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Bihar
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{{Short description|State in Eastern India}}{{Other uses|Bihar (disambiguation)}}{{about-distinguish|state of India|Bihar County|Bihor County}}{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2024}}{{Use Indian English|date=May 2024}}- the content below is remote from Wikipedia
- it has been imported raw for GetWiki
| factoids |
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- NEWS, Bihar’s ‘first’ Economic Survey Report tabled,articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2007-03-07/patna/27879796_1_bihar-capita-income-revenue-account, 7 March 2007, 22 August 2008,articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2007-03-07/patna/27879796_1_bihar-capita-income-revenue-account," title="web.archive.org/web/20130518142032articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2007-03-07/patna/27879796_1_bihar-capita-income-revenue-account,">web.archive.org/web/20130518142032articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2007-03-07/patna/27879796_1_bihar-capita-income-revenue-account, 18 May 2013, dead, The Times of India, dmy-all,
- NEWS, Biharis an unwanted lot, Bal Thackeray,timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/msid-2840902,prtpage-1.cms, The Times of India, 5 March 2008, 5 March 2008,timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/msid-2840902,prtpage-1.cms," title="web.archive.org/web/20080310002737timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/msid-2840902,prtpage-1.cms,">web.archive.org/web/20080310002737timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/msid-2840902,prtpage-1.cms, 10 March 2008, live, dmy-all,
- NEWS, Wajihuddin, Mohammed, 10 August 2008, ‘Bihari’ has become an abuse,timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Review/Bihari_has_become_an_abuse/articleshow/3347091.cms, The Times of India, 10 August 2008,timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Review/Bihari_has_become_an_abuse/articleshow/3347091.cms," title="web.archive.org/web/20130505073105timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Review/Bihari_has_become_an_abuse/articleshow/3347091.cms,">web.archive.org/web/20130505073105timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Review/Bihari_has_become_an_abuse/articleshow/3347091.cms, 5 May 2013, live, dmy-all, Many economists and social scientists claim that this is a direct result of the policies of the central government, such as the freight equalisation policy,BOOK, Arvind N., Das, The Republic of Bihar, New Delhi, Penguin Books, 1992, 978-0-14-012351-7, NEWS, Goswami, Urmi A, 16 February 2005, ‘Bihar Needs an Icon, a person who stands above his caste’ (Dr Shaibal Gupta – Rediff Interview),www.rediff.com/election/2005/feb/16inter2.htm, Rediff, 16 February 2005,www.rediff.com/election/2005/feb/16inter2.htm," title="web.archive.org/web/20050220065240www.rediff.com/election/2005/feb/16inter2.htm,">web.archive.org/web/20050220065240www.rediff.com/election/2005/feb/16inter2.htm, 20 February 2005, live, its apathy towards Bihar,
- WEB, Guruswamy, Mohan, Baitha, Ramnis Attar, Mohanty, Jeevan Prakash, Centrally Planned Inequality: The Tale of Two States – Punjab and Bihar,cpasindia.org/reports/07-Centrally-Planned-Inequality-Punjab-Bihar.pdf, 15 June 2004,cpasindia.org/reports/07-Centrally-Planned-Inequality-Punjab-Bihar.pdf," title="web.archive.org/web/20090326210152cpasindia.org/reports/07-Centrally-Planned-Inequality-Punjab-Bihar.pdf,">web.archive.org/web/20090326210152cpasindia.org/reports/07-Centrally-Planned-Inequality-Punjab-Bihar.pdf, 26 March 2009, New Delhi, India, Centre for Policy Alternatives, 17 August 2015,
- WEB, Guruswamy, Mohan, Mohanty, Jeevan Prakash, The De-urbanisation of Bihar,cpasindia.org/reports/03-De-urbanisation-Bihar.pdf, 15 February 2004,cpasindia.org/reports/03-De-urbanisation-Bihar.pdf," title="web.archive.org/web/20090326210154cpasindia.org/reports/03-De-urbanisation-Bihar.pdf,">web.archive.org/web/20090326210154cpasindia.org/reports/03-De-urbanisation-Bihar.pdf, 26 March 2009, New Delhi, India, Centre for Policy Alternatives, 17 August 2015, lack of Bihari sub-nationalism,
- Ahmed Farzand and Mishra Subhash, indiatoday.digitaltoday.in/index.php?option=com_content&issueid=78&task=view&id=19042§ionid=4&Itemid=1" title="archive.today/20120710043125indiatoday.digitaltoday.in/index.php?option=com_content&issueid=78&task=view&id=19042§ionid=4&Itemid=1">Leaders of Bihar unite to counter Raj Thackeray, India Today, 31 October 2008
- NEWS, Gupta, Shaibal, Bihar: Identity and Development, Asian Development Research Institute, Patna,www.bihartimes.com/articles/shaibal/biharidentity.html, 30 April 2006,bihartimes.com/articles/shaibal/biharidentity.html," title="web.archive.org/web/20050330161928bihartimes.com/articles/shaibal/biharidentity.html,">web.archive.org/web/20050330161928bihartimes.com/articles/shaibal/biharidentity.html, 30 March 2005, and the Permanent Settlement of 1793 by the British East India Company. The state government has, however, made significant strides in developing the state.NEWS, Phadnis, Aditi, Aditi Phadnis, 26 July 2008, Lalu in the red,www.business-standard.com/india/storypage.php?autono=329655, Business Standard,www.business-standard.com/india/storypage.php?autono=329655," title="web.archive.org/web/20110607173041www.business-standard.com/india/storypage.php?autono=329655,">web.archive.org/web/20110607173041www.business-standard.com/india/storypage.php?autono=329655, 7 June 2011, 22 August 2015, Improved governance has led to an economic revival in the state through increased investment in infrastructure,NEWS, Goswami, Urmi A, 17 June 2008, Biharis get work at home, bashers realise their worth, The Economic Times, India,economictimes.indiatimes.com/News/PoliticsNation/Biharis_get_work_at_home_bashers_realise_their_worth/articleshow/3135697.cms, 17 June 2008,economictimes.indiatimes.com/News/PoliticsNation/Biharis_get_work_at_home_bashers_realise_their_worth/articleshow/3135697.cms," title="web.archive.org/web/20090213034621economictimes.indiatimes.com/News/PoliticsNation/Biharis_get_work_at_home_bashers_realise_their_worth/articleshow/3135697.cms,">web.archive.org/web/20090213034621economictimes.indiatimes.com/News/PoliticsNation/Biharis_get_work_at_home_bashers_realise_their_worth/articleshow/3135697.cms, 13 February 2009, live, dmy-all, better healthcare facilities, greater emphasis on education, and a reduction in crime and corruption.
- NEWS, Dharma, Supriya, Jha, Abhay Mohan, 15 July 2008, Bihar witnesses a quiet transformation,www.ndtv.com/convergence/ndtv/story.aspx?id=NEWEN20080057141,www.ndtv.com/convergence/ndtv/story.aspx?id=NEWEN20080057141," title="web.archive.org/web/20080718045447www.ndtv.com/convergence/ndtv/story.aspx?id=NEWEN20080057141,">web.archive.org/web/20080718045447www.ndtv.com/convergence/ndtv/story.aspx?id=NEWEN20080057141, 18 July 2008, NDTV, 22 August 2015,
- NEWS, Jha, Abhay Mohan, English makes inroads in Bihar villages, NDTV, 8 March 2008,www.ndtv.com/convergence/ndtv/story.aspx?id=NEWEN20080043399&ch=3/8/2008%2011:32:00%20AM, 8 March 2008, dead,www.ndtv.com/convergence/ndtv/story.aspx?id=NEWEN20080043399," title="web.archive.org/web/20080309185254www.ndtv.com/convergence/ndtv/story.aspx?id=NEWEN20080043399,">web.archive.org/web/20080309185254www.ndtv.com/convergence/ndtv/story.aspx?id=NEWEN20080043399, 9 March 2008,
Etymology
The name Bihar is derived from the Sanskrit and Pali word vihÄra (Devanagari: विहार), meaning “abode”. The region roughly encompassing the present state had many Buddhist vihÄras, the abodes of Buddhist monks in the ancient and medieval periods. Medieval writer Minhaj al-Siraj Juzjani records in the Tabaqat-i Nasiri that in 1198 Bakhtiyar Khalji committed a massacre in a town identified with the word, later known as Bihar Sharif, about 70 km (43 mi) away from Bodh Gaya.Minhaj writes that the inhabitants were 100,000 Brahmins.--Bodh Gaya; by Frederick M. Asher; p. 14Kartar Singh Duggal The Sikh Gurus: their lives and teachings; p. 4; with shaven heads.{{clarify|date=July 2014}}History
{{See also|Timeline for Bihar|Magadha|Mithila Kingdom|History of Buddhism in India|Decline of Buddhism in India|Mithila, India|List of rulers of Mithila}}{{multiple image| perrow = 1| total_width = | caption_align = center| align = left| image1 = Kundpur seal.jpgAncient period
Chirand, on the northern bank of the Ganga River, in Saran district, has an archaeological record from the Neolithic age {{nowrap|({{circa|2500–1345 BCE}})}}.NEWS,www.outlookindia.com/outlooktraveller/destinations/bihar_a_quick_guide_to_saran/, BIHAR: A QUICK GUIDE TO SARAN, 24 March 2017, Outlook,www.outlookindia.com/outlooktraveller/destinations/bihar_a_quick_guide_to_saran/," title="web.archive.org/web/20170323054404www.outlookindia.com/outlooktraveller/destinations/bihar_a_quick_guide_to_saran/,">web.archive.org/web/20170323054404www.outlookindia.com/outlooktraveller/destinations/bihar_a_quick_guide_to_saran/, 23 March 2017, live, NEWS,www.telegraphindia.com/1100925/jsp/bihar/story_12980021.jsp, Oldest hamlet faces extinction threat, 24 March 2017,web.archive.org/web/20170323053759/https://www.telegraphindia.com/1100925/jsp/bihar/story_12980021.jsp, 23 March 2017, dead, The Telegraph, Regions of Bihar – such as Magadha, Mithila, and Anga – are mentioned in religious texts and epics of ancient India.Mithila gained prominence after the establishment of the Videha Kingdom.Michael Witzel (1989), Tracing the Vedic dialects in Dialectes dans les litteratures Indo-Aryennes ed. Caillat, Paris, pages 13, 17 116–124, 141–143 During the late Vedic period {{nowrap|({{Circa|1100}}–500 BCE),}} Videha became one of the major political and cultural centers of South Asia, along with Kuru and PañcÄla. The kings of the Videha Kingdom were called Janakas.Michael Witzel (1989), Tracing the Vedic dialects in Dialectes dans les litteratures Indo-Aryennes ed. Caillat, Paris, pages 13, 141–143 Sita, a daughter of one of the Janaks of Mithila is mentioned as the consort of Lord Rama, in the Hindu epic Ramayana, written by Valmiki.Michael Witzel (1989), Tracing the Vedic dialects in Dialectes dans les litteratures Indo-Aryennes ed. Caillat, Paris{{page needed|date=January 2019}} The Videha Kingdom later became incorporated into the Vajjika League which had its capital in the city of Vaishali, which is also in Mithila.Raychaudhuri Hemchandra (1972), Political History of Ancient India, Calcutta: University of Calcutta, pp. 85–86 Vajji had a republican form of government where the head of state was elected from the rajas. Based on the information found in texts pertaining to Jainism and Buddhism, Vajji was established as a republic by the sixth century BCE, before the birth of Gautama Buddha in 563 BCE, making it the first known republic in India.The Haryanka dynasty, founded in 684 BCE, ruled Magadha from the city of Rajgriha (modern Rajgir). The two well-known kings from this dynasty were Bimbisara and his son Ajatashatru, who imprisoned his father to ascend the throne. Ajatashatru founded the city of Pataliputra which later became the capital of Magadha. He declared war and conquered the Vajjika League. The Haryanka dynasty was followed by the Shishunaga dynasty. Later, the Nanda Dynasty ruled a vast tract stretching from Bengal to Punjab.The Nanda dynasty was replaced by the Maurya Empire, India’s first empire. The Maurya Empire and the religion of Buddhism arose in the region that now makes up modern Bihar. The Mauryan Empire, which originated from Magadha in 325 BCE, was founded by Chandragupta Maurya, who was born in Magadha. It had its capital at Pataliputra (modern Patna). Mauryan Emperor Ashoka, who was born in Pataliputra (Patna), is often considered to be among the most accomplished rulers in world history.BOOK, Panth, Rabindra, India’s Perception Through Chinese Travellers,books.google.com/books?id=BPdtAAAAMAAJ, 2007, 61, Nava Nalanda Mahavihara, 9788188242122, 6 March 2015,web.archive.org/web/20151112044300/https://books.google.com/books/about/India_s_Perception_Through_Chinese_Trave.html?id=BPdtAAAAMAAJ, 12 November 2015, live, A Record of Buddhistic Kingdoms, by Fa-hsien (chapter27)The Gupta Empire, which originated in Magadha in 240 CE, is referred to as the Golden Age of India in science, mathematics, astronomy, commerce, religion, and Indian philosophy.WEB,www.ushistory.org/civ/8e.asp, The Gupta Period of India, Ushistory.org, 19 November 2013,www.ushistory.org/civ/8e.asp," title="web.archive.org/web/20131002003624www.ushistory.org/civ/8e.asp,">web.archive.org/web/20131002003624www.ushistory.org/civ/8e.asp, 2 October 2013, live, Bihar and Bengal were invaded by Rajendra Chola I of the Chola dynasty in the 11th century.BOOK, Ali, A. Yusuf, 1925, The Making of India, A. & C. Black, 60, The Cambridge Shorter History of India, p. 145File:Chandragupt maurya Birla mandir 6 dec 2009 (31) (cropped).JPG|thumb|Chandragupta Maurya, founder of the alt=|left|253x253pxMedieval period
