/20130419162338www.courthousenews.com/2013/04/15/56672.htm, 19 April 2013, WEB,fuelfix.com/blog/2013/04/16/bp-sued-for-gas-release-at-its-former-texas-city-plant/, BP sued for gas release at its former Texas City plant, Fuel Fix, 15 March 2015, 29 July 2020,web.archive.org/web/20200729151639/https://www.houstonchronicle.com/business/fuelfix/blog/2013/04/16/bp-sued-for-gas-release-at-its-former-texas-city-plant/, dead, NEWS, Rice, Harvey, BP sued again for gas release,www.chron.com/news/houston-texas/houston/article/BP-sued-again-for-gas-release-4438782.php, 16 April 2013, Houston Chronicle, 16 April 2013, WEB,abcnews.go.com/US/wireStory/bp-faces-1b-lawsuit-texas-refinery-gas-leak-18969880, U.S. News – National News, ABC News, ABC News, 15 March 2015,

Colombian farmland damages claim

In 2006, a group of Colombian farmers reached a multimillion-dollar out-of-court settlement with BP for alleged environmental damage caused by the Ocensa pipeline.NEWS, Verkaik, Robert,www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/bp-pays-out-millions-to-colombian-farmers-408816.html,www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/bp-pays-out-millions-to-colombian-farmers-408816.html," title="web.archive.org/web/20081216115444www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/bp-pays-out-millions-to-colombian-farmers-408816.html,">web.archive.org/web/20081216115444www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/bp-pays-out-millions-to-colombian-farmers-408816.html, dead, 16 December 2008, BP pays out millions to Colombian farmers – Americas – World, The Independent, 22 July 2006, 26 April 2013, London, The company was accused of benefiting from a regime of terror carried out by Colombian government paramilitaries to protect the {{convert|450|mi|km|adj=on}} Ocensa pipeline; BP said throughout that it has acted responsibly and that landowners were fairly compensated.NEWS,www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/bp-pays-out-millions-to-colombian-farmers-408816.html, BP pays out millions to Colombian farmers, The Independent, London, 22 July 2006, 5 June 2010, Robert, Verkaik,www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/bp-pays-out-millions-to-colombian-farmers-408816.html," title="web.archive.org/web/20100617065629www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/bp-pays-out-millions-to-colombian-farmers-408816.html,">web.archive.org/web/20100617065629www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/bp-pays-out-millions-to-colombian-farmers-408816.html, 17 June 2010, dead, In 2009, another group of 95 Colombian farmers filed a suit against BP, saying the company’s Ocensa pipeline caused landslides and damage to soil and groundwater, affecting crops, livestock, and contaminating water supplies, making fish ponds unsustainable. Most of the land traversed by the pipeline was owned by peasant farmers who were illiterate and unable to read the environmental impact assessment conducted by BP prior to construction, which acknowledged significant and widespread risks of damage to the land.NEWS, Diane Taylor,www.theguardian.com/world/2009/nov/11/colombia-farmers-sue-bp-pipeline, BP faces damages claim over pipeline through Colombian farmland, The Guardian, 26 April 2013, London, 11 November 2009, The Supreme Court of Justice of Colombia handed down a judgement rejecting the case in August 2016.WEB,hsfnotes.com/litigation/2016/08/11/judgment-handed-down-in-long-running-class-action-regarding-the-ocensa-pipeline-in-colombia/, Judgment handed down in long-running class action regarding the Ocensa pipeline in Colombia, 11 August 2016, Herbert Smith Freehills, 26 December 2020,

Canadian oil sands

{{See also|List of articles about Canadian oil sands}}Since 2007, BP has been involved in oil sands projects, which Greenpeace has called a climate crime. Members of Canada’s First Nations have criticised BP’s involvement for the impacts oil sands extraction has on the environment. In 2010, BP pledged to use only in-situ technologies instead of open-pit mining. It uses steam-assisted gravity drainage in-situ technology to extract bitumen. According to Greenpeace it is even more damaging to climate because while according to the Pembina Institute in-situ techniques result in lower nitrogen oxide emissions, and are less damaging to the landscape and rivers, they cause more greenhouse gas and sulphur dioxide emissions than mining. In 2010, activist shareholders asked BP for a full investigation of the Sunrise oil sands project, but were defeated. In 2013, shareholders criticised the project for being carbon-intensive.

Violations and accidents

Citing conditions similar to those that resulted in the 2005 Texas City refinery explosion, on 25 April 2006, the U.S. Department of Labor’s Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) fined BP more than $2.4 million for unsafe operations at the company’s Oregon, Ohio refinery. An OSHA inspection resulted in 32 per-instance wilful citations including locating people in vulnerable buildings among the processing units, failing to correct depressurisation deficiencies and deficiencies with gas monitors, and failing to prevent the use of non-approved electrical equipment in locations in which hazardous concentrations of flammable gases or vapours may exist. BP was further fined for neglecting to develop shutdown procedures and designate responsibilities and to establish a system to promptly address and resolve recommendations made after an incident when a large feed pump failed three years prior to 2006. Penalties were also issued for five serious violations, including failure to develop operating procedures for a unit that removes sulphur compound; failure to ensure that operating procedures reflect current operating practice in the Isocracker Unit; failure to resolve process hazard analysis recommendations; failure to resolve process safety management compliance audit items in a timely manner; and failure to periodically inspect pressure piping systems.WEB,www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owadisp.show_document?p_table=NEWS_RELEASES&p_id=12170, 2006 – 04/25/2006 – OSHA Fines BP $2.4 Million for Safety and Health Violations, osha.gov, 15 March 2015,web.archive.org/web/20150317051556/https://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owadisp.show_document?p_table=NEWS_RELEASES&p_id=12170, 17 March 2015, dead, NEWS, BP fined $2.4M for refinery safety problems,money.cnn.com/2006/04/25/news/companies/bp_fine/, 16 April 2013, CNN, 25 April 2006, In 2008, BP and several other major oil refiners agreed to pay $422 million to settle a class-action lawsuit stemming from water contamination tied to the gasoline additive MTBE, a chemical that was once a key gasoline ingredient. Leaked from storage tanks, MTBE has been found in several water systems across the United States. The plaintiffs maintain that the industry knew about the environmental dangers but that they used it instead of other possible alternatives because it was less expensive. The companies will also be required to pay 70% of cleanup costs for any wells newly affected at any time over the next 30 years.NEWS, Steve, Gelsi,articles.marketwatch.com/2008-05-08/news/30709613_1_scott-summy-mtbe-gasoline-additive, Refiners to pay $422 million settlement on MTBE, MarketWatch, 8 May 2008, 26 April 2013, dead,articles.marketwatch.com/2008-05-08/news/30709613_1_scott-summy-mtbe-gasoline-additive," title="web.archive.org/web/20130502104957articles.marketwatch.com/2008-05-08/news/30709613_1_scott-summy-mtbe-gasoline-additive,">web.archive.org/web/20130502104957articles.marketwatch.com/2008-05-08/news/30709613_1_scott-summy-mtbe-gasoline-additive, 2 May 2013, WEB,www.nbcnews.com/id/24541226/ns/us_news-environment/t/most-oil-companies-mtbe-lawsuits-settle/, Oil companies settle MTBE lawsuits – US news – Environment, NBC News, 26 April 2013, BP has one of the worst safety records of any major oil company that operates in the United States. Between 2007 and 2010, BP refineries in Ohio and Texas accounted for 97% of “egregious, willful” violations handed out by the U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). BP had 760 “egregious, willful” violations during that period, while Sunoco and Conoco-Phillips each had eight, Citgo two and Exxon had one.NEWS, Thomas, Pierre, BP’s Dismal Safety Record,abcnews.go.com/WN/bps-dismal-safety-record/story?id=10763042&page=1, 17 April 2013, ABC News, 27 May 2010, The deputy assistant secretary of labour at OSHA, said “The only thing you can conclude is that BP has a serious, systemic safety problem in their company.“NEWS, Renegade Refiner: OSHA Says BP Has “Systemic Safety Problem”, J. Morris, M.B. Pell, amp, The Center for Public Integrity, 16 May 2010,www.publicintegrity.org/2010/05/17/2672/renegade-refiner-osha-says-bp-has-%E2%80%9Csystemic-safety-problem%E2%80%9D, 11 June 2010, dead,www.publicintegrity.org/2010/05/17/2672/renegade-refiner-osha-says-bp-has-%E2%80%9Csystemic-safety-problem%E2%80%9D," title="web.archive.org/web/20120819184517www.publicintegrity.org/2010/05/17/2672/renegade-refiner-osha-says-bp-has-%E2%80%9Csystemic-safety-problem%E2%80%9D,">web.archive.org/web/20120819184517www.publicintegrity.org/2010/05/17/2672/renegade-refiner-osha-says-bp-has-%E2%80%9Csystemic-safety-problem%E2%80%9D, 19 August 2012, A report in ProPublica, published in The Washington Post’’ in 2010, found that over a decade of internal investigations of BP’s Alaska operations during the 2000s warned senior BP managers that the company repeatedly disregarded safety and environmental rules and risked a serious accident if it did not change its ways. ProPublica found that “Taken together, these documents portray a company that systemically ignored its own safety policies across its North American operations – from Alaska to the Gulf of Mexico to California and Texas. Executives were not held accountable for the failures, and some were promoted despite them.“NEWS, Lustgarten, Abraham, Reports at BP over years find history of problems,www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/06/07/AR2010060704826.html, 17 April 2013, ProPublica, 8 June 2010, The Project On Government Oversight, an independent non-profit organisation in the United States which investigates and seeks to expose corruption and other misconduct, lists BP as number one on their listing of the 100 worst corporations based on instances of misconduct.WEB,www.contractormisconduct.org/, Federal Contractor Misconduct Database, POGO’s FCMD,

