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Earth Day
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{{short description|Annual international event on April 22}}{{hatnote group|{{For|the measurement of time of one rotation|Day}}{{distinguish|Earth Hour}}}}{{pp-vandalism|small=yes}}{{pp-move|small=yes}}{{Use mdy dates|date=October 2021}}- the content below is remote from Wikipedia
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1969 Santa Barbara Oil Spill
On January 28, 1969, a well called Platform A, drilled by Union Oil {{convert|6|mi|km|0}} off the coast of Santa Barbara, California, blew out. More than {{convert|3|e6USgal|e6impgal e6liter|abbr=off}} of oil spilled, killing more than 10,000 seabirds, dolphins, seals, and sea lions. As a reaction to this disaster, activists were mobilized to create environmental regulation, environmental education, and Earth Day. Among the proponents of Earth Day were the people in the front lines of fighting this disaster, Selma Rubin, Marc McGinnes, and Bud Bottoms, founder of Get Oil Out.NEWS, Wheeling, Kate, Ufberg, Max, 2017-04-18, 'The Ocean Is Boiling': The Complete Oral History of the 1969 Santa Barbara Oil Spill,weblink 2018-05-09, Pacific Standard, Denis Hayes, organizer of the first Earth Day, said that Senator Gaylord Nelson from Wisconsin was inspired to create Earth Day upon seeing an {{convert|800|mi2|adj=on}} oil slick from an airplane in the Santa Barbara Channel.WEB, Bastian, Jonathan, 2017-04-21, How the 1969 Santa Barbara oil spill sparked Earth Day,weblink 2018-05-09, KCRW,Santa Barbara's Environmental Rights Day 1970
On the first anniversary of the oil blowout, January 28, 1970, Environmental Rights Day was created, and the Declaration of Environmental Rights was read. It had been written by Rod Nash during a boat trip across the Santa Barbara Channel while carrying a copy of Thomas Jefferson's Declaration of Independence. The organizers of Environmental Rights Day, led by Marc McGinnes, had been working closely over a period of several months with Congressman Pete McCloskey (R-CA) to consult on the creation of the National Environmental Policy Act, the first of many new environmental protection laws sparked by the national outcry about the blowout/oil spill and on the Declaration of Environmental Rights. Both McCloskey (Earth Day co-chair with Senator Gaylord Nelson) and Earth Day organizer Denis Hayes, along with Senator Alan Cranston, Paul Ehrlich, David Brower and other prominent leaders, endorsed the Declaration and spoke about it at the Environmental Rights Day conference. According to Francis Sarguis, "the conference was sort of like the baptism for the movement." According to Hayes, this was the first giant crowd he spoke to that "felt passionately, I mean really passionately, about environmental issues." Hayes also thought the conference might be the beginning of a real movement. Nash, Garrett Hardin, McGinnes and others went on to develop the first undergraduate Environmental Studies program of its kind at the University of California at Santa Barbara.JOURNAL, McGinnes, J. Marc, 1981, Environmental Law Series Links Campus and Community in Santa Barbara,weblink The Journal of Environmental Education, 12, 3, 4–6, 1981JEnEd..12c...4M, 10.1080/00958964.1981.10801903,Earth Day 1970
File:Nixons plant a tree C6311-11a.jpg|thumb|President Richard Nixon and First Lady Pat Nixon plant a tree on the White HouseWhite HouseThe seeds that grew into the first Earth Day were planted by Wisconsin Senator Gaylord Nelson. An ardent conservationist and former two-term governor of Wisconsin, Nelson had long sought ways to increase the potency of the environment as a political issue. The extraordinary attention garnered by Rachel Carson's 1962 book, Silent Spring, the famous (:File:NASA-Apollo8-Dec24-Earthrise.jpg|1968 Earthrise NASA photograph) of the Earth from the Moon, the saturation news coverage given to the Santa Barbara oil spillNEWS, The 1969 Santa Barbara oil spill that changed oil and gas exploration forever,weblink LA Times, . and the Cuyahoga River catching fire in early 1969WEB, Boissoneault, Lorraine, The Cuyahoga River Caught Fire at Least a Dozen Times, but No One Cared Until 1969,weblink Smithsonian Magazine, led Nelson to think the time was ripe for an environmental initiative. As a result of