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{{Short description|People who are associated with the Dominican Republic}}{{About||a list of Dominican people|List of people from the Dominican Republic}}

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Demographics of Dominican Republic>9,341,916 {{small|(2017)}dominicanrepublic.unfpa.org/sites/default/files/pub-pdf/Resumen%20Ejecutivo%20ENI-2017_FINAL.pdf#page=48United States}}Dominican Americans>2,393,718 {{smalldata.census.gov/table/ACSDT1Y2021.B03001?q=Hispanic+or+Latino&g=010XX00USHTTPS://DATA.CENSUS.GOV/CEDSCI/TABLE?TID=ACSDT1Y2018.C03001&VINTAGE=2018AUTHOR=US CENSUS BUREAU, Spain}}Dominicans in Spain>190,190 {{small ACCESS-DATE=2020-07-01 ARCHIVE-URL=HTTPS://WEB.ARCHIVE.ORG/WEB/20210130000255/HTTPS://WWW.INE.ES/JAXI/DATOS.HTM?PATH=%2FT20%2FE245%2FP04%2FPROVI%2FL0%2F&FILE=0CCAA005.PX#!TABS-TABLA date=November 2019 fix-attempted=yes}}Puerto Rico}}Dominican Republic immigration to Puerto Rico>54,025 {{small|(2021)}data.census.gov/table/ACSDT1Y2022.B03001?q=Hispanic+or+Latino&g=040XX00US72Italy}}Dominican people in Italy>48,000 {{small|(2020)(28,812 as 2022)}}Canada}}Dominican Canadians>23,130ETHNIC ORIGIN, BOTH SEXES, AGE (TOTAL), CANADA, 2016 CENSUS – 25% SAMPLE DATA >URL=HTTPS://WWW12.STATCAN.GC.CA/CENSUS-RECENSEMENT/2016/DP-PD/HLT-FST/IMM/TABLE.CFM?LANG=E&T=31&GEO=01 CANADA 2016 CENSUS >PUBLISHER=STATISTICS CANADA DATE=2019-02-20, 30 January 2020, Chile}}Demographics of Chile>19,481 (2021)HTTPS://SERVICIOMIGRACIONES.CL/ESTUDIOS-MIGRATORIOS/ESTIMACIONES-DE-EXTRANJEROS/>TITLE=ESTIMACIONES DE EXTRANJEROSWEBSITE=EXTRANJERIA, Venezuela}}Demographics of Venezuela>14,743 (2015)Switzerland}}Demographics of Switzerland>11,154HTTPS://DATOSMACRO.EXPANSION.COM/DEMOGRAFIA/MIGRACION/EMIGRACION/REPUBLICA-DOMINICANA >TITLE=REPúBLICA DOMINICANA - EMIGRANTES TOTALES 2017 ARCHIVE-URL=HTTPS://WEB.ARCHIVE.ORG/WEB/20190407173855/HTTPS://DATOSMACRO.EXPANSION.COM/DEMOGRAFIA/MIGRACION/EMIGRACION/REPUBLICA-DOMINICANA URL-STATUS=LIVE, Germany}}Demographics of Germany>11,091 (2015)United Kingdom}}British African-Caribbean people>10,000HTTPS://WWW.DOMINICANEMBASSY.ORG.UK/SERVICIOS-PARA-DOMINICANOS/OTROS-SERVICIOS-2/ > TITLE=OTROS SERVICIOS - EMBASSY OF THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC, 22 August 2016, Netherlands}}Demography of the Netherlands>8,688 (2015)Panama}}Demographics of Panama>8,095 (2015)HTTPS://WWW.OECD-ILIBRARY.ORG/THE-DOMINICAN-REPUBLIC-S-MIGRATION-LANDSCAPE_5JFT8JW5W7WC.PDF?ITEMID=%2FCONTENT%2FCOMPONENT%2F9789264276826-6-EN >TITLE=THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC’S MIGRATION LANDSCAPEWEBSITE=WWW.OECD-ILIBRARY.ORG ACCESS-DATE=2020-11-10, Curaçao}}Curaçao>7,000HTTPS://WWW.UN.ORG/DEVELOPMENT/DESA/PD/SITES/WWW.UN.ORG.DEVELOPMENT.DESA.PD/FILES/UNDESA_PD_2020_IMS_STOCK_BY_SEX_DESTINATION_AND_ORIGIN.XLSX >TITLE=INTERNATIONAL MIGRANT STOCK 2020 (DESTINATION AND ORIGIN)ACCESS-DATE=2021-11-23UNITED NATIONS DEPARTMENT OF ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL AFFAIRS, POPULATION DIVISION>AT=TAB “TABLE 1”; COLUMN F (ORIGIN) “DOMINICAN REPUBLIC”; COLUMN B (DESTINATIONS); DATA FOR 2020 IS IN COLUMN NFORMAT=XLSXARCHIVE-DATE=2021-11-18, live,

• The web page which contains link to this file: WEB,www.un.org/development/desa/pd/content/international-migrant-stock, International Migrant Stock 2020, 2021-11-23, United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division, en,

Aruba}}Demographics of Aruba>5,000United States Virgin Islands}}5,442]data.census.gov/table/DECENNIALDPVI2020.DP1?g=040XX00US78&d=DECIA+U.S.+Virgin+Islands+Demographic+ProfileSint Maarten}}Demographics of Sint Maarten>4,000France}}Demographics of France>3,843 (2019)REPúBLICA DOMINICANA - EMIGRANTES TOTALES >URL=HTTPS://DATOSMACRO.EXPANSION.COM/DEMOGRAFIA/MIGRACION/EMIGRACION/REPUBLICA-DOMINICANA, expansion.com/ Datosmacro.com, Belgium}}Demographics of Belgium>3,000Mexico}}Demographics of Mexico>2,849 (2020)CENSO DE POBLACIóN Y VIVIENDA 2020>URL=HTTPS://WWW.INEGI.ORG.MX/SISTEMAS/OLAP/PROYECTOS/BD/CENSOS/CPV2020/PT.ASP#LANGUAGE=SPANISH, Austria}}Demographics of Austria>2,942HTTP://WWW.STATISTIK.AT/WEB_DE/STATISTIKEN/BEVOELKERUNG/BEVOELKERUNGSSTRUKTUR>TITLE=BEVöLKERUNGSSTRUKTURLAST=AUSTRIAACCESS-DATE=2017-07-16ARCHIVE-DATE=2015-04-02, live, Turks and Caicos Islands}}Turks and Caicos Islands>2,000British Virgin Islands}}Demographics of the British Virgin Islands>2,000Antigua and Barbuda}}Demographics of Antigua and Barbuda>2,000Haiti}}Demographics of Haiti>2,000|langs = Dominican SpanishCatholic Church>Roman Catholic;2020-01-22 >TITLE=CENTRAL AMERICA :: DOMINICAN REPUBLIC — THE WORLD FACTBOOK WEBSITE=CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY, Protestant|related = Spaniards, other Latin Americans}}Dominicans () are an ethno-national people, a people of shared ancestry and culture, who have ancestral roots in the Dominican Republicagrarianstudies.macmillan.yale.edu/sites/default/files/files/colloqpapers/06turits.pdf The Dominican ethnic group was born out of a fusion of European (mainly Spanish), native Taino, and African elements, which is an ethnic fusion that goes back to the 16th century.JOURNAL, Montinaro, Francesco, etal, Unravelling the hidden ancestry of American admixed populations, Nature Communications, 6, 4374169, 10.1038/ncomms7596, 25803618, 24 March 2015, See Supplementary Data, 2015NatCo...6.6596M, WEB,www.refworld.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/rwmain?page=country&category=&publisher=&type=COUNTRYPROF&coi=DOM&rid=&docid=4954ce1923&skip=0, Search | Refworld, Due to this fusion, the majority of Dominicans are of mixed-race heritagethedominicans.org/2019/01/11/ancestry-dna-results-dominicans-are-spaniards-mixed-with-africans-and-tainos/WEB,dominicantoday.com/dr/local/2016/07/06/dominicans-are-49-black-39-white-and-4-indian/, Dominicans are 49% Black, 39% White and 4% Indian, tracing roots mainly to these three sources with the vast majority being of predominant European ancestrythedominicans.org/2022/05/11/differences-in-labels-between-the-united-states-and-the-dominican-republic/ The demonym Dominican can be traced as far back as the 1621. The name came from Santo Domingo, which was not only the name of the capital city but also of the entire island at the time, Spain used this term to refer to the inhabitants of Spanish province of Santo Domingo.WEB,www.diariolibre.com/opinion/lecturas/acerca-del-gentilicio-de-los-dominicanos-MODL351094, Acerca del gentilicio de los dominicanos, 8 September 2012,litteranova.com/2018/07/29/el-gentilicio-dominicano/ Recent immigrants and their children, who are legal citizens of the Dominican Republic, can be considered “Dominican” by nationality but not ethnicity due to not having ancestral roots in the country.“Dominican” was historically the name for the inhabitants of the Captaincy General of Santo Domingo, the site of the first Spanish settlement in the Western Hemisphere. The majority of Dominicans primarily trace their origin to the Captaincy General’s European settlers, with native Taino and African influences.{{Smallcaps|Esteva Fabregat}}, Claudio «La hispanización del mestizaje cultural en América» Revista Complutense de Historia de América, Universidad Complutense de Madrid. p. 133 (1981)The majority of Dominicans reside in the Dominican Republic, while there is also a large Dominican diaspora, mainly in the United States and Spain. The total population of the Dominican Republic in 2016 was estimated by the National Bureau of Statistics of the Dominican Republic at 10.2 million, with 9.3 million of those being natives of the country, and the rest being of foreign origin.REPORT, Segunda Encuesta Nacional de Inmigrantes en la República Dominicana [ENI-2017] - Versión resumida del Informe General, Second National Survey of Immigrants in the Dominican Republic [ENI-2017] - Summary version of the General Report,dominicanrepublic.unfpa.org/sites/default/files/pub-pdf/Resumen%20Ejecutivo%20ENI-2017_FINAL.pdf#page=48, June 2017, 48, Oficina Nacional de Estadística, Santo Domingo, es, 978-9945-015-17-1, 2020-06-04,web.archive.org/web/20200604105824/https://dominicanrepublic.unfpa.org/sites/default/files/pub-pdf/Resumen%20Ejecutivo%20ENI-2017_FINAL.pdf#page=48, 2020-06-04, live, The country has a right of blood citizenship law.