1965 Sea Gem offshore oil rig disaster

In December 1965, Britain’s first oil rig, Sea Gem, capsized when two of the legs collapsed during an operation to move it to a new location. The oil rig had been hastily converted in an effort to quickly start drilling operations after the North Sea was opened for exploration. Thirteen crew members were killed. No hydrocarbons were released in the accident.NEWS,www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/energy/oilandgas/7673234/BP-chief-Tony-Hayward-fights-to-limit-the-damage-after-Gulf-of-Mexico-rig-disaster.html,ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/energy/oilandgas/7673234/BP-chief-Tony-Hayward-fights-to-limit-the-damage-after-Gulf-of-Mexico-rig-disaster.html, 11 January 2022, live, BP chief Tony Hayward fights to limit the damage after Gulf of Mexico rig disaster, The Daily Telegraph, The Telegraph, 26 April 2013, Roland, Gribben, 3 May 2010, subscription, {{cbignore}}WEB, The Story of the Sea Gem, the first rig to discover North Sea Gas in the UK sector,www.dukeswoodoilmuseum.co.uk/sea_gem.htm, Dukes Wood Oil Museum, 13 June 2010, dead,www.dukeswoodoilmuseum.co.uk/sea_gem.htm," title="web.archive.org/web/20090602134252www.dukeswoodoilmuseum.co.uk/sea_gem.htm,">web.archive.org/web/20090602134252www.dukeswoodoilmuseum.co.uk/sea_gem.htm, 2 June 2009,

Texas City refinery explosion and leaks

The former Amoco oil refinery at Texas City, Texas, was beset by environmental issues, including chemical leaks and a 2005 explosion that killed 15 people and injured hundreds. Bloomberg News described the incident, which led to a guilty plea by BP to a felony Clean Air Act charge, as “one of the deadliest U.S. industrial accidents in 20 years.” The refinery was sold to Marathon Petroleum in October 2012.

2005 explosion

(File:BP PLANT EXPLOSION-1 lowres2.jpg|thumb|Fire-extinguishing operations after the Texas City refinery explosion)In March 2005, the Texas City refinery, one of the largest refineries owned then by BP, exploded causing 15 deaths, injuring 180 people and forcing thousands of nearby residents to remain sheltered in their homes.WEB,www.mcclatchydc.com/2010/05/08/93779/bp-has-a-long-record-of-legal.html#ixzz0nZaTzdqN, “Gulf oil spill: BP has a long record of legal, ethical violations” 8 May 2010 by McClatchy Washington Bureau, Mcclatchydc.com, 5 June 2010,www.mcclatchydc.com/2010/05/08/93779/bp-has-a-long-record-of-legal.html," title="web.archive.org/web/20100605100643www.mcclatchydc.com/2010/05/08/93779/bp-has-a-long-record-of-legal.html,">web.archive.org/web/20100605100643www.mcclatchydc.com/2010/05/08/93779/bp-has-a-long-record-of-legal.html, 5 June 2010, live, A {{convert|20|ft|adj=on}} column filled with hydrocarbon overflowed to form a vapour cloud, which ignited. The explosion caused all the casualties and substantial damage to the rest of the plant.NEWS, In BP’s Record, a History of Boldness and Costly Blunders,www.nytimes.com/2010/07/13/business/energy-environment/13bprisk.html, The New York Times, 12 July 2010, Sarah, Lyall, The incident came as the culmination of a series of less serious accidents at the refinery, and the engineering problems were not addressed by the management. Maintenance and safety at the plant had been cut as a cost-saving measure, the responsibility ultimately resting with executives in London.WEB,www.bp.com/liveassets/bp_internet/globalbp/globalbp_uk_english/SP/STAGING/local_assets/assets/pdfs/Baker_panel_report.pdf, Baker Panel Report, 5 June 2010, dead,www.bp.com/liveassets/bp_internet/globalbp/globalbp_uk_english/SP/STAGING/local_assets/assets/pdfs/Baker_panel_report.pdf," title="web.archive.org/web/20100523075540www.bp.com/liveassets/bp_internet/globalbp/globalbp_uk_english/SP/STAGING/local_assets/assets/pdfs/Baker_panel_report.pdf,">web.archive.org/web/20100523075540www.bp.com/liveassets/bp_internet/globalbp/globalbp_uk_english/SP/STAGING/local_assets/assets/pdfs/Baker_panel_report.pdf, 23 May 2010, The fallout from the accident clouded BP’s corporate image because of the mismanagement at the plant. There had been several investigations of the disaster, the most recent being that from the US Chemical Safety and Hazard Investigation BoardWEB,www.csb.gov/assets/document/CSBFinalReportBP.pdf, U.S. Chemical Safety And Hazard Investigation Board Investigation Report on the BP Refinery Explosion and Fire of 23 March 2005 and BP’s Safety Culture, 5 June 2010,www.csb.gov/assets/document/CSBFinalReportBP.pdf," title="web.archive.org/web/20100528174726www.csb.gov/assets/document/CSBFinalReportBP.pdf,">web.archive.org/web/20100528174726www.csb.gov/assets/document/CSBFinalReportBP.pdf, 28 May 2010, dead, which “offered a scathing assessment of the company.” OSHA found “organizational and safety deficiencies at all levels of the BP Corporation” and said management failures could be traced from Texas to London. The company pleaded guilty to a felony violation of the Clean Air Act, was fined $50 million, the largest ever assessed under the Clean Air Act, and sentenced to three years probation.WEB,www.justice.gov/opa/pr/2007/October/07_ag_850.html, #07-850: 10-25-07 British Petroleum to Pay More Than $370 Million in Environmental Crimes, Fraud Cases, Justice.gov, 26 April 2013, On 30 October 2009, the US Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) fined BP an additional $87 million, the largest fine in OSHA history, for failing to correct safety hazards documented in the 2005 explosion. Inspectors found 270 safety violations that had been cited but not fixed and 439 new violations. BP appealed the fine.Associated Press, “BP fined record $87 million for safety breaches”, 31 October 2009. In July 2012, the company agreed to pay $13 million to settle the new violations. At that time OSHA found “no imminent dangers” at the Texas plant. Thirty violations remained under discussion.NEWS