interactions with his staff and with Fred Dutton,WEB, Nels on 126 Dutton,weblink dead,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20210926073212weblink">weblink September 26, 2021, March 18, 2021, a prominent Democratic operative who had been Robert Kennedy's presidential campaign manager, Nelson became convinced that environmental teach-ins on college campuses could serve as such a vehicle.WEB, April 22, 2021, International Mother Earth Day 2021: Theme, Quotes, History, Celebrations,weblink April 22, 2021, S A NEWS, en-US, Teach-ins had been held on hundreds of college campuses to debate the war in Vietnam. They generally reflected the divide between those who thought of Vietnam as a bulwark to stop additional countries falling to communism like dominos, versus those who believed that the war was the latest stage of a nationalist, anti-colonialist campaignBOOK, Fall, Bernard, Last Reflections on a War, Doubleday, 1967, 978-0811709040, by Vietnamese who had fought against China, then France, Japan, France again, and now the United States. These debates elevated arguments over the war in the public consciousness and enlisted a generation of student activists.{{citation needed|date=April 2021}}Nelson asked public interest lawyer Anthony RoismanTerri Hellenbeck,NEWS, Meet the 79-Year-Old Man Who Will Oversee Vermont's Energy Future,weblink February 19, 2021, sevendaysvt.com, to establish a non-profit, Environmental Teach-In, Inc., to manage the campaign, and recruited a small board of directors. He asked Republican Congressman Pete McCloskey to co-chair the board to ensure it was bipartisan and bicameral.On September 20, 1969, Senator Nelson first announced his plans for an "environmental teach-In" in a little-publicized talk at the University of Washington. "I am convinced that the same concern the youth of this nation took in changing this nation's priorities on the war in Vietnam and on civil rights can be shown for the problem of the environment. That is why I plan to see to it that a national teach-in is held."Senator Nelson went on to encourage teach-ins at many more speeches. A November talk at Airlie House had a New York Times reporter in the audience. The resulting front-page article was a turning point. Letters of inquiry from across the country began to pour into Nelson's Senate office. The article piqued the interest of Denis Hayes, then a graduate student at Harvard. Hayes traveled to Washington, D.C., and arranged a 10-minute visit with Senator Nelson (which stretched into two hours).John Schwartz,NEWS, April 20, 2020, The 'Profoundly Radical' Message of Earth Day's First Organizer,weblink February 19, 2021, The New York Times, Hayes returned to Harvard with the charter to organize Boston. After a few days of reference checks,{{Citation |title=McCloskey's congressional district included Stanford, where Hayes had been student body president the previous year, and Hayes was friends with Fred Dutton and with Professor Paul Ehrlich who served on the Teach-In's governing board.}} he was asked to drop out of Harvard to become executive director of the national campaign.WEB, The first Earth Day,weblink April 22, 2021, HISTORY, en, Because of the non-hierarchical tenor of the times, Hayes suggested that people be designated coordinators rather than directors. He became the national coordinator,NEWS, Robertson, Nan, April 22, 1970, Angry Coordinator of Earth Day,weblink New York Times, and he quickly hired various regional coordinators, a press coordinator, a K-12 coordinator, a volunteer coordinator, etc. At its peak, the national office had a few dozen paid staff, each earning a flat $375/month ({{Inflation|US|375|1969|fmt=eq}}), plus more than 100 regular volunteers.{{citation needed|date=April 2021}}As the talented regional coordinators fanned out across the country, however, they immediately encountered two problems. First, by 1970, the concept of "teach-ins" had become passé. Moreover, teach-ins generally involved debates, and no one was pro-pollution. Second, and more troubling, leading activists on college campuses were deeply involved in the anti-war and civil rights movements. They tended to view the environment as a distraction.The "Earth Day" name