Name

Historically the Dominican Republic was known as Santo Domingo, the name of its present capital and its patron saint, Saint Dominic. Hence the residents were called “Dominicanos” (Dominicans). The revolutionaries named their newly independent country “La República Dominicana”. It was often referred to as the “Republic of San Domingo” in English language 19th century publications.WEB, Southern Workman, Volume 14, Number 4, 1 April 1885,virginiachronicle.com/?a=d&d=SWM18850401.1.2&e=-------en-20--1--txt-txIN--------,

History

Pre-European history

Prior to European colonization, the inhabitants of the island were the Arawakan-speaking Taíno, a seafaring people who moved into Hispaniola from the north-east region of South America, displacing earlier inhabitants,JOURNAL, Luna Calderón, Fernando,www.kacike.org/CalderonEspanol.pdf, ADN Mitocondrial Taíno en la República Dominicana, Taíno Mitochondrial DNA in the Dominican Republic, es, December 2002, 1562-5028, Special, Kacike, dead,www.kacike.org/CalderonEspanol.pdf," title="web.archive.org/web/20081001151311www.kacike.org/CalderonEspanol.pdf,">web.archive.org/web/20081001151311www.kacike.org/CalderonEspanol.pdf, October 1, 2008, c. AD 650. The native Tainos divided the island into several chiefdoms and engaged in farming, fishing,ENCYCLOPEDIA,encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761563569_7/Dominican_Republic.html, Dominican Republic, Encarta, Microsoft Corporation, June 6, 2007, dead,encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761563569_7/Dominican_Republic.html," title="web.archive.org/web/20071114170306encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761563569_7/Dominican_Republic.html,">web.archive.org/web/20071114170306encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761563569_7/Dominican_Republic.html, November 14, 2007, mdy-all, as well as hunting, and gathering.The Spaniards arrived in 1492. Columbus and his crew were the first recorded Europeans to encounter the Taíno people. Columbus described the native Taínos as a physically tall and well-proportioned people, with a noble character. After initially amicable relationships, the Taínos fought against the conquest, led by the female Chief Anacaona of Xaragua and her ex-husband Chief Caonabo of Maguana, as well as Chiefs Guacanagaríx, Guamá, Hatuey, and Enriquillo. The latter’s successes gained his people an autonomous enclave for a time on the island. Within a few years after the 1492 arrival, the population of Taínos had declined drastically, due to smallpox, measles, and other diseases that arrived with the Europeans. Census records from 1514 reveal that at least 40% of Spanish men in Santo Domingo were married to Taino women,JOURNAL, Ferbel Azcarate, Pedro J.,www.kacike.org/FerbelEnglish.pdf, Not Everyone Who Speaks Spanish is from Spain: Taíno Survival in the 21st Century Dominican Republic, KACIKE: The Journal of Caribbean Amerindian History and Anthropology, December 2002, Special, 1562-5028, September 24, 2009, dead,www.kacike.org/FerbelEnglish.pdf," title="web.archive.org/web/20040617195321www.kacike.org/FerbelEnglish.pdf,">web.archive.org/web/20040617195321www.kacike.org/FerbelEnglish.pdf, June 17, 2004, and many present-day Dominicans have significant Taíno ancestry.JOURNAL, PDF, Guitar, Lynne,archive.org/stream/KacikeJournal/GuitarEnglish#mode/2up, Documenting the Myth of Taíno Extinction, December 2012, Kacike, 1562-5028, Special, August 24, 2016, JOURNAL, Martínez Cruzado, Juan Carlos,consortia.si.edu/sites/default/files/MartinezCruzado2002_0.pdf, The Use of Mitochondrial DNA to Discover Pre-Columbian Migrations to the Caribbean: Results for Puerto Rico and Expectations for the Dominican Republic, Kacike, December 2002, 1562-5028, Special, August 24, 2016,web.archive.org/web/20161105173555/https://consortia.si.edu/sites/default/files/MartinezCruzado2002_0.pdf, November 5, 2016, dead,

European colonization

Christopher Columbus arrived on the island in December 5, 1492, during the first of his four voyages to the Americas. He claimed the land for Spain and named it La Española due to its diverse climate and terrain which reminded him of the Spanish landscape. In 1496, Bartholomew Columbus, Christopher’s brother, built the city of Santo Domingo, Western Europe’s first permanent colonization in the “New World.” The colony thus became the springboard for the further Spanish conquest of America and for decades the headquarters of Spanish colonial power in the hemisphere.WEB,www.dominicanembassy.org.uk/dominican-republic/history/, History - Embassy of the Dominican Republic, 22 August 2016, In 1501, the colony began to import African slaves. In 1697, after decades of armed struggles with the French, Spain ceded the western coast of the island to France with the Treaty of Ryswick, whilst the Central Plateau remained under Spanish domain.WEB,aaregistry.org/story/afro-dominicans-a-brief-story/, Afro Dominicans, a story, By the middle of the 18th century, the population was bolstered by European emigration from the Canary Islands, resettling the northern part of the colony and planting tobacco in the Cibao Valley, and importation of slaves was renewed. After 1700, with the arrival of new Spanish colonists, the African holocaust resumed. However, as industry moved from sugar to cattle ranching, racial and caste divisions became less important, eventually leading to a blend of cultures—Spanish, African, and indigenous—which would form the basis of national identity for Dominicans.WEB, P. J. Ferbel,www.suncaribbean.net/rd_laisla_tiempo_preist_tainos_cultura.htm, La sobrevivencia de la cultura Taína en la República Dominicana, Survival of the Taino culture in the Dominican Republic, es, suncaribbean.net, 2002, 13 January 2016,www.suncaribbean.net/rd_laisla_tiempo_preist_tainos_cultura.htm," title="web.archive.org/web/20110605032418www.suncaribbean.net/rd_laisla_tiempo_preist_tainos_cultura.htm,">web.archive.org/web/20110605032418www.suncaribbean.net/rd_laisla_tiempo_preist_tainos_cultura.htm, 5 June 2011, dead, It is estimated that the population of the colony in 1777 was 400,000, of which 100,000 were European, 70,000 African, 100,000 European/indigenous mestizo, 60,000 African/indigenous mestizo, and 70,000 African/European.WEB,www.refworld.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/rwmain?page=country&category=&publisher=&type=COUNTRYPROF&coi=DOM&rid=&docid=4954ce1923&skip=0, World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples – Dominican Republic, Minority Rights Group International – MRGI, 2007, 13 January 2016,www.refworld.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/rwmain?page=country&category=&publisher=&type=COUNTRYPROF&coi=DOM&rid=&docid=4954ce1923&skip=0," title="web.archive.org/web/20160113145441www.refworld.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/rwmain?page=country&category=&publisher=&type=COUNTRYPROF&coi=DOM&rid=&docid=4954ce1923&skip=0,">web.archive.org/web/20160113145441www.refworld.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/rwmain?page=country&category=&publisher=&type=COUNTRYPROF&coi=DOM&rid=&docid=4954ce1923&skip=0, 13 January 2016, live, Dominican privateers in the service of the Spanish Crown captured British, Dutch, French and Danish ships in the Caribbean Sea throughout the 18th century.WEB,ruor.uottawa.ca/bitstream/10393/4972/1/ML21744.PDF, Corsairs of Santo Domingo a socio-economic study, 1718-1779,