Buddhism in Magadha declined due to the invasion of Muhammad bin Bakhtiyar Khalji, during which many of the viharas were destroyed along with the universities of Nalanda and Vikramashila. Some historians believe that thousands of Buddhist monks were massacred during the 12th century.The Maha-Bodhi By Maha Bodhi Society, Calcutta (page 8)Smith V. A., Early history of IndiaElliot, History of India, Vol 4JOURNAL, Scott, David, Buddhism and Islam: Past to Present Encounters and Interfaith Lessons, Numen, 42, 2, 141–155, May 1995, 10.1163/1568527952598657, 3270172, D. N. Jha suggests, instead, that these incidents were the result of Buddhist–Brahmin skirmishes in a fight for supremacy.NEWS, Jha, D. N., Grist to the reactionary mill,indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/grist-to-the-reactionary-mill/, 9 July 2014, The Indian Express, 3 February 2015,indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/grist-to-the-reactionary-mill/," title="web.archive.org/web/20150203142503indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/grist-to-the-reactionary-mill/,">web.archive.org/web/20150203142503indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/grist-to-the-reactionary-mill/, 3 February 2015, live, After the fall of the Pala Empire, the Chero dynasty ruled some parts of Bihar from the 12th century until Mughal rule in the 16th century.BOOK,books.google.com/books?id=399UDwAAQBAJ&q=chero+dynasty&pg=PT71, Bihar General Knowledge Digest, 9789352667697, Singh, Pradyuman, 19 January 2021, Prabhat Prakashan, In 1540, the great Pathan chieftain, Sher Shah Suri, took northern India from the Mughals and declared Delhi his capital.From the 11th century to the 20th century, Mithila was ruled by various indigenous dynasties. The first of these were the Karnatas, followed by the Oiniwar dynasty and Raj Darbhanga.BOOK,books.google.com/books?id=A0i94Z5C8HMC&q=karnataka,+oinwars&pg=PA55, Anthropology of Ancient Hindu Kingdoms: A Study in Civilizational Perspective, 11 December 2016, 9788175330344, Jha, Makhan, 1997, M.D. Publications Pvt., It was during this period that the capital of Mithila was shifted to Darbhanga.BOOK,books.google.com/books?id=EzPYdQo3vZgC&q=darbhanga+capital&pg=PA165, Wetlands management in North Bihar, 14 December 2016, 9788180697074, Mandal, R. B., 2010, Concept Publishing Company, BOOK,books.google.com/books?id=A0i94Z5C8HMC&q=darbhanga+capital+mithila&pg=PA56, Anthropology of Ancient Hindu Kingdoms: A Study in Civilizational Perspective, 14 December 2016, 9788175330344, Jha, Makhan, 1997, M.D. Publications Pvt., The tenth and the last guru of Sikhism, Guru Gobind Singh, was born in Patna in 1666. With political instability in the Mughal Empire following Aurangzeb’s death in 1707, Murshid Quli Khan declared Bengal’s independence and named himself Nawab of Bengal.File:Dr Rajendra Pd. DR.Anugrah Narayan Sinha.jpg|thumb|upright=0.9|(Sitting L to R): Rajendra Prasad and Anugrah Narayan Sinha during Mahatma Gandhi’s 1917 leftColonial era
{{See also|1781 revolt in Bihar|Veer Kunwar Singh|Siege of Arrah|Battle of Chatra}}After the Battle of Buxar (1764), the British East India Company obtained the diwani rights (rights to administer and collect tax revenue) for Bihar, Bengal, and Odisha. The rich resources of fertile land, water, and skilled labour had attracted the foreign imperialists, particularly the Dutch and British, in the 18th century. A number of agriculture-based industries had been started in Bihar by foreign entrepreneurs.WEB, Early Agro based Industries,www.bihargatha.in/early-agriculture-based-enterprenureships, 2011,www.bihargatha.in/early-agriculture-based-enterprenureships," title="web.archive.org/web/20110910142241www.bihargatha.in/early-agriculture-based-enterprenureships,">web.archive.org/web/20110910142241www.bihargatha.in/early-agriculture-based-enterprenureships, 10 September 2011, Bihargatha, 13 August 2015, Bihar remained a part of the Bengal Presidency of British India until 1912, when Bihar and Orissa were carved out as separate provinces.Pre- and post-Independence
{{See also|2008 attacks on Uttar Pradeshi and Bihari migrants in Maharashtra|1970 Bhojpur uprising}}Farmers in Champaran had revolted against indigo cultivation in 1914 (at Pipra) and 1916 (Turkaulia). In April 1917, Mahatma Gandhi visited Champaran, where Raj Kumar Shukla had drawn his attention to the exploitation of the peasants by European indigo planters. The Champaran Satyagraha that followed received support from many Bihari nationalists, such as Rajendra Prasad, Shri Krishna Sinha and Anugrah Narayan Sinha.BOOK, Judith Margaret, Brown, Gandhi’s Rise to Power, Indian Politics 1915–1922: Indian Politics 1915–1922, Cambridge University Press Archive, New Delhi, 1972, 978-0-521-09873-1, 77,books.google.com/books?id=HUo4AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA77, 19 April 2018,web.archive.org/web/20180510195818/https://books.google.com/books?id=HUo4AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA77, 10 May 2018, live, WEB,www.indianpost.com/viewstamp.php/Alpha/DR.A.N.%20SINGH, Eminent Gandhian Dr A N Sinha, First Bihar Deputy CM cum Finance Minister, Indian Post, 20 May 2008,www.indianpost.com/viewstamp.php/Alpha/DR.A.N.%20SINGH," title="web.archive.org/web/20081202161527www.indianpost.com/viewstamp.php/Alpha/DR.A.N.%20SINGH,">web.archive.org/web/20081202161527www.indianpost.com/viewstamp.php/Alpha/DR.A.N.%20SINGH, 2 December 2008, live, In the northern and central regions of Bihar, the Kisan Sabha (peasant movement) was an important consequence of the independence movement. It began in 1929 under the leadership of Swami Sahajanand Saraswati who formed the Bihar Provincial Kisan Sabha (BPKS), to mobilise peasant grievances against the zamindari attacks on their occupancy rights. The movement intensified and spread from Bihar across the rest of India, culminating in the formation of the All India Kisan Sabha (AIKS) at the Lucknow session of the Indian National Congress in April 1936, where Saraswati was elected as its first president.BOOK, Åšekhara, BandyopÄdhyÄya, From Plassey to Partition: A History of Modern India, Orient Longman, 2004, 978-81-250-2596-2, 406–407, Following independence, Bihari migrant workers have faced violence and prejudice in many parts of India, such as Maharashtra, Punjab, and Assam.NEWS, Kumod Verma, 14 February 2008, Scared Biharis arrive from Mumbai,articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-02-14/patna/27756096_1_mumbai-bound-trains-mns-activists-passenger-trains, 14 February 2008,articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-02-14/patna/27756096_1_mumbai-bound-trains-mns-activists-passenger-trains," title="web.archive.org/web/20121022092951articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-02-14/patna/27756096_1_mumbai-bound-trains-mns-activists-passenger-trains,">web.archive.org/web/20121022092951articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-02-14/patna/27756096_1_mumbai-bound-trains-mns-activists-passenger-trains, 22 October 2012, dead, The Times of India, dmy-all, NEWS, Hussain, Wasbir, Wasbir Hussain, 11 August 2007, 30 Killed in Northeast Violence in India,www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/08/11/AR2007081100464_pf.html, Washington Post, 25 February 2006,www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/08/11/AR2007081100464_pf.html," title="web.archive.org/web/20121107005651www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/08/11/AR2007081100464_pf.html,">web.archive.org/web/20121107005651www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/08/11/AR2007081100464_pf.html, 7 November 2012, live, dmy-all,Geography
{{multiple image| align = left| direction = vertical| image1 = Valmikinagar Hydel Project, Bihar.jpg| image2 = Flooded Bihar.JPG| footer = | image3 = Mountain of Ashram.jpg| caption1 = Himalayan Foothills in Valmikinagar, Bihar| caption2 = Flooded farmlands during 2008 Bihar flood| caption3 = Mountain of Ashrams, Vindhya range Bodh Gaya}}{{See also|Physiographical Regions of Bihar|Forest in Bihar}}{{Further|Floods in Bihar}}{{climate chart|{{center| Climate of Bihar}}|9.3|23.5|11.5Flora and fauna
{{multiple image| align = right| direction = vertical| image1 = Bengal Tiger7.jpg| image2 = Bauhinia Acuminata.jpg| footer = | image3 =| caption1 = Bengal Tiger is main attraction at Valmiki Tiger Reserve.| caption2 = Bauhinia acuminata, locally known as Kachnaar| caption3 = A dolphin in Vikramshila Gangetic Dolphin Sanctuary| image4 = Kanwar Lake Begusarai by Ziddi Photowala.jpg| caption4 = Kanwar Lake Bird Sanctuary, The only Ramsar site in Bihar}}{{See also|Protected areas of Bihar}}{{Further|Valmiki National Park|Vikramshila Gangetic Dolphin Sanctuary}}Bihar has a nature conservation area of {{convert|6845|km2|0|abbr=on}}, which is 7.27% of its geographical area.WEB, परà¥à¤¯à¤¾à¤µà¤°à¤£ à¤à¤µà¤‚ वन विà¤à¤¾à¤—,forest.bih.nic.in/BiharatGlance.aspx, forest.bih.nic.in, 31 August 2019, 8 August 2020,forest.bih.nic.in/BiharatGlance.aspx," title="web.archive.org/web/20200808062406forest.bih.nic.in/BiharatGlance.aspx,">web.archive.org/web/20200808062406forest.bih.nic.in/BiharatGlance.aspx, live, The sub-Himalayan foothill of Someshwar and the Dun ranges in the Champaran district have belts of moist deciduous forests, mixed with shrubs, grass and reeds. High rainfall (above 1,600 mm [63 in]) promotes forests of Sal (Shorea robusta) in these areas. Other important trees are Sal Cedrela Toona, Khair, and Semal. Deciduous forests also occur in the Saharsa and Purnia districts,WEB, Forest in Bihar, Forest Ministry of Bihar,forest.bih.nic.in/, 28 November 2008,forest.bih.nic.in/," title="web.archive.org/web/20090410052852forest.bih.nic.in/,">web.archive.org/web/20090410052852forest.bih.nic.in/, 10 April 2009, live, dmy-all, with common trees including Shorea robusta (), Diospyros melanoxylon (), Boswellia serrata (), Terminalia tomentose (), Terminalia bellerica (), Terminalia arjuna (), Pterocarpus marsupium (), and Madhuca indica ().