The solution to the first problem came from an unexpected direction. Shortly after the turn of the year, Julien Koenig stopped by the national offices and volunteered to help. Koenig was a Madison Avenue giant. His campaign for Volkswagen, "Think Small," was later cited by Advertising Age as the "greatest advertising campaign of the 20th century."NEWS, Garfield, Bob, March 29, 1999, AD AGE ADVERTISING CENTURY: THE TOP 100 CAMPAIGNS,weblink adage.com, "To the careful observer, the values that underpinned the VW ads actually were aligned with many of the values of Earth Day. The Think Small campaign rebutted the industry's preoccupation with conspicuous consumption with what might be termed "conspicuous frugality." The ads were dismissive of massive V-8 engines, tailfins, and bushels of chrome. They took pride in high mileage, low maintenance. They viewed cars as transportation, not status symbols.", Over coffee, Hayes confided that the "teach-in" moniker was not working and asked whether Koenig had any ideas. Koenig asked for a few days. A week later, he returned with an assortment of mock-ups for ads, laid out around the announcement of "Ecology Day," "Environment Day," "Earth Day," and "E Day." Koenig said that his personal favorite was Earth Day – in part because April 22 happened to be his birthday, and "birthday" rhymes with "Earth Day."NEWS, Yardley, William, June 17, 2014, Julian Koenig, Who Sold Americans on Beetles and Earth Day, Dies at 93,weblink February 21, 2019, The New York Times, en-US, 0362-4331, Hayes immediately agreed. Koenig offered to prepare a fully refined ad. Hayes insisted that it include a small coupon soliciting funds for the threadbare operation. Koenig's ad was visually arresting, and perfectly summed up the issues and values, the feisty-but-welcoming tone that the campaign had adopted. Hayes loved it and decided to bet the farm. He committed about half of all the money in the campaign's bank account to buy a full page in the Sunday New York Times opinion section.WEB, February 1, 2020, Two New York Times ads, separated by half a century, call millions to action,weblink Earth Day, The ad was a huge success. Overnight, "Earth Day" became the almost-universally-used name for the upcoming event. The ad generated more than enough revenue to repay its cost, and thousands of potential organizers sent in their names and addresses along with their checks. In future months, magazines and alternative newspapers ran the ad for free, generating still more names and more financial support. The national office started using Environmental Action, rather than Environmental Teach-in, on its letterhead and publications to promote Earth Day.{{Citation |title=Senator Nelson did not initially care for the change, and he continued to insist on calling the event Environmental Teach-In through April. Ultimately, however, Nelson too adopted the new name and later took enormous pride in being termed the father of Earth Day}}The Dirty Dozen
The staff of Environmental Teach-In resigned immediately after Earth Day, and most moved directly to a new organization, Environmental Action, with a tax status that permitted lobbying and a more activist stance.NEWS, Earth Day Theme Continues in U.S. – Antipollution Activity Goes Beyond One-Day Event,weblink The New York Times, EA immediately confronted a problem that had been looming in the background throughout the campaign. Some of the staff had been drawn to the movement through science and culture and felt that politics was inherently dirty and government was irredeemably compromised. This group believed that by living lives of voluntary simplicity, employing tools like those that filled the resolutely-nonpolitical Whole Earth Catalog, they could force the world to adapt to them. Their theory of change was modeled loosely on the southern African Americans who sat at segregated lunch counters, drank from segregated lunch counters, and sat in the front of the bus, it ignored the role of strategic litigationHistory.com Editors,NEWS, October 27, 2009, Brown v. Board of Education,weblink February 19, 2021, history.com, federal legislation, and electoral politicsNEWS, Histroy of Federal Voting Rights Laws,weblink February 19, 2021, justice.gov, in cementing lasting change.Other staff members had worked in the Robert Kennedy, Gene McCarthy, and various congressional campaigns before Earth Day. They believed that lasting progress could only come through institutional change. The year 1970 was a congressional election year. They had just organized the largest demonstration in the nation's history in order to support environmental values. Former Lindsay organizer, Steve Haft, summed up this faction's attitude at an Environmental Action staff meeting, "We had 20 million people in the streets in an election year, and you plan to sit out the election? Are you nuts?"