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{{Short description|Nontrinitarian branch of Christianity}}{{About|the Christian theological tradition|the doctrinal position|Nontrinitarianism|the liberal religious movement|Unitarian Universalism|its British counterpart|General Assembly of Unitarian and Free Christian Churches|other uses|Unitarian (disambiguation){{!}}Unitarian}}{{God|expanded=representations}}Unitarianism ({{ety|la|unitas|unity, oneness}}) is a nontrinitarian branch of Christianity.BOOK, Bremer, Thomas S., 2015, Formed From This Soil: An Introduction to the Diverse History of Religion in America, Transcendentalism,weblink Chichester, Chichester, West Sussex, Wiley-Blackwell, 235, 10.1002/9781394260959, 978-1-4051-8927-9, 2014030507, 127980793, Unitarian theology, which developed in the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, included a critique of the History of Christian theology, traditional Christian theology of the Trinity, which regarded God in Christianity, God as three distinct but unified beings—transcendent God the Father, Creator God, human Savior God (i.e., Jesus Christ), and immanent Spiritual God (i.e., the Holy Spirit in Christianity, Holy Spirit). Unitarians viewed this understanding of God as a later theological corruption, and they embraced a view of God as a singular, unified entity; in most Unitarian theological interpretations, Jesus Christ retains highest respect as a spiritual and moral teacher of unparalleled insight and sensitivity, but Christology, he is not regarded as divine, or at least his divine nature is not on the same level as the singular and unique Creator deity, Creator God., 2023-01-13, 2023-01-13,weblink live, Unitarian Christians affirm the (wikt:unitary|unitary) nature of God as the singular and unique creator of the universe, believe that Jesus Christ was inspired by God in his moral teachings and that he is the savior of humankind,{{citation |last=Miano |first=David |title=An Explanation of Unitarian Christianity |url=http://americanunitarian.org/explanation.htm |page=15 |year=2003 |access-date=2012-10-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190521191654weblink |url-status=dead |publisher=AUC |archive-date=2019-05-21}}.Drzymala, Daren. 2002. Biblical Christianity. Xulon press. p. 122: "Classically, Unitarian Universalist Christians [and Unitarian Christians] have understood Jesus as a Savior because he was a God-filled human being, not a supernatural being." but he is not equal to God himself.WEB, Jesus Christ: Incarnated or Created? – Was he actually born?,weblink BiblicalUnitarian.com, 7 April 2022, 19 May 2022,weblink live, Unitarianism was established in order to restore "primitive Christianity before later corruptions set in".Joseph Priestley, one of the founders of the Unitarian movement, defined Unitarianism as the belief of primitive Christianity before later corruptions set in. Among these corruptions, he included not only the doctrine of the Trinity, but also various other orthodox doctrines and usages (Earl Morse Wilbur, A History of Unitarianism, Harvard University Press 1952, pp. 302–303). Likewise, Unitarian Christians generally reject the doctrine of original sin.From The Catechism of the Hungarian Unitarian Church in Transylvanian Romania: "Unitarians do not teach original sin. We do not believe that through the sin of the first human couple we all became corrupted. It would contradict the love and justice of God to attribute to us the sin of others, because sin is one's own personal action" (Ferencz Jozsef, 20th ed., 1991. Translated from Hungarian by Gyorgy Andrasi, published in The Unitarian Universalist Christian, Fall/Winter, 1994, Volume 49, Nos. 3–4; VII:107).In his history of the Unitarians, David Robinson writes: "At their inception, both Unitarians and Universalists shared a common theological enemy: Calvinism." He explains that they "consistently attacked Calvinism on the related issues of original sin and election to salvation, doctrines that in their view undermined human moral exertion." (D. Robinson, The Unitarians and the Universalists, Greenwood Press, 1985, pp. 3, 17). The churchmanship of Unitarianism may include liberal denominations or Unitarian Christian denominations that are more conservative, with the latter being known as biblical Unitarians.BOOK, Larsen, Timothy, A People of One Book: The Bible and the Victorians, 27 January 2011, Oxford University Press, 978-0-19-161433-0, 143, English, Biblical Unitarians are standardly portrayed as denouncing liberal Unitarians, BOOK, Mandelbrote, Scott, Ledger-Lomas, Michael, Dissent and the Bible in Britain, C.1650–1950, October 2013, Oxford University Press, 978-0-19-960841-6, 160, English, Although a biblical Unitarian, Mary Carpenter was lifelong friends with James Martineau, the pioneer of English liberal Unitarianism., The birth of the Unitarian faith is proximate to the Radical Reformation, beginning almost simultaneously among the ProtestantBOOK,weblink Historical Dictionary of Poland, 966–1945, 978-0313260070, Lerski, Jerzy Jan, Lerski, George J., Lerski, Halina T., 1996, Greenwood Publishing, 2021-12-25, 2023-09-28,weblink live, Polish Brethren in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and in the Principality of Transylvania in the mid-16th century;BOOK, Williams, George Huntston, George Huntston Williams, 1995, Chapter 28: The Rise of Unitarianism in the Magyar Reformed Synod in Transylvania,weblink The Radical Reformation, University Park, Pennsylvania, Penn State University Press, 3rd, 1099–1133, 978-0-943549-83-5, 2023-01-13, 2023-01-13,weblink live, the first Unitarian Christian denomination known to have emerged during that time was the Unitarian Church of Transylvania, founded by the Unitarian preacher and theologian Ferenc Dávid ({{Circa|1520}}–1579). Among its adherents were a significant number of Italians who took refuge in Bohemia, Moravia, Poland, and Transylvania in order to escape from the religious persecution perpetrated against them by the Roman Catholic and Magisterial Protestant churches.BOOK, Luszczynska, Magdalena, 2018, Introduction,weblink Politics of Polemics: Marcin Czechowic on the Jews, Berlin and Boston, De Gruyter, 1–26, 10.1515/9783110586565-001, 9783110586565, 158456664, 2023-02-10, 2023-02-10,weblink live, James Hastings Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics: Algonquins-Art p. 785 – 2001 "The first Unitarians were Italians, and the majority took refuge in Poland, where the laxity of the laws and the independence of the nobility secured for them a toleration which would have been denied to their views in other countries."The encyclopedia of Protestantism 137 Hans Joachim Hillerbrand – 2004 "The so-called Golden Age of Unitarianism in Transylvania (1540–1571) resulted in a rich production of works both in Hungarian and Latin". In the 17th century, significant repression in Poland led many Unitarians to flee or be killed for their faith. From the 16th to 18th centuries, Unitarians in Britain often faced significant political persecution, including John Biddle, Mary Wollstonecraft, and Theophilus Lindsey. In England, the first Unitarian Church was established in 1774 on Essex Street, London,BOOK, Schofield, Robert E.,weblink The Enlightened Joseph Priestley: A Study of His Life and Work from 1773 to 1804, Penn State Press, 2010, 978-0-271-04624-2, 26, English, 2020-05-13, 2023-09-28,weblink live, where today's British Unitarian headquarters is still located.Erwin Fahlbusch The encyclopedia of Christianity 5 603 2008 "Lindsey attempted but failed to gain legal relief for Anglican Unitarians, so in 1774 he opened his own distinctly Unitarian church on Essex Street, London, where today's British Unitarian headquarters are still located."As is typical of dissenters and nonconformists, Unitarianism does not constitute one single Christian denomination; rather, it refers to a collection of both existing and extinct Christian groups (whether historically related to each other or not) that share a common theological concept of the unitary nature of God. Unitarian Christian communities and churches have developed in Central Europe (mostly Romania and Hungary), Ireland, India, Jamaica, Japan, Canada, Nigeria, South Africa, the United Kingdom, and the United States. In British America, different schools of Unitarian theology first spread in the New England Colonies and subsequently in the Mid-Atlantic States. The first official acceptance of the Unitarian faith on the part of a congregation in North America was by King's Chapel in Boston, from where James Freeman began teaching Unitarian doctrine in 1784 and was appointed rector. Later in 1785, he created a revised Unitarian Book of Common Prayer based on Lindsey's work.American Unitarianism: or, A Brief history of "The progress and State of the Unitarian Churches in America, third edition, 1815 "So early as the year 1786, Dr. Freeman had persuaded his church to adopt a liturgy, which the Rev. ... Thus much for the history of Unitarianism at the Stone Chapel."