Independence

(File:Juan pablo duarte diez.jpg|thumb|right|Juan Pablo Duarte, founding father of the Dominican Republic.)The colony Santo Domingo was regionally divided with many rival and competing provincial leaders during the 1800s. Dominicans were often at war fighting against the French, Haitians, Spanish, or amongst themselves, resulting in a society heavily influenced by military strongmen. Dominican military leaders had become rulers, where the “law of machete” governed the land in a feudal system. Santo Domingo attained independence as the Dominican Republic in 1844. Dominican nationalists led an insurrection against the Haitians. On the morning of 27 February 1844, the gates of Santo Domingo rang with the shots of the plotters, who had emerged from their meetings to openly challenge the Haitians. Their efforts were successful, and for the next ten years, Dominican military strongmen fought to preserve their country’s independence from the Haitian government. File:Mapa Republica Dominicana.tif|thumb|Map of the Dominican Republic provinces. ]]After defeating the Haitian soldiers, Dominican nationalists fought against a series of attempted Haitian invasions that served to consolidate their independence from 1844 to 1856.Moya, Pons Frank. 1977. Historia Colonial de Santo Domingo. 3rd ed. Santiago: Universidad Catolica Madre y Maestra. Haitians tried to gain back control of lost territory, but this effort was to no avail as the Dominicans would go on to decisively win every battle henceforth. In March 1844, a 30,000-strong two-pronged attack by Haitians was successfully repelled by the Dominican army under the command of the wealthy rancher Gen. Pedro Santana.{{sfn|Knight|2014|p=198}} Four years later, Dominican fleets attacked Haitian towns, and land reinforcements in the south to force the determined Haitian leader to concede.{{sfn|Knight|2014|p=198}} In the most thorough and intense encounter of all, Dominicans armed with swords sent Haitian troops into flight on all three fronts in 1855.{{sfn|Knight|2014|p=198}}

Genetics and ethnicities

(File:Evolution of the Dominican Republic’s genetic make-up.jpg|thumb|Timeline of the Dominican Republic’s genetic make-up since 500 years ago, showing a predominantly European-admixed founder population and increase of the African population in the later years.During most of its colonial period, the share of each ancestry group was as follows: 73% European, 10% Native, 17% African. After the 19th-century Haitian and Afro-Caribbean migrations the ratio changed to: 57% European, 8% Native and 35% African.{{legend|red|European DNA}}{{legend|blue|Native American DNA}}{{legend|green|African DNA}})According to a 2015 genealogical DNA study of the Dominican population, the genetic makeup was estimated to be predominantly European and Sub-Saharan African, with a lesser degree of Native American ancestry.JOURNAL, Montinaro, Francesco, etal, Unravelling the hidden ancestry of American admixed populations, Nature Communications, 6, 4374169, 10.1038/ncomms7596, 25803618, 24 March 2015, See Supplementary Data, 2015NatCo...6.6596M, The average DNA of the Dominican founder population is estimated to be 73% European, 10% Native, and 17% African. After the Haitian and Afro-Caribbean migrations the overall percentage changed to 57% European, 8% Native and 35% African.The majority of the Dominican population is tri-racial, with nearly all mixed race individuals having Taíno Native American ancestry along with European and African ancestry. European ancestry in the mixed population typically ranges between 50% and 60% on average, while African ancestry ranges between 30% and 40%, and the Native ancestry usually ranges between 5% and 10%. European and Native ancestry tends to be strongest in cities and towns of the north-central Cibao region, and generally in the mountainous interior of the country. African ancestry is strongest in coastal areas, the southeast plain, and the border regions.File:Dominican-people-cibao-1.jpg|thumb|Dominican Republic people in the town of Moca.]]In a survey published in 2021, 74% self-identified as mixed (Indio{{efn|The term “indio” in the Dominican Republic is not associated with people of indigenous ancestry but people of mixed ancestry or skin color between light and dark}} 45%, mulatto/moreno 25%, mestizo/jabao 2%), 18% as white, 8% black, and 0.5% as “other”.WEB, September 2021, Santo Domingo, Breve Encuesta Nacional de Autopercepción Racial y Étnica en la República Dominicana, Oficina Nacional de Estadística de la República Dominicana,dominicanrepublic.unfpa.org/sites/default/files/pub-pdf/encuesta_nacional_de_autopercepcion_racial_y_etnica_en_rd_100322.pdf, 22, January 26, 2024, Previously, in the 1996 electoral roll, 82.5% of the adult population were Indio, 7.55% white, 4.13% black, and 2.3% mulatto.BOOK, Moya Pons, Frank, Frank Moya Pons, Frank Moya Pons, Historia de la República Dominicana, History of the Dominican Republic, es,books.google.com/books?id=Wor3UqsHkToC&pg=PA50, 14 July 2017, 2, Santo Domingo, 2010, CSIC Press, 978-84-00-09240-5, 50–53, Evolución de la población dominicana, Other groups in the country include the descendants of West Asians—mostly Lebanese, Syrians and Palestinians. A smaller, yet significant presence of East Asians (primarily ethnic Chinese and Japanese) can also be found throughout the population. Dominicans are also composed of Sephardic Jews that were exiled from Spain and the Mediterranean area in 1492 and 1497,WEB,www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/History/Inquisition.html, The Exile of the Jews due to the Spanish Inquisition, 2013-05-15,www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/History/Inquisition.html," title="web.archive.org/web/20110813044820www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/History/Inquisition.html,">web.archive.org/web/20110813044820www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/History/Inquisition.html, 2011-08-13, live, coupled with other migrations dating to the 1700sWEB,www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/judaica/ejud_0002_0005_0_05317.html, Jews migration in the 1700s, 2013-05-15,www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/judaica/ejud_0002_0005_0_05317.html," title="web.archive.org/web/20131002132606www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/judaica/ejud_0002_0005_0_05317.html,">web.archive.org/web/20131002132606www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/judaica/ejud_0002_0005_0_05317.html, 2013-10-02, live, and during the Second World WarWEB,www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Holocaust/sosua.html, Jews migration to the Dominican Republic to seek refuge from the Holocaust, 2013-05-15,www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Holocaust/sosua.html," title="web.archive.org/web/20130113041300www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Holocaust/sosua.html,">web.archive.org/web/20130113041300www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Holocaust/sosua.html, 2013-01-13, live, contribute to Dominican ancestry.WEB,www.geschichteinchronologie.ch/am-M/santo-domingo/EncJud_juden-in-Santo-Domingo-ENGL.html, A partial, brief summary of Jews in the Dominican Republic, 2013-05-15, dead,www.geschichteinchronologie.ch/am-M/santo-domingo/EncJud_juden-in-Santo-Domingo-ENGL.html," title="web.archive.org/web/20130626162005www.geschichteinchronologie.ch/am-M/santo-domingo/EncJud_juden-in-Santo-Domingo-ENGL.html,">web.archive.org/web/20130626162005www.geschichteinchronologie.ch/am-M/santo-domingo/EncJud_juden-in-Santo-Domingo-ENGL.html, 2013-06-26, WEB,www.biblediscovered.com/jewish-hebrew-people-in-the-world/dominican-republic-jews-2/, Dominican Republic-Jews, 2013-05-15, dead,web.archive.org/web/20131001221327/https://www.biblediscovered.com/jewish-hebrew-people-in-the-world/dominican-republic-jews-2/, 2013-10-01, In recent times, Dominican and Puerto Rican researchers identified in the current Dominican population the presence of genes belonging to the aborigines of the Canary Islands (commonly called Guanches).WEB,www.soitu.es/soitu/2008/10/09/info/1223573146_635959.html, Un estudio descubre la presencia de genes guanches en la República Dominicana, 2018-12-16,www.soitu.es/soitu/2008/10/09/info/1223573146_635959.html," title="web.archive.org/web/20181216163707www.soitu.es/soitu/2008/10/09/info/1223573146_635959.html,">web.archive.org/web/20181216163707www.soitu.es/soitu/2008/10/09/info/1223573146_635959.html, 2018-12-16, live, These types of genes have also been detected in Puerto Rico.WEB,lacomunidad.elpais.com/amazonasfilm/2009/7/12/un-estudio-del-genoma-taino-y-guanche-adn-o-dna-primera-parte,lacomunidad.elpais.com/amazonasfilm/2009/7/12/un-estudio-del-genoma-taino-y-guanche-adn-o-dna-primera-parte," title="web.archive.org/web/20100206133647lacomunidad.elpais.com/amazonasfilm/2009/7/12/un-estudio-del-genoma-taino-y-guanche-adn-o-dna-primera-parte,">web.archive.org/web/20100206133647lacomunidad.elpais.com/amazonasfilm/2009/7/12/un-estudio-del-genoma-taino-y-guanche-adn-o-dna-primera-parte, dead, February 6, 2010, La Comunidad » DOCUMENTALES GRATIS » UN ESTUDIO DEL GENOMA TAINO Y GUANCHE. ADN o DNA. Primera parte, February 6, 2010,