{{citation needed|date=April 2021}}In order to square the circle, Hayes proposed that the group not endorse any candidates but that it try to defeat 12 of the worst. If having a terrible environmental record became a political liability, it would inevitably lead to better environmental legislation. Haft was selected to coordinate the Dirty Dozen campaign. With just $50,000 to defeat 12 incumbent members of the House, the odds were long.WEB, April 22, 2018, An Organizer of Earth Day Looks Back on How It Began,weblink April 22, 2021, www.mentalfloss.com, en, To improve the odds, the group selected candidates who not only had lousy environmental records—which were plentiful—but who also had won their most recent race by a narrow margin; who were on the wrong side of an important environmental issue in their districts; and who lived in areas where talented Earth Day organizers resided. In the end, seven of the original Dirty Dozen were defeated—five Republicans and two Democrats. And the first to fall was George Fallon, chairman of the hugely powerful House Public Works Committee.NEWS, The Dirty Dozen Rides Again?,weblink February 19, 2021, legal-planet.org, Representative Pete McCloskey, Earth Day co-chair, credits the Dirty Dozen's defeat of key congressional leaders with the unstoppable wave of environmental legislation that immediately followed: the Clean Air Act, Clean Water Act, Endangered Species Act, and others.NEWS, Former Congressman Pete McCloskey Authors New Book Titled The Story of the First Earth Day – How Grassroots Activism Changed the World,weblink February 19, 2021, businesswire.com,The University of Michigan teach-in
As the tone of major planned Earth Day activities shifted to become less academic and more confrontational, and the Environmental Action newsletter emphasized the need for broad structural change, interest in the event began to mount among college student activists.{{citation needed|date=April 2021}}One place where the interest in a teach-in was robust from the beginning was the University of Michigan. The first teach-in on the Vietnam War had been held at the University of Michigan in March 1965, and a group of students, led by Doug Scott,NEWS, Doug Scott,weblink February 19, 2021, linkedin.com, decided to mark the five-year anniversary with an environmental teach-in on March 11–14, 1970.MAGAZINE, March 26, 1970, Michigan teach-in faces societal issues,weblink dead,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20210416025716weblink">weblink April 16, 2021, March 18, 2021, Environmental Action, 2, 1, 6, Speakers included Senator Nelson, Senator Muskie, Walter Reuther, Ralph Nader, and Barry Commoner. The Michigan teach-in presented a series of speeches dealing with various environmental problems, along with some debate over the best tactics and solutions. No one, including the president of Dow Chemical, argued for more environmental destruction.After the University of Michigan teach-in, there was an explosion of interest on other college campuses. Upwards of 2,000 universities, colleges, and junior colleges ultimately put on events. By the end, the national staff had a hard time merely keeping up with the colleges that called to register events.{{citation needed|date=April 2021}}The focus on pollution