Terminology

Unitarianism is a proper noun and follows the same English usage as other Christian theologies that have developed within a religious group or denomination (such as Calvinism, Anabaptism, Adventism, Lutheranism, Wesleyanism, etc.).L. Sue Baugh, Essentials of English Grammar: A Practical Guide to the Mastery of English ({{ISBN|978-0844258218}}). Second Edition 1994, p. 59: "Religious Names and Terms: The names of all religions, denominations, and local groups are capitalized." The term existed shortly before it became the name of a distinct religious tradition, thus occasionally it is used as a common noun to describe any understanding of Jesus Christ that denies the doctrine of the Trinity or affirms the belief that God is only one person. In that case, it would be a Nontrinitarian belief system not necessarily associated with the Unitarian movement.J. Gordon Melton, Encyclopedia of Protestantism, 2005, p. 543: "Unitarianism – The word unitarian [italics] means one who believes in the oneness of God; historically it refers to those in the Christian community who rejected the doctrine of the Trinity (one God expressed in three persons). Non-Trinitarian Protestant churches emerged in the 16th century in ITALY, POLAND, and TRANSYLVANIA."Letter from Matthew F. Smith to Editor World faiths Encounter, 7–12 World Congress of Faiths – 1994 – "In an otherwise excellent article by Jasbir Singh Ahluwalia, 'Sikh Spirit in an Age of Plurality' (No. 6, November 1993), the writer makes a number of pejorative remarks about 'unitarianism', associating the term with a striving for a monolithic polity and reductionism to a common denominator. This is a very unfortunate misuse of the word. A correct definition of 'unitarianism' (small 'u') is the mono-hypo-static belief system of someone not directly associated with the Unitarian movement, almost always applied to a person from the Christian tradition, as the word was coined in distinction to the orthodox 'Trinitarian' doctrine of Christianity. 'Unitarians' (capital 'U') are, of course, those who follow the Unitarian approach to religion and are formally associated with the movement. In neither case can it be claimed that there is an underlying agenda towards reductionism and uniformity. Quite the reverse, in fact. Modern Unitarianism is remarkable among religions in not only welcoming the variety of faiths that there are to be found but also, as a creedless church, welcoming and encouraging acceptance of the same. We readily accept that not all our members are 'realist' theists, for example. Our long-standing commitment to interfaith understanding, evident in our practical support of the International Association for Religious Freedom, the World Congress of Faiths and the newly established International Interfaith centre in Oxford cannot be taken to mean that Unitarians are seeking the creation of a single world religion out of the old. I do not know a single Unitarian who believes or seeks that. On the contrary, we reject uniformity and cherish instead the highest degree of spiritual integrity, both of the existing religious traditions of the world and of religious persons as unique, thinking individuals. Matthew F Smith, Information Officer" (Essex Street Chapel, Unitarian Church headquarters, UK)"The name originated at the time of the great dispute at Gyulafehérvár in 1568, in the course of which Mélius quite often concluded his argument by saying, Ergo Deus est trinitarius.... Hence his party naturally came to be called Trinitarians and their opponents would naturally be called Unitarians. The name seems thus to have come into general use only gradually and it was long before it was employed in the formal proclamations of their Superintendents.... It is not found in print as the denomination of the church until 1600, when the unitaria religio is named as one of the four received religions in a decree of the Diet of Léczfalva (cf. Magyar Emlékek, iv, 551) in the extreme southeastern part of Transylvania. The name was never used by the Socinians in Poland; but late in the seventeenth century Transylvanian Unitarian students made it well-known in Holland, where the Socinians in exile, who had never adopted Socinian as the name of their movement and were more and more objecting to it, welcomed it as distinguishing them from Trinitarians. It thus gradually superseded the term Socinian, and spread to England and America." Earl Morse Wilbur, A History of Unitarianism, vol. 2, pp. 47–48. For example, the Unitarian movement has never accepted the Godhood of Jesus, and therefore does not include those nontrinitarian belief systems that do, such as Oneness Pentecostalism, United Pentecostal Church International, the True Jesus Church, and the writings of Michael Servetus (all of which maintain that Jesus is God as a single person). Recently, some religious groups have adopted the 19th-century term biblical unitarianism to distinguish their theologies from Unitarianism.Tuggy, Dale, (2009). Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy{{dead link|date=March 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}.Unitarianism is a Christian theology and practice that precedes and is distinct from Unitarian Universalism.Robinson, The Unitarians and the Universalists, pp. 159–184.AW Gomes, EC Beisner, and RM Bowman, Unitarian Universalism (Zondervan, 1998), pp. 30–79.American Unitarian association, 1886. The Unitarian Register. American Unitarian Association. p. 563Rationalist Press Association Limited, 1957. Humanist, Volume 72. p. III In the 1890s the American Unitarian Association began to allow non-Christian and non-theistic churches and individuals to be part of their fellowship.George Willis Cooke, Unitarianism in America (AUA, 1902), pp. 224–230. As a result, people who held no Unitarian belief began to be called Unitarians because they were members of churches that belonged to the American Unitarian Association. After several decades, the non-theistic members outnumbered the theological Unitarians.{{citation | publisher = UUA | url =weblink | title = Engaging Our Theological Diversity | pages = 70–72 | access-date = 2011-01-02 | archive-date = 2010-06-15 | archive-url =weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20100615181113weblink">weblink | url-status = live }}