2007 toxic substance release

In 2007, 143 workers at the Texas City refinery claimed that they were injured when a toxic substance was released at the plant. In December 2009, after a three-week trial, a federal jury in Galveston awarded ten of those workers $10 million each in punitive damages, in addition to smaller damages for medical expenses and pain and suffering. The plant had a history of chemical releases.NEWS, Jury Awards BP Workers $100 Million in Toxic Substance Case,www.nytimes.com/2009/12/19/business/energy-environment/19oil.html, 19 March 2015, The New York Times, Associated Press, 18 December 2009, In March 2010, the federal judge hearing the case reduced the jury’s award to less than $500,000. U.S. District Judge Kenneth M. Hoyt said the plaintiffs failed to prove BP was grossly negligent.NEWS, Clanton, Brett, BP wins $99 million reduction in Texas City fumes case,www.chron.com/business/article/BP-wins-99-million-reduction-in-Texas-City-fumes-1702033.php, 19 March 2015, Houston Chronicle, 16 March 2010,

2010 chemical leak

In August 2010, the Texas Attorney General charged BP with illegally emitting harmful air pollutants from its Texas City refinery for more than a month.BP has admitted that malfunctioning equipment led to the release of over {{convert|530000|lbs}} of chemicals into the air of Texas City and surrounding areas from 6 April to 16 May 2010. The leak included {{convert|17000|lbs}} of benzene, {{convert|37000|lbs}} of nitrogen oxides, and {{convert|186000|lbs}} of carbon monoxide. The State’s investigation showed that BP’s failure to properly maintain its equipment caused the malfunction. When the equipment malfunctioned and caught fire, BP workers shut it down and routed escaping gases to flares. Rather than shut down associated units while compressor repairs were made, BP chose to keep operating those other units, which led to unlawful release of contaminants for almost 40 days. The Attorney General is seeking civil penalties of no less than $50 nor greater than $25,000 per day of each violation of state air quality laws, as well as attorneys’ fees and investigative costs.WEB,www.propublica.org/article/bp-texas-refinery-had-huge-toxic-release-just-before-gulf-blowout, BP Texas Refinery Had Huge Toxic Release Just Before Gulf Blowout, ProPublica, 17 July 2010,web.archive.org/web/20100715151201/https://www.propublica.org/article/bp-texas-refinery-had-huge-toxic-release-just-before-gulf-blowout, 15 July 2010, live, WEB,www.texasattorneygeneral.gov/oagnews/release.php?id=3442, Attorney General Abbott Charges BP With Additional Violations at Texas City Refinery, The state of Texas, 9 August 2010, 19 March 2015, 26 October 2020,web.archive.org/web/20201026042107/https://www.texasattorneygeneral.gov/news?id=3442, dead, In June 2012, over 50,000 Texas City residents joined a class-action suit against BP, alleging they became sick in 2010 as a result of the emissions release from the refinery. BP said the release harmed no one.WEB,abclocal.go.com/ktrk/story?section=news/local&id=8700136, More than 50,000 Texas City residents sue BP, ABC13 Houston, 15 March 2015, 30 June 2017,abc13.com/archive/8700136/," title="web.archive.org/web/20170630105823abc13.com/archive/8700136/,">web.archive.org/web/20170630105823abc13.com/archive/8700136/, dead, In October 2013, a trial designed as a test for a larger suit that includes 45,000 people found that BP was negligent in the case, but due to the lack of substantial evidence linking illness to the emissions, decided the company would be absolved of any wrongdoing.WEB,www.wfaa.com/news/business/Jury-finds-BP-negligent-in-Texas-emissions-event-227393221.html, Jury finds BP negligent in Texas emissions event, 11 October 2013, WFAA, 15 March 2015, dead,www.wfaa.com/news/business/Jury-finds-BP-negligent-in-Texas-emissions-event-227393221.html," title="web.archive.org/web/20131017045159www.wfaa.com/news/business/Jury-finds-BP-negligent-in-Texas-emissions-event-227393221.html,">web.archive.org/web/20131017045159www.wfaa.com/news/business/Jury-finds-BP-negligent-in-Texas-emissions-event-227393221.html, 17 October 2013, WEB,www.chron.com/news/houston-texas/houston/article/Jury-absolves-BP-in-gas-leak-trial-4884883.php, Jury absolves BP in gas leak trial, Houston Chronicle, 11 October 2013, 15 March 2015,