Dominican citizenship

Dominican Republic’s citizenship is given by right of blood (Jus sanguinis), not right of soil, meaning that birth in Dominican Republic does not guarantee citizenship if parents are illegal immigrants.One would either have to be born in Dominican Republic to parents who are legal citizens or apply for citizenship. Citizenship is granted easily to people born abroad if they can prove Dominican ancestry.WEB,rosalux-geneva.org/dominican-republic-changing-the-rules/#:~:text=In%20constitutional%20law%2C%20this%20principle%20is%20called%20jus,or%20son%20of%20a%20Dominican%20mother%20or%20father, Dominican Republic: Changing the rules - RLS Geneva, 18 January 2021, This means that being a Dominican citizen and being an ethnic Dominican is not always interchangeable, as the former implies citizenship that one can receive moving from any country in the world to Dominican Republic, while the latter implies a people tied by ancestry and culture. Ethnic Dominicans are people who are not only born in Dominican Republic (and have legal status) or born abroad with ancestral roots in the country, but more importantly have family roots in the country going back several generations and descend from a mix of varying degrees of Spanish, Taino, and African, the three principal foundational roots of Dominican Republicthedominicans.org/2019/01/11/ancestry-dna-results-dominicans-are-spaniards-mixed-with-africans-and-tainos/}JOURNAL,pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/black_studies_fac/22/, Not Everyone Who Speaks Spanish is from Spain: Taino Survival in the 21st Century Dominican Republic, Journal of Caribbean Amerindian History and Anthropology, January 2002, Ferbel-Azcarate, Pedro, Nearly all Dominicans are mixed race, with 75% being “visibly” and “evenly” Mixed Dominicans|mixed], and the remaining 25% being predominantly of African or European blood but still with notable admixturethedominicans.org/2022/05/11/differences-in-labels-between-the-united-states-and-the-dominican-republic/ According to a 2017 estimate from the Dominican government, Dominican Republic had a population of 10,189,895, of which 847,979 were immigrants or descendants of recent immigrants and 9,341,916 were ethnic Dominicansdominicanrepublic.unfpa.org/sites/default/files/pub-pdf/Resumen%20Ejecutivo%20ENI-2017_FINAL.pdf#page=48

Immigration in the 20th and 21st centuries

In the twentieth century, many Chinese, Arabs (primarily from Lebanon and Syria), Japanese and to a lesser degree Koreans settled in the country, working as agricultural laborers and merchants. Waves of Chinese immigrants, the latter ones fleeing the Chinese Communist People’s Liberation Army (PLA), arrived and worked in mines and building railroads. The current Chinese Dominican population totals 50,000 (2010 year).WEB,dr1.com/articles/chinese.shtml, The Chinese Community and Santo Domingo’s Barrio Chino, 2008-10-20,dr1.com/articles/chinese.shtml," title="web.archive.org/web/20170807200027dr1.com/articles/chinese.shtml,">web.archive.org/web/20170807200027dr1.com/articles/chinese.shtml, 2017-08-07, dead, The Arab community is also rising at an increasing rate.File:Non-Haitian immigrants in the DR.png|thumb|upright=1.25|Population of foreign origin (excluding Haitians) in the Dominican Republic, by regions.]]In addition, there are descendants of immigrants who came from other Caribbean islands, including Saint Kitts and Nevis, Dominica, Antigua, St. Vincent, Montserrat, Tortola, St. Croix, St. Thomas, Martinique, and Guadeloupe. They worked on sugarcane plantations and docks and settled mainly in the cities of San Pedro de Macorís and Puerto Plata, they have a population of 28,000. There is an increasing number of Puerto Rican immigrants in and around Santo Domingo; they are believed to number at about 10,000. Before and during World War II 800 Jewish refugees moved to the Dominican Republic, and many of their descendants live in the town of Sosúa.PRESS RELEASE, CCNY Jewish Studies Class to Visit Dominican Village that Provided Refuge to European Jews During World War II, City College of New York,www1.ccny.cuny.edu/advancement/pr/Sosua-Jewish-Studies.cfm, 2007-05-22, dead,www1.ccny.cuny.edu/advancement/pr/Sosua-Jewish-Studies.cfm," title="web.archive.org/web/20110510103344www1.ccny.cuny.edu/advancement/pr/Sosua-Jewish-Studies.cfm,">web.archive.org/web/20110510103344www1.ccny.cuny.edu/advancement/pr/Sosua-Jewish-Studies.cfm, 2011-05-10, Nationwide, there are an estimated 100 Jews left.WEB,www.joshuaproject.net/peopctry.php, Joshua Project People-in-Country Profile, 2008-10-20,www.joshuaproject.net/peopctry.php," title="web.archive.org/web/20100208164306www.joshuaproject.net/peopctry.php,">web.archive.org/web/20100208164306www.joshuaproject.net/peopctry.php, 2010-02-08, live, Immigration from Europe and the United States is at an all-time high.{{Citation needed|date=January 2009}} 82,000 Americans (in 1999),WEB,www.aca.ch/amabroad.pdf, American Citizens Living Abroad by Country, 2008-10-20, dead,www.aca.ch/amabroad.pdf," title="web.archive.org/web/20081019014426www.aca.ch/amabroad.pdf,">web.archive.org/web/20081019014426www.aca.ch/amabroad.pdf, October 19, 2008, 40,000 Italians,WEB,www.mclink.it/com/inform/art/08n01933.htm, * INFORM *; Giovani italiani nel Centro America e Caraibi, 2008-10-20,www.mclink.it/com/inform/art/08n01933.htm," title="archive.today/20120804163550www.mclink.it/com/inform/art/08n01933.htm,">archive.today/20120804163550www.mclink.it/com/inform/art/08n01933.htm, 2012-08-04, dead, 1,900 French, and 800 Germans.The 2010 Census registered 311,969 Haitians; 24,457 Americans; 6,691 Spaniards; 5,763 Puerto Ricans; and 5,132 Venezuelans.WEB, Oficina Nacional de Estadística, IX Censo Nacional de Población y Vivienda 2010: Volumen 1 (Informe General),censo2010.one.gob.do/volumenes_censo_2010/vol1.pdf, 21 October 2014,censo2010.one.gob.do/volumenes_censo_2010/vol1.pdf," title="web.archive.org/web/20121202090504censo2010.one.gob.do/volumenes_censo_2010/vol1.pdf,">web.archive.org/web/20121202090504censo2010.one.gob.do/volumenes_censo_2010/vol1.pdf, 2 December 2012, Santo Domingo, es, June 2012, 99–103, In 2012, the Dominican government made a survey of immigrants in the country and found that there were: 329,281 Haitian-born; 25,814 U. S.-born (excluding Puerto Rican-born); 7,062 Spanish-born; 6,083 Puerto Rican-born; 5,417 Venezuelan-born; 3,841 Cuban-born; 3,795 Italian-born; 3,606 Colombian-born; 2,043 French-born; 1,661 German-born; 1,484 Chinese-born; among others.BOOK,www.oecd-ilibrary.org/docserver/9789264276918-6-es.pdf?expires=1696959367&id=id&accname=guest&checksum=1865FE58D7E79131734F7D5514B898DA, 10.1787/9789264276918-6-es, El panorama de la migración en República Dominicana, Interacciones entre Políticas Públicas, Migración y Desarrollo en República Dominicana, Caminos de Desarrollo, 2017, 39–59, 978-92-64-27690-1, NEWS, Martínez, Darlenny, Estudio: en RD viven 534,632 extranjeros,www.elcaribe.com.do/2013/05/02/estudio-viven-534632-extranjeros, 29 May 2014, El Caribe, 2 May 2013, es, Según la Primera Encuesta Nacional de Inmigrantes de la República Dominicana (ENI-2012), (...) Después de Haití, explica la investigación, las 10 naciones de donde proceden más inmigrantes son Estados Unidos, con 13,524; España, con 6,720, y Puerto Rico, con 4,416. Además Italia, con 4,040; China, con 3,643; Francia, con 3,599; Venezuela, con 3,434; Cuba con 3,145 inmigrantes; Colombia con 2,738 y Alemania con 1,792.,www.elcaribe.com.do/2013/05/02/estudio-viven-534632-extranjeros," title="web.archive.org/web/20131212011803www.elcaribe.com.do/2013/05/02/estudio-viven-534632-extranjeros,">web.archive.org/web/20131212011803www.elcaribe.com.do/2013/05/02/estudio-viven-534632-extranjeros, 12 December 2013, live, “Primera Encuesta Nacional de Inmigrantes (ENI-2012)” {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150621051704countryoffice.unfpa.org/dominicanrepublic/drive/InformeENI-2012-General.pdf |date=2015-06-21 }} (in Spanish). Santo Domingo: Instituto Nacional de Estadística (former ‘Oficina Nacional de Estadística’) & United Nations Population Fund. p. 63. 2012.WEB, Juan Bolívar Díaz, RD país de emigrantes más que de inmigrantes,hoy.com.do/rd-pais-de-emigrantes-mas-que-de-inmigrantes/, Hoy, 20 August 2014, es, 4 May 2013,hoy.com.do/rd-pais-de-emigrantes-mas-que-de-inmigrantes/," title="web.archive.org/web/20140821134118hoy.com.do/rd-pais-de-emigrantes-mas-que-de-inmigrantes/,">web.archive.org/web/20140821134118hoy.com.do/rd-pais-de-emigrantes-mas-que-de-inmigrantes/, 21 August 2014, live, In the second half of 2017, a second survey of foreign population was conducted in the Dominican Republic. The total population in the Dominican Republic was estimated at 10,189,895, of which 9,341,916 were Dominicans with no foreign background. According to the survey, the majority of the people with foreign background were of Haitian origin (751,080 out of 847,979, or 88.6%), breaking down as follows: 497,825 were Haitians born in Haiti, 171,859 Haitians born in the Dominican Republic and 81,590 Dominicans with a Haitian parent. Other main sources of foreign-born population were Venezuela (25,872), the United States (10,016), Spain (7,592), Italy (3,713), China (3,069), Colombia (2,642), Puerto Rico (2,356), and Cuba (2,024).