History

{{Further|Radical Reformation|Reformation in the Kingdom of Hungary}}{{more citations needed section|date=July 2019}}File:Körösfői-Kriesch Aladár Tordai országgyűlés.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.25|Ferenc Dávid holding his speech at the Diet of Torda (1568), in the Kingdom of Hungary (today Turda, Romania). Painting by Aladár Körösfői-KrieschAladár Körösfői-KrieschUnitarianism, both as a theology and as a denominational family of churches, was defined and developed in Poland, Transylvania, England, Wales, India, Japan, Jamaica, the United States, and beyond in the 16th century through the present.WEB, Book Talk with Michel Mohr "Unitarianism in Japan: Unravelling Its Saga through the UUA Archives",weblink 2021-03-21, library.hds.harvard.edu, en, 2021-07-31,weblink live, WEB, Unitarians, Universalists, and Unitarian Universalists Around the World {{!, International Unitarian Universalism {{!}} UUA.org|url=https://www.uua.org/international/uus-abroad|access-date=2021-03-21|website=www.uua.org|language=en|archive-date=2021-04-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210411001543weblink|url-status=live}} Although common beliefs existed among Unitarians in each of these regions, they initially grew independently from each other. Only later did they influence one another and accumulate more similarities."The religious movement whose history we are endeavoring to trace...became fully developed in thought and polity in only four countries, one after another, namely Poland, Transylvania, England and America, but in each of these it showed, along with certain individual characteristics, a general spirit, a common point of view, and a doctrinal pattern that tempt one to regard them as all outgrowths of a single movement which passed from one to another; for nothing could be more natural than to presume that these common features implied a common ancestry. Yet such is not the fact, for in each of these four lands the movement, instead of having originated elsewhere, and been translated only after attaining mature growth, appears to have sprung independently and directly from its own native roots, and to have been influenced by other and similar movements only after it had already developed an independent life and character of its own." Earl Morse Wilbur, A History of Unitarianism, vol. 2 (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1952), p. 166.The Ecclesia minor or Minor Reformed Church of Poland, better known today as the Polish Brethren, was born as the result of a controversy that started on January 22, 1556, when Piotr of Goniądz (Peter Gonesius), a Polish student, spoke out against the doctrine of the Trinity during the general synod of the Reformed (Calvinist) churches of Poland held in the village of Secemin.Hewett, Racovia, pp. 20–21. After nine years of debate, in 1565, the anti-Trinitarians were excluded from the existing synod of the Polish Reformed Church (henceforth the Ecclesia maior) and they began to hold their own synods as the Ecclesia minor. Though frequently called "Arians" by those on the outside, the views of Fausto Sozzini (Faustus Socinus) became the standard in the church, and these doctrines were quite removed from Arianism. So important was Socinus to the formulation of their beliefs that those outside Poland usually referred to them as Socinians.BOOK, Livingstone, B. A.,weblink The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church, 2014, Oxford University Press, 9780191744303, 3, Unitarianism, Poland, where Faustus Socinus was their leader from 1579 until his death., 2022-09-17, 2023-09-28,weblink live, The Polish Brethren were disbanded in 1658 by the Sejm (Polish Parliament). They were ordered to convert to Roman Catholicism or leave Poland. Most of them went to Transylvania or Holland, where they embraced the name "Unitarian". Between 1665 and 1668 a grandson of Socinus, Andrzej Wiszowaty Sr., published Bibliotheca Fratrum Polonorum quos Unitarios vocant (Library of the Polish Brethren who are called Unitarians 4 vols. 1665–1669).{{citation needed|date=May 2019}}The Unitarian Church in Transylvania was first recognized by the Edict of Torda, issued by the Transylvanian Diet under Prince John II Sigismund Zápolya (January 1568),Earl A. Pope, "Protestantism in Romania", in Sabrina Petra Ramet (ed.), Protestantism and Politics in Eastern Europe and Russia: The Communist and Postcommunist Eras, Duke University Press, Durham, 1992, p. 160. {{ISBN|0-8223-1241-7}}. and was first led by Ferenc Dávid (a former Calvinist bishop, who had begun preaching the new doctrine in 1566). The term "Unitarian" first appeared as unitaria religio in a document of the Diet of Lécfalva, Transylvania, on 25 October 1600, though it was not widely used in Transylvania until 1638, when the formal recepta Unitaria Religio was published.{{citation needed|date=May 2019}}The word Unitarian had been circulating in private letters in England, in reference to imported copies of such publications as the Library of the Polish Brethren who are called Unitarians (1665). Henry Hedworth was the first to use the word "Unitarian" in print in English (1673), and the word first appears in a title in Stephen Nye's A Brief History of the Unitarians, called also Socinians (1687). The movement gained popularity in England in the wake of the Enlightenment and began to become a formal denomination in 1774 when Theophilus Lindsey organised meetings with Joseph Priestley, founding the first avowedly Unitarian congregation in the country. This occurred at Essex Street Church in London. Official toleration came in 1813.The first official acceptance of the Unitarian faith on the part of a congregation in America was by King's Chapel in Boston, which settled James Freeman (1759–1835) in 1782, and revised the Prayer Book into a mild Unitarian liturgy in 1785. In 1800, Joseph Stevens Buckminster became minister of the Brattle Street Church in Boston, where his brilliant sermons, literary activities, and academic attention to the German "New Criticism" helped shape the subsequent growth of Unitarianism in New England. Unitarian Henry Ware (1764–1845) was appointed as the Hollis professor of divinity at Harvard College, in 1805. Harvard Divinity School then shifted from its conservative roots to teach Unitarian theology (see Harvard and Unitarianism). Buckminster's close associate William Ellery Channing (1780–1842) was settled over the Federal Street Church in Boston, 1803, and in a few years he became the leader of the Unitarian movement. A theological battle with the Congregational Churches resulted in the formation of the American Unitarian Association at Boston in 1825. Certainly, the unitarian theology was being "adopted" by the Congregationalists from the 1820s onwards. This movement is also evident in England at this time.BOOK, Bowers, J.,weblink Joseph Priestley and English Unitarianism in America, 2010, Penn State Press, 978-0271045818, 245, ...Before 1819, American Unitarians followed the teachings of [England's] Priestly...[in the next few decades] the liberal Congregationalists adopted their Unitarian theology., 21 July 2020, 28 September 2023,weblink live, The first school founded by the Unitarians in the United States was the Clinton Liberal Institute, in Clinton, Oneida County, New York, founded in 1831.

Beliefs

File:Egy az Isten ! - 2014.12.14.JPG|thumb|"God is One" () stained glass window in a Unitarian church in BudapestBudapest

Christology

Unitarians charge that the Trinity, unlike unitarianism, fails to adhere to strict monotheism. Unitarians maintain that Jesus was a great man and a prophet of God, perhaps even a supernatural being, but not God himself. They believe Jesus did not claim to be God and that his teachings did not suggest the existence of a triune God.Unitarian Christology can be divided according to whether or not Jesus is believed to have had a pre-human existence. Both forms maintain that God is one being and one person and that Jesus is the (or a) Son of God, but generally not God himself.{{citation |last=Hastings |first=James |title=Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics |volume=2 |page=785 |quote=Unitarianism started, on the other hand, with the denial of the pre-existence... These opinions, however, must be considered apart from Arianism proper. |author-link=James Hastings}}In the early 19th century, Unitarian Robert Wallace identified three particular classes of Unitarian doctrines in history:

• Arian, which believed in a pre-existence of the Logos;
• Socinian, which denied his pre-existence, but agreed that Christ should be worshipped;
• "Strict Unitarian", which, believing in an "incommunicable divinity of God", denied the worship of "the man Christ."Wallace, Robert. 1819. A Plain Statement and Scriptural Defence of the Leading Doctrines of Unitarianism {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326164814weblink |date=2023-03-26 }}. "Statement of The Peculiar Doctrines of Unitarians": pp. 7–10See also Socinianism, Arianism and Unitarianism {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150120235633weblink |date=2015-01-20 }}, by Christian Churches of God, Wade Cox, Summary No. 185z

Unitarianism is considered a factor in the decline of classical deism because there were people who increasingly preferred to identify themselves as Unitarians rather than deists.Mossner, Ernest Campbell (1967). "Deism". Encyclopedia of Philosophy 2. Collier-MacMillan. pp. 326–336.Several tenets of Unitarianism overlap with the predominant Muslim view of Jesus and Islamic understanding of monotheism.BOOK, Setton, Kenneth, A History of the Crusades,weblink limited, 1969, 466, 978-0299048341,