Prudhoe Bay

(File:Aerial view of prudhoe bay.jpg|thumb|Aerial view of Prudhoe Bay)In March 2006, corrosion of a BP Exploration Alaska (BPXA) oil transit pipeline in Prudhoe Bay transporting oil to the Trans-Alaska Pipeline led to a five-day leak and the largest oil spill on Alaska’s North Slope. According to the Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation (ADEC), a total of {{convert|212252|USgal|oilbbl m3}} of oil was spilled, covering {{convert|2|acre}} of the North Slope.WEB,www.dec.state.ak.us/SPAR/PERP/response/sum_fy06/060302301/sitreps/060302301_sr_23.pdf, GC-2 Oil Transit Line Release Situation Report, 28 March 2008, dec.state.ak.us, Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation, 21 January 2013, BP admitted that cost-cutting measures had resulted in a lapse in monitoring and maintenance of the pipeline and the consequent leak. At the moment of the leak, pipeline inspection gauges (known as “pigs“) had not been run through the pipeline since 1998.NEWS, BP admits budget a factor in Alaska spill, Chris, Baltimore, Robert, Campbell,uk.reuters.com/article/uk-bp-alaska-congress/bp-admits-budget-a-factor-in-alaska-spill-idUKN1619278420070516, Reuters, 16 May 2007, 21 January 2013, NEWS, Andrew Clark in New York,www.theguardian.com/environment/2007/may/01/energy.business, BP accused of ‘draconian’ cost cuts prior to Alaskan pipeline spill, The Guardian, 1 May 2007, 5 June 2010, London, JOURNAL,money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune_archive/2006/10/16/8388595/index.htm, Can BP bounce back? A disastrous leak. A deadly explosion. CEO John Browne must turn his troubled oil giant around, but time is running out., Schwartz, Nelson D., 31 October 2006, Fortune, CNN, 17 March 2013, BP completed the clean-up of the spill by May 2006, including removal of contaminated gravel and vegetation, which was replaced with new material from the Arctic tundra.NEWS, BP Prudhoe Bay Oil Leak Cleanup Completed, Andrea Lyn Van Benschoten,www.manufacturing.net/articles/2006/05/bp-prudhoe-bay-oil-leak-cleanup-completed?menuid=272, Manufacturing.net, 22 May 2006, 22 January 2013, Following the spill, the company was ordered by regulators to inspect the {{convert|35|km}} of pipelines in Prudhoe Bay using “smart pigs”.NEWS, Bacteria may have eaten through Alaskan oil pipe, Kurt Kleiner,www.newscientist.com/article/dn9703-bacteria-may-have-eaten-through-alaskan-oil-pipe.html, New Scientist, 9 August 2006, 20 January 2013, In late July 2006, the “smart pigs” monitoring the pipelines found 16 places where corrosion had thinned pipeline walls. A BP crew sent to inspect the pipe in early August discovered a leak and small spill,NEWS, New worry for drivers: BP shuts oilfield, Chris Isidore,money.cnn.com/2006/08/07/news/international/oil_alaska/, CNN, 8 August 2006, 21 January 2013, following which, BP announced that the eastern portion of the Alaskan field would be shut down for repairs on the pipeline,NEWS, BP shuts 100,000 barrels of Alaska oil, Alan Zibel,usatoday30.usatoday.com/money/economy/2007-05-22-2959368754_x.htm, USA Today, 22 May 2007, 21 January 2013, with approval from the Department of Transportation. The shutdown resulted in a reduction of {{convert|200000|oilbbl/d|m3/d}} until work began to bring the eastern field to full production on 2 October 2006.NEWS,usresponse.bp.com/go/doc/1249/132386/, Alaska Update, BP, 2 October 2006, {{subscription required, }} In total, {{convert|23|oilbbl|m3}} of oil were spilled and {{convert|176|oilbbl|m3}} were “contained and recovered”, according to ADEC. The spill was cleaned up and there was no impact upon wildlife.WEB,dec.alaska.gov/spar/perp/response/sum_fy07/060806301/060806301_sr_05.pdf, Flow Station 2 Transit Oil Line Release Situation Report, 14 August 2006, dec.state.ak.us, Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation, 21 January 2013, 2 August 2020,web.archive.org/web/20200802021119/https://dec.alaska.gov/spar/ppr/response/sum_fy07/060806301/060806301_sr_05.pdf, dead, After the shutdown, BP pledged to replace {{convert|26|km}} of its Alaskan oil transit pipelinesNEWS, BP replacing entire transit system, Kristen Nelson,www.petroleumnews.com/pntruncate/954556022.shtml, Petroleum News, 18 February 2007, 22 January 2013, NEWS, BP to start replacing Alaska pipelines,www.canada.com/calgaryherald/news/calgarybusiness/story.html?id=afa03605-518e-4450-844b-234254a762ed, Calgary Herald, 1 March 2008, 22 January 2013, dead,www.canada.com/calgaryherald/news/calgarybusiness/story.html?id=afa03605-518e-4450-844b-234254a762ed," title="web.archive.org/web/20130521044758www.canada.com/calgaryherald/news/calgarybusiness/story.html?id=afa03605-518e-4450-844b-234254a762ed,">web.archive.org/web/20130521044758www.canada.com/calgaryherald/news/calgarybusiness/story.html?id=afa03605-518e-4450-844b-234254a762ed, 21 May 2013, and the company completed work on the {{convert|16|mi}} of new pipeline by the end of 2008.WEB,www.bp.com/liveassets/bp_internet/globalbp/STAGING/global_assets/downloads/A/abp_wwd_alaska_prudhoe_bay_fact_sheet.pdf, Greater Prudhoe Bay, 2012, BP, 22 January 2013, dead,www.bp.com/liveassets/bp_internet/globalbp/STAGING/global_assets/downloads/A/abp_wwd_alaska_prudhoe_bay_fact_sheet.pdf," title="web.archive.org/web/20101229141741www.bp.com/liveassets/bp_internet/globalbp/STAGING/global_assets/downloads/A/abp_wwd_alaska_prudhoe_bay_fact_sheet.pdf,">web.archive.org/web/20101229141741www.bp.com/liveassets/bp_internet/globalbp/STAGING/global_assets/downloads/A/abp_wwd_alaska_prudhoe_bay_fact_sheet.pdf, 29 December 2010, In November 2007, BP Exploration, Alaska pleaded guilty to negligent discharge of oil, a misdemeanour under the federal Clean Water Act and was fined US$20 million.“BP fined $20 million for pipeline corrosion”, Anchorage Daily News, 26 October 2007. Retrieved 11 November 2007. There was no charge brought for the smaller spill in August 2006 due to BP’s quick response and clean-up.NEWS, BP set to plead in Prudhoe Bay pipeline case, Yereth, Rosen,www.reuters.com/article/uk-bp-alaska/bp-set-to-plead-in-prudhoe-bay-pipeline-case-idUKN2864909420071129, Reuters, 29 November 2007, 21 January 2013, On 16 October 2007, ADEC officials reported a “toxic spill” from a BP pipeline in Prudhoe Bay comprising {{convert|2000|USgal}} of primarily methanol (methyl alcohol) mixed with crude oil and water, which spilled onto a gravel pad and frozen tundra pond.NEWS,www.ktuu.com/Global/story.asp?S=7221594,www.ktuu.com/Global/story.asp?S=7221594," title="web.archive.org/web/20071113155521www.ktuu.com/Global/story.asp?S=7221594,">web.archive.org/web/20071113155521www.ktuu.com/Global/story.asp?S=7221594, 13 November 2007, Methanol and crude spill from Prudhoe Bay pipeline, 2 News KTUU.com, Associated Press, 16 October 2007, 11 June 2010, In the settlement of a civil suit, in July 2011 investigators from the U.S. Department of Transportation’s Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration determined that the 2006 spills were a result of BPXA’s failure to properly inspect and maintain the pipeline to prevent corrosion. The government issued a Corrective Action Order to BP XA that addressed the pipeline’s risks and ordered pipeline repair or replacement. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency had investigated the extent of the oil spills and oversaw BPXA’s cleanup. When BP XA did not fully comply with the terms of the corrective action, a complaint was filed in March 2009 alleging violations of the Clean Water Act, the Clean Air Act and the Pipeline Safety Act. In July 2011, the U.S. District Court for the District of Alaska entered a consent decree between the United States and BPXA resolving the government’s claims. Under the consent decree, BPXA paid a $25 million civil penalty, the largest per-barrel penalty at that time for an oil spill, and agreed to take measures to significantly improve inspection and maintenance of its pipeline infrastructure on the North Slope to reduce the threat of additional oil spills.WEB,www.justice.gov/enrd/5812.htm, USDOJ: Environment and Natural Resources Division : U.S. v. BP Exploration & Production, Inc. (D. La.), justice.gov, 15 March 2015, 29 July 2020,web.archive.org/web/20200729130124/https://www.justice.gov/enrd/us-v-bp-exploration-production-inc-d-la, dead, NEWS, The Washington Examiner, BP agrees to $25M penalty for 2006 Alaska spills,www.washingtonexaminer.com/bp-agrees-to-25m-penalty-for-2006-alaska-spills/article/113593, 17 September 2017, 3 May 2011,

2008 Caspian Sea gas leak

On 17 September 2008, a small gas leak was discovered and one gas-injection well broached to surface in the area of the Central Azeri platform at the Azeri oilfield, a part of the Azeri–Chirag–Guneshli (ACG) project, in the Azerbaijan sector of Caspian Sea.NEWS NEWS last = Walt REPORT NEWS last = Yevgrashina NEWS last = Yevgrashina REPORT