Emigration

United States

The first recorded person of Dominican descent to migrate to what is now known as the United States was sailor-turned-merchant Juan Rodriguez. He arrived on Manhattan in 1613 from his home in Santo Domingo, which makes him the first non-Native American person to spend substantial time in the island. He also became the first Dominican, the first Latino, first Caribbean and the first person with European (specifically Portuguese) and African ancestry to settle in what is present day New York City.WEB,www.voicesofny.org/tag/juan-rodriguez/, Dominican Who was City’s First Settler to Get Street, December 11, 2012, Voices Of NY, October 26, 2013,www.voicesofny.org/tag/juan-rodriguez/," title="web.archive.org/web/20131030014012www.voicesofny.org/tag/juan-rodriguez/,">web.archive.org/web/20131030014012www.voicesofny.org/tag/juan-rodriguez/, October 30, 2013, live, Dominican emigration to the United States continued throughout the centuries. Recent research from the CUNY Dominican Studies Institute has documented some 5,000 Dominican emigrants who were processed through Ellis Island between 1892 and 1924.WEB,cunydsi.typepad.com/blog/2010/10/preview-of-research-findings-october-22-dominican-immigration-through-ellis-island.html, Preview of Research Findings October 22: Dominican Immigration Through Ellis Island, CUNY Dominican Studies Institute News, 2014-01-23,cunydsi.typepad.com/blog/2010/10/preview-of-research-findings-october-22-dominican-immigration-through-ellis-island.html," title="web.archive.org/web/20150319055908cunydsi.typepad.com/blog/2010/10/preview-of-research-findings-october-22-dominican-immigration-through-ellis-island.html,">web.archive.org/web/20150319055908cunydsi.typepad.com/blog/2010/10/preview-of-research-findings-october-22-dominican-immigration-through-ellis-island.html, 2015-03-19, dead, During the second half of the twentieth century, there were three significant waves of immigration to the United States. The first period began in 1961, when a coalition of high-ranking Dominicans, with assistance from the CIA, assassinated General Rafael Trujillo, the nation’s military dictator.WEB,www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB222/family_jewels_wilderotter.pdf, Justice Department Memo, 1975, National Security Archive, 2009-10-22,www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB222/family_jewels_wilderotter.pdf," title="web.archive.org/web/20070627012435www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB222/family_jewels_wilderotter.pdf,">web.archive.org/web/20070627012435www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB222/family_jewels_wilderotter.pdf, 2007-06-27, live, In the wake of his death, fear of retaliation by Trujillo’s allies, and political uncertainty in general, spurred migration from the island. In 1965, the United States began a military occupation of the Dominican Republic and eased travel restrictions, making it easier for Dominicans to obtain American visas.JOURNAL, 10.2307/2546161, 2546161, International Migration in the Dominican Republic: Implications for Development Planning, International Migration Review, 16, 4, 819–36, 1982, Morrison, Thomas K., Sinkin, Richard, 12265312, From 1966 to 1978, the exodus continued, fueled by high unemployment and political repression. Communities established by the first wave of immigrants to the U.S. created a network that assisted subsequent arrivals. In the early 1980s, unemployment, inflation, and the rise in the value of the dollar all contributed to the third and largest wave of emigration from the island nation, this time mostly from the lower-class. Today, emigration from the Dominican Republic remains high, facilitated by the social networks of now-established Dominican communities in the United States.WEB,www.learner.org/channel/libraries/socialstudies/9_12/weir/background.html, Social Studies In Action: Migration From Latin America, www.learner.org, 2009-10-22,www.learner.org/channel/libraries/socialstudies/9_12/weir/background.html," title="web.archive.org/web/20080913152855www.learner.org/channel/libraries/socialstudies/9_12/weir/background.html,">web.archive.org/web/20080913152855www.learner.org/channel/libraries/socialstudies/9_12/weir/background.html, 2008-09-13, dead, Besides the United States, significant numbers of Dominicans have also settled in Spain and in the nearby U.S. territory of Puerto Rico.(File:Dominican Day Parade 2019 (50335870922).jpg|thumb|right|Dominicans in New York Dominican Day Parade.)(File:Fallas2018 - Cavalcada Patrimoni 14 - Merengue República Dominicana.jpg|thumb|right|Dominicans in Spain dance in culture parade of Valencia.)Top Dominican Emigration (2022)“>

Dominican Emigration{| class“wikitable sortable” style@font-size: 95%;“|+ Top Dominican Emigration (2022)

! Rank! Country! Dominican Population| 1USA}} United States| 2,453,185| 2Spain}} Spain| 158,393| 3Italy}} Italy| 43,012| 4Venezuela}} Venezuela| 14,972| 5Switzerland}} Switzerland| 11,154| 6Germany}} Germany| 11,127| 7Canada}} Canada| 9,823| 8Netherlands}} Netherlands| 9,383| 9Panama}} Panama| 8,358| 10Haiti}} Haiti| 5,110| 11France}} France| 3,544| 12Austria}} Austria| 3,441| 13Mexico}} Mexico| 2,043| 14Antigua and Barbuda}} Antigua and Barbuda| 1,819| 15United Kingdom}} United Kingdom| 1,217| 16Costa Rica}} Costa Rica| 1,104| 17Norway}} Norway| 856| 18Belgium}} Belgium| 745| 19Sweden}} Sweden| 741| 20Argentina}} Argentina| 709| 21Greece}} Greece| 555| 22Colombia}} Colombia| 410| 23Brazil}} Brazil| 381| 24Ecuador}} Ecuador| 363| 25Bahamas}} Bahamas| 303| 26Chile}} Chile| 289| 27Finland}} Finland| 204| 28Australia}} Australia| 187| 29Denmark}} Denmark| 187| 30Peru}} Peru| 185Top Countries Immigration to the Dominican Republic (2022)WEB>TITLEREPúBLICA DOMINICANA - INMIGRACIóN, languagees, urdatosmacro.expansion.com/demografia/migracion/inmigracion/republica-dominicana, websiteDatosmacro.com, access-date2019-04-07, archive-urweb.archive.org/web/20190401191751/https://datosmacro.expansion.com/demografia/migracion/inmigracion/republica-dominicana, archive-date2019-04-01, url-statuslive, “>