"Socinian" Christology

File:Portret van de theoloog Fausto Paolo Sozzini, RP-P-1908-3942.jpg|thumb|right|upright|Fausto Sozzini was an Italian theologian who helped define Unitarianism and also served the Polish BrethrenPolish BrethrenThe Christology commonly called "Socinian" (after Fausto Sozzini, one of the founders of Unitarian theology) refers to the belief that Jesus Christ began his life when he was born as a human. In other words, the teaching that Jesus pre-existed his human body is rejected. There are various views ranging from the belief that Jesus was simply a human (psilanthropism) who, because of his greatness, was adopted by God as his Son (adoptionism) to the belief that Jesus literally became the son of God when he was conceived by the Holy Spirit.{{citation needed|date=May 2019}}This Christology existed in some form or another prior to Sozzini. Theodotus of Byzantium,{{citation |last=Hoben |first=Allan |title=The Virgin Birth |year=1903 |quote=Of the above-stated beliefs that of Theodotus of Byzantium is perhaps the most striking, in that, while it admits the virgin birth, it denies the deductions commonly made therefrom, attributing to Christ only pre-eminent righteousness.}} Artemon{{citation |last=Bright |first=William |title=Some Aspects of Primitive Church Life |page=127 |quote=His original view was put into more definite form by Artemon, who regarded Jesus Christ as distinguished from prophets by (1) virgin-birth, (a) superior virtue.}} and Paul of SamosataCharles, Tutorial Prayer Book, p. 599. denied the pre-existence of Christ. These ideas were continued by Marcellus of Ancyra and his pupil Photinus in the 4th century AD.{{citation |last=Houdt |first=Toon |title=Self-Presentation and Social Identification |page=238 |quote=Christian apologists traced the origin of Socinianism to the doctrine of Photinus (4th century), who according to St. Augustine denied the pre-existence of Christ.}}R. P. C. Hanson (1916–1988), Lightfoot Professor of Divinity The Search for the Christian Doctrine of God: The Arian Controversy, 318–381 (9780801031465): 1973 "Photinus' doctrine appears to have been a form of what might be called middle Marcellism, i.e. what Marcellus originally taught before his vicissitudes caused him to temper the edge of his doctrine and take account of the criticisms of his friends as well as of his enemies, a little more moderated." In the Radical Reformation and Anabaptist movements of the 16th century this idea resurfaced with Sozzini's uncle, Lelio Sozzini. Having influenced the Polish Brethren to a formal declaration of this belief in the Racovian Catechism, Fausto Sozzini involuntarily ended up giving his name to this Christological position,{{citation |last=Watson |first=R. |title=A Biblical and Theological Dictionary |page=999}}. which continued with English Unitarians such as John Biddle, Thomas Belsham, Theophilus Lindsey, and James Martineau. In America, most of the early Unitarians were "Arian" in Christology (see below), but among those who held to a "Socinian" view was James Freeman.{{citation needed|date=May 2019}}Regarding the virgin birth of Jesus among those who denied the preexistence of Christ, some held to it and others did not. Its denial is sometimes ascribed to the Ebionites; however, Origen (Contra Celsum v.61) and Eusebius (HE iii.27) both indicate that some Ebionites did accept the virgin birth.{{citation |last=Bromiley |first=Geoffrey W. |title=International Standard Bible Encyclopedia |volume=E–J |page=9 |year=1982 |quote=Origen was the first to distinguish between two types of Ebionites theologically: those who believed in the Virgin Birth and those who rejected it.}} On the other hand, Theodotus of Byzantium, Artemon, and Paul of Samosata all accepted the virgin birth.{{Citation |last=Stead |first=Christopher |title=Philosophy in Christian Antiquity |pages=189 |year=1996 |location=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-46955-5}}. In the early days of Unitarianism, the stories of the virgin birth were accepted by most. There were a number of Unitarians who questioned the historical accuracy of the Bible, including Symon Budny, Jacob Palaeologus, Thomas Belsham, and Richard Wright, and this made them question the virgin birth story.{{citation |last=Webb |first=R. K. |title=Enlightenment, Passion, Modernity: Historical Essays in European Thought and Culture |page=120 |year=2007 |editor1-last=Micale |editor1-first=Mark S. |contribution=Miracles in English Unitarian Thought |editor2-last=Dietle |editor2-first=Robert L |editor3-last=Gay |editor3-first=Peter}}.{{citation |last=Belsham |title=Monthly Repository |issue=I |page=423 |year=1806 |contribution=Remarks on Mr. Proud's Pamphlet}}.{{citation |last=Wright |first=Richard |title=An Essay on the Miraculous Conception of Jesus Christ |year=1808 |place=London}}.{{citation |last=Wright |first=R |title=A Review of the Missionary Life and Labors of Richard Wright |page=68 |quote=After they were excited to think freely, some gave up the doctrine of the miraculous conception, from reading the scriptures only, and observing certain things there with which it could not be reconciled.}} Beginning in England and America in the 1830s, and manifesting itself primarily in Transcendentalist Unitarianism, which emerged from the German liberal theology associated primarily with Friedrich Schleiermacher, the psilanthropist view increased in popularity.Gura, Philip F. American Transcendentalism: A History. New York: Hill and Wang, 2007: 7–8. {{ISBN|0-8090-3477-8}}. Its proponents took an intellectual and humanistic approach to religion. They embraced evolutionary concepts, asserted the "inherent goodness of man", and abandoned the doctrine of biblical infallibility, rejecting most of the miraculous events in the Bible (including the virgin birth). Notable examples are James Martineau, Theodore Parker, Ralph Waldo Emerson and Frederic Henry Hedge. Famous American Unitarian William Ellery Channing was a believer in the virgin birth until later in his life, after he had begun his association with the Transcendentalists.{{citation |last=Placher |first=William Carl |title=A History of Christian Theology: An Introduction |page=265 |year=1983 |quote=Rationalist Unitarians like William Ellery Channing had argued from the Bible and the evidence of its miracles.}}{{citation |last=Chadwick |first=John White |title=William Ellery Channing: Minister of Religion |page=440}}.{{citation |last=Mendelsohn |first=Jack |title=Channing, the Reluctant Radical: A Biography |year=1971 |quote=A Suffolk County grand jury indicted him on three charges of blasphemy and obscenity: (1) he had quoted a scurrilous passage by Voltaire disparaging the virgin birth of Jesus.}}