California storage tanks

Santa Barbara County District Attorney sued BP West Coast Products LLC, BP Products North America, Inc., and Atlantic Richfield Company over allegations that the companies violated state laws regarding operating and maintaining motor vehicle fuel underground storage tank laws. BP settled a lawsuit for $14 million. The complaint alleged that BP failed to properly inspect and maintain underground tanks used to store gasoline for retail sale at approximately 780 gas stations in California over a period of ten years and violated other hazardous material and hazardous waste laws. The case settled in November 2016 and was the result of collaboration among the California Attorney General’s Office and several district attorney’s offices across the state.WEB,www.edhat.com/?nid=182278, Edhat | Local News From Your Community, www.edhat.com, Deepwater Horizon explosion and oil spill“>

Deepwater Horizon explosion and oil spill

{{Deepwater Horizon oil spill series}}{{See also|Deepwater Horizon explosion|Deepwater Horizon litigation|Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill Trust}}{{external media | width = 210px | float = right (File:Bay Jimmy, Plaquemines Parish (9152010).jpg|thumb|Heavy oiling of Bay Jimmy, Plaquemines Parish, 15 September 2010) File:Striped Dolphins.jpg|thumb|right|Striped dolphins (Stenella coeruleoalbaStenella coeruleoalbaThe Deepwater Horizon oil spill was a major industrial accident on the Gulf of Mexico, which killed 11 people and injured 16 others, leaked about {{convert|4.9|Moilbbl|MUSgal m3}} of oil with plus or minus 10% uncertainty, which makes it the largest accidental marine oil spill in the history of the petroleum industry,REPORT, Deepwater Horizon Marine Casualty Investigation Report, 17 August 2011,www.register-iri.com/forms/upload/Republic_of_the_Marshall_Islands_DEEPWATER_HORIZON_Marine_Casualty_Investigation_Report-Low_Resolution.pdf, Office of the Maritime Administrator, 25 February 2013, and cost to the company more than $65 billion of cleanup costs, charges and penalties.NEWS archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180116133342uk.reuters.com/article/uk-bp-deepwaterhorizon/bp-deepwater-horizon-costs-balloon-to-65-billion-idUKKBN1F50O6, 16 January 2018, NEWS The spill had a strong economic impact on the Gulf Coast’s economy sectors such as fishing and tourism.

Environmental impact

Oil spill caused damages across a range of species and habitats in the Gulf.JOURNAL pmid = 29370187 Studies in 2013 suggested that as much as one-third of the released oil remains in the gulf. Further research suggested that the oil on the bottom of the seafloor was not degrading.WEB,www.cbsnews.com/8301-205_162-57566171/study-dirty-bathtub-buried-oil-from-bp-spill/, Study: “Dirty bathtub” buried oil from BP spill, 29 January 2013, cbsnews.com, 15 March 2015, Oil in affected coastal areas increased erosion due to the death of mangrove trees and marsh grass.WEB,www.knoxnews.com/news/2013/apr/28/ut-experts-bp-oil-spill-gone-from-deep-ocean-but/, UT experts: BP oil spill gone from deep ocean, but remains in marshes, Megan Boehnke, KNS, 15 March 2015, 28 February 2014,www.knoxnews.com/news/2013/apr/28/ut-experts-bp-oil-spill-gone-from-deep-ocean-but/," title="web.archive.org/web/20140228050330www.knoxnews.com/news/2013/apr/28/ut-experts-bp-oil-spill-gone-from-deep-ocean-but/,">web.archive.org/web/20140228050330www.knoxnews.com/news/2013/apr/28/ut-experts-bp-oil-spill-gone-from-deep-ocean-but/, dead, NEWS, Dermansky, Julie, Three Years After the BP Spill, Tar Balls and Oil Sheen Blight Gulf Coast,www.theatlantic.com/national/archive/2013/04/three-years-after-the-bp-spill-tar-balls-and-oil-sheen-blight-gulf-coast/275139/, 29 April 2013, The Atlantic, 20 April 2013, JOURNAL, Degradation and resilience in Louisiana salt marshes after the BP–Deepwater Horizon oil spill, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 109, 28, 11234–11239, 10.1073/pnas.1204922109, 22733752, 3396483, 2012, Silliman, B. R., Van De Koppel, J., McCoy, M. W., Diller, J., Kasozi, G. N., Earl, K., Adams, P. N., Zimmerman, A. R., 2012PNAS..10911234S, free, {{dead link|date=May 2018}}Researchers looking at sediment, seawater, biota, and seafood found toxic compounds in high concentrations that they said was due to the added oil and dispersants.JOURNAL, Distribution and concentrations of petroleum hydrocarbons associated with the BP/Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill, Gulf of Mexico, 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2013.05.029, 23831318, 73, 1, 129–143, Marine Pollution Bulletin, 2013, Sammarco, Paul W., Kolian, Steve R., Warby, Richard A.F., Bouldin, Jennifer L., Subra, Wilma A., Porter, Scott A., 2013MarPB..73..129S, free, Although Gulf fisheries recovered in 2011,WEB,www.noaanews.noaa.gov/stories2012/20120919_fisheries2011report.html, U.S. seafood landings reach 14-year high in 2011, U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 5 October 2012, 17 February 2014, a 2014 study of the effects of the oil spill on bluefin tuna by researchers at Stanford University and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, published in the journal Science, found that toxins released by the oil spill sent fish into cardiac arrest. The study found that even very low concentrations of crude oil can slow the pace of fish heartbeats. BP disputed the study, which was conducted as part of the federal Natural Resource Damage Assessment process required by the Oil Pollution Act.NEWS,www.latimes.com/science/sciencenow/la-sci-sn-tuna-hearts-oil-spill-toxins-20140213,0,5212912.story, Toxins released by oil spills send fish hearts into cardiac arrest, Los Angeles Times, 13 February 2014, 15 February 2022, Sahagun, Louis,web.archive.org/web/20211111072715/https://www.latimes.com/science/sciencenow/la-sci-sn-tuna-hearts-oil-spill-toxins-20140213-story.html, 11 November 2021, live, NEWS,www.nola.com/environment/index.ssf/2014/02/bp_deepwater_horizon_spill_oil.html, BP Deepwater Horizon spill oil causes heart damage that can kill tuna, new study finds, The Times-Picayune, New Orleans, 13 February 2014, 17 February 2014, Schleifstein, Mark, The study also found that oil already broken down by wave action and chemical dispersants was more toxic than fresh oil.NEWS,www.theaustralian.com.au/news/health-science/tuna-study-reveals-how-pollution-causes-heart-problems/story-e6frg8y6-1226826877064, Tuna study reveals how pollution causes heart problems, The Australian, 14 February 2014, 18 February 2014, Another peer-reviewed study, released in March 2014 and conducted by 17 scientists from the United States and Australia and published in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, found that tuna and amberjack that were exposed to oil from the spill developed deformities of the heart and other organs. BP responded that the concentrations of oil in the study were a level rarely seen in the Gulf, but The New York Times reported that the BP statement was contradicted by the study.NEWS, Wines, Michael, Fish Embryos Exposed to Oil From BP Spill Develop Deformities, a Study Finds,www.nytimes.com/2014/03/25/us/fish-embryos-exposed-to-oil-from-bp-spill-develop-deformities-a-study-finds.html, 25 March 2014, The New York Times, 24 March 2014,