Dominican Immigration{| class“wikitable sortable” style@font-size: 95%;”Top Countries Immigration to the Dominican Republic (2022)WEB>TITLEREPúBLICA DOMINICANA - INMIGRACIóN, languagees, urdatosmacro.expansion.com/demografia/migracion/inmigracion/republica-dominicana, websiteDatosmacro.com, access-date2019-04-07, archive-urweb.archive.org/web/20190401191751/https://datosmacro.expansion.com/demografia/migracion/inmigracion/republica-dominicana, archive-date2019-04-01, url-statuslive,

! Rank! Country! Population in the Dominican Republic| 1Haiti}} Haiti| 496,112| 2Venezuela}} Venezuela| 34,063| 3USA}} United States| 14,626| 4Spain}} Spain| 7,272| 5Italy}} Italy| 4,375| 6China}} China| 3,942| 7France}} France| 3,894| 8Cuba}} Cuba| 3,402| 9Colombia}} Colombia| 2,962| 10Germany}} Germany| 1,938| 11Mexico}} Mexico| 1,563| 12Peru}} Peru| 1,489| 13Canada}} Canada| 1,267| 14Argentina}} Argentina| 1,116| 15Switzerland}} Switzerland| 1,088| 16Panama}} Panama| 789| 17Brazil}} Brazil| 671| 18Chile}} Chile| 661| 19Netherlands}} Netherlands| 617| 20Ecuador}} Ecuador| 605| 21South Korea}} South Korea| 587| 22United Kingdom}} United Kingdom| 503| 23Russia}} Russia| 503| 24Guatemala}} Guatemala| 446| 25Honduras}} Honduras| 442| 26Japan}} Japan| 359| 27Costa Rica}} Costa Rica| 320| 28Nicaragua}} Nicaragua| 303| 29El Salvador}} El Salvador| 278| 30Belgium}} Belgium| 266

Culture

The culture of the Dominican Republic, like its Caribbean neighbors, is a blend of the cultures of the European settlers, African slaves and settlers, and Taíno natives. Spanish is the official language. Other languages, such as English, French, German, Italian, and Chinese are also spoken to varying degrees. European, African, and Taíno cultural elements are most prominent in food, family structure, religion, and music. Many Arawak/Taíno names and words are used in daily conversation and for many foods native to the Dominican Republicwww.afsusa.org/countries/dominican-republic/#:~:text=Dominican%20culture%20is%20a%20mixture,structure%2C%20religion%2C%20and%20music.

National symbols

(File:Dominican Republic People.JPG|thumb|Dominican flag.)Some of the Dominican Republic’s important symbols are the flag, the coat of arms, and the national anthem, titled Himno Nacional. The flag has a large white cross that divides it into four quarters. Two quarters are red and two are blue. Red represents the blood shed by the liberators. Blue expresses God’s protection over the nation. The white cross symbolizes the struggle of the liberators to bequeath future generations a free nation. An alternative interpretation is that blue represents the ideals of progress and liberty, whereas white symbolizes peace and unity among Dominicans.WEB,www.ejercito.mil.do/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=165&Itemid=132,www.ejercito.mil.do/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=165&Itemid=132," title="web.archive.org/web/20090113181033www.ejercito.mil.do/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=165&Itemid=132,">web.archive.org/web/20090113181033www.ejercito.mil.do/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=165&Itemid=132, January 13, 2009, Ejército Nacional de la República Dominicana â€“ Bandera Nacional, October 20, 2008, National Army of the Dominican Republic, es, (File:FDBteatro.jpg|thumb|right|Dominicans in Santiago de los Caballeros.)In the center of the cross is the Dominican coat of arms, in the same colors as the national flag. The coat of arms pictures a red, white, and blue flag-draped shield with a Bible, a gold cross, and arrows; the shield is surrounded by an olive branch (on the left) and a palm branch (on the right). The Bible traditionally represents the truth and the light. The gold cross symbolizes the redemption from slavery, and the arrows symbolize the noble soldiers and their proud military. A blue ribbon above the shield reads, “Dios, Patria, Libertad” (meaning “God, Fatherland, Liberty“). A red ribbon under the shield reads, “República Dominicana” (meaning “Dominican Republic“). Out of all the flags in the world, the depiction of a Bible is unique to the Dominican flag.The national flower is the Bayahibe Rose and the national tree is the West Indian Mahogany.WEB,www.listindiario.com/la-vida/2011/7/16/196080/La-rosa-de-Bayahibe-nuestra-flor-nacional, La rosa de Bayahíbe, nuestra flor nacional, López, Yaniris, Listin Diario, July 17, 2011, The national bird is the Cigua Palmera or Palmchat (“Dulus dominicus“).WEB,www.diariodigital.com.do/articulo,30016,html, El jardín Botánico Nacional, The National Botanical Garden, es, Pérez, Faustino, DiarioDigitalRD.com, October 20, 2008, dead,www.diariodigital.com.do/articulo%2C30016%2Chtml," title="web.archive.org/web/20081023033403www.diariodigital.com.do/articulo%2C30016%2Chtml,">web.archive.org/web/20081023033403www.diariodigital.com.do/articulo%2C30016%2Chtml, October 23, 2008,

Language

Spanish is the predominant language in the Dominican Republic; the local dialect is called Dominican Spanish, it closely resembles Canarian Spanish, Andalusian Spanish, and has influences from Arawak languages.BOOK, Henríquez Ureña, Pedro, Pedro Henríquez Ureña, El Español en Santo Domingo, 1940, Instituto de Filología de la Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, es, Schools are based on a Spanish educational model, with English and French being taught as secondary languages in both private and public schools. Haitian Creole is spoken by the population of Haitian descent.BOOK,books.google.com/books?id=YgtSqB9oqDIC&pg=PA389, Encyclopedia of Bilingualism and Bilingual Education, Baker, Colin, Prys Jones, Sylvia, 389, 1998, Multilingual Matters, 978-1-85359-362-8, 20 November 2015, There is a community of about 8,000 speakers of Samaná English in the Samaná Peninsula. They are the descendants of formerly-enslaved African Americans who arrived in the 19th century. Tourism, American pop culture, the influence of Dominican Americans, and the country’s economic ties with the United States motivate other Dominicans to learn English.

Religion

File:Iglesia Sagrado Corazon de Jesus Moca.jpg|thumb|right|upright|Iglesia Sagrado Corazón de Jesus in Moca, Dominican RepublicMoca, Dominican RepublicThe Dominican Republic is 80% Christian, including 57% Roman Catholic and 23% Protestant.WEB, Religion in Latin America: Widespread Change in a Historically Catholic Region,www.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/7/2014/11/Religion-in-Latin-America-11-12-PM-full-PDF.pdf, 22 October 2018, en, November 2014,www.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/7/2014/11/Religion-in-Latin-America-11-12-PM-full-PDF.pdf," title="web.archive.org/web/20181021065936www.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/7/2014/11/Religion-in-Latin-America-11-12-PM-full-PDF.pdf,">web.archive.org/web/20181021065936www.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/7/2014/11/Religion-in-Latin-America-11-12-PM-full-PDF.pdf, 21 October 2018, live, Recent but small scale immigration, as well as proselytizing, has brought other religions, with the following shares of the population: Spiritist: 1.2%, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints: 1.1%,WEB,newsroom.lds.org/ldsnewsroom/eng/contact-us/dominican-republic, Country Profiles > Dominican Republic, dead,newsroom.lds.org/ldsnewsroom/eng/contact-us/dominican-republic," title="web.archive.org/web/20091017060008newsroom.lds.org/ldsnewsroom/eng/contact-us/dominican-republic,">web.archive.org/web/20091017060008newsroom.lds.org/ldsnewsroom/eng/contact-us/dominican-republic, October 17, 2009, Buddhist: 0.10%, Baháʼí: 0.1%, Islam: 0.02%, Judaism: 0.01%, Chinese folk religion: 0.1%.WEB,religiousfreedom.lib.virginia.edu/nationprofiles/Dominican_Republic/rbodies.html, Religious Freedom Page, 2009-02-27, dead,religiousfreedom.lib.virginia.edu/nationprofiles/Dominican_Republic/rbodies.html," title="web.archive.org/web/20080617175719religiousfreedom.lib.virginia.edu/nationprofiles/Dominican_Republic/rbodies.html,">web.archive.org/web/20080617175719religiousfreedom.lib.virginia.edu/nationprofiles/Dominican_Republic/rbodies.html, 2008-06-17, File:Nuestra Señora de la Altagracia Catedral Primada de America CCSD 01 2018 6772.jpg|thumb|People attending mass in Cathedral of Santo Domingo.]]Roman Catholicism was introduced by Columbus and Spanish missionaries. Religion was not really the foundation of their entire society, as it was in other parts of the world at the time, and most of the population did not attend church on a regular basis. Nonetheless, most of the education in the country was based upon the Catholic religion, as the Bible was required in the curricula of all public schools. Children would use religious-based dialogue when greeting a relative or parent. For example, a child would say “Bless me, mother”, and the mother would reply “May God bless you”. The nation has two patroness saints: Nuestra Señora de la Altagracia (Our Lady Of High Grace) is the patroness of the Dominican people, and Nuestra Señora de las Mercedes (Our Lady Of Mercy) is the patroness of the Dominican Republic. The Catholic Church began to lose popularity in the late nineteenth century. This was due to a lack of funding, of priests, and of support programs. During the same time, the Protestant evangelical movement began to gain support. Religious tension between Catholics and Protestants in the country has been rare.There have always been religious freedom throughout the entire country. Not until the 1950s were restrictions placed upon churches by Trujillo. Letters of protest were sent against the mass arrests of government adversaries. Trujillo began a campaign against the church and planned to arrest priests and bishops who preached against the government. This campaign ended before it was even put into place, with his assassination.Judaism appeared in the Dominican Republic in the late 1930s. During World War II, a group of Jews escaping Nazi Germany fled to the Dominican Republic and founded the city of Sosúa. It has remained the center of the Jewish population since.WEB, Haggerty, Richard, Dominican Republic - Religion, Dominican Republic: A Country Study, U.S. Library of Congress, 1989,countrystudies.us/dominican-republic/33.htm, 2006-05-21,countrystudies.us/dominican-republic/33.htm," title="web.archive.org/web/20060923042535countrystudies.us/dominican-republic/33.htm,">web.archive.org/web/20060923042535countrystudies.us/dominican-republic/33.htm, 2006-09-23, live,