Arianism

File:Constantine burning Arian books (cropped).jpg|thumb|upright|Constantine I burning ArianArianArianism is often considered a form of Unitarianism.WEB, Arianism,weblink Britannica, 28 August 2023, 15 September 2022, 27 March 2019,weblink live, The Christology of Arianism holds that Jesus, before his human life, existed as the Logos, or the Word, a being begotten or created by God, who dwelt with God in heaven.{{citation needed|date=September 2022}} There are many varieties of this form of Unitarianism, ranging from the belief that the Son was a divine spirit of the same substance (called Subordinationism) or of a similar substance to that of God (called Semi-Arianism) to the belief that he was an angel or other lesser spirit creature of a wholly different nature from God.{{citation needed|date=May 2011}} Not all of these views necessarily were held by Arius, the namesake of this Christology. It is still Nontrinitarian because, according to this belief system, Jesus has always been beneath God, though higher than humans. Arian Christology was not a majority view among Unitarians in Poland, Transylvania or England. It was only with the advent of American Unitarianism that it gained a foothold in the Unitarian movement.{{citation needed|date=May 2019}}Among early Christian theologians who believed in a pre-existent Jesus who was subordinate to God the Father were Lucian of Antioch, Eusebius of Caesarea, Arius, Eusebius of Nicomedia, Asterius the Sophist, Eunomius, and Ulfilas, as well as Felix, Bishop of Urgell. Proponents of this Christology also associate it (more controversially) with Justin Martyr and Hippolytus of Rome. Antitrinitarian Michael Servetus did not deny the pre-existence of Christ, so he may have believed in it.{{citation |last=Odhner |first=CT |title=Michael Servetus, His Life and Teachings |url=https://archive.org/details/michaelservetush00odhn |page=77 |year=1910 |quote=It will be seen from these extracts how completely without foundation is the assertion that Servetus denied the eternal pre-existence of Christ.}}{{unreliable source?|date=March 2013}} (In his "Treatise Concerning the Divine Trinity" Servetus taught that the Logos (Word) was the reflection of Christ, and "that reflection of Christ was 'the Word with God" that consisted of God Himself, shining brightly in heaven, "and it was God Himself"BOOK, Servetus, Michael, The Restoration of Christianity – An English Translation of Christianismi restitutio, 1553, Translated by Christopher A. Hoffman and Marian Hillar, 1553, Edwin Mellen Press, Lewiston, New York, 978-0-7734-5520-7, 75, and that "the Word was the very essence of God or the manifestation of God's essence, and there was in God no other substance or hypostasis than His Word, in a bright cloud where God then seemed to subsist. And in that very spot the face and personality of Christ shone bright.") Isaac Newton had Arian beliefs as well.{{citation |last=Pfizenmaier |first=Thomas C. |title=Journal of the History of Ideas |issue=68 |pages=57–80 |year=1997 |contribution=Was Isaac Newton an Arian? |quote=Among contemporary scholars, the consensus is that Newton was an Arian.}}{{citation |last=Wiles |first=Maurice F |title=Archetypal Heresy: Arianism Through the Centuries |page=133 |year=1996 |quote=Modern Unitarianism emerged after Newton's death.}}{{citation |last=Nicholls |first=David |title=God and Government in an 'age of Reason' |page=44 |year=1995 |quote=Unitarianism ideas emerged after Newton's death.}} Famous 19th-century Arian Unitarians include Andrews Norton{{citation |title=A Statement of Reasons for Not Believing the Doctrines of Trinitarians |year=1859}}. and William Ellery Channing (in his earlier years).{{citation |title=The Works of WE Channing, DD |year=1841 |chapter=Unitarian Christianity}}.

Other beliefs

Although there is no specific authority on convictions of Unitarian belief aside from rejection of the Trinity, the following beliefs are generally accepted:{{citation |last=May |first=Samuel Joseph |title=What Do Unitarians Believe? |year=1867 |place=Albany |publisher=Weed, Parsons, and Co. |orig-year=1860 |hdl=2027/hvd.32044081810715 |hdl-access=free}}.{{citation | first = AC | last = Henderson | title = What Do Unitarians Believe? | year = 1886}}{{citation |last=Dewey |first=Orville |title=The Unitarian Belief |year=1873 |place=Boston}}.{{citation | first = James Freeman | last = Clarke | title = Manual of Unitarian Belief | orig-year = 1885 | edition = 20th | year = 1924}}{{citation |last=Ellis |first=George H |title=What Do Unitarians Believe About Jesus Christ? |year=1890 |place=Boston}}.{{citation |last=Sunderland |first=Jabez T |title=What Do Unitarians Believe? |year=1891 |place=New York |publisher=AUA |author-link=Jabez T. Sunderland}}.

• One God and the oneness or unity of God.
• The life and teachings of Jesus Christ constitute the exemplary model for living one's own life.
• Reason, rational thought, science, and philosophy coexist with faith in God.
• Humans have the ability to exercise free will in a responsible, constructive and ethical manner with the assistance of religion.
• Human nature in its present condition is neither inherently corrupt nor depraved (see original sin) but capable of both good and evil, as God intended.
• No religion can claim an absolute monopoly on the Holy Spirit or theological truth.
• Though the authors of the Bible were inspired by God, they were humans and therefore subject to human error.
• The traditional doctrines of predestination, eternal damnation, and the vicarious sacrifice and satisfaction theories of the Atonement are invalid because they malign God's character and veil the true nature and mission of Jesus Christ.JOURNAL, 1858, The Unitarian Denomination, The Quarterly Journal of the American Unitarian Association, 5, American Unitarian Association, Boston, 168,weblink 2020-11-22, 2023-09-28,weblink live,

In 1938, The Christian Leader attributed "the religion of Jesus, not a religion about Jesus" to Unitarians,{{citation |author=An esteemed Unitarian minister |title=The Christian Leader |volume=120 |page=1034 |year=1938 |chapter=2 |quote=This view finds pat expression in the dictum that Christianity is the religion of Jesus, not a religion about Jesus.}} though the phrase was used earlier by Congregationalist Rollin Lynde Hartt in 1924.{{citation |last=Hartt |first=Rollin Lynde |title=The Man Himself |year=1924}}.

Worship

Worship within the Unitarian tradition accommodates a wide range of understandings of God, while the focus of the service may be simply the celebration of life itself. Each Unitarian congregation is at liberty to devise its own form of worship, though commonly, Unitarians will light their chalice (symbol of faith), have a story for all ages; and include sermons, prayers, hymns and songs. Some will allow attendees to publicly share their recent joys or concerns.WEB,weblink BBC – Religions – Unitarianism: Unitarian worship, www.bbc.co.uk, 2022-03-28, 2022-03-28,weblink live,

Modern Christian Unitarian organizations

File:1st-Unitarian.jpg|thumb|First Unitarian Meeting House in Madison, Wisconsin, designed by Unitarian Frank Lloyd WrightFrank Lloyd WrightThis section relates to Unitarian churches and organizations today which are still specifically Christian, whether within or outside Unitarian Universalism. Unitarian Universalism, conversely, refers to the embracing of non-Christian religions.

International groups

{{See also|International Council of Unitarians and Universalists}}Some Unitarian Christian groups are affiliated with the International Council of Unitarians and Universalists (ICUU), founded in 1995.weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20101001122144weblink">A Brief History on archived ICUU website. Retrieved 15 January 2020 The ICUU has "full member" groups in Australia, New Zealand, United Kingdom, Canada, Czech Republic, Denmark, EUU, Finland, Germany, Hungary, Indonesia, India, Nigeria, Pakistan, Philippines, Poland,Unitarians in Poland {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200115122454weblink |date=2020-01-15 }} on official website, 15 April 2019. Retrieved 15 January 2020 Romania, South Africa, Spain. Sri Lanka and the United States. Brazil is a Provisional Member.weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20090828104243weblink">Member Groups on archived ICUU website. Retrieved 15 January 2020The ICUU includes small "Associate Groups", including Congregazione Italiana Cristiano Unitariana, Turin (founded in 2004)weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20081206111942weblink">Italy – Emerging Group on archived ICUU website. Retrieved 15 January 2020{{citation | url =weblink | language = it | title = Protestanti radicale | first = Rev. Roberto | last = Rosso | publisher = Cesnur | access-date = 2010-06-12 | archive-date = 2009-10-14 | archive-url =weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20091014163124weblink">weblink | url-status = live }} and the Bét Dávid Unitarian Association, Oslo (founded 2005).{{citation |url=http://unitarforbundet.org/ |title=Unitarforbundet Bét Dávid (Den norske unitarkirke) |language=no |access-date=2010-06-12 |archive-date=2009-04-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090422054210weblink |url-status=live }}