Valmiki National Park covers about {{convert|800|km2|0|abbr=on}} of forest and is the 18th Tiger Reserve of India, ranked fourth in terms of the density of its tiger population.WEB,projecttiger.nic.in/valmiki.htm, VALMIKI, 27 May 2004, 26 October 2017, dead,projecttiger.nic.in/valmiki.htm," title="web.archive.org/web/20040527185358projecttiger.nic.in/valmiki.htm,">web.archive.org/web/20040527185358projecttiger.nic.in/valmiki.htm, 27 May 2004, It has a diverse landscape and biodiversity in addition to sheltering protected carnivores. Vikramshila Gangetic Dolphin Sanctuary in Bhagalpur region is a reserve for the endangered South Asian river dolphin. Other species in Bihar include leopard, bear, hyena, bison, chital and barking deer. Crocodilians including gharials and muggers as well as Gangetic turtles can be found in the river systems. Karkatgarh Waterfall on Karmanasa River is a natural habitat of the crocodilians. In 2016, the government of Bihar has accepted the proposal of the forest authorities to turn the area into a Crocodile Conservation Reserve (CCR).NEWS, Mishra, Prasun K, Bihar’s first crocodile conservation reserve near Karkatgarh soon,www.hindustantimes.com/patna/bihar-s-first-crocodile-conservation-reserve-near-karkatgarh-soon/story-GYf0feUPeK33j6IY2EAUCI.html, 1 October 2019, Hindustan Times, 6 January 2019, en, 6 May 2021,web.archive.org/web/20210506224407/https://www.hindustantimes.com/patna/bihar-s-first-crocodile-conservation-reserve-near-karkatgarh-soon/story-GYf0feUPeK33j6IY2EAUCI.html, live, Other notable wildlife sanctuaries include Kaimur Wildlife Sanctuary, Bhimbandh Wildlife Sanctuary and Gautam Buddha Wildlife Sanctuary. Many varieties of local and migratory bird species can be seen in natural wetland of Kanwar Lake Bird Sanctuary, Asia’s largest oxbow lake and only Ramsar site in Bihar, and other notable wetlands of Baraila lake, Kusheshwar Nath Lake, Udaypur lake.Natural resource
Bihar is the principal holder of the country’s pyrite reserves and possesses 95% of all known resources.NEWS, Mishra, B. K., Mineral exploration to boost Bihar’s economy: Janak Ram,timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/min-mineral-exploration-to-boost-states-economy/articleshow/87143212.cms, 31 May 2022, The Times of India, 20 October 2021, 31 May 2022,web.archive.org/web/20220531112649/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/min-mineral-exploration-to-boost-states-economy/articleshow/87143212.cms, live, In May 2022, a gold mine was found in the district of Jamui.NEWS, Saha, Pritam, 29 May 2022, ‘Ants’ give whereabouts of 230 MM tons gold mine in Jamui! Bihar on lookout,zeenews.india.com/india/ants-give-whereabouts-of-230-million-tons-gold-mine-in-jamui-bihar-government-on-lookout-2468484.html, 29 May 2022, Zee News, 29 May 2022,web.archive.org/web/20220529120954/https://zeenews.india.com/india/ants-give-whereabouts-of-230-million-tons-gold-mine-in-jamui-bihar-government-on-lookout-2468484.html, live, It accounts for more than 44% of the country’s gold reserve, approximately 223 million tons.NEWS, PTI, Bihar govt allows exploration of ‘country’s largest’ gold reserve,www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/bihar-govt-allows-exploration-of-country-s-largest-gold-reserve-122052800396_1.html, 31 May 2022, Business Standard, 28 May 2022, 31 May 2022,web.archive.org/web/20220531112649/https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/bihar-govt-allows-exploration-of-country-s-largest-gold-reserve-122052800396_1.html, live,Demographics
{{Historical populationGovernment and administration
{{multiple image| perrow = 1| image4 = | align = | background color = | width = | image1 = Patna high court1.jpg| image2 = Vidhan-sabha-bihar.jpg| image3 = Secretariat Building patna.JPG| total_width = | image6 = | image5 = | image7 = | image8 = | footer_background = silver| footer_align = center| footer = | header = Government of Bihar| header_background = Grey| caption1 = Patna High Court| caption2 = Bihar Vidhan Sabha| caption3 = Patna Secretariat}}{{See also|Divisions of Bihar|Districts of Bihar}}Under the Constitution of India, the Governor is the head of the government of Bihar, and is appointed by the President of India. The Chief minister is the executive head of the government who, with its cabinet ministers, makes all important policy decisions. The political party or coalition of political parties having a majority in the Bihar Legislative Assembly forms the government.The Chief Secretary is the head of the bureaucracy of the state, under whom a hierarchy of officials is drawn from the Indian Administrative Service, Indian Police Service, Indian Forest Service, and different wings of the state civil services. The judiciary is headed by the Chief Justice of the High Court. Bihar has a high court in Patna, which has been functioning since 1916. All the branches of the government are located in the state capital, Patna.The state is administratively divided into 9 divisions and 38 districts. For the administration of urban areas, Bihar has 19 municipal corporations, 89 nagar parishads (city councils), and 154 nagar panchayats (town councils).WEB,www.telegraphindia.com/1170330/jsp/bihar/story_143389.jsp#.WNziu7lMTcs, Bihar Civic elections likely in May 2017, 30 March 2017,web.archive.org/web/20170331031251/https://www.telegraphindia.com/1170330/jsp/bihar/story_143389.jsp#.WNziu7lMTcs, 31 March 2017, dead, NEWS, Pandey, Ashutosh Kumar, बिहार : नगर विकास à¤à¤µà¤‚ आवास विà¤à¤¾à¤— की पहल, पà¥à¤¨à¤°à¥à¤—ठन से नगर परिषदों की बढ़ जायेगी संखà¥à¤¯à¤¾, Bihar: Initiatives of the Department of Urban Development and Housing, will increase the number of city councils by restructuring,www.prabhatkhabar.com/news/patna/reorganization-will-increase-the-number-of-city-councils/956843.html, 20 March 2017, Prabhat Khabar, hi, 19 February 2019,www.prabhatkhabar.com/news/patna/reorganization-will-increase-the-number-of-city-councils/956843.html," title="web.archive.org/web/20170324174135www.prabhatkhabar.com/news/patna/reorganization-will-increase-the-number-of-city-councils/956843.html,">web.archive.org/web/20170324174135www.prabhatkhabar.com/news/patna/reorganization-will-increase-the-number-of-city-councils/956843.html, 24 March 2017, live, WEB,www.prabhatkhabar.com/news/patna/story/954291.html, पहली बार कोई महिला बनेगी पटना नगर निगम की मेयर, 11 March 2017, For the first time, a woman will become the mayor of Patna Municipal Corporation, 24 March 2017,www.prabhatkhabar.com/news/patna/story/954291.html," title="web.archive.org/web/20170324175018www.prabhatkhabar.com/news/patna/story/954291.html,">web.archive.org/web/20170324175018www.prabhatkhabar.com/news/patna/story/954291.html, 24 March 2017, live, NEWS,timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/ward-delimitation-begins-in-chhapra/articleshow/57299170.cms, Ward delimitation begins in Chhapra, The Times of India, 23 February 2017, 24 March 2017,timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/ward-delimitation-begins-in-chhapra/articleshow/57299170.cms," title="web.archive.org/web/20170227073049timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/ward-delimitation-begins-in-chhapra/articleshow/57299170.cms,">web.archive.org/web/20170227073049timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/ward-delimitation-begins-in-chhapra/articleshow/57299170.cms, 27 February 2017, live, WEB,www.bhaskar.com/news/BIH-PAT-HMU-MAT-latest-patna-news-020501-2002341-NOR.html, छपरा को निगम बखà¥à¤¤à¤¿à¤¯à¤¾à¤°à¤ªà¥à¤° को मिला नगर परिषद का दरà¥à¤œà¤¾, 14 February 2017, 24 March 2017,www.bhaskar.com/news/BIH-PAT-HMU-MAT-latest-patna-news-020501-2002341-NOR.html," title="web.archive.org/web/20170324181148www.bhaskar.com/news/BIH-PAT-HMU-MAT-latest-patna-news-020501-2002341-NOR.html,">web.archive.org/web/20170324181148www.bhaskar.com/news/BIH-PAT-HMU-MAT-latest-patna-news-020501-2002341-NOR.html, 24 March 2017, live, WEB, 6 पंचायतों को मिलाकर बनाया गया सहरसा नगर निगम, ये रहे बिहार के सà¤à¥€ 19 नगर निगमों के नाम,www.jagran.com/bihar/bhagalpur-bihar-saharsa-municipal-corporation-formed-by-merging-6-panchayats-22813943.html, 25 November 2022, Dainik Jagran, hi, 25 November 2022,web.archive.org/web/20221125023719/https://www.jagran.com/bihar/bhagalpur-bihar-saharsa-municipal-corporation-formed-by-merging-6-panchayats-22813943.html, live, WEB, 29 December 2021, बिहार को सहरसा के रूप में मिला à¤à¤• और नगर निगम, 6 नगर पंचायतों को नगर परिषद का दरà¥à¤œà¤¾,hindi.news18.com/news/bihar/patna-nitish-cabinet-decisions-bihar-get-19th-municipal-corporation-6-new-nagar-parishad-nodmk3-3924797.html, 26 November 2022, News18 हिंदी, hi, 26 November 2022,web.archive.org/web/20221126153447/https://hindi.news18.com/news/bihar/patna-nitish-cabinet-decisions-bihar-get-19th-municipal-corporation-6-new-nagar-parishad-nodmk3-3924797.html, live,Divisions
{{See also|Administration in Bihar}}{{Further|Districts of Bihar|Subdivisions of Bihar}}{| class=“wikitable“|+Details of Divisions!Map!Division!Headquarter!Area !Population*2011!#District!DistrictsPolitics
{{See also|:Category:Political parties in Bihar|Elections in Bihar|List of politicians from Bihar|2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election}}File:The Chief Minister of Bihar, Shri Nitish Kumar discussing with the Prime Minister, Dr. Manmohan Singh about the relief operations on flood-affected areas, in Bihar, August 28, 2008.jpg|thumb|Nitish Kumar (left) with Lalu Prasad Yadav (right) discussing with former Prime Minister, Manmohan SinghManmohan SinghThe politics of Bihar have been based on caste since the onset of Indian independence. The important castes with political presence and influence in Bihar includes: Yadav, Koeri, Kurmi, Rajput, Bhumihar, and Brahmin. Before 1990, politics was dominated by Forward Castes– Brahmin, Rajput, Bhumihar, and Kayastha. The numerous Other Backward Class group was only given a token representation in the government. This over representation of upper castes was due to their dominance in the Indian National Congress, which dominated the politics of the state for three decades after the independence of India. According to political scientist Sanjay Kumar: “Using their dominant role in state’s government, in the period before 1990, the Forward Castes deliberately subverted the ‘land reforms’, which could have helped Backward Castes and the Scheduled Castes”. The upper backwards relied on the political parties of Lok Dal and later Janata Dal for increasing their political representation. The year of 1989-90 saw the implementation of Mandal Commission’s recommendation by Vishwanath Pratap Singh’s government, which reserved 27% per cent seats in government jobs and educational institutions for the members of Other Backward Class. This event mobilised them against the “politics of religion” of the Bhartiya Janata Party, which was backed by the Forward Castes. Important figures such as Lalu Prasad Yadav and Nitish Kumar took a leading role in this mobilisation, and by 1990, the upper backwards– Koeri, Kurmi, Yadav became the new political elites of the state.BOOK,books.google.com/books?id=IVxODwAAQBAJ&pg=PT27, Post-Mandal Politics in Bihar: Changing Electoral Patterns, Sanjay Kumar, SAGE Publishing India, 2018, 978-9352805860, 27–28, 22 January 2021, However, the tipping point of this Backward Caste unity came in 1995 Bihar Legislative Assembly election, when the dominant OBC castes, who were at the forefront in the collective struggle against the Forward Castes, were divided into two rival political camps. While one of these camps was led by Yadavs under Janata Dal, the other camp was led by Koeri and Kurmis, who assembled under the Samata Party. According to Sanjay Kumar, this was the election in which the caste divide in the state was most evident not between the Forward and Backward Castes, but rather between two groups of Backward Castes itself. It was this election from which the Forward Castes felt completely marginalised in Bihar’s electoral politics and from then onwards, no longer held any significant role in the state’s politics.JOURNAL, Kumar, Sanjay, “New Phase in Backward Caste Politics in Bihar: Janata Dal on the Decline.”, Economic and Political Weekly, 34, 34/35, 1999, 2472–80, 4408343, The polarisation was not on the lines of the upper and the backward caste divide, but it was around the two axes of backward caste politics. Laloo Yadav after comp- leting his term in office even with a minority government went to polls in a situation where an anti-incumbency wave was sweeping the country. The consolidated backward castes had fragmented into two blocs, one represented by the yadavs in the form of the Janata Dal and the other represented by the kurmis and koeris represented by the Samata Party. For the first time, the upper-castes felt totally marginalised in the state’s politics since the support base of their natural ally, the Congress, has been completely eroded. while the BJP was unable to make much inroads among the voters., By 2004, The Economist magazine said that “Bihar [had] become a byword for the worst of India, of widespread and inescapable poverty, of corrupt politicians indistinguishable from mafia-dons they patronise, caste-ridden social order that has retained the worst feudal cruelties”.NEWS, Bihar a byword for worst of India: The Economist,www.expressindia.com/news/fullstory.php?newsid=28789, 25 February 2004, dead,www.expressindia.com/news/fullstory.php?newsid=28789," title="web.archive.org/web/20121010042826www.expressindia.com/news/fullstory.php?newsid=28789,">web.archive.org/web/20121010042826www.expressindia.com/news/fullstory.php?newsid=28789, 10 October 2012, The Indian Express, Press Trust of India, 9 September 2019, In 2005, the World Bank believed that issues faced by the state were “enormous” because of “persistent poverty, complex social stratification, unsatisfactory infrastructure and weak governance”.WEB,documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/624671468035374716/pdf/328190IN0Bihar1reportl1June200501PUBLIC1.pdf, Bihar – Towards a Development Strategy, World Bank, 2005, Washington, DC, 22 March 