The delicate line straddled by organizers was to attract seasoned activists who would demand far-reaching change without alienating the middle class whose active participation and political support were seen as essential. The greatest environmental insults were visited on the poor. Factories and power plants were located in the poorest neighborhoods. Freeways were plowed through the poorest neighborhoods. Toxic waste dumps were situated in the poorest neighborhoods. But these problems tended not to affect the middle class.{{citation needed|date=April 2021}}The solution was to promote an overarching concern with air and water pollution, which affected everyone, while encouraging each community to pay attention to whatever other issues were of most concern to it. Earth Day included events that focused on fighting freeways, protecting the ozone layer, organic food, whales and endangered species, oil spills, the military use of Agent Orange in Vietnam, overpopulation, peeling lead paint in ghetto housing, opposition to the supersonic transport, and myriad other topics. At one event, college students would pound an automobile apart with sledgehammers,NEWS, When Michigan Students Put the Car on Trial,weblink April 22, 2021, smithsonianmag.com, or, wearing gas masks, would block traffic on a freeway. At other events, grade-school students would plant trees, pick up litter in city parks, or identify birds. Earth Day welcomed them all.{{citation needed|date=April 2021}}Regional coordinators focused heavily on finding and enlisting the best local leadership in major metropolitan areas. For instance, Hayes flew to Chicago to help organize a subtle coup, replacing a pro-business Earth Day organization with a Saul Alinsky affiliated group called Campaign Against Pollution.NEWS, Community Organizing,weblink February 19, 2021, encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org, CAP abruptly shifted the focus away from recycling to focus on two issues: opposition to a massive proposed freeway program, the Crosstown Expressway, and protesting the uncontrolled air pollution Commonwealth Edison was pouring into Chicago's air—more sulfur pollution than all other companies combined.NEWS, Commonwealth Edison Company,weblink February 19, 2021, encyclopedia.com, Although mailings went out to thousands of communities of all sizes, the campaign focused especially hard on large cities.{{citation needed|date=April 2021}}New York City
In the winter of 1969–1970, a group of students met at Columbia University to hear Denis Hayes talk about his plans for Earth Day. Among the group were Fred Kent, Pete Grannis, and Kristin and William Hubbard. This group agreed to head up the New York City activities within the national movement. Fred Kent took the lead in renting an office and recruiting volunteers. The liberal Republican mayor of New York, John Lindsay, saw the environment as an issue that could help unite his then-troubled city. Moreover, he viewed the environment as a progressive wedge issue that would position him as clearly distinct from President Nixon's ultra-conservative "Southern Strategy,"BOOK, Phillips, Kevin, The Emerging Republican Majority, 1969, Arlington House, 978-0870000584, 1, in a struggle for the soul of the Republican Party. He became fully engaged in supporting the event, and he delegated many of the talented young staff who had been drawn to his administration to help as well.{{citation needed|date=April 2021}} File:Ed-Muskie-at-Earth-Day-1970-web.jpg|thumb|150px|left|U.S. Senator Edmund MuskieEdmund Muskie"The big break came when Mayor Lindsay agreed to shut down Fifth Avenue for the event. A giant cheer went up in the office on that day," according to Kristin Hubbard (now Kristin Alexandre). "From that time on we used Mayor Lindsay's offices and even his staff. I was Speaker Coordinator but had tremendous help from Lindsay staffer Judith Crichton." Mayor Lindsay completely closed down Fifth Avenue to traffic from E. 14th Street to West 59th Street (Central Park)—more than 2 miles—and 14th Street between 3rd and 7th Avenues.NEWS, History of Earth Day & Arbor Day in Parks,weblink February 19, 2021, nycgovparks.org, An estimated one million participants took part—right in the nerve center of the nation's communications complex.{{citation needed|date=April 2021}}In addition to shutting down Fifth Avenue, Mayor John Lindsay made Central Park available for Earth Day. In Union Square, the New York Times estimated crowds of up to 20,000 people at any given time and, perhaps, more than 100,000 over the course of the day.NEWS, Lelyveld, Joseph, April 23, 1970, Mood Is Joyful as City Gives Its Support,weblink The New York Times, 1, Since Manhattan was also the home of NBC, CBS, ABC, The New York Times, Time, and Newsweek, it provided the best possible anchor for national coverage from their reporters throughout the country.WEB, January–February 1990, The Spirit of the First Earth Day,weblink April 22, 2010, U.S.Environmental Protection Agency,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20100328214819weblink">weblink March 28, 2010,Philadelphia