Transylvania (Romania)

File:derzs1.jpg|thumb|right|The Dârjiu fortified church, a 13th-century fortified church belonging to the Unitarian Church of Transylvania. This is the only Unitarian fortified church in Transylvania which is on the UNESCO's World Heritage ListWorld Heritage ListThe largest Unitarian denomination worldwide today is also the oldest Unitarian denomination (since 1565, first use of the term "Unitarian" 1600):a the Diet of Lécfalva 1600, in Gordon A. Heads of Unitarian History the Unitarian Church of Transylvania (in Romania, which is in union with the Unitarian Church in Hungary). The church in Transylvania still looks to the statement of faith, the Summa Universae Theologiae Christianae secundum Unitarios (1787), though today assent to this is not required. The modern Unitarian Church in Hungary (25,000 members) and the Transylvanian Unitarian Church (75,000 members) are affiliated with the International Council of Unitarians and Universalists (ICUU) and claim continuity with the historical Unitarian Christian tradition established by Ferenc Dávid in 1565 in Transylvania under John II Sigismund Zápolya. The Unitarian churches in Hungary and Transylvania are structured and organized along a church hierarchy that includes the election by the synod of a national bishop who serves as superintendent of the Church. Many Hungarian Unitarians embrace the principles of rationalist Unitarianism.{{citation | first = David | last = Keyes | title = Most Like An Arch |year = 1999 |page = 106 |quote = And for those [UUs] who take the time to understand Transylvanian Unitarian beliefs, there may be some surprising discoveries to be made. They are humanists! Their Unitarian Christianity is steeped in rationalism, is heavily influenced by judaism}} Unitarian high schools exist only in Transylvania (Romania), including the John Sigismund Unitarian Academy in Cluj-Napoca, the Protestant Theological Institute of Cluj, and the Berde Mózes Unitárius Gimnázium in Cristuru Secuiesc; both teach Rationalist Unitarianism.{{Citation needed|date=June 2010}}

United Kingdom

File:Unitarian chapel newington green.jpg|thumb|Newington Green Unitarian Church in London, England. Built in 1708, this is the oldest nonconformist church in London still in use.]]The Unitarian Christian Association (UCA) was founded in the United Kingdom in 1991 by Rev. Lancelot Garrard (1904–93)BOOK, The Independent,weblink Obituary, The Rev. Lancelot Garrard, Tony, Cross, Science, 1993-01-21, 70, 1803, 58–60, 10.1126/science.70.1803.58, 17755824, 2017-11-01, 2018-09-24,weblink dead, and others to promote specifically Christian ideas within the General Assembly of Unitarian and Free Christian Churches (GAUFCC), the national Unitarian body in Great Britain. Just as the UUCF and ICUU maintain formal links with the Unitarian Universalist Association in the US, so the UCA is an affiliate body of the GAUFCC in Great Britain.{{citation needed|date=May 2019}}The majority of Unitarian Christian publications are sponsored by an organization and published specifically for their membership. Generally, they do not serve as a tool for missionary work or encouraging conversions.{{Citation needed|date=June 2010}}

India

In India, three different schools of Unitarian thought influenced varying movements, including the Brahmo Samaj, the Unitarian Church of the Khasi Hills,NEWS,weblink Unitarianism in Khasi-Jaintia Hills: A unique movement, The Times of India, 2018-09-26, 2018-10-31,weblink live, and the Unitarian Christian Church of Chennai, in Madras, founded in 1795.WEB, Our Partner Church in India,weblink 2021-02-27, Unitarians in Edinburgh, 2019-08-22,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20190822122439weblink">weblink live, As of 2011, "Thirty-five congregations and eight fellowships comprising almost 10,000 Unitarians now form the Unitarian Union of North East India."WEB, Jane, Greer, 21 February 2011, Morales visits Unitarians and humanitarian partners in India,weblink 27 February 2021, UU World, 11 April 2021,weblink live,

United States

The American Unitarian Conference (AUC) was formed in 2000 and stands between UUA and ICUU in attachment to the Christian element of modern Unitarianism. The American Unitarian Conference is open to non-Christian Unitarians, being particularly popular with non-Christian theists and deists.The Connection of Deism to American Unitarianism – Nathan De May As of 2009, The AUC has three congregations in the United States.WEB,weblink AUC Congregations, americanunitarian.org, October 27, 2019, October 21, 2019,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20191021084244weblink">weblink dead, Unitarian Christian Ministries International was a Unitarian ministry incorporated in South Carolina until its dissolution in 2013 when it merged with the Unitarian Christian Emerging Church. The Unitarian Christian Emerging Church has recently undergone reorganization and today is known as the Unitarian Christian Church of America. In addition, the Unitarian Universalist Faith Alliance and Ministries follow a Progressive Christian format honoring Sacred Space and Creation Spirituality.WEB,weblink Unitarian Christian Emerging Church ... a 21st century spiritual community, and faith ministry – Home, Unitarianministries.com, April 19, 2013,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20120529072310weblink">weblink 2012-05-29, dead, The Unitarian Christian Church of America (UCCA) was formed on 1 October 2016 through the merging of the Unitarian Christian Emerging Church and the Unitarian Christian Conference. The church's current ministry in on-line and through local fellowship gatherings. The current senior pastor and current president of the UCCA is the Reverend Dr. Shannon Rogers. The UCCA has both ordained and lay membersweblink

Australia and New Zealand

{{Further|Australia and New Zealand Unitarian Universalist Association}}The first Unitarian Church in Australia was built in 1854 in Melbourne and was followed soon afterwards by chapels in Sydney and Adelaide, and later regional centres including Ballarat.BOOK, Lee, E.R., A Brief History of the Unitarian Christian Church Melbourne, Privately Printed, 1926, BOOK, Ronalds, B.F., Alfred Ronalds: Angler, Artisan and Australian Pioneer, Medlar Press, 2022, The modern church, no longer unitarian Christian, retains properties in Adelaide, Sydney and Melbourne, and smaller congregations elsewhere in Australia and New Zealand.WEB,weblink Stephen Crittenden: The President of the Unitarian church in Sydney, Peter Crawford, speaking to John Russell., Australian Broadcasting Corporation, dead,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20100418231729weblink">weblink 2010-04-18,

South Africa

The Unitarian movement in South Africa was founded in 1867 by David Faure,WEB,weblink Radical religion and civil society: The Unitarians of South Africa, Heller-Wagner, E., University of South Africa, 2018-10-09, 2018-05-17,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20180517032443weblink">weblink live, member of a well-known Cape family. He encountered advanced liberal religious thought while completing his studies at the University of Leiden in the Netherlands for the ministry of the Dutch Reformed Church in Cape Town.

Ireland

There are two active Unitarian churches in Ireland, one in Dublin and the other in Cork. Both are member churches of the Non-subscribing Presbyterian Church of Ireland.