2019,documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/624671468035374716/pdf/328190IN0Bihar1reportl1June200501PUBLIC1.pdf," title="web.archive.org/web/20190322000944documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/624671468035374716/pdf/328190IN0Bihar1reportl1June200501PUBLIC1.pdf,">web.archive.org/web/20190322000944documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/624671468035374716/pdf/328190IN0Bihar1reportl1June200501PUBLIC1.pdf, 22 March 2019, live, {{As of|2023|post=,}} there are two main political formations: the National Democratic Alliance (NDA) which comprises Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), Rashtriya Lok Janshakti Party (RLJP); and the United Progressive Alliance (UPA) between Rashtriya Janata Dal (RJD), Hindustani Awam Morcha, Rashtriya Lok Samta Party, Janata Dal (United) (JDU) and Indian National Congress (INC). There are many other political formations. The Communist Party of India had a strong presence in Bihar at one time, which has since weakened.WEB,eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2014/17%20-%20State%20wise%20seat%20won%20and%20valid%20votes%20polled%20by%20political%20party.pdf, State Wise Seat Won & Valid Votes Polled by Political Parties, Election Commission of India, 20 September 2015,eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2014/17%20-%20State%20wise%20seat%20won%20and%20valid%20votes%20polled%20by%20political%20party.pdf," title="web.archive.org/web/20150424233926eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2014/17%20-%20State%20wise%20seat%20won%20and%20valid%20votes%20polled%20by%20political%20party.pdf,">web.archive.org/web/20150424233926eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2014/17%20-%20State%20wise%20seat%20won%20and%20valid%20votes%20polled%20by%20political%20party.pdf, 24 April 2015, live, The Communist Party of India (Marxist) CPI(M) and CPM and All India Forward Bloc (AIFB) have a minor presence, along with the other extreme leftist parties.NEWS,kafila.org/2011/09/25/the-decline-of-communist-mass-base-in-bihar-jagannath-sarkar/, The Decline of Communist Mass Base in Bihar: Jagannath Sardar, 25 September 2011, 20 September 2015,kafila.org/2011/09/25/the-decline-of-communist-mass-base-in-bihar-jagannath-sarkar/," title="web.archive.org/web/20160106132116kafila.org/2011/09/25/the-decline-of-communist-mass-base-in-bihar-jagannath-sarkar/,">web.archive.org/web/20160106132116kafila.org/2011/09/25/the-decline-of-communist-mass-base-in-bihar-jagannath-sarkar/, 6 January 2016, live, dmy-all, Nitish Kumar has been chief minister of Bihar for 13 years between 2005 and 2020. In contrast to prior governments, which emphasised divisions of caste and religion, his political platform was based on economic development, reduction of crime and corruption, and greater social equality. Since 2010, the government confiscated the properties of corrupt officials and redeveloped them into school buildings.WEB,www.theweekendleader.com/page.php?cy=Causes&id=420&title=Perfect-justice, Nitish Kumar government orders corrupt official’s home to be made into school, 27 February 2015, dead,www.theweekendleader.com/page.php?cy=Causes&id=420&title=Perfect-justice," title="web.archive.org/web/20150504115107www.theweekendleader.com/page.php?cy=Causes&id=420&title=Perfect-justice,">web.archive.org/web/20150504115107www.theweekendleader.com/page.php?cy=Causes&id=420&title=Perfect-justice, 4 May 2015, They also introduced the Bihar Special Court Act to curb crime.WEB,www.newkerala.com/news/world/fullnews-154170.html, Court upholds Bihar Special Court Act, 27 February 2015,www.newkerala.com/news/world/fullnews-154170.html," title="web.archive.org/web/20120105230129www.newkerala.com/news/world/fullnews-154170.html,">web.archive.org/web/20120105230129www.newkerala.com/news/world/fullnews-154170.html, 5 January 2012, It also legislated a two-hour lunch break on Fridays, to enable Muslim employees to pray and thereby reduce absenteeism.NEWS, Bihar fixes time for Friday prayers by its employees,www.indianexpress.com/news/bihar-fixes-time-for-friday-prayers-by-its-employees/978842/, The Indian Express, 25 July 2012, 25 July 2012,www.indianexpress.com/news/bihar-fixes-time-for-friday-prayers-by-its-employees/978842," title="web.archive.org/web/20130220095905www.indianexpress.com/news/bihar-fixes-time-for-friday-prayers-by-its-employees/978842,">web.archive.org/web/20130220095905www.indianexpress.com/news/bihar-fixes-time-for-friday-prayers-by-its-employees/978842, 20 February 2013, live, dmy-all, The government has prohibited the sale and consumption of alcohol in the state since March 2016,NEWS, Bihar Brings New Law on Alcohol Ban After HC Quashed Old One,thewire.in/70591/bihar-brings-new-law-alcohol-ban-hc-quashed-old-one/, 4 October 2016, The Wire, Press Trust of India, PTI, 3 January 2017,web.archive.org/web/20170109115342/https://thewire.in/70591/bihar-brings-new-law-alcohol-ban-hc-quashed-old-one/, 9 January 2017, live, which has been linked to a drop in tourismWEB, Bihar witnesses serious drop in tourism after liquor ban,english.pradesh18.com/news/bihar/bihar-witnesses-serious-drop-in-tourism-after-liquor-ban-912876.html, 3 September 2016, Pradesh18, 3 January 2017,english.pradesh18.com/news/bihar/bihar-witnesses-serious-drop-in-tourism-after-liquor-ban-912876.html," title="web.archive.org/web/20161202101123english.pradesh18.com/news/bihar/bihar-witnesses-serious-drop-in-tourism-after-liquor-ban-912876.html,">web.archive.org/web/20161202101123english.pradesh18.com/news/bihar/bihar-witnesses-serious-drop-in-tourism-after-liquor-ban-912876.html, 2 December 2016, live, and a rise in substance abuse.NEWS, Chaudhary, Amit Kumar, Jha, Sujeet, Mishra, Himanshu, Udta Bihar: Huge spike in substance abuse, alcohol bootlegging year after ban,www.indiatoday.in/india/story/india-today-exclusive-investigation-udta-bihar-black-marketing-alcohol-drugs-ban-980475-2017-06-01, 14 January 2020, India Today, 1 June 2017, en, 15 April 2021,web.archive.org/web/20210415065157/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/india-today-exclusive-investigation-udta-bihar-black-marketing-alcohol-drugs-ban-980475-2017-06-01, live,Public health
Bihar generally ranks among the weakest in health outcomes in comparison to other Indian states because it lacks adequate health care facilities. While the National Health Mission, the Clinical Establishments Act of 2010, and the formation of the Empowered Action Group (EAG)JOURNAL, Arokiasamy, Perianayagam, Gautam, Abhishek, Neonatal mortality in the empowered action group states of India: trends and determinants, Journal of Biosocial Science, 40, 2, 183–201, 10.1017/S0021932007002623, 18093346, 0021-9320, 2008, 1775511, provide federal funds to expand and improve healthcare services, Bihar’s ability to fully utilise this funding is lacking.REPORT, Berman, P, Bhawalkar, M, Jha, R, Tracking financial resources for primary health care in BIHAR, India. A report of the Resource Tracking and Management Project.,cdn1.sph.harvard.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/2031/2017/01/Tracking-financial-resources-for-primary-health-care-in-BIHAR-India.pdf, 2017,web.archive.org/web/20180720195130/https://cdn1.sph.harvard.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/2031/2017/01/Tracking-financial-resources-for-primary-health-care-in-BIHAR-India.pdf, 20 July 2018, dead, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 25 June 2023, WEB, Quality improvement efforts in public health facilities of Bihar,swasth.btast.oneworld.net/knowledge-bank/case-studies/quality-improvement-efforts-public-health-facilities-bihar, 2016,swasth.btast.oneworld.net/knowledge-bank/case-studies/quality-improvement-efforts-public-health-facilities-bihar," title="web.archive.org/web/20180720194950swasth.btast.oneworld.net/knowledge-bank/case-studies/quality-improvement-efforts-public-health-facilities-bihar,">web.archive.org/web/20180720194950swasth.btast.oneworld.net/knowledge-bank/case-studies/quality-improvement-efforts-public-health-facilities-bihar, 20 July 2018, dead, Sector Wide Approach to Strengthening Health (SWASTH) – Bihar Technical Assistance Support Team (BTAST), 25 June 2023, Research indicates that Bihar relies on privatised hospitals to provide healthcare to the masses, with the second-highest ratio among Indian states for private to public spending and high levels of corruption. These factors are associated with slower healthcare delivery and steep healthcare costs.JOURNAL, Karvande, Shilpa, Sonawane, Devendra, Chavan, Sandeep, Mistry, Nerges, 20 February 2016, What does quality of care mean for maternal health providers from two vulnerable states of India? Case study of Bihar and Jharkhand, Journal of Health, Population, and Nutrition, En, 35, 1, 6, 10.1186/s41043-016-0043-3, 2072-1315, 5025984, 26897522, free, JOURNAL, Quintussi, Marta, Van de Poel, Ellen, Panda, Pradeep, Rutten, Frans, 26 April 2015, Economic consequences of ill-health for households in northern rural India, BMC Health Services Research, En, 15, 1, 179, 10.1186/s12913-015-0833-0, 1472-6963, 4419476, 25928097, free, JOURNAL, Raza, Wameq A., van de Poel, Ellen, Bedi, Arjun, Rutten, Frans, 28 December 2015, Impact of Community-based Health Insurance on Access and Financial Protection: Evidence from Three Randomized Control Trials in Rural India, Health Economics, en, 25, 6, 675–687, 10.1002/hec.3307, 26708298, 1057-9230, BOOK, Ramani, K. V., Mavalankar, Dileep, Govil, Dipti, Strategic issues and challenges in health management, 2008, New Delhi, Sage, 978-8132100201, 316005200, Corruption is enabled as Bihar lacks continuity and transparency of health reporting as required by the Clinical Establishments Act of 2010. In turn, this prevents the government from making evidence-based conclusions about policy changes and hospital effectiveness, resulting in patterns of ill-informed spending and inconsistent hiring.When comparing Bihar to Kerala, the number of healthcare professionals (including registered nurses, auxiliary nurses, physicians and health supervisors) at each hospital are significantly lower, and remain constant over time while they steadily increase in number in Kerala.Government of India- Ministry of Health & Family Welfare- Health and Family Welfare Census Data, 2008–2015 According to Ministry of Health statistics, the greatest shortfalls are for physicians and specialists at 75%. Bihar has only 50% of the sub-health centres, 60% of the primary health centres, and 9% of the community health centres required by the national supply-to-population standards. The number of public hospital beds in Bihar decreased between 2008 and 2015. Given the high population density of the state, Bihar is significantly behind in the number of healthcare professionals that should be employed.“Census of India: Provisional Population Totals India: Paper1: Census 2011”. Censusindia.gov.in. Retrieved 16 August 2014. Despite these shortcomings, Bihar has shown gradual signs of improvement for female health workers, the overall death rate, and infant, neo-natal, child and maternal mortality rates.Economy
{| class=“mw-collapsible autocollapse” | align=“left” | width=“150“|+Gross State Domestic Product! Year !! Millions of rupeesWEB,mospi.nic.in/mospi_nad_main.htm, National Accounts Division : Press release & Statements, Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation, 16 August 2006, dead,mospi.nic.in/mospi_nad_main.htm," title="web.archive.org/web/20060413232217mospi.nic.in/mospi_nad_main.htm,">web.archive.org/web/20060413232217mospi.nic.in/mospi_nad_main.htm, 13 April 2006,Agriculture
Among the states of India, Bihar is the fourth-largest producer of vegetables and the eighth-largest producer of fruits. About 80% of the state’s population is employed in agriculture, which is above the national average. The main agricultural products are litchi, guava, mango, pineapple, brinjal, lady’s finger, cauliflower, cabbage, rice, wheat, sugarcane, and sunflower. Though good soil and favourable climatic conditions favour agriculture, this can be hampered by floods and soil erosion.WEB,www.iloveindia.com/states/bihar/economy.html, Economy Of Bihar, www.ILoveIndia.com, 26 October 2017,www.iloveindia.com/states/bihar/economy.html," title="web.archive.org/web/20171026111407www.iloveindia.com/states/bihar/economy.html,">web.archive.org/web/20171026111407www.iloveindia.com/states/bihar/economy.html, 26 October 2017, live, The southern parts of the state endure annual droughts, which affect crops such as paddy.WEB,www.igovernment.in/articles/20591/26-bihar-districts-declared-drought-hit, 26 Bihar districts declared drought-hit – igovernment.in, www.iGovernment.in, 26 October 2017,www.igovernment.in/articles/20591/26-bihar-districts-declared-drought-hit," title="web.archive.org/web/20171026110735www.igovernment.in/articles/20591/26-bihar-districts-declared-drought-hit,">web.archive.org/web/20171026110735www.igovernment.in/articles/20591/26-bihar-districts-declared-drought-hit, 26 October 2017, live,Industry
Begusarai is the industrial and financial capital of Bihar. It has major industries like Barauni Refinery, NTPC, Barauni (BTPS), Barauni Fertiliser Plant (HURL, Barauni), Sudha Dairy Plant, Pepsi Bottling Plant.Hajipur, Dalmianagar, Munger, Jamalpur and Barauni are the major industrial cities in BiharWEB,www.hajipuronline.in/city-guide/about-hajipur#, About Hajipur, General Information on Hajipur, Hajipur Profile, www.HajipurOnline.in, 26 October 2017,www.hajipuronline.in/city-guide/about-hajipur," title="web.archive.org/web/20151019053006www.hajipuronline.in/city-guide/about-hajipur,">web.archive.org/web/20151019053006www.hajipuronline.in/city-guide/about-hajipur, 19 October 2015, live, NEWS, Chaudhary, Pranav, 27 February 2023, Patna, Begusarai, Munger emerge most prosperous districts of Bihar,www.thestatesman.com/india/patna-begusarai-munger-emerge-most-prosperous-districts-of-bihar-1503157937.html, The Statesman, 28 January 2024, 28 January 2024,web.archive.org/web/20240128055826/https://www.thestatesman.com/india/patna-begusarai-munger-emerge-most-prosperous-districts-of-bihar-1503157937.html, live, The capital city, Patna, is one of the better-off cities in India when measured by per capita income.{{relevance inline|date=January 2020}}NEWS, Nigam
, Aditi
, For Bihar, P stands for Patna and prosperity
,www.financialexpress.com/news/For-Bihar-P-stands-for-Patna-and-prosperity/293289/
, 27 April 2008
, Aditi
, For Bihar, P stands for Patna and prosperity