U.S. Senator Edmund Muskie was the keynote speaker on Earth Day in Fairmount Park in Philadelphia. Other notable attendees included consumer protection activist and presidential candidate Ralph Nader, landscape architect Ian McHarg, Nobel prize-winning Harvard biochemist George Wald, U.S. Senate Minority Leader Hugh Scott, and poet Allen Ginsberg.NEWS, DeGrassa, Peg, They were there 50 years ago: Delco residents reflect back to first Earth Day,weblink The Delaware County Daily Times, 2020-04-21,Earth Day 1980
The 1970s were a period of substantial environmental legislation, including the Clean Air Act, Clean Water Act, Endangered Species Act, Marine Mammal Protection Act, Superfund, Toxics Substances Control Act, and the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act. It had seen the creation of the Environmental Protection Agency and the banning of DDT and of lead in gasoline. Jimmy Carter was president.The 1980 Earth Day effort was led by Mike McCabe and Byron Kennard,NEWS, Environmental Activist Byron Kennard Reminisces about the First Earth Day,weblink eesi.org, and the general mood was festive and celebratory. The principal Washington, D.C., event was a festivalNEWS, Earth Day 1980,weblink thetandd.com, held in Lafayette Park, across the street from the White House.Earth Day 1990 to 1999
Mobilizing 200 million people in 141 countries and lifting the status of environmental issues onto the world stage, Earth Day activities in 1990 gave a huge boost to recycling efforts worldwide and helped pave the way for the 1992 United Nations Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro. Unlike the first Earth Day in 1970, this 20th Anniversary was waged with stronger marketing tools, greater access to television and radio, and multimillion-dollar budgets.NEWS, November 12, 1989, The Business of Earth Day,weblink The New York Times, File:Ed20-peace-climb-logo-web.jpg|thumb|150px|left|The official logo of the Mount Everest Earth Day 20 International Peace ClimbEarth Day 20 International Peace ClimbTwo separate groups formed to sponsor Earth Day events in 1990: The Earth Day 20 Foundation, assembled by Edward Furia (Project Director of Earth Week in 1970), and Earth Day 1990, assembled by Denis Hayes (National Coordinator for Earth Day 1970). Senator Gaylord Nelson, the original founder of Earth Day, was honorary chairman for both groups. The two did not combine forces over disagreements about leadership of combined organization and incompatible structures and strategies. Among the disagreements, key Earth Day 20 Foundation organizers were critical of Earth Day 1990 for including on their board Hewlett-Packard, a company that at the time was the second-biggest emitter of chlorofluorocarbons in Silicon Valley and refused to switch to alternative solvents. In terms of marketing, Earth Day 20 had a grassroots approach to organizing and relied largely on locally based groups like the National Toxics Campaign, a Boston-based coalition of 1,000 local groups concerned with industrial pollution. Earth Day 1990 employed strategies including focus group testing, direct mail fundraising, and email marketing.The Earth Day 20 Foundation highlighted its April 22 activities in George, Washington, near the Columbia River with a live satellite phone call with members of the historic Earth Day 20 International Peace Climb who called from their base camp on Mount Everest to pledge their support for world peace and attention to environmental issues."NEWS, 1990-04-23, Earth Day,weblink Ellensburg Daily Record, Google News Archive Search, The Earth Day 20 International Peace Climb was led by Jim Whittaker, the first American to summit Mt. Everest (many years earlier), and marked the first time in history that mountaineers from the United States, Soviet Union, and China had roped together to climb a mountain, let alone Mt. Everest. The group also collected more than two tons of trash (transported down the mountain by support groups along the way) that was left behind on Mount Everest from previous climbing expeditions. The master of ceremonies for the Columbia Gorge event was the TV star, John Ratzenberger, from Cheers, and the headlining musician was the "Father