Denmark

Unitarianism was a latecomer to Denmark. Some of the inspiration came from Norway and England – family members of the founders, and the wife of Edward Grieg. 1900–1918 the society priest was Uffe Birkedal, who had previously been a Lutheran priest. He held the first worship 18 February 1900. A founding general assembly 18 May 1900 elected Mary Bess Westenholz as the first chairman of the Society. The Society newsletter was named 'Protestantisk Tidende' 1904–1993, and then renamed 'Unitaren', reflecting a gradually changing perception of being part of the Danish Lutheran Church, to one where this was no longer assumed (Unitarisk Kirkesamfund – Unitarian Church Societyweblink {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220703231837weblink |date=2022-07-03 }}).

Biblical Unitarians

Biblical Unitarianism identifies the Christian belief that the Bible teaches that God the Father is one singular being, and that Jesus Christ is a distinct being, his son, but not divine.ENCYCLOPEDIA, Tuggy, Dale, Winter 2020, Trinity – Unitariansm,weblink Zalta, Edward N., Edward N. Zalta, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, The Metaphysics Research Lab, Center for the Study of Language and Information, Stanford University, 1095-5054, 643092515, live,weblink 11 March 2017, 9 August 2021, There are presently a number of small Christian groups calling themselves “biblical unitarians” (or: Christian monotheists or one God believers) to distinguish themselves from late 19th to 21st century Unitarians and Unitarian Universalists. Their arguments draw on early modern unitarian sources, while eschewing some of the idiosyncrasies of Socinianism, Socinus's theology and most of the extra revisions of the Joseph Priestley, Priestley-derived stream of unitarians. Like late 18th to early 19th century unitarians, they argue at length that trinitarianism has no biblical foundation, and is inconsistent with its clear teachings. They also reject trinitarianism as contradictory or unintelligible, as involving Idolatry in the Bible, idolatry, and as having been, as it were, illegally imported from Platonic philosophy [...]. On some issues they draw support from recent Biblical studies, biblical scholarship, for example, the point that talk of “generation” and “procession” in the Gospel of John doesn't support later claims about inter-trinitarian relations [...]. Although this literature points out real tensions within contemporary theology (between text-oriented commentators and systematic theologians) it is widely ignored in academic theology and philosophy, and its adherents are generally excluded from the institutions of mainstream Christianity., A few denominations use this term to describe themselves, clarifying the distinction between them and those churches which, from the late 19th century, evolved into modern British Unitarianism and, primarily in the United States, Unitarian Universalism. In 16th-century Italy, Biblical Unitarianism was powered by the ideas of the Non-trinitarian theologians Lelio and Fausto Sozzini, founders of Socinianism;BOOK, Mortimer, Sarah, 2010, Reason and Religion in the English Revolution: The Challenge of Socinianism, The Socinian Challenge to Protestant Christianity,weblink Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge Studies in Early Modern British History, 13–38, 978-0-521-51704-1, 2010000384, 2021-08-09, 2023-09-28,weblink live, their doctrine was embraced and further developed by the Unitarian Church of Transylvania during the 16th and 17th centuries.BOOK, Wilbur, Earl Morse, Earl Morse Wilbur, 1952, 1945, A History of Unitarianism: In Transylvania, England, and America, The Unitarian Church under Calvinist Princes: 1604–1691,weblink Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard University Press, 2, 121–122, 2021-08-09, 2023-09-28,weblink live, Today, it's represented by the churches associated with the Christian Church in Italy.cf. WEB,weblink Christian Church in Italy beliefs,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20121028161300weblink">weblink dead, 2012-10-28,

Notable Unitarians

File:GodfreyKneller-IsaacNewton-1689.jpg|thumb|upright|right|Sir Isaac Newton held ArianArianNotable Unitarians include classical composers Edvard Grieg and Béla Bartók; Ralph Waldo Emerson, Theodore Parker, Yveon Seon and Thomas Lamb Eliot in theology and ministry; Oliver Heaviside, Erasmus Darwin, Joseph Priestley, John Archibald Wheeler, Linus Pauling, Sir Isaac NewtonBOOK, Newton to Einstein, Baierlein, Ralph., Cambridge University Press & Assessment, 1992, 0-521-42323-6, Cambridge, 54, and inventor Sir Francis RonaldsBOOK, Sir Francis Ronalds: Father of the Electric Telegraph, Ronalds, B.F., Imperial College Press, 2016, 978-1-78326-917-4, London, WEB,weblink Francis Ronalds, Dictionary of Unitarian & Universalist Biography, 10 February 2017, 13 April 2021,weblink dead, in science; George Boole in mathematics; Susan B. Anthony in civil government; Frances Ellen Watkins Harper, Whitney Young of the National Urban League, and Florence Nightingale in humanitarianism and social justice; John Bowring, Samuel Taylor Coleridge and Elizabeth Gaskell in literature; Frank Lloyd Wright in the arts; Josiah Wedgwood, Richard PeacockMAGAZINE, Lang, Ernest F., July 1927, The early history of our firm: Richard Peacock, The Beyer-Peacock Quarterly Review, London, Beyer, Peacock & Company, 17, and Samuel Carter MPWEB,weblink Samuel Carter, Dictionary of Unitarian and Universalist Biography, 20 March 2018, 20 March 2018,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20180320171112weblink">weblink dead, in industry; Thomas Starr King in ministry and politics; and Charles William Eliot in education. Julia Ward Howe was a leader in the woman suffrage movement, the first ever woman to be elected to the Academy of Arts and Letters, and author of the "Battle Hymn of the Republic", volumes of poetry, and other writing. Although raised a Quaker, Ezra Cornell, founder of Cornell University in Ithaca, New York, attended the Unitarian church and was one of the founders of Ithaca's First Unitarian Church. Eramus Darwin Shattuck, a signatory to the Oregon State Constitution, founded the first Unitarian church in Oregon in 1865.The Centennial History of Oregon 1811–1912 by Joseph Gaston, p. 582.File:Frances Ellen Watkins Harper, 1825-1911 LCCN 2002698208.jpg|thumb|Frances Ellen Watkins Harper was an abolitionist, journalist, and suffragist associated with both American Unitarianism and the African Methodist Episcopal ChurchAfrican Methodist Episcopal ChurchEleven Nobel Prizes have been awarded to Unitarians: Robert MillikanWEB, Caltech Alum and UCLA Professor Calls for Removal of Robert A. Millikan's Name, Bust From Caltech Campus Over Eugenics Support – Pasadena Now,weblink 2022-02-09, www.pasadenanow.com, 2022-02-09,weblink live, and John Bardeen (twice) in physics; Emily Green Balch, Albert Schweitzer and Linus Pauling for peace; George Wald and David H. Hubel in medicine; Linus Pauling in chemistry; and Herbert A. Simon in economics.{{citation needed|date=May 2019}}Four presidents of the United States were Unitarians: John Adams, John Quincy Adams, Millard Fillmore, and William Howard Taft.WEB,weblink God in the White House, pbs.org, 2019-12-04, 2019-12-04,weblink live, Adlai Stevenson II, the Democratic presidential nominee in 1952 and 1956, was a Unitarian; he was the last Unitarian to be nominated by a major party for president as of 2020.{{citation needed|date=December 2019}} Although a self-styled materialist, Thomas Jefferson was pro-Unitarian to the extent of suggesting that it would become the predominant religion in the United States.WEB,weblink Jefferson's Religious Beliefs, monticello.org, 2019-12-04, 2019-12-07,weblink live, In the United Kingdom, although Unitarianism was the religion of only a small minority of the population, its practitioners had an enormous impact on Victorian politics, not only in the larger cities – Birmingham, Leeds, Manchester and Liverpool – but in smaller communities such as Leicester, where there were so many Unitarian mayors that the Unitarian Chapel was known as the "Mayors' Nest".BOOK, Dare, J., Working Class Life in Victorian Leicester: The Joseph Dart Reports, 1991, Leicestershire Libraries and Information Service, 085022294X, 10,weblink 18 September 2019, 28 September 2023,weblink live, Numerous Unitarian families were highly significant in the social and political life of Britain from Victorian times to the middle of the 20th century. They included the Nettlefolds, Martineaus, Luptons, Kitsons, Chamberlains and Kenricks.WEB, The Parliamentary Chamberlains,weblink 57–74, Chapter 12 – William Chamberlain comes to London, Ian Chamberlain – 2003, March 2, 2013, {{Dead link|date=July 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=no }}BOOK, Holt, Raymond V., The Unitarian Contribution to Social Progress in England,weblink Chapter 3, including Georgian and Victorian period. Ref Chamberlain, Lupton (Leeds) and Martineau, Nettlefold, Kenrick (Birmingham) families, Lindsey Press, 1906, March 1, 2013, dead,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20140302103107weblink">weblink March 2, 2014, In Birmingham, England, a Unitarian church – the Church of the Messiah – was opened in 1862. It became a cultural and intellectual centre of a whole society, a place where ideas about society were openly and critically discussed.{{refn|group=note| Henry W. Crosskey's congregation included Joseph Chamberlain, father of British prime minister Neville Chamberlain and Arthur, his younger brother, who was married to Louisa Kenrick; William Kenrick, his brother-in-law, who was married to Mary Chamberlain; and Sir Thomas Martineau, who was the nephew of Harriet Martineau, another outspoken public figure and author. Sir Thomas Martineau (died 1893) was related to the Chamberlain family by marriage; Sir Thomas had married Emily Kenrick, the sister of Florence Chamberlain, née Kenrick.WEB, Times, Waikato, Waikato Times, Volume XXVIII, Issue 2328, 11 June 1887, p. 2,weblink Waikato Times (Papers Past) 11 June 1887, 30 March 2015, 13 October 2014,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20141013062551weblink">weblink live, In Lambeth, South London, another two members of the Martineau family, Caroline and Constance, worked at Morley College, the former acting as (unpaid) principal for over 11 years. Several other prominent Unitarians were involved in the development of this liberal arts college, which was founded by actors at the Old Vic theatre.Offspring of the Vic by Denis Richards, originally published in 1958}}Other Unitarians include Sir Tim Berners-Lee, inventor of the World Wide Web,Tim Berners-Lee, The World Wide Web and the "Web of Life" {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190312103912weblink |date=2019-03-12 }} Lancelot Ware, founder of Mensa, Sir Adrian Boult, a conductor, Ray Kurzweil, notable inventor and futurist, and C. Killick Millard, founder of the Dignity in Dying society to support voluntary euthanasia. Ram Mohan Roy, an Indian reformer of the 18th century, was a Unitarian who published a book called Precepts of Jesus.BOOK,weblink The precepts of Jesus : the guide to peace and happiness, extracted from the books of the New Testament ascribed to the four evangelists. To which are added, the first, second, and final appeal to the Christian public in reply to the observations of Dr. Marshman, of Serampore, Rammohun Roy, Raja, Marshman, Joshua, 1824, London : The Unitarian Society, University of California Libraries,