,www.financialexpress.com/news/For-Bihar-P-stands-for-Patna-and-prosperity/293289/
, 27 April 2008
, 14 February 2015,www.financialexpress.com/news/For-Bihar-P-stands-for-Patna-and-prosperity/293289" title="web.archive.org/web/20140421095706www.financialexpress.com/news/For-Bihar-P-stands-for-Patna-and-prosperity/293289">web.archive.org/web/20140421095706www.financialexpress.com/news/For-Bihar-P-stands-for-Patna-and-prosperity/293289
, 21 April 2014, live
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The Finance Ministry has sought to create investment opportunities for big industrial houses like Reliance Industries. Further developments have taken place in the growth of small industries, improvements in IT infrastructure, a software park in Patna, Darbhanga, Bhagalpur,WEB,digitalindia.gov.in/writereaddata/files/ggd/deity/11%20Announcement%20of%20Setting%20up%20of%20New%20STPI%20Centres.pdf,www.digitalindia.gov.in/writereaddata/files/ggd/deity/11%20Announcement%20of%20Setting%20up%20of%20New%20STPI%20Centres.pdf," title="web.archive.org/web/20161221131835www.digitalindia.gov.in/writereaddata/files/ggd/deity/11%20Announcement%20of%20Setting%20up%20of%20New%20STPI%20Centres.pdf,">web.archive.org/web/20161221131835www.digitalindia.gov.in/writereaddata/files/ggd/deity/11%20Announcement%20of%20Setting%20up%20of%20New%20STPI%20Centres.pdf, STPI New Centres, dead, 21 December 2016, and the completion of the expressway from the Purvanchal border through Bihar to Jharkhand. In August 2008, a Patna-registered company called the Security and Intelligence ServicesWEB,www.sisindia.com/history.htm, History, Sisindia.com, 29 July 1993, 15 October 2009, dead,sisindia.com/history.htm," title="web.archive.org/web/20090228202249sisindia.com/history.htm,">web.archive.org/web/20090228202249sisindia.com/history.htm, 28 February 2009, took over the Australian guard and mobile patrol services business of American conglomerate, United Technologies Corporation (UTC). SIS is registered and taxed in Bihar.NEWS, Ahmad, Faizan, Bihar security firm sets foot in Australia,articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-08-25/patna/27903419_1_sis-security-concerns-private-security-industry, 25 August 2008, The Times of India, 14 February 2015,articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-08-25/patna/27903419_1_sis-security-concerns-private-security-industry," title="web.archive.org/web/20130518131811articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-08-25/patna/27903419_1_sis-security-concerns-private-security-industry,">web.archive.org/web/20130518131811articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-08-25/patna/27903419_1_sis-security-concerns-private-security-industry, 18 May 2013, dead, {{relevance inline|date=January 2020}}Prior to prohibition, Bihar emerged as a brewery hub with numerous production units.NEWS,economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/news-by-industry/cons-products/liquor/bihar-emerging-as-brewery-hub/articleshow/11509175.cms, Bihar emerging as brewery hub, Economic Times, 16 January 2012, 16 January 2012,economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/news-by-industry/cons-products/liquor/bihar-emerging-as-brewery-hub/articleshow/11509175.cms," title="web.archive.org/web/20140524125923economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/news-by-industry/cons-products/liquor/bihar-emerging-as-brewery-hub/articleshow/11509175.cms,">web.archive.org/web/20140524125923economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/news-by-industry/cons-products/liquor/bihar-emerging-as-brewery-hub/articleshow/11509175.cms, 24 May 2014, live, In August 2018, United Breweries Limited announced it would begin production of non-alcoholic beer at its previously defunct brewery in Bihar.NEWS, Prohibition forces United Breweries out of Bihar,www.livemint.com/Companies/MmiH7FRa8a8De60k9e9CgM/Prohibition-forces-United-Breweries-out-of-Bihar.html, 27 January 2019, livemint.com, 11 May 2017, en,web.archive.org/web/20190128082815/https://www.livemint.com/Companies/MmiH7FRa8a8De60k9e9CgM/Prohibition-forces-United-Breweries-out-of-Bihar.html, 28 January 2019, live, NEWS, Kulkarni, Mahesh, UB to launch non-alcoholic beer,www.deccanherald.com/business/ub-launch-non-alcoholic-beer-689490.html, 27 January 2019, Deccan Herald, 26 August 2018, en,web.archive.org/web/20190128082934/https://www.deccanherald.com/business/ub-launch-non-alcoholic-beer-689490.html, 28 January 2019, live, , 21 April 2014, live
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Income distribution
In terms of income, the districts of Patna, Munger, and Begusarai placed highest among the 38 districts in the state, recording the highest per capita gross district domestic product of {{INR}}1,15,239, {{INR}}42,793 and {{INR}}45,497, respectively, in FY 2020-21.Bihar also ranks very low in per capital income in comparison to other cities in India. Patna has per capital income of 1.15L, which is much lower than other cities like Gurugram ({{INR}}7.41L), Noida ({{INR}}6.13), Bengaluru ({{INR}}6.21L), Hyderabad ({{INR}}6.58L) and Mumbai ({{INR}}6.43).Income disparity among social groups
Rumela Sen, a lecturer at Columbia University,WEB, Rumela Sen {{!, Columbia SIPA |url=https://www.sipa.columbia.edu/communities-connections/faculty/rumela-sen |access-date=29 December 2023 |website=www.sipa.columbia.edu |language=en |archive-date=29 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231229024353www.sipa.columbia.edu/communities-connections/faculty/rumela-sen |url-status=live }} outlines the inequalities and backwardness prevalent in Bihar in the post-independence period as a consequence of the “delaying tactics” against the implementation of land reform and utilisation of kinship ties by the upper-caste landlords, who had an obstructionist attitude towards land reform policies.JOURNAL, Bharti, Indu, 1992, Bihar’s Bane: Slow Progress on Land Reforms,www.jstor.org/stable/4397723, Economic and Political Weekly, 27, 13, 628–630, 4397723, 0012-9976, 29 December 2023, 29 December 2023,web.archive.org/web/20231229204821/https://www.jstor.org/stable/4397723, live, The upper-caste not only dominated the administration, but also the politics in the post-independence period; they utilised their caste ties in order to prevent the distribution of about 9000 acres of land intended for the poor. Since the landlords primarily belonged to upper-castes, just like the politicians and administrators in the early decades after independence, they were successful in grabbing large holdings of land amidst the passage of the Zamindari abolition act of 1952.BOOK, Sen, Rumela, ‘Rebel Retirement in the North through Discordant Exit Networks’, Farewell to Arms: How Rebels Retire Without Getting Killed, New York, 2021, Oxford Academic, 10.1093/oso/9780197529867.003.0005, The big landlords of Bihar derailed land reform via delaying tactics and by refusing to comply with paperwork. They refused to submit documents for their estates despite government orders and filed thousands of court cases halting the landholding ceiling and redistribution of over 9,000 acres of land across the state of Bihar. Since administrators and politicians came mostly from the same landed gentry upper castes as the landlords, the landlords exploited their kinship ties to have government field surveys halted, amended, and ultimately aborted.,Culture
Paintings
{{multiple image| perrow = 2| image4 = | align = | background color = #ED9D0B| width = | image1 = Madhubani Mahavidyas.jpg| image2 = Snake Charmer, India, Patna School, 19th century, Honolulu Museum of Art.JPG| image3 = | total_width = 340| image6 = | image5 = | image7 = | image8 = | footer_background = #ED9D0B| footer_align = center| footer = Left : Mithila Painting, Right : Patna QualamTikuli Painting and Manjusha Painting are two other form of Painting in Bihar| header = Painting in Bihar| header_background = #F68A06}}{{See also|Mithila painting|Patna Qualam|Manjusha Painting}}File:Sharmila Sharma et Rajendra Kumar Gangani 2.jpg|300px|thumb|KathakKathakThere are several traditional styles of painting practised in Bihar. One is Mithila painting, a style used in the Mithila region of Bihar. Traditionally, this form was practised mainly by women, passed down generation to generation. Painting was usually done on walls during festivals, religious events, births, marriages, and other cultural milestones.Carolyn Brown Heinz, 2006, “Documenting the Image in Mithila Art”, Visual Anthropology Review, Vol. 22, Issue 2, pp. 5–33 It was traditionally done on the plastered walls of mud huts, and is also done on cloth, handmade paper and canvas. Famous Mithila painters include Smt Bharti Dayal, Mahasundari Devi, the late Ganga Devi, and Sita Devi.Mithila painting is also called Madhubani art. It mostly depicts human beings and their association with nature. Common scenes illustrate deities and Saraswati from ancient epics, celestial objects, and religious plants like Tulsi, and scenes from the royal court and social events. Generally, no space is left empty.Bhojpuri painting is a folk painting style that has flourished in the Bhojpuri region of Bihar thousands of years ago. This painting style is a type of wall painting primarily done on temple walls or on walls of the rooms of newly married couples and the main motifs are that of Lord Shiva and Goddess Parvati. Although in recent times motifs of natural objects and life and struggles of village people are also depicted to make the painting more acceptable among the common people and bring the style close to reality.WEB, Bhojpuri Painting,www.artsofindia.in/arts-of-india-blog/post/indian-arts-and-crafts/bhojpuri-painting.html, 8 April 2023, www.artsofindia.in, en, 7 April 2023,web.archive.org/web/20230407165621/https://www.artsofindia.in/arts-of-india-blog/post/indian-arts-and-crafts/bhojpuri-painting.html, live, The Patna School of Painting (Patna Kalam), sometimes called “Company Painting”, flourished in Bihar during the early 18th to mid-20th centuries. It was an offshoot of the Mughal Miniature School of Painting. Those who practised this art form were descendants of Hindu artisans of Mughal painting. Facing persecution from the Mughal Emperor, Aurangzeb, these artisans found refuge, via Murshidabad, in Patna during the late 18th century. Their art shared the characteristics of the Mughal painters, expanded subject matter from court scenes to bazaar scenes, daily life and ceremonies. They used watercolours on paper and on mica. This school of painting formed the basis for the formation of the Patna Art School under the leadership of Shri Radha Mohan. The school is an important centre of the fine arts in Bihar.Performing arts
{{See also|Music of Bihar}}Bihar has produced musicians like Bharat Ratna and Ustad Bismillah Khan, and dhrupad singers like the Malliks (Darbhanga Gharana) and the Mishras (Bettiah Gharana), along with poets like Vidyapati Thakur who contributed to the genre of Maithili music. The classical music in Bihar is a form of Hindustani classical music.{{citation needed|date=January 2020}}Gaya is another centre of classical music, particularly of the Tappa and Thumri varieties. Pandit Govardhan Mishra–son of the Ram Prasad Mishra, himself an accomplished singer– is perhaps the finest living exponent of Tappa singing in India, according to Padma Shri Gajendra Narayan Singh, founding secretary of the Sangeet Natak Academi of Bihar{{citation needed|date=January 2020}}.Gajendra Narayan Singh also writes, in his memoir, that Champanagar, Banaili, was another major centre of classical music. Rajkumar Shyamanand Sinha of Champanagar, Banaili princely state, was a great patron of music and was himself a renowned figure in the world of classical vocal music in Bihar in his time.BOOK, Singh, Gajendra Narayan, Surile Logon Ki Sangat, 2008, 2002, New Delhi, Kanishka Publishers & Distributors, 9788184570724, Singh, on the subject of Indian classical music in a separate book of his, wrote that “Kumar Shyamanand Singh of Banaili estate had such expertise in singing that many great singers including Kesarbai Kerkar acknowledged his ability. After listening to bandishes from Kumar Sahib, Pandit Jasraj was moved to tears and lamented that, alas, he did not have such ability himself.“BOOK, Singh, Gajendra Narayan, Swargangh, 1999, WEB, Collections,www.padmashrigajendranarayansingh.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=7&Itemid=8, Padma Shri Gajendra Narayan Singh, dead,www.padmashrigajendranarayansingh.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=7&Itemid=8," title="web.archive.org/web/20140811004503www.padmashrigajendranarayansingh.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=7&Itemid=8,">web.archive.org/web/20140811004503www.padmashrigajendranarayansingh.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=7&Itemid=8, 11 August 2014, During the 19th century, many Biharis emigrated as indentured labourers to the West Indies, Fiji, and Mauritius. During this time many sorrowful plays and songs called birha became popular in the Bhojpur region, as Bhojpuri Birha. Dramas incorporating this theme continue to be popular in the theatres of Patna.AV MEDIA, Jugnu, Haidar Ali, Sati Sulochana – Bhojpuri Birha By Haidar Ali- Jugnu,www.youtube.com/watch?v=T3vGrihYfX4, hamaarbhojpuri, YouTube, 25 July 2014,web.archive.org/web/20150522222404/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T3vGrihYfX4, 22 May 2015, live, {{better source needed|date=April 2016}}Cinema