of Rock and Roll", Chuck Berry.Warner Bros. Records released an Earth Day-themed single in 1990 entitled "Tomorrow's World", written by Kix Brooks (who would later become one-half of Brooks & Dunn) and Pam Tillis.NEWS, Hurst, Jack, April 22, 1990, Earth calling ... Help! Cautious Nashville is starting to turn green, Chicago Tribune, The song featured vocals from Lynn Anderson, Butch Baker, Shane Barmby, Billy Hill, Suzy Bogguss, Kix Brooks, T. Graham Brown, The Burch Sisters, Holly Dunn, Foster & Lloyd, Vince Gill, William Lee Golden, Highway 101, Shelby Lynne, Johnny Rodriguez, Dan Seals, Les Taylor, Pam Tillis, Mac Wiseman, and Kevin Welch. It charted at number 74 on the Hot Country Songs chart dated May 5, 1990.BOOK, Whitburn, Joel, Hot Country Songs 1944 to 2008, Record Research, Inc., 2008, 978-0-89820-177-2, 424,Earth Day 2000–2019
Earth Day 2000
As the millennium approached, Hayes agreed to spearhead another campaign, this time focusing on global warming and pushing for clean energy. The April 22 Earth Day in 2000 combined the big-picture feistiness of the first Earth Day with the international grassroots activism of Earth Day 1990. For 2000, Earth Day had the internet to help link activists around the world. By the time April 22 came around, 5,000 environmental groups worldwide were on board, reaching out to hundreds of millions of people in a record 184 countries. Events varied: A talking drum chain traveled from village to village in Gabon, Africa, for example, while hundreds of thousands of people gathered on the National Mall in Washington, D.C., US.{{citation needed|date=April 2021}}Earth Day 2001
Google's first Earth Day doodle was in 2001.NEWS, April 22, 2016, 15 Years Of Google's Earth Day Doodles,weblink February 19, 2021, popsci.com,Earth Day 2003
The theme for Earth Day 2003 was the Water for Life Campaign. This year, Earth Day Network developed a water quality project called "What's in Your Water?"NEWS, April 17, 2003, Environmental Report – Earth Day 2003,weblink learningenglish.voanews.com, Water-related events were held on every continent, including water workshops, exhibitions, concerts, and more in Togo, Egypt, the Cook Islands, Jordan, Palestine, Japan, Venezuela, Slovenia, Nigeria, and Canada.NEWS, Vanier celebrates Earth Day 2003,weblink February 5, 2021, Cégep Vanier College, WEB, June 11, 2013, Earth Day Festival in Tokyo,weblink February 5, 2021, Japan Travel, WEB, Friends of Environment & Development Association(FEDA),weblink February 5, 2021, SALTO, Educational curricula, teacher's guides, water testing kits, and posters focused on water.Campaign for Communities, an initiative led by NAACP, Latino organizations including Southwest Voter Registration and Education Project, and other organizations focused on environmental justice, created events focused on low-income communities around the U.S. These events were also focused on building support among low-income communities through clean-ups, park revitalization, and town halls focused on integrating the environmental movement with community and social justice causes.WEB, Campaign for Communities,weblink February 4, 2021, earthday.org, WEB, January 2006, Funders' Committee for Civic Participation and Proteus Fund report on the Voter Engagement Evaluation Project,weblink February 5, 2021, Proteus Fund and Funders' Committee for Civic Participation,Earth Day 2004
In the U.S. in 2004, Earth Day Network and its partners focused on voter registration for Earth Day, registering hundreds of thousands of voters.WEB, March 14, 2016, Time to Invest in Future Environmental Voter of Color,weblink February 5, 2021, earthday.org, NEWS, April 22, 2004, Earth Day shifts to ballot box,weblink Casper Start Tribune, Major tree planting events also took place. Other prominent U.S. Earth Day events included an annual cleanup in Dayton, Ohio and the 3rd Annual Community Based Solutions to Environmental Health & Justice Conference in Seattle, Washington.WEB, Great Miami River Cleanup,weblink February 5, 2021, The Groundwater Consortium, WEB, Community Coalition for Environmental Justice's Fifth Annual Conference,weblink February 5, 2021, Brown Paper Tickets,Earth Day 2005
The theme for Earth Day 2005 was Healthy Environments for Children.NEWS, April 23, 2005, Earth Day 2005,weblink 2013-08-15, newstimes,Earth Day 2006