Effects on human health

Research discussed at a 2013 conference included preliminary results of an ongoing study being done by the National Institute for Environmental Health Sciences indicating that oil spill cleanup workers carry biomarkers of chemicals contained in the spilled oil and the dispersants used.WEB,www.nola.com/news/gulf-oil-spill/index.ssf/2013/01/bp_deepwater_horizon_spill_sci.html, BP Deepwater Horizon spill: Scientists say seafood safe, but health effects being measured, NOLA.com, 15 March 2015, A separate study is following the health issues of women and children affected by the spill. Several studies found that a “significant percentage” of Gulf residents reported mental health problems such as anxiety, depression and PTSD. According to a Columbia University study investigating the health effects among children living less than 10 miles from the coast, more than a third of the parents report physical or mental health symptoms among their children.Australia’s 60 Minutes reported that people living along the gulf coast were becoming sick from the mixture of Corexit and oil.WEB,sixtyminutes.ninemsn.com/article.aspx?id=8706910,sixtyminutes.ninemsn.com/article.aspx?id=8706910," title="archive.today/20131030100741sixtyminutes.ninemsn.com/article.aspx?id=8706910,">archive.today/20131030100741sixtyminutes.ninemsn.com/article.aspx?id=8706910, dead, 30 October 2013, Crude Solution, sixtyminutes, 15 March 2015, Susan Shaw, of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill Strategic Sciences Working Group, says “BP told the public that Corexit was ‘as harmless as Dawn dishwashing liquid’...But BP and the EPA clearly knew about the toxicity of the Corexit long before this spill.” According to Shaw, BP’s own safety sheet on Corexit says that there are “high and immediate human health hazards”.WEB,www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2013/10/bp-widespread-human-health-crisis-2013102717831227732.html, BP’s ‘widespread human health crisis’, Dahr Jamail, aljazeera.com, 15 March 2015, Cleanup workers were not provided safety equipment by the company, and the safety manuals were “rarely if ever” followed, or distributed to workers, according to a Newsweek investigation. The safety manuals read: “Avoid breathing vapor” and “Wear suitable protective clothing.“WEB,www.newsweek.com/what-bp-doesnt-want-you-know-about-2010-gulf-spill-63015, What BP Doesn’t Want You to Know About the 2010 Gulf Spill, Mark Hertsgaard, 22 April 2013, Newsweek, WEB,www.democracynow.org/2010/5/27/coast_guard_grounds_ships_involved_in, Coast Guard Grounds Ships Involved in Spill Cleanup After 7 Fall Ill; BP Reportedly Preventing Fishermen from Wearing Respirators, Democracy Now!, 15 March 2015, Oil clean up workers reported that they were not allowed to use respirators, and that their jobs were threatened if they did.WEB, Vanhemert, Kyle, BP Reportedly Preventing Clean-Up Workers From Wearing Respirators,gizmodo.com/5582758/bp-reportedly-preventing-clean-up-workers-from-wearing-respirators, Gizmodo, 8 July 2010, 5 March 2014, NEWS, Cohen, Elizabeth, Fisherman files restraining order against BP,edition.cnn.com/2010/HEALTH/05/31/oil.spill.order/, CNN, 5 March 2014, 31 May 2010, NEWS, Schor, Elana, Petition Urges Obama Admin to Protect Gulf Spill Cleanup Workers,www.nytimes.com/gwire/2010/07/09/09greenwire-petition-urges-obama-admin-to-protect-gulf-spi-60345.html, The New York Times, 5 March 2014, 9 July 2010, A peer-reviewed study published in The American Journal of Medicine reported significantly altered blood profiles of individuals exposed to the spilled oil and dispersants that put them at increased risk of developing liver cancer, leukemia and other disorders.WEB,www.elsevier.com/about/press-releases/research-and-journals/study-reveals-link-between-oil-spill-exposure-and-hematologic-and-hepatic-toxicity, Study Reveals Link Between Oil Spill Exposure and Hematologic and Hepatic Toxicity, elsevier.com, 15 March 2015, BP disputed its methodology and said other studies supported its position that dispersants did not create a danger to health.WEB, The Facts About Dispersants, November 13, 2013,www.thestateofthegulf.com/our-view/content/our-view/the-facts-about-dispersants/,www.thestateofthegulf.com/our-view/content/our-view/the-facts-about-dispersants/," title="web.archive.org/web/20131212095734www.thestateofthegulf.com/our-view/content/our-view/the-facts-about-dispersants/,">web.archive.org/web/20131212095734www.thestateofthegulf.com/our-view/content/our-view/the-facts-about-dispersants/, dead, 12 December 2013, The State of the Gulf: BP Sets the Record Straight, BP, 5 December 2013, In 2014, a study was published in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences which found heart deformities in fish exposed to oil from the spill. The researchers said that their results probably apply to humans as well as fish.

Civil and criminal suits

On 15 December 2010, the Department of Justice filed a civil and criminal suit against BP and other defendants for violations under the Clean Water Act in the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Louisiana.US Department of Justice United States of America v. BP Exploration & Production Inc. et al., Civ. Action No. 2:10-cv-04536John Wyeth Griggs. (2011) BP Gulf of Mexico Spill {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130501163116energyschool.org.uk/conference/files/BP-GULF-OF-MEXICO-OIL-SPILL.pdf |date=1 May 2013 }} Energy Law Journal. Vol. 32:57–79{{rp|70}} The case was consolidated with about 200 others, including those brought by state governments, individuals, and companies under Multi-District Litigation docket MDL No. 2179, before U.S. District Judge Carl Barbier.Staff, Environmental Law Institute. Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill Litigation DatabaseWEB,www.laed.uscourts.gov/OilSpill/OilSpill.htm, U.S. District Court – Eastern District of Louisiana, uscourts.gov, 15 March 2015, In November 2012, BP and the Department of Justice reached a $4 billion settlement of all federal criminal charges related to the explosion and spill. Under the settlement, BP agreed to plead guilty to 11 felony counts of manslaughter, two misdemeanors, and a felony count of lying to Congress and agreed to four years of government monitoring of its safety practices and ethics. BP also paid $525 million to settle civil charges by the Securities and Exchange Commission that it misled investors about the flow rate of oil from the well.Staff, Environmental Law Institute. February 2013. BP Criminal Plea Agreement Fact Sheet At the same time, the US government filed criminal charges against three BP employees; two site managers were charged with manslaughter and negligence, and one former vice president with obstruction.Judge Barbier ruled in the first phase of the case that BP had committed gross negligence and that “its employees took risks that led to the largest environmental disaster in U.S. history.” He apportioned fault at 67% for BP, 30% for Transocean and 3% for Halliburton. Barbier ruled that BP was “reckless” and had acted with “conscious disregard of known risks.”

Claims settlement

In June 2010, after a meeting in the White House between President Barack Obama and BP executives, the president announced that BP would pay $20 billion into a trust fund that will be used to compensate victims of the oil spill. BP also set aside $100 million to compensate oil workers who lost their jobs because of the spill.WEB,www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=127879786, White House: BP Will Pay $20B into Gulf Spill Fund, NPR, 16 June 2010, 17 February 2014, NEWS,www.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424052748704198004575310571698602094, BP Agrees to $20 Billion Fund, The Wall Street Journal, 17 June 2010, 17 February 2014, Weisman, Jonathan, Chazan, Guy, amp, On 2 March 2012, BP and businesses and residents affected by the spill reached a settlement of roughly 100,000 suits claiming economic losses. BP estimated that the settlement cost more than $9.2 billion.NEWS,www.reuters.com/article/us-bpspill-ruling-idUSBREA0A04920140111, BP appeal to stop ‘fictitious’ U.S. oil spill claims fails, 11 January 2014, Reuters, 18 January 2014, NEWS, BP begins to put spill behind it with settlement, Jonathan, Fahey, Chris, Kahn, 3 March 2012, Boston Globe, Associated Press,www.boston.com/news/nation/articles/2012/03/03/bp_begins_to_put_spill_behind_it_with_settlement/, 18 January 2014, In 2015, BP and five states agreed to an $18.5 billion settlement to be used for Clean Water Act penalties and various claims.