{{See also|Bhojpuri Film Industry|List of Bhojpuri films}}Bihar has a robust Bhojpuri-language film industry. There is also a smaller production of Magadhi-, Maithili language films. The first film with Bhojpuri dialogue was Ganga Jamuna, released in 1961.Ganga Maiyya Tohe Piyari Charaihbo – First Bhojpuri language film {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070315165512us.imdb.com/title/tt0054910/|date=15 March 2007}}Bhaiyaa, the first Magadhi film, was released in 1961.Bhaiyaa – us.imdb.com/title/tt0236021/" title="archive.today/20121206041801us.imdb.com/title/tt0236021/">First Magadhi language filmThe first Maithili movie was Kanyadan released in 1965.Kanyadan – us.imdb.com/title/tt0236358/" title="archive.today/20130103075100us.imdb.com/title/tt0236358/">First Maithili language filmMaithili film Mithila Makhaan won theNational Film Award for Best Maithili Film in 2016.JOURNAL,indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/63rd-national-film-awards-complete-list-of-winners/, National Awards 2016: Here is the complete List of Winners, The Indian Express, 29 March 2016, 16 March 2018,indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/63rd-national-film-awards-complete-list-of-winners/," title="web.archive.org/web/20160328071802indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/63rd-national-film-awards-complete-list-of-winners/,">web.archive.org/web/20160328071802indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/63rd-national-film-awards-complete-list-of-winners/, 28 March 2016, live, The history of films entirely in Bhojpuri begins in 1962 with the well-received film Ganga Maiyya Tohe Piyari Chadhaibo (“Mother Ganges, I will offer you a yellow sari“), which was directed by Kundan Kumar.WEB,www.imdb.com/title/tt0233774/, Ganga Maiyya Tohe Piyari Chadhaibo (1962), IMDb, 27 February 2015,www.imdb.com/title/tt0233774/," title="web.archive.org/web/20130920030553www.imdb.com/title/tt0233774/,">web.archive.org/web/20130920030553www.imdb.com/title/tt0233774/, 20 September 2013, live, 1963’s Lagi nahin chute ram was the all-time hit Bhojpuri film, and had higher attendance than Mughal-e-Azam in the eastern and northern regions of India. Bollywood’s Nadiya Ke Paar is another well-known Bhojpuri-language movie. Films such as Bidesiya (“Foreigner”, 1963, directed by S. N. Tripathi) and Ganga (“Ganges”, 1965, directed by Kundan Kumar) were profitable and popular, but in general Bhojpuri films were not commonly produced in the 1960s and 1970s.In the 1980s, enough Bhojpuri films were produced to support a dedicated industry. Films such as Mai (“Mom”, 1989, directed by Rajkumar Sharma) and Hamar Bhauji (“My Brother’s Wife”, 1983, directed by Kalpataru) had success at the box office. However, this trend faded during the 1990s.Tripathy, Ratnakar (2007) ‘Bhojpuri Cinema’, South Asian Popular Culture, 5:2, 145–165In 2001, Bhojpuri films regained popularity with Saiyyan Hamar (“My Sweetheart”, directed by Mohan Prasad), which raised actor Ravi Kishan to prominence.NEWS,www.telegraphindia.com/1060414/asp/etc/story_6075200.asp, For my female audiences, I’ll wear a really flimsy dhoti, The Telegraph, Kolkota, India, 14 April 2006, 15 October 2009,www.telegraphindia.com/1060414/asp/etc/story_6075200.asp," title="web.archive.org/web/20121021111613www.telegraphindia.com/1060414/asp/etc/story_6075200.asp,">web.archive.org/web/20121021111613www.telegraphindia.com/1060414/asp/etc/story_6075200.asp, 21 October 2012, dead, Several other commercially successful films followed, including Panditji Batai Na Biyah Kab Hoi (“Priest, tell me when I will marry”, 2005, directed by Mohan Prasad) and Sasura Bada Paisa Wala (“My father-in-law, the rich guy”, 2005). These films did much better business in Uttar Pradesh and Bihar than mainstream Bollywood hits at the time, and were both made on extremely tight budgets.NEWS, Move over Bollywood, Here’s Bhojpuri,news.bbc.co.uk/go/pr/fr/-/1/hi/world/south_asia/4512812.stm, BBC News, 23 October 2008, 9 June 2021,news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4512812.stm," title="web.archive.org/web/20210609053245news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4512812.stm,">web.archive.org/web/20210609053245news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4512812.stm, live, Sasura Bada Paisa Wala also introduced Manoj Tiwari, formerly a well-loved folk singer, to the wider audiences of Bhojpuri cinema. The success of Ravi Kishan and Manoj Tiwari’s films led to a revival in Bhojpuri cinema, and the industry began to support an awards showWEB,www.bhojpurifilmaward.com/, Home, Bhojpuri Film Award, 15 October 2009,www.bhojpurifilmaward.com/," title="web.archive.org/web/20091102163552www.bhojpurifilmaward.com/,">web.archive.org/web/20091102163552www.bhojpurifilmaward.com/, 2 November 2009, live, and trade magazine Bhojpuri City.WEB,www.bhojpuricity.com/, bhojpuricity.com, bhojpuricity.com, 15 October 2009,www.bhojpuricity.com/," title="web.archive.org/web/20090904183654www.bhojpuricity.com/,">web.archive.org/web/20090904183654www.bhojpuricity.com/, 4 September 2009, live, The industry produces over one hundred films per year.{{citation needed|date=January 2020}}Mass media
Biharbandhu was the first Hindi newspaper published in Bihar. It was started in 1872 by Madan Mohan Bhatta, a Marathi Brahman who settled in Bihar Sharif.BOOK, Ahmad, Qeyamuddin, Patna Through the Ages: Glimpses of History, Society and Economy, 1988, New Delhi, Commonwealth Publishers, Hindi journalism often failedRajendra Abhinandan Granth, “Nagri Pracharini Sabha”, Arrah, 3 March 1950, pp. 353 until it became an official language in the state. Hindi was introduced in the law courts in Bihar in 1880.BOOK, Kumar, Nagendra, Journalism in Bihar: A Supplement to Bihar State Gazette,books.google.com/books?id=Ku1AAQAAIAAJ, 1971, Government of Bihar, Gazetteers Branch, 28, 17 April 2015,web.archive.org/web/20151123134121/https://books.google.com/books/about/Journalism_in_Bihar.html?id=Ku1AAQAAIAAJ, 23 November 2015, live, Urdu journalism and poetry have a long history in Bihar, with many poets such as Shaad Azimabadi, Kaif Azimabadi, Kalim Ajiz and Bismil Azimabadi. Bihar publishes many Urdu dailies, such as Qomi Tanzim and Sahara, and the monthly Voice of Bihar.WEB, Bihar Urdu Academy,biharurduacademy.in/, 2 June 2020, biharurduacademy.in, 7 June 2020,biharurduacademy.in/," title="web.archive.org/web/20200607173454biharurduacademy.in/,">web.archive.org/web/20200607173454biharurduacademy.in/, live, The beginning of the 20th century was marked by a number of notable new publications. A monthly magazine named Bharat Ratna was started in Patna, in 1901. It was followed by Ksahtriya Hitaishi, Aryavarta from Dinapure, Udyoga, and Chaitanya Chandrika.Bihar ki Sahityik Pragati, Bihar Hindi Sahitya Sammelan, Patna 1956, p. 73 Udyog was edited by Vijyaanand Tripathy, a famous poet of the time, and Chaitanya Chandrika by Krishna Chaitanya Goswami, a literary figure of that time. The literary activity was not confined to Patna alone but to other districts of Bihar.Jayanti Smarak Granth, pp. 583–585Festivals
Chhath Puja is the biggest and most popular festival in Bihar.WEB,chhathpuja.org.in/, Chhath Puja, 6 October 2022, 6 October 2022,web.archive.org/web/20221006195203/https://chhathpuja.org.in/, dead, The four-day-long holy Hindu festival includes intense celebration across the state. Chhath Puja are done in various cities, towns, and villages throughout Bihar. All of Bihar involves itself in devotion to Chhath Puja. The city is decked up in lighting decorations and thousands of colourful ghats are set up, where effigies of the goddess Chhath Maiya and her brother God Surya are displayed and worshipped at both sunset and sunrise. People of all religious backgrounds go to the bank of any river or near by a pond or lake in order to give arghya to the Sun. They carry fruits and thekuaa along with them in soop and daura (a bowl-like structure made of bamboo) for their worship activities. Nowadays, these traditions have spread to multiple countries worldwide wherever Bihari community is present.Durga Puja is also the biggest, most popular and widely celebrated festival in Bihar.WEB,bstdc.bihar.gov.in/festivals.htm, Durga Pooja, Festivals of Bihar, Bihar State Tourism Development Corporation, 7 October 2022, 29 November 2022,bstdc.bihar.gov.in/festivals.htm," title="web.archive.org/web/20221129215117bstdc.bihar.gov.in/festivals.htm,">web.archive.org/web/20221129215117bstdc.bihar.gov.in/festivals.htm, live, The ten-day-long colourful Hindu festival includes intense celebration across the state. Pandals are erected in various cities, towns, and villages throughout Bihar. The cities of Bihar are transformed during Durga Puja. Urban areas are decked up in lighting decorations and thousands of colourful pandals are set up where effigies of the goddess Durga and her four children are displayed and worshipped. The idols of the goddess are brought in from Kumortuli, where idol-makers work throughout the year fashioning clay models of the goddess. Since independence in 1947, Durga Puja has slowly changed into more of a glamorous carnival than that of a religious festival. Today people of diverse religious and ethnic backgrounds partake in the festivities. On Vijayadashami, the last day of the festival, the effigies are paraded through the streets with riotous pageantry before being immersed into the rivers.Tourism
{{multiple image| perrow = 2| total_width = 340| align = | background color = #ED9D0B| width = | image1 = Mahabodhitemple.jpg| image2 = Nalanda Mounds.jpg| image3 = Gangetic Dolphin.jpg| image4 = Bihar Museum Children and Wildlife Section.jpg| image5 = ” Tomb of Sher Shah Suri ”.jpg| image6 = Ghora katora lake.jpg| footer_background = #ED9D0B| footer_align = center| footer = UNESCO World Heritage Site of Mahabodhi Temple and Nalanda, Vikramshila Gangetic Dolphin Sanctuary, Bihar Museum, Tomb of Sher Shah Suri, Ghora KatoraTransport
(File:Isbt patna.jpg|thumb|Patliputra ISBT, Patna)(File:Patna river port1.JPG|thumb|Ganges river port on national inland waterways-1 at Gaighat, Patna)Airports
Bihar has a total of three operational airports as of 2020: Lok Nayak Jayaprakash Airport in Patna, Gaya Airport in Gaya, and Darbhanga Airport in Darbhanga. All three airports have scheduled flights to major cities around India. Gaya Airport is the only international airport in Bihar, having seasonal flights to countries like Thailand, Bhutan, and Myanmar.Railways
Bihar has a rail network length of {{cvt|3794|km}} in 2020.WEB, India: railway route length in Bihar 2020,www.statista.com/statistics/1079369/india-railway-route-length-in-bihar/, 25 November 2022, Statista, en, 25 November 2022,web.archive.org/web/20221125225613/https://www.statista.com/statistics/1079369/india-railway-route-length-in-bihar/, live, All major cities, districts and towns are well connected. Munger, Jamalpur and Bhagalpur are well connected with all major Stations of country. Eastern Dedicated Freight Corridor, after completion, will pass through Kaimur, Rohtas, Aurangabad, and Gaya with a total length of {{cvt|239|km}} in Bihar.WEB, Railways at Glance ECR - 2021,ecr.indianrailways.gov.in/criuploads/files/1637328813239-ECR%20%20-%20Bihar%20Booklet%20(English)%20As%20on%2031.03.2021.pdf, 25 November 2022, 25 November 2022, https:web.archive.org/web/20221125225615ecr.indianrailways.gov.in/cris//uploads/files/1637328813239-ECR%20%20-%20Bihar%20Booklet%20(English)%20As%20on%2031.03.2021.pdf, live,State Expressways and highways
Gaya-Darbhanga Expressway (access controlled highway) will be Bihar’s first expressway, with a length of 189 km. It is expected to be completed by 2024.NEWS, Construction of Bihar’s first expressway to start soon,economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/infrastructure/construction-of-bihars-first-expressway-to-start-soon/articleshow/95389137.cms, live,web.archive.org/web/20221124233331/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/infrastructure/construction-of-bihars-first-expressway-to-start-soon/articleshow/95389137.cms, 24 November 2022, 25 November 2022, The Economic Times, Bihar also has state highways with a total length of 4,006 km (2,489 mi) and national highways with a total length of 5,358 km (3,329 mi).Metro transit
Patna will be the first city in Bihar to have mass rapid transit system. Patna Metro with network of {{cvt|31|km}} length is under construction as of 2022.NEWS, DMRC chief visits Patna Metro project sites, meets officials,www.financialexpress.com/infrastructure/dmrc-chief-visits-patna-metro-project-sites-meets-officials/2595932/, 25 November 2022, Financialexpress, PTI, 16 July 2022, 25 November 2022,web.archive.org/web/20221125233214/https://www.financialexpress.com/infrastructure/dmrc-chief-visits-patna-metro-project-sites-meets-officials/2595932/, live, However, it is currently delayed due to land acquisition process.NEWS, Rumi, Faryal, 16 February 2022, Patna: Hurdles in land acquisition to delay metro project,timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/hurdles-in-land-acquisition-to-delay-metro-project/articleshow/89602969.cms, The Times of India, 2 October 2023, 0971-8257, 4 October 2023,web.archive.org/web/20231004151743/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/hurdles-in-land-acquisition-to-delay-metro-project/articleshow/89602969.cms, live,Bus transit
Bihar State Road Transport Corporation (BSRTC) runs interstate, intrastate, and international route buses.WEB, BSRTC,bsrtc.co.in/navs/about, 25 November 2022, bsrtc.co.in, 26 November 2022,web.archive.org/web/20221126000555/https://bsrtc.co.in/navs/about, live, BSRTC has a daily ridership of around 100,000. Its fleet includes non-electric and electric buses, and AC and non-AC buses. Delhi, Ranchi, and Kathmandu in Nepal are some of the destinations served outside Bihar. Patliputra Inter-State Bus Terminal is a major bus transit hub in Bihar.WEB, NYOOOZ, From today, the new ‘station’ of buses in Patna, know where your bus will be found at Patliputra Bus Terminal {{!, Patna NYOOOZ |url=https://www.nyoooz.com/news/patna/1598152/from-today-the-new-station-of-buses-in-patna-know-where-your-bus-will-be-found-at-patliputra-bus-terminal/ |access-date=26 November 2022 |website=NYOOOZ |language=en |archive-date=26 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221126000555www.nyoooz.com/news/patna/1598152/from-today-the-new-station-of-buses-in-patna-know-where-your-bus-will-be-found-at-patliputra-bus-terminal/ |url-status=live }}Inland Waterways