Earth Day 2006 focused on science and faith. Earth Day expanded into Europe for Earth Day 2006, and events and speeches were held in most of the EU countries. Key events included the "Festival on Climate Change" in Utrecht, the Netherlands, which was focused on "How to break away from the oil dependence," and included Earth Day founder Denis Hayes and members of the Dutch and E.U. parliament, NGOs, local authorities, and media representatives. In the first of two years of Earth Day events in Ukraine, Denis Hayes also attended and spoke at the "Chernobyl 20 Remembrance for the Future" conference in Kyiv, Ukraine.WEB, An International Conference in Kyiv, Ukraine,weblink February 5, 2021, Chornobyl Remembrance For The Future, 2006 also saw events in China organized between Earth Day Network and Global Village Beijing educating communities about energy savings, the first-ever coordinated Earth Day events in Moscow, Russia, a scientific panel and a religious response panel on climate change throughout the U.S., and a "Conserve Your Energy" event in Philadelphia.WEB, October 26, 2006, Ambassador to Beijing Olympics to Speak at Yale,weblink February 5, 2021, YaleNews, WEB, PHA Uses Earth Day to Begin New Energy Conservation Program,weblink February 11, 2021, Philadelphia Housing Authority,Earth Day 2007
Thousands of Earth Day projects were held across the globe that ranged from energy efficiency events, protests, letter writing campaigns, civic and environmental k-12 education trainings, urban and rural cleanups, and water projects with a particular focus on building a broader and more diverse environmental movement.WEB, April 19, 2007, Earth Day 2007,weblink February 8, 2021, The Ecologist, Major events took place in Kyiv, Ukraine; Caracas, Venezuela; Tuvalu; Philippines; Togo; and Madrid, Spain.{{citation needed|date=April 2021}}In the US, civil rights, religious, and social justice leaders joined Earth Day Network the week of April 16 through April 20 to demand Congress on behalf of their communities and their constituencies that there be no "grandfathering" of pollution permits, that an immediate reduction in carbon emissions be imposed through legislation and that all revenues generated from a carbon tax or a government auction of carbon permits be used for public benefit. Earth Day Network partnered with Green Apple Music & Arts Festival to mark Earth Day with weekend-long events featuring music and entertainment in New York, San Francisco, and Chicago.NEWS, April 23, 2007, Earth Day 2007 Green party in the parks,weblink February 8, 2021, SFGATE, More than 200,000 people attended the events and millions of people were reached through the media.The Global Warming in the Pulpit Pledge campaign which mobilized priests, ministers, rabbis, and other faith leaders across the U.S. and Canada to make a commitment to preach on global climate change as a moral issue was launched.WEB, April 22, 2009, 21 Ways Faith Groups Are Combating Global Warming].'' Center for American Progress,weblink February 10, 2021, Later in 2007, Live Earth, a global music event, was held across the world.{{citation needed|date=April 2021}}Earth Day 2008
Earth Day 2008 galvanized millions of people around the world in a Call For Climate. In the U.S., the campaign challenged the public to make one million calls to Congress about pushing for climate change legislation.WEB, April 22, 2008, Green Thumb: Earth Day USA,weblink February 10, 2021, Columbia Journalism Review, 2008 also included large climate rallies in eight major U.S. cities, including Washington, D.C., New York, Miami, Chicago, Dallas, Denver, Los Angeles, and San Francisco, to which around 350,000 people attended. Washington, D.C., hosted actor Edward Norton, Thomas Friedman of the New York Times, and James Hansen of NASA to deliver a strong global warming message and call for tough and fair climate action by Congress. O.A.R., Umphrey's McGee, Warren Haynes, Mambo Sauce, and Blake Lewis of American Idol entertained enthusiastic crowds, and the event was covered live by CNN and The Weather Channel, plus scores of other media that carried the Call for Climate message.NEWS, April 18, 2008, Bands of All Stripes, Keeping It Green,weblink February 10, 2021, The New York Times, Many Earth Day events were held around the world from the Earth Day on Campus campaign.