See also

• Anomoeanism – radical Arians of the 4th century.
• Binitarianism
• Christadelphians
• Divine simplicity
• Jesus in Islam
• Jehovah's Witnesses
• Messianic Judaism
• Monarchianism
• The New Church
• New thought
• Nondualism
• Nontrinitarianism
• Non-Trinitarian churches
• Non-subscribing Presbyterian Church of Ireland, a denomination that maintains close links with Unitarianism while maintaining its own identity.
• Sabellianism
• Tawhid
• Unitarian (disambiguation)
  • Unitarian church (disambiguation)

Notes

{{reflist|group=note}}

References

Citations

{{Reflist}}

Sources

• ENCYCLOPEDIA, Tuggy, Dale, Winter 2020, Trinity – Unitariansm,weblink Zalta, Edward N., Edward N. Zalta, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, The Metaphysics Research Lab, Center for the Study of Language and Information, Stanford University, 1095-5054, 643092515, live,weblink 11 March 2017, 9 August 2021,
• {{citation |last=Wilbur |first=Earl Morse |author-link=Earl Morse Wilbur |url=http://www.sksm.edu/research/publications/ouh.pdf |title=Our Unitarian Heritage |year=1925 |publisher=Starr King School for the Ministry |place=Berkeley, CA |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060909175126weblink |archive-date=2006-09-09}}.
• Joseph Henry Allen, Our Liberal Movement in Theology (Boston, 1882)
• Joseph Henry Allen, Sequel to our Liberal Movement (Boston, 1897)
• Anthony F. Buzzard and Charles F. Hunting, The Doctrine of the Trinity: Christianity's Self-Inflicted Wound (Lanham, Maryland, 1998). {{ISBN|1-57309-309-2}}.
• John White Chadwick, Old and New Unitarian Belief (Boston, 1894).
• George Willis Cooke, Unitarianism in America: a History of its Origin and Development (Boston, 1902).
• Patrick Navas, Divine Truth or Human Tradition: A Reconsideration of the Roman Catholic-Protestant Doctrine of the Trinity in Light of the Hebrew and Christian Scriptures (Bloomington, Indiana 2007). {{ISBN|1-4259-4832-4}}.
• Earl Morse Wilbur, A History of Unitarianism: Socinianism and Its Antecedents, Harvard University Press, 1945.
• Andrew M. Hill, The Unitarian Path, Lindsey Press (London, 1994). {{ISBN|0-85319-046-1}}.
• Charles A. Howe, For Faith and Freedom: A Short History of Unitarianism in Europe, Skinner House Books (Boston, 1997). {{ISBN|1-55896-359-6}}.
• BOOK, Smith, Matthew F, 2005, Christianity: The Complete Guide, London, Continuum, 0-8264-5937-4,
• Unitarisk Kirkesamfund - Unitarian Society in Denmarkweblink

Bibliography

• Buzzard, A. and Hunting, C. (1998). The Doctrine of the Trinity: Christianity's Self-Inflicted Wound. International Scholars Publications. {{ISBN|1-57309-309-2}}.
• Lloyd, Walter (1899). The Story of Protestant Dissent and English Unitarianism. London: P. Green.
• Rowe, Mortimer (1959). The Story of Essex Hall {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170110211111weblink |date=2017-01-10 }}. London: Lindsey Press.

Further reading

• BOOK, Emerton, Ephraim, Ephraim Emerton, 1911, Unitarian Thought,weblink New York, Macmillan Co., 1403642, 2011-04-22,
• Hewett, Austin Phillip (1955). An Unfettered Faith: the Religion of a Unitarian. London: Lindsey Press.
• BOOK, Kingston, A. Richard, 1993, 2014, God in One Person: The Case for Non-Incarnational Christianity,weblink u.a., Palgrave Macmillan, Softcover reprint, 978-1349131006, 935187820,

External links

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• weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20081210144542weblink">Unitarian Ministries International
• Unitarianism at BBC Religions
• American Unitarian Conference
• American Unitarian Reform
• General Assembly of Unitarian and Free Christian Churches (UK)
• Biblical Unitarians

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