National Waterways-1 runs along the Ganges river. Gaighat in Patna has a permanent terminal of inland waterways for handling cargo vessels.WEB, Inland Waterways Authority of India website,iwai.nic.in/waterways/national-waterways/national-waterways-1?id=2523, 26 November 2022, 26 November 2022,web.archive.org/web/20221126001921/https://iwai.nic.in/waterways/national-waterways/national-waterways-1?id=2523, live, The Ganges is navigable throughout the year, and was the principal river highway across the vast Indo-Gangetic Plain. Vessels capable of accommodating five hundred merchants were known to ply this river in the ancient period, when it served as a conduit for overseas trade. The role of the Ganges as a channel for trade was enhanced by its natural links to major rivers and streams in north and south Bihar.BOOK, Yang, Anand A,books.google.com/books?id=D5lQutvzAp4C&q=Bazaar+India, Bazaar India: Markets, Society, and the Colonial State in Gangetic Bihar, 1998, University of California Press, 978-0-520-21100-1, 15 October 2009,Education
{{See also|List of educational institutions in Bihar}}(File:Front view of administrative building of IIT Patna.jpg|thumb|Front view of administrative building of IIT Patna) (File:NITPMainBuilding.jpg|thumb|NIT Patna main building)Historically, Bihar has been a major centre of learning, home to the ancient universities of Nalanda (est. 450 CE), OdantapurÄ (est. 550 CE), and Vikramashila (est. 783 CE). Nalanda and Vikramshila universities were destroyed by the invading forces of Bakhtiyar Khilji in 1200 CE.Altekar, Anant Sadashiv (1965). Education in Ancient India, Sixth, Varanasi: Nand Kishore & Bros. Bihar saw a revival of its education system during the later part of the British rule, when Khuda Bakhsh Oriental Library was established in 1891 by Sir Khan Bahadur Khuda Bakhsh which is currently one of the world’s largest functioning library and boasts more than five million items. It is known for its paintings and rare manuscripts.WEB, Total collection of Khuda bakhsh library from ministry of culture website,indiaculture.nic.in/khuda-baksh-oriental-public-library-patna, 24 May 2022, 4 June 2022,web.archive.org/web/20220604063415/https://indiaculture.nic.in/khuda-baksh-oriental-public-library-patna, live, Patna University, the seventh oldest university on the Indian subcontinent, was established in 1917.WEB, Profile of Patna University,www.patnauniversity.ac.in/profile.html, live,www.patnauniversity.ac.in/profile.html," title="web.archive.org/web/20150410030522www.patnauniversity.ac.in/profile.html,">web.archive.org/web/20150410030522www.patnauniversity.ac.in/profile.html, 10 April 2015, 14 April 2015, Patna University, Some other centres of high learning established under British rule are Patna College (est. 1839), Bihar School of Engineering (est. 1900; now known as National Institute of Technology, Patna), Prince of Wales Medical College (est. 1925; now Patna Medical College and Hospital), Science College, Patna (est. 1928), Patna Women’s College, Bihar Veterinary College (est. 1927), and Imperial Agriculture Research Institute (est. 1905; now Dr. Rajendra Prasad Central Agriculture University, Pusa). The Patna University, one of the oldest universities in Bihar, was established in 1917, and is the seventh oldest university of the Indian subcontinent. NIT Patna, the second oldest engineering college of India, was established as a survey training school in 1886 and later renamed as the Bihar College of Engineering in 1932.Today, Bihar is home to eight Institutes of National Importance: IIT Patna, IIM Bodh Gaya, AIIMS, Patna, NIT Patna, IIIT Bhagalpur, NIPER Hajipur, Khuda bakhsh Oriental Library, and the Nalanda International University. In 2008, Indian Institutes of Technology Patna was inaugurated with students from all over IndiaNEWS, Jha, Abhay Mohan, 4 August 2008, Brand new IIT in Patna impresses all, NDTV,www.ndtv.com/convergence/ndtv/story.aspx?id=NEWEN20080059982, dead, 4 August 2008,www.ndtv.com/convergence/ndtv/story.aspx?id=NEWEN20080059982," title="web.archive.org/web/20080807051714www.ndtv.com/convergence/ndtv/story.aspx?id=NEWEN20080059982,">web.archive.org/web/20080807051714www.ndtv.com/convergence/ndtv/story.aspx?id=NEWEN20080059982, 7 August 2008, and in the same year the National Institute of Fashion Technology Patna was established as the ninth such institute in India.WEB, 12 August 2008, NIFT starts classes in Patna with 60 students,twocircles.net/2008aug12/nift_starts_classes_patna_60_students.html, live,twocircles.net/2008aug12/nift_starts_classes_patna_60_students.html," title="web.archive.org/web/20190322085633twocircles.net/2008aug12/nift_starts_classes_patna_60_students.html,">web.archive.org/web/20190322085633twocircles.net/2008aug12/nift_starts_classes_patna_60_students.html, 22 March 2019, 21 March 2019, TwoCircles.net, The Indian Institute of Management Bodh Gaya was established in 2015. In March 2019, the government of Bihar sent a proposal to the centre government to upgrade Darbhanga Medical College and Hospital into an AIIMS-like institution.NEWS, Kumar, Madan, 3 March 2019, DMCH will be upgraded to AIIMS-like institution: Minister {{!, Patna News – Times of India|language=en|work=The Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/dmch-will-be-upgraded-to-aiims-like-institution-minister/articleshow/68236419.cms?from=mdr|access-date=16 August 2019|archive-date=9 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210509072320timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/dmch-will-be-upgraded-to-aiims-like-institution-minister/articleshow/68236419.cms?from=mdr|url-status=live}} Bihar is home of four Central universities which includes Central University of South Bihar, Mahatma Gandhi Central University, Dr. Rajendra Prasad Central Agriculture University and Nalanda University. In 2015, the central government proposed the re-establishment of Vikramshila in Bhagalpur and had designated {{INR}}500 crores ({{INR}}5 billion) for it.NEWS, 26 June 2017, Bihar drags feet on Central varsity in Bhagalpur; district identifies three chunks of land, en, Hindustan Times,www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/bihar-drags-feet-on-central-varsity-in-bhagalpur-district-identifies-three-chunks-of-land/story-69nNH8slT5wuXMKd08h8JP.html, 15 August 2019, 12 May 2021,web.archive.org/web/20210512154527/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/bihar-drags-feet-on-central-varsity-in-bhagalpur-district-identifies-three-chunks-of-land/story-69nNH8slT5wuXMKd08h8JP.html, live, Bihar also has the National Institute of Fashion Technology Patna, National Law University, Patna Institute of Hotel Management (IHM), Footwear Design and Development Institute, Bihta and Central Institute of Plastic Engineering & Technology (CIPET) Center. CIPET and IHM was established in Hajipur in 1994 and 1998 respectively. Bihar Engineering University was established under Bihar Engineering University Act, 2021 of Bihar GovernmentWEB, 2008, The Aryabhatta Knowledge University Act, 2008,akubihar.ac.in/Administration/Docs/AKU_Act_2008(English).pdf, 3 August 2017, Government of Bihar, 27 March 2020,akubihar.ac.in/Administration/Docs/AKU_Act_2008(English).pdf," title="web.archive.org/web/20200327152646akubihar.ac.in/Administration/Docs/AKU_Act_2008(English).pdf,">web.archive.org/web/20200327152646akubihar.ac.in/Administration/Docs/AKU_Act_2008(English).pdf, live, with the purpose of the development and management of educational infrastructure related to technical, medical, management, and related professional education in Bihar.NEWS, 3 January 2015, Tech cradles fail to shift to permanent campus, The Times of India, Times News Network,timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/Tech-cradles-fail-to-shift-to-permanent-campus/articleshow/45737175.cms, 3 August 2017, 11 June 2021,web.archive.org/web/20210611062440/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/tech-cradles-fail-to-shift-to-permanent-campus/articleshow/45737175.cms, live, Based on 2020–21 data, Bihar Engineering University has 56www.beu-bih.ac.in/BEUP/Affiliated_Colleges.aspx and Bihar medical science University under the Bihar medical science University act, 2021. There are Pharmacy colleges, 15 Medical colleges, and 36 Nursing colleges after establishing this university. Aryabhatta Knowledge University has 33 educational colleges, 8 community colleges, and one vocational college.WEB, .:Official Website : Aryabhatta Knowledge University, Patna:.,akubihar.ac.in/Colleges/Engineering.aspx, 1 February 2020, akubihar.ac.in, 9 December 2021,akubihar.ac.in/Colleges/Engineering.aspx," title="web.archive.org/web/20211209231746akubihar.ac.in/Colleges/Engineering.aspx,">web.archive.org/web/20211209231746akubihar.ac.in/Colleges/Engineering.aspx, live, Chanakya National Law University and Chandragupt Institute of Management were established in the later half of 2008 and now attracts students from not just within Bihar but also students from far flung states. Nalanda International University was established in 2014 with active investment from countries such as Japan, Korea, and China. The A.N. Sinha Institute of Social Studies is a premier research institute in the state.WEB, Premier Research Institute: ANSISS,www.ansiss.org/AboutUs.aspx, dead,www.ansiss.org/AboutUs.aspx," title="web.archive.org/web/20100513005424www.ansiss.org/AboutUs.aspx,">web.archive.org/web/20100513005424www.ansiss.org/AboutUs.aspx, 13 May 2010, Official website, Bihar has eight medical colleges which are funded by the government, namely Patna Medical College and Hospital, Nalanda Medical College and Hospital, Vardhman Institute of Medical Sciences, Indira Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Darbhanga Medical College and Hospital, Anugrah Narayan Magadh Medical College and Hospital Gaya, Sri Krishna Medical College and Hospital, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Bhagalpur, Government Medical College, Bettiah and five private medical collegesNEWS, 18 August 2013, First brick for new hospital, en, www.telegraphindia.com,www.telegraphindia.com/bihar/first-brick-for-new-hospital/cid/266659, 2 September 2019, 6 March 2021,web.archive.org/web/20210306225954/https://www.telegraphindia.com/bihar/first-brick-for-new-hospital/cid/266659, live, Bihar has the seven oldest Government Engineering colleges; Muzaffarpur institute of technology, Bhagalpur college of Engineering, Gaya college of Engineering, Nalanda College of Engineering, Darbhanga college of Engineering, Motihari college of Engineering, and the Loknayak Jai Prakash Institute of Technology.Bihta, a suburb of the state capital Patna, is home of institutes like IIT Patna, AIIMS Patna, BIT Patna and is now emerging as an educational hub.WEB, Netaji Subhash Institute of Technology (Nsit), Netaji Subhash Institute of Technology (Nsit) Address, Admission, Netaji Subhash Institute of Technology (Nsit) Courses, Ranking, Contact Details.,www.studyguideindia.com/Colleges/Engineering/netaji-subhash-institute-of-technology-nsit.html, live,www.studyguideindia.com/Colleges/Engineering/netaji-subhash-institute-of-technology-nsit.html," title="web.archive.org/web/20161111040018www.studyguideindia.com/Colleges/Engineering/netaji-subhash-institute-of-technology-nsit.html,">web.archive.org/web/20161111040018www.studyguideindia.com/Colleges/Engineering/netaji-subhash-institute-of-technology-nsit.html, 11 November 2016, 26 October 2017, www.StudyGuideIndia.com, WEB, Welcome to Netaji Subhas Institute of Technology – Bihta, Patna,nsit.in/, live,nsit.in/," title="web.archive.org/web/20150215023840nsit.in/,">web.archive.org/web/20150215023840nsit.in/, 15 February 2015, 27 February 2015, With institutes like Super 30, Patna has emerged as a major center for engineering and civil services coaching. The major private IIT-JEE coaching institutes have opened up their branches in Bihar and this has reduced the number of students who go to, for example, Kota and Delhi for engineering/medical coaching.Bihar e-Governance Services & Technologies (BeST) and the government of Bihar have initiated a unique program to establish a centre of excellence called Bihar Knowledge Center, a school to equip students with the latest skills and customised short-term training programs at an affordable cost. The centre aims to attract the youth of the state to improve their technical, professional, and soft skills, to meet the current requirements of the industrial job market.WEB, 2008, Bihar Knowledge Center,www.biharonline.gov.in/Site/BKC/Default.aspx, dead,www.biharonline.gov.in/Site/BKC/Default.aspx," title="web.archive.org/web/20090428045325www.biharonline.gov.in/Site/BKC/Default.aspx,">web.archive.org/web/20090428045325www.biharonline.gov.in/Site/BKC/Default.aspx, 28 April 2009, 3 August 2016, The National Employability Report of Engineering Graduates, 2014,WEB, National Employability Report – Engineers, Annual Report 2014,www.aspiringminds.com/sites/default/files/National%20Employability%20Report%20-%20Engineers,%20Annual%20Report%202014.pdf, live,www.aspiringminds.com/sites/default/files/National%20Employability%20Report%20-%20Engineers,%20Annual%20Report%202014.pdf," title="web.archive.org/web/20161012093454www.aspiringminds.com/sites/default/files/National%20Employability%20Report%20-%20Engineers,%20Annual%20Report%202014.pdf,">web.archive.org/web/20161012093454www.aspiringminds.com/sites/default/files/National%20Employability%20Report%20-%20Engineers,%20Annual%20Report%202014.pdf, 12 October 2016, 2 September 2016, www.aspiringminds.com, 22, puts graduates from Bihar in the top 25 per cent of the country, and rates Bihar as one of the three top states at producing engineering graduates in terms of quality and employability.NEWS, Delhi, Bihar produce top engineers in India: Report, The Times Of India,timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Delhi-Bihar-produce-top-engineers-in-India-Report/articleshow/29664924.cms, live, 1 February 2014,timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Delhi-Bihar-produce-top-engineers-in-India-Report/articleshow/29664924.cms," title="web.archive.org/web/20140201151525timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Delhi-Bihar-produce-top-engineers-in-India-Report/articleshow/29664924.cms,">web.archive.org/web/20140201151525timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Delhi-Bihar-produce-top-engineers-in-India-Report/articleshow/29664924.cms, 1 February 2014,Notable people
See also
- Bihar Diwas
- Outline of Bihar
- Timeline of Bihar
- Bihari culture
- Cuisine of Bihar
- Chhotanagpur Front
- Chhotanagpur Plateau Praja Parishad
Notes
{{notelist}}References
{{reflist}}Further reading
- Swami Sahajanand Saraswati Rachnawali (Selected works of Swami Sahajanand Saraswati), Prakashan Sansthan, Delhi, 2003.