2022 Ohio refinery fire

On 20 September 2022, a fire at BP’s Husky Toledo refinery caused the death of two workers there. The fire was put out that day, but the refinery remained shut down. The refinery’s shutdown was expected to increase American petrol prices.NEWS, 21 September 2022, BP refinery fire in Ohio kills 2 workers, Financial Times,www.ft.com/content/8c72b150-5934-4953-8d7d-9d607698de67, 22 September 2022,

Political influence

Lobbying for Libyan prisoner transfer release

BP lobbied the British government to conclude a prisoner-transfer agreement which the Libyan government had wanted to secure the release of Abdelbaset al-Megrahi, the only person convicted for the 1988 Lockerbie bombing over Scotland, which killed 270 people. BP stated that it pressed for the conclusion of prisoner transfer agreement amid fears that delays would damage its “commercial interests” and disrupt its £900 million offshore drilling operations in the region, but it said that it had not been involved in negotiations concerning the release of Megrahi.WEB,www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/energy/oilandgas/7892112/BP-admits-lobbying-UK-over-Libya-prisoner-transfer-scheme-but-not-Lockerbie-bomber.html,ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/energy/oilandgas/7892112/BP-admits-lobbying-UK-over-Libya-prisoner-transfer-scheme-but-not-Lockerbie-bomber.html, 11 January 2022, live, BP admits ‘lobbying UK over Libya prisoner transfer scheme but not Lockerbie bomber’, 15 July 2010, The Daily Telegraph, The Telegraph, 15 March 2015, subscription, {{cbignore}}WEB,www.sfgate.com/world/article/BP-s-admits-role-in-Lockerbie-bomber-s-release-3258960.php, BP’s admits role in Lockerbie bomber’s release, SFGate, 16 July 2010, 15 March 2015,

Political contributions and lobbying

In February 2002, BP’s then-chief executive, Lord Browne of Madingley, renounced the practice of corporate campaign contributions, saying: “That’s why we’ve decided, as a global policy, that from now on we will make no political contributions from corporate funds anywhere in the world.“NEWS, Terry Macalister, Michael White, amp,www.theguardian.com/Archive/Article/0,4273,4365524,00.html, BP stops paying political parties, The Guardian, 16 April 2002, 5 June 2010, London,www.guardian.co.uk/Archive/Article/0%2C4273%2C4365524%2C00.html," title="web.archive.org/web/20081216115036www.guardian.co.uk/Archive/Article/0%2C4273%2C4365524%2C00.html,">web.archive.org/web/20081216115036www.guardian.co.uk/Archive/Article/0%2C4273%2C4365524%2C00.html, 16 December 2008, live, When the Washington Post reported in June 2010 that BP North America “donated at least $4.8 million in corporate contributions in the past seven years to political groups, partisan organizations and campaigns engaged in federal and state elections”, mostly to oppose ballot measures in two states aiming to raise taxes on the oil industry, the company said that the commitment had only applied to contributions to individual candidates.NEWS, 0190-8286, Leonnig, Carol D., Despite BP corporate code, firm has made political contributions, The Washington Post, 23 March 2013, 29 June 2010,www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/06/29/AR2010062903384.html, During the 2008 U.S. election cycle, BP employees contributed to various candidates, with Barack Obama receiving the largest amount of money,NEWS, Obama was top recipient of BP-related dollars in 2008, CNN, 23 March 2013,edition.cnn.com/2010/POLITICS/05/05/bp.lobbying/index.html, 5 May 2010, broadly in line with contributions from Shell and Chevron, but significantly less than those of Exxon Mobil.WEB, Exxon, Chevron, BP Greased Obama’s Campaign, 23 March 2013,www.usnews.com/news/blogs/washington-whispers/2011/03/14/exxon-chevron-bp-greased-obamas-campaign, In 2009, BP spent nearly $16 million lobbying the U.S. Congress.NEWS, Antonia, Juhasz,www.theguardian.com/business/2010/may/02/bp-deepwater-horizon-oil-spills, BP spends millions lobbying as it drills ever deeper and the environment pays, The Observer, UK, 2 May 2010, 6 May 2010,www.guardian.co.uk/business/2010/may/02/bp-deepwater-horizon-oil-spills," title="web.archive.org/web/20100505140409www.guardian.co.uk/business/2010/may/02/bp-deepwater-horizon-oil-spills,">web.archive.org/web/20100505140409www.guardian.co.uk/business/2010/may/02/bp-deepwater-horizon-oil-spills, 5 May 2010, live, In 2011, BP spent a total of $8,430,000 on lobbying and had 47 registered lobbyists.WEB,www.opensecrets.org/orgs/summary.php?cycle=A&type=P&id=D000000091, BP, opensecrets.org, 15 March 2015,

Oman 1954 War

{{further|Jebel Akhdar War}}In 1937, Iraq Petroleum Company (IPC), 23.75% owned by BP, signed an oil concession agreement with the Sultan of Muscat. In 1952, IPC offered financial support to raise an armed force that would assist the Sultan in occupying the interior region of Oman, an area that geologists believed to be rich in oil. This led to the 1954 outbreak of Jebel Akhdar War in Oman that lasted for more than five years.

Market manipulation investigations and sanctions

The US Justice Department and the Commodity Futures Trading Commission filed charges against BP Products North America Inc. (subsidiary of BP plc) and several BP traders, alleging they conspired to raise the price of propane by seeking to corner the propane market in 2004.WEB , NEWS NEWS NEWS in 2011.In November 2010, US regulators FERC and CFTC began an investigation of BP for allegedly manipulating the gas market. The investigation relates to trading activity that occurred in October and November 2008.NEWS NEWS In May 2013, the European Commission started an investigation into allegations the companies reported distorted prices to the price reporting agency Platts, in order to “manipulate the published prices” for several oil and biofuel products. The investigation was dropped in December 2015 due to lack of evidence.A dataset of gasoline prices of BP, Caltex, Woolworths, Coles, and Gull from Perth gathered in the years 2001 to 2015 was used to show by statistical analysis the tacit collusion between these retailers.JOURNAL, Byrne, David P., de Roos, Nicolas, Learning to Coordinate: A Study in Retail Gasoline, 23 July 2018,papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2570637, 25 March 2021, Social Science Research Network, 2570637, en, Documents from a 2016 bid to drill in the Great Australian Bight revealed claims by BP that a large-scale cleanup operation following a massive oil spill would bring a “welcome boost to local economies.“WEB,www.newsweek.com/massive-oil-spill-welcome-boost-economy-says-bp-874650, Massive Oil Spill ‘Welcome Boost’ To Economy, Says BP, David Brennan, 6 April 2018, Newsweek, 10 April 2018, In the same bid BP also stated that a diesel spill would be “socially acceptable” due to a lack of “unresolved stakeholder concerns.“An internal email from mid 2017, was leaked in April 2018 in New Zealand. The email laid out that pricing was to be raised at certain sites in a region around Otaki in order to regain volume lost at that branch.WEB,www.stuff.co.nz/business/103470616/behind-the-pricing-internal-email-lifts-veil-on-bps-petrol-prices, Behind the pricing: Internal email lifts veil on BP’s petrol prices, 30 April 2018, Stuff, 24 May 2018, This led to the Government asking the Commerce Commission to investigate regional prices: initial indications were that motorists were paying too much across most of the country.WEB,www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=12260020, Petrol prices: Motorists pay too much at pump says Commerce Commission, 20 August 2019, NZ Herald, 20 August 2019,