Cuisine

Dominican cuisine is predominantly made up of a combination of Spanish, Native American, and African influences over the last few centuries. The typical cuisine is quite similar to what can be found in other Latin American countries, but many of the names of dishes are different. One breakfast dish consists of eggs and mangú (mashed, boiled plantain). For heartier versions, these are accompanied by deep-fried meat (typically Dominican salami) and/or cheese. Similarly to Spain, lunch is generally the largest and most important meal of the day. Lunch usually consists of rice, some type of meat (chicken, beef, pork, or fish), beans, plantains, and a side portion of salad. “La Bandera” (literally, The Flag), the most popular lunch dish, consists of meat and red beans on white rice. There is a famous soup “Sancocho” a typical national soup made with seven kinds of variety of meats.BOOK,books.google.com/books?id=DOJMAgAAQBAJ&dq=Dominican+cuisine+is+Spanish%2C+Native+American%2C+and+African+influences&pg=PA646, The Oxford Encyclopedia of Food and Drink in America, 978-0-19-973496-2, Smith, Andrew, 31 January 2013, Oup USA, Dominican cuisine usually accommodates all the food groups, incorporating meat or seafood; rice, potatoes, or plantains; and is accompanied by some other type of vegetable or salad. However, meals usually heavily favor starches and meats over dairy products and vegetables. Many dishes are made with sofrito, which is a mix of local herbs and spices sautéed to bring out all of the dish’s flavors. Throughout the south-central coast, bulgur, or whole wheat, is a main ingredient in quipes or tipili (bulgur salad). Other favorite Dominican dishes include chicharrón, yuca, casabe, and pastelitos (empanadas), batata, pasteles en hoja, (ground-roots pockets)WEB,www.dominicancooking.com/forums/starters-buffet-food/1299-pasteles-hoja-ground-roots-pockets.html, Pasteles en hoja (Ground-roots pockets) - Dominican Cooking, 2008-10-20, 2002-12-20,www.dominicancooking.com/forums/starters-buffet-food/1299-pasteles-hoja-ground-roots-pockets.html," title="web.archive.org/web/20081021011142www.dominicancooking.com/forums/starters-buffet-food/1299-pasteles-hoja-ground-roots-pockets.html,">web.archive.org/web/20081021011142www.dominicancooking.com/forums/starters-buffet-food/1299-pasteles-hoja-ground-roots-pockets.html, 2008-10-21, live, chimichurris, plátanos maduros (ripe plantain), and tostones.Some treats Dominicans enjoy are arroz con dulce (or arroz con leche), bizcocho dominicano (lit. Dominican cake), habichuelas con dulce (sweet creamed beans), flan, frío frío (snow cones), dulce de leche, and caña (sugarcane).BOOK,books.google.com/books?id=HrG13XD1CzYC&dq=dominican+republic+desserts+flan&pg=PA59, Dominican Republic (Other Places Travel Guide), 978-1-935850-09-0, Tuider, Katherine, Caplan, Evan, 2012, Other Places, The beverages Dominicans enjoy include Morir Soñando, rum, beer, Mama Juana, batida (smoothie), jugos naturales (freshly squeezed fruit juices), mabí, and coffee.WEB,www.hispaniola.com/dominican_republic/info/society_cuisine.php, Dominican Republic Cuisine by Hispaniola.com, 2009-10-22,www.hispaniola.com/dominican_republic/info/society_cuisine.php," title="web.archive.org/web/20091212043214www.hispaniola.com/dominican_republic/info/society_cuisine.php,">web.archive.org/web/20091212043214www.hispaniola.com/dominican_republic/info/society_cuisine.php, 2009-12-12, live,

Music and dance

Musically, the Dominican Republic is known for the creation of the musical style called merengue,BOOK Bachata, a form of music and dance that originated in the countryside and rural marginal neighborhoods of the Dominican Republic, has become quite popular in recent years. Its subjects are often romantic; especially prevalent are tales of heartbreak and sadness. In fact, the original name for the genre was amargue (“bitterness”, or “bitter music”, or blues music), until the rather ambiguous (and mood-neutral) term bachata became popular. Bachata grew out of and is still closely related to, the pan-Latin American romantic style called bolero. Over time, it has been influenced by merengue and by a variety of Latin American guitar styles.Salsa music has had a great deal of popularity in the country. During the late 1960s Dominican musicians like Johnny Pacheco, creator of the Fania All Stars played a significant role in the development and popularization of the genre.BOOK,books.google.com/books?id=Wo4sOpOV68wC&dq=salsa+music+Johnny+Pacheco+dominican+republic&pg=PA369, Hispanic New York: A Sourcebook, 978-0-231-14819-1, Remeseira, Claudio Iván, 2010, Columbia University Press, Particularly among the young, a genre that has been growing in popularity in recent years in the Dominican Republic is Dominican rap. Also known as Rap del Patio (“yard rap“) it is rap music created by Dominican crews and solo artists. Originating in the early 2000s with crews such as Charles Family, successful rappers such as Lapiz Conciente, Vakero, Toxic Crow, and R-1 emerged. The youth have embraced the music, sometimes over merengue, merengue típico, bachata, as well as salsa, and, most recently, reggaeton. Dominican rap differs from reggaeton in the fact that Dominican rap does not use the traditional Dem Bow rhythm frequently used in reggaeton, instead of using more hip hop-influenced beats. As well, Dominican rap focuses on urban themes such as money, women, and poverty, similarly to American rap.BOOK,books.google.com/books?id=HrG13XD1CzYC&dq=dominican+republic+hip+hop+genre&pg=PA29, Dominican Republic (Other Places Travel Guide), 978-1-935850-09-0, Tuider, Katherine, Caplan, Evan, 2012, Other Places,