- Christopher Alan Bayly, Rulers, Townsmen, and Bazaars: North Indian Society in the Age of British Expansion, 1770–1870, Cambridge University Press, 1983.
- Anand A. Yang, Bazaar India: Markets, Society, and the Colonial State in Bihar, University of California Press, 1999.
- Acharya Hazari Prasad Dwivedi Rachnawali, Rajkamal Prakashan, Delhi.
- Swami Sahajanand and the Peasants of Jharkhand: A View from 1941 translated and edited by Walter Hauser along with the unedited Hindi original (Manohar Publishers, paperback, 2005).
- Sahajanand on Agricultural Labour and the Rural Poor translated and edited by Walter Hauser (Manohar Publishers, paperback, 2005).
- Religion, Politics, and the Peasants: A Memoir of India’s Freedom Movement translated and edited by Walter Hauser (Manohar Publishers, hardbound, 2003).
- Pandit Yadunandan (Jadunandan) Sharma, 1947, Bakasht Mahamari Aur Uska Achook Ilaaz (Bakasht Epidemic and its Infalliable Remedy) in Hindi, Allahabad.
- Jagannath Sarkar, “Many Streams” Selected Essays by Jagannath Sarkar and Reminiscing Sketches” Compiled by Gautam Sarkar Edited by Mitali Sarkar, First Published May 2010, Navakarnataka Publications Private Limited, Bangalore.
- Indradeep Sinha, 1969, Sathi ke Kisanon ka Aitihasic Sangharsha (Historic Struggle of Sathi Peasants), in Hindi, Patna.
- Indradeep Sinha, Real face of JP’s total revolution, Communist Party of India (1974).
- Indradeep Sinha, Some features of current agrarian situation in India, All India Kisan Sabha, (1987).
- Indradeep Sinha, The changing agrarian scene: Problems and tasks, Peoples Publishing House (1980).
- Indradeep Sinha, Some questions concerning Marxism and the peasantry, Communist Party of India (1982).
- BOOK, Sinha, Udai Prakash, Kumar, Swargesh, Bihar Tourism: Retrospect and Prospect,books.google.com/books?id=dSZ987-0Fb8C, 2012, New Delhi, Concept Publishing Company, 9788180697999, 18 April 2015,
- Nand Kishore Shukla, The Trial of Baikunth Sukul: A Revolutionary Patriot, Har-Anand, 1999, 403 pages, {{ISBN|81-241-0143-4}}.
- Shramikon Ke Hitaishi Neta, Itihas Purush: Basawon Singh published by the Bihar Hindi Granth Academy (1st Edition, April 2000).
- Ramchandra Prasad, Ashok Kumar Sinha, Sri Krishna Singh in Adhunik Bharat ke Nirmata Series, Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India.
- Walter Hauser, 1961, Peasant Organisation in India: A Case Study of the Bihar Kisan Sabha, 1929–1942, Ph.D. Thesis, University of Chicago, (Forthcoming publication).
- Rai, Algu, 1946, A Move for the Formation of an All-Indian Organisation for the Kisans, Azamgrah.
- N. G. Ranga, 1949, Revolutionary Peasants, New Delhi.
- N. G. Ranga, 1968, Fight For Freedom, New Delhi.
- Mahapandit Rahul Sankrityayan, 1943, Naye Bharet ke Naye Neta (New Leaders of New India), in Hindi, Allahabad.
- Mahapandit Rahul Sankrityayan, 1957, Dimagi Gulami (Mental Slavery), in Hindi, Allahabad.
- Manmath Nath Gupta, Apane samaya ka surya Dinkar, Alekha Prakasana (1981).
- Khagendra Thakur, Ramdhari Singh ‘Dinkar’: Vyaktitva aur Krititva, Publications Division, 2008 Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India.
- Vijendra Narayan Singh, Bharatiya Sahitya ke Nirmata: Ramdhari Singh ‘Dinkar, Sahitya Akademi, New Delhi, 2005, {{ISBN|81-260-2142-X}}.
- Kumar Vimal, Ramdhari Singh Dinkar Rachna – Sanchayan, Sahitya Akademi, New Delhi, 2008, {{ISBN|978-81-260-2627-2}}.
- Mishra Shree Govind, History Of Bihar 1740–1772 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406141931books.google.com/books?id=-tO1AAAAIAAJ&q=History+Of+Bihar+1740-1772 |date=6 April 2023 }}, Munshiram Manoharlal, 1970
- Verma B S, Socio-religious Economic And Literary Condition Of Bihar (From ca. 319 A.D. to 1000 A.D.) {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406141932books.google.com/books?id=0ZVtGQAACAAJ&q=Socio-religious+Economic+And+Literary+Condition+Of+Bihar |date=6 April 2023 }}, Munshiram Manoharlal, 1962
- Maitra A,Magahi Culture {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406140428books.google.com/books?id=d5ceAAAAMAAJ&q=History+Of+Magadh |date=6 April 2023 }}, Cosmo Publications, New Delhi, 1983
- Naipaul V S, India: A Wounded Civilization, Picador, 1977
- Trevithick Alan, The Revival Of Buddhist Pilgrimage At Bodh Gaya (1811–1949): Anagarika Dharmapala And The Mahabodhi Temple
- Jannuzi F. Tomasson, Agrarian Crisis In India: The Case Of Bihar, University of Texas Press, 1974, {{ISBN|0-292-76414-6}}, {{ISBN|978-0-292-76414-9}}
- Omalley L S S, History of Magadh, Veena Publication, 2005, {{ISBN|81-89224-01-8}}
- Shukla Prabhat Kumar, Indigo And The Raj: Peasant Protests In Bihar 1780–1917{{Dead link|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, Pragati Publications, 1993, {{ISBN|81-7307-004-0}}
- Ahmad Qeyamuddin, Patna Through The Ages: Glimpses of History, Society & Economy {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406020929books.google.com/books?id=W_J-HgAACAAJ&q=Patna+Through+The+Ages |date=6 April 2023 }}, Commonwealth Publishers, 1988
- Jain B D, Ardha Magadhi Reader, Sri Satguru Publications, Lahore, 1923
- Patra C, Life in Ancient India: As Depicted In The Digha Nikaya, Punthi Pustak, 1996, {{ISBN|81-85094-93-4}}
- Hazra Kanai Lal, Buddhism in India As Described by the Chinese Pilgrims AD 399–689, Munshiram Manoharlal, 1983, {{ISBN|81-215-0132-6}}
- McCrindle John W., Ancient India As Described By Megasthenes And Arrian, Munshiram Manoharlal
- McCrindle John W., Ancient India As Described By Ptolemy {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406020926books.google.com/books?id=A3UIAAAAQAAJ&q=Ancient+India+As+Described+By+Ptolemy |date=6 April 2023 }}, Munshiram Manoharlal, 1927, {{ISBN|81-215-0945-9}}
- Sastry Harprasad, Magadhan Literature, Sri Satguru Publications, Calcutta, 1923
- Rai Alok, Hindi Nationalism, Orient Longman, 2000, {{ISBN|81-250-1979-0}}
- Waddell Austine L., Report on the Excavations at Pataliputra (Patna) – The Palibothra of the Greeks, Asian Publicational Services, Calcutta, 1903
- Das Arvind N., The State of Bihar: an economic history without footnotes, Amsterdam: VU University Press, 1992
- Brass Paul R., The politics of India since Independence, Cambridge University Press, 1990
- Askari S. H., Mediaeval Bihar: Sultante and Mughal Period, Khuda Bakhsh Oriental Public Library, Patna, 1990
- Tayler William, Three Months at Patna during the Insurrection of 1857, Khuda Bakhsh Oriental Public Library, Patna, 2007
- Taylor P.J.O., “What really happened during the Mutiny: A day by day account of the major events of 1857–1859 in India”, Oxford University Press, 1997, {{ISBN|0-19-564182-5}}
- Pathak Prabhu Nath, Society and Culture in Early Bihar (C.A.D. 200 – 600) {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414005023books.google.com/books?id=sUMdAAAAIAAJ&q=Socio-religious+Economic+And+Literary+Condition+Of+Bihar |date=14 April 2023 }}, Commonwealth Publishers, 1988
- Basham A. L., The Wonder that was India, Picador, 1954, {{ISBN|0-330-43909-X}}
- Nambisan Vijay, Bihar in the eye of the beholder, Penguin Books, 2000, {{ISBN|978-0-14-029449-1}}
- Pathak Mohan, Flood plains and Agricultural occupance, Deep & Deep Publication, 1991, {{ISBN|81-7100-289-7}}
- D’Souza Rohan, Drowned and Dammed:Colonial Capitalism and Flood Control in Eastern India, Oxford University Press, 2006,
- Radhakanta Barik – Land & Caste Politics in Bihar (Shipra Publications, Delhi, 2006)
External links
- Government
- Official site of Bihar {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110615165115gov.bih.nic.in/ |date=15 June 2011 }}
- Bihar State Tourism Development Corporation {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100127030717bstdc.bih.nic.in/ |date=27 January 2010 }}
- General information
- {{GovPubs|Bihar}}
- {{Britannica|65099|Bihar}}
- {{curlie|Regional/Asia/India/Bihar|Bihar}}
- {{Wikiatlas|Bihar}}
- {{osmrelation-inline|1958982}}
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