See also

• List of companies based in London

Notes

{{notelist}}

References

Bibliography

{{Anchor|Books|Bibliography}}

Commissioned works

(In chronological order)

• BOOK, Ferrier, R.W., The History of the British Petroleum Company: The Developing Years 1901–1932, I, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1982, 9780521246477,books.google.com/books?id=aNBQnow_wbYC, RefFerrier1982,
• BOOK, Bamberg, James H, The History of the British Petroleum Company: The Anglo-Iranian Years, 1928–1954, II, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1994, 9780521259507,books.google.com/books?id=PduotC73nh0C, RefJames1994,
• BOOK, Bamberg, James H, The History of the British Petroleum Company: British Petroleum and Global Oil, 1950–1975: The Challenge of Nationalism, III, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2000, 9780521785150,books.google.com/books?id=LVC0VlPOJxEC, RefJames2000,
• BOOK, Annual Report and Form 20-F 2018, BP,www.bp.com/content/dam/bp/business-sites/en/global/corporate/pdfs/investors/bp-annual-report-and-form-20f-2018.pdf, AR18,
• BOOK, Annual Report and Form 20-F 2023, BP,www.bp.com/content/dam/bp/business-sites/en/global/corporate/pdfs/investors/bp-annual-report-and-form-20f-2023.pdf, AR23,

Other works

• BOOK, Sedimentary basins and petroleum geology of the Middle East, Alsharhan, A. S., Nairn, A. E. M., Elsevier, 1997, 2,books.google.com/books?id=0Ug0GdmopWMC&pg=PA471, 978-0-444-82465-3, alsharhan,
• BOOK, Working for Oil: Comparative Social Histories of Labor in the Global Oil Industry, Atabaki, Touraj, Bini, Elisabetta, Ehsani, Kaveh, Springer Publishing, Springer, 2018,books.google.com/books?id=ZbZIDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA196, 9783319564456, Atabaki,
• BOOK, Bailey, Martin, Shell and BP in South Africa., 1978, Haslemere Group/Anti-Apartheid, Birmingham, 0905094026, 2nd, {{GBurl, VQAvAQAAIAAJ, }}
• BOOK, The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 7, 1991, Cambridge University Press, 1096,books.google.com/books?id=H20Xt157iYUC&pg=PA665, W. William, Bayne Fisher, P., Avery, G. R. G., Hambly, C., Melville, RefWilliam1991, 9780521200950,
• BOOK, Nicholas, Beale, Constructive Engagement: Directors and Investors in Action,books.google.com/books?id=aoV22XMeZswC&pg=PA52, 2012, Gower Publishing, 9781409457824, RefBeale,
• BOOK, Black, Edwin, British Petroleum and the Redline Agreement The West’s Secret Pact to Get Mideast Oil, 2011, Dialog Press, Washington, DC, 9780914153153, {{GBurl, PKt8RAAACAAJ, }}
• BOOK, Strategies, Markets and Governance: Exploring Commercial and Regulatory Agendas, 2008, Cambridge University Press, 360,books.google.com/books?id=QBLZfywCoJMC&pg=PA235, Ralf, Boscheck

ref=RefChristine2008,

• BOOK, Chronological History of U.S. Foreign Relations: 1932–1988, Brune, Lester H., Burns, Richard Dean, Routledge, 2003, 2,books.google.com/books?id=nSe0gs-YaTkC&pg=PA499, 978-0-415-93916-4, brune,
• BOOK, Kinzer, Stephen, All the Shah’s Men: An American Coup and the Roots of Middle East Terror, Wiley, 2003, 9780471265177, 272,books.google.com/books?id=Wv4B6C-wTG8C, RefStephen2003,
• BOOK, Lauterpacht, E., International Law Reports, 1973, Cambridge University Press, 560,books.google.com/books?id=ZIWcxX5jB5MC&pg=PA375, 9780521463911, RefLauterpacht1973,
• BOOK, Louis, Wm. Roger, Ends of British Imperialism: The Scramble for Empire, Suez, and Decolonization, 2007, I.B.Tauris, 9781845113476, 1082,books.google.com/books?id=NQnpQNKeKKAC&pg=PA775, RefRoger2007,
• BOOK, William Hutton, Marwick, Scotland in Modern Times: An Outline of Economic and Social Development Since the Union Of 1707,archive.org/details/scotlandinmodern0000marw, registration, 1964, Frank Cass and Company Limited, 175, 9780714613420, RefMarwick,
• BOOK, Meyer, Karl E, Brysac, Shareen, Kingmakers: The Invention of the Modern Middle East, New York, W. W. Norton & Company, W.W. Norton, 2008, 9780393061994,archive.org/details/kingmakersinvent0000meye, registration, RefKarl2008,
• BOOK, Ritchie, Berry, Portrait in Oil: An Illustrated History of BP, 1995, James & James, London, 090738367X, {{GBurl, _GaiQHkad-8C, }}
• BOOK, Safina, Carl, A Sea in Flames:The Deepwater Horizon Oil Blowout, 2011, Crown Publishers, 9780307887351,archive.org/details/seainflamesdeepw0000safi,
• BOOK, Sampson, Anthony, Anthony Sampson, The Seven Sisters: The Great Oil Companies And The World They Shaped, 1975, Viking Press, New York, 067063591X, {{GBurl, hqu0AAAAIAAJ, }} (BOOK, The Seven Sisters: The 100-year battle for the world’s oil supply, Also 4th, revised, edition, 1991, Bantam Books, New York, 0553242377, )
• BOOK, Sztucki, Jerzy, Interim measures in the Hague Court, Brill Archive, 1984,books.google.com/books?id=3yDlnBv6Y8cC&pg=PA43, 9789065440938, RefJerzy1984,
• BOOK, Vassiliou, M. S., Marius Vassiliou, Historical Dictionary of the Petroleum Industry : Volume 3, 2009, Scarecrow Press, 662,books.google.com/books?id=vArc08DO9ykC&pg=PA269, 9780810859937, RefVassiliou2009,
• BOOK, Yergin, Daniel, Daniel Yergin, (The Prize: The Epic Quest for Oil, Money, and Power), 1991, Simon & Schuster, New York, 0671502484,
• BOOK, Yergin, Daniel, Daniel Yergin, (The Quest: Energy, Security, and the Remaking of the Modern World), 2011, Penguin Press, New York, 9781594202834, 7,

External links

{{Commons category|BP}}

• {{Official website}}
• {{Finance links| name = BP plc| symbol = BP| sec_cik = 313807| yahoo = BP| google = BP| bloomberg = BP:US| hoovers = bp_plc.330879ba457530a3

}}

• {{OpenCorp|bp|BP}}

{{BP}}{{FTSE 100 Index constituents}}{{Energy in the United Kingdom|companies}}{{Petroleum industry |companies}}{{Deepwater}}{{Authority control}}