Visual arts

(File:Dario Suro 01.jpg|thumb|200px|Lluvia en el mercado (English: Rain in the Market), 1942 (Museo de Arte Moderno, Santo Domingo).)Dominican art is perhaps most commonly associated with the bright, vibrant colors and images that are sold in every tourist gift shop across the country. However, the country has a long history of fine art that goes back to the middle of the 1800s when the country became independent and the beginnings of a national art scene emerged.{{cn|date=February 2023}}Historically, the painting of this time were centered around images connected to national independence, historical scenes, portraits but also landscapes and images of still life. Styles of painting ranged between neoclassicism and romanticism. Between 1920 and 1940 the art scene was influenced by styles of realism and impressionism. Dominican artists were focused on breaking from previous, academic styles in order to develop more independent and individual styles. The artists of the times were Celeste Woss y Gil (1890–1985), Jaime Colson (1901–1975), Yoryi O. Morel (1906–1979) and Darío Suro (1917–1997).File:El Puerto sobre el Río Ozama.png|El Puerto sobre el Río Ozama. Alejandro Bonilla 1868File:Al Amor que Llega.jpg|El amor que llega. Abelardo Rodriguez Urdaneta without dateFile:Urdaneta Mujer de espalda.png|Abelardo Rodríguez Urdaneta. Urdaneta. Mujer de espalda. date unknownFile:Urdaneta Marina.png|Abelardo Rodríguez Urdaneta. Marina. date unknown.File:Grullon El Moro.png|El Moro. Arturo Grullón. 1900File:Grullón still life with bird.png|Arturo Grullon – Still life with bird, 1898File:Arturo Grullon – Water from the fountain.jpg|Arturo Grullon – Water from the fountainFile:Grullon Retrato de Monsieur.jpg|Grullon Retrato de MonsieurFile:Grullón, Paisaje Urbano.jpg|Grullón, Paisaje UrbanoFile:Navarro Canastera.png|Canastera. Leopoldo Navarro 1900File:The Spinners Navarro.png|The Spinners NavarroThe 1940s represent an important period in Dominican art. President Rafael Leónidas Trujillo provided asylum for Spanish Civil War refugees and a group of Europeans (including famous artists) subsequently arrived to the DR. They became an inspiration to young Dominican artists who were given a more international perspective on art. The art school Escuela Nacional de Bellas Artes was founded as the first official center for teaching art. The country went through a renaissance heavily inspired by the trends happening in Europe.{{cn|date=October 2022}}Between 1950 and 1970 Dominican art expressed the social and political conditions of the time. A need for a renewal of the image language emerged and, as a result, paintings were created in non-figurative, abstract, geometric and cubistic styles. The most notable artists included Paul Giudicelli (1921–1965), Clara Ledesma (1924–1999), Gilberto Hernandez Ortega (1924–1979), Gaspar Mario Cruz (1925–2006), Luichy M. Richiez (1928–2000), Eligio Pichardo (1929–1984), Domingo Liz (b. 1931), Silvano Lora (1934–2003), Cándido Bidó (1936–2011) and José Ramírez Conde (1940–1987).During the 1970s and 1980s artists were experimenting again with new styles, forms, concepts and themes. Artists such as Ada Balcácer (b. 1930), Fernando Peña Defilló (b. 1928) and Ramón Oviedo (b. 1927) count as the most influential of the decade.{{cn|date=October 2022}}

Cinema

Dominican cinema is an emerging film industry, being one of the first countries in Latin America where the Lumière brothers first brought the Curiel theater in San Felipe de Puerto Plata at the beginning of the century in the year 1900, with the industry’s beginnings dating back to 1915 in which the first film is produced in Dominican territory.{{cn|date=October 2022}}The Dominican Film Market is officially the first film market in the history of the Caribbean Region, DFM was created and produced by filmmakers Roddy Pérez and Nurgul Shayakhmetova, executives of Audiovisual Dominicana. In its first edition, DFM had the support of important international brands such as Panasonic, Nikon and Blackmagic Design, as well as the co-sponsorship of the Directorate General of Cinema DGCINE, the Center for Export and Investment of the Dominican Republic CEI-RD and the Ministry of Tourism of the Dominican Republic.JOURNAL,www.jstor.org/stable/10.2979/blackcamera.11.1.08, 10.2979/blackcamera.11.1.08, 10.2979/blackcamera.11.1.08, Wind, Water, Women: Liminal Spaces and Border Crossings Between Puerto Rico and the Dominican Republic, 2019, Leonard, Black Camera, 11, 1, 142–166,

Fashion

In only seven years, the Dominican Republic’s fashion week has become the most important event of its kind in all of the Caribbean and one of the fastest-growing fashion events in the entire Latin American fashion world. The country boasts one of the ten most important design schools in the region, La Escuela de Diseño de Altos de Chavón, which is making the country a key player in the world of fashion and design.World-famous fashion designer Oscar de la Renta was born in the Dominican Republic in 1932 and became a US citizen in 1971. He studied under the leading Spaniard designer Cristóbal Balenciaga and then worked with the house of Lanvin in Paris. Then by 1963, de la Renta had designs carrying his own label. After establishing himself in the US, de la Renta opened boutiques across the country. His work blends French and Spaniard fashion with American styles.Fashion: Oscar de la Renta (Dominican Republic) {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130116205803www.wcax.com/story/7036793/fashion-oscar-de-la-renta-dominican-republic |date=2013-01-16 }} WCAX.com – Retrieved October 31, 2012.Oscar de la Renta {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130120111251www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/764644/Oscar-de-la-Renta |date=2013-01-20 }}. Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved October 31, 2012. Although he settled in New York, de la Renta also marketed his work in Latin America, where it became very popular, and remained active in his native Dominican Republic, where his charitable activities and personal achievements earned him the Juan Pablo Duarte Order of Merit and the Order of Cristóbal Colón.

Sports

Baseball is by far the most popular sport in the Dominican Republic.BOOK Historically, the Dominican Republic has been linked to MLB since Ozzie Virgil Sr. became the first Dominican to play in the league. Juan Marichal is the first Dominican-born player in the Baseball Hall of Fame.WEB,baseballhall.org/node/1255, Marichal, Juan, Baseball Hall of Fame, July 29, 2010, Among the outstanding MLB players born in the Dominican are: Manny Ramirez, David Ortiz, Vladimir Guerrero, Juan Soto, Bartolo Colón, Robinson Cano, Jose Ramirez, Nelson Cruz, Pedro Martínez, Albert Pujols, Adrián Beltré, José Reyes, José Bautista, Hanley Ramírez, Miguel Tejada, Juan Marichal, Rafael Furcal and Sammy Sosa.(File:Dominican Republic Baseball.jpg|right|upright|thumb|Dominican ambassador Jonny de Jesús Martínez showcasing baseball culture.)Olympic gold medalist and world champion over 400 m hurdles Félix Sánchez hails from the Dominican Republic, as does current defensive end for the San Diego Chargers (National Football League [NFL]), Luis Castillo. Castillo was the cover athlete for the Spanish language version of Madden NFL 08.WEB, Shanahan, Tom, San Diego Hall of Champions - Sports at Lunch, Luis Castillo and Felix Sanchez, San Diego Hall of Champions, 2007-03-24,www.sdhoc.com/main/articles/sportsatlunch/Sportsatlunch2007/Sanchezcastillo, 2007-05-29, dead,www.sdhoc.com/main/articles/sportsatlunch/Sportsatlunch2007/Sanchezcastillo," title="web.archive.org/web/20070605034355www.sdhoc.com/main/articles/sportsatlunch/Sportsatlunch2007/Sanchezcastillo,">web.archive.org/web/20070605034355www.sdhoc.com/main/articles/sportsatlunch/Sportsatlunch2007/Sanchezcastillo, June 5, 2007, “>

Holidays{| class“wikitable”

! Date !! Name!| New Year’s Day Non-working day.Catholic Church>Catholic day of the Epiphany Movable.| Día de la Altagracia Non-working day. Patroness Day (Catholic).Juan Pablo Duarte>Duarte’s Day Movable. Founding Father.Dominican War of Independence>Independence Day Non-working day. National Day. (Variable date) Holy Week Working days, except Good Friday.A Catholic holiday.| International Workers’ Day Movable.|Mother’s DayCorpus Christi (feast)>Corpus Christi Non-working day. A Thursday in May or June (60 days after Easter Sunday).Dominican Restoration War>Restoration Day Non-working day.| Virgen de las Mercedes Non-working day. A Patroness Day (Catholic)| Constitution Day Movable.| Christmas Non-working days.Notes:

• Non-working holidays are not moved to another day.
• If a movable holiday falls on Saturday, Sunday or Monday then it is not moved to another day. If it falls on Tuesday or Wednesday, the holiday is moved to the previous Monday. If it falls on Thursday or Friday, the holiday is moved to the next Monday.

Notable people

• List of people from the Dominican Republic

See also

• Dominican American
• Dominican-Puerto Rican
• List of Dominican Americans
• Dominicans in Spain
• Culture of the Dominican Republic
• Demographics of the Dominican Republic
• History of the Dominican Republic
• White Dominicans
• Afro-Dominicans
• Criollo people
• Hispanics

Sources

• The Mulatto Republic: Class, Race, and Dominican National Identity. April J. Mayes. Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2014. {{ISBN|978-0-8130-4919-9}}

Notes

{{notelist}}

References

{{Refimprove|date=April 2024}}{{Reflist}}

External links

• conapofa.gov.do/" title="web.archive.org/web/20190217155611conapofa.gov.do/">Consejo Nacional de Población y Familia (National Council of Population and Family) – The demographics department of the Dominican government
• weblink

{{People of the Dominican Republic}}{{Dominican Republic topics}}{{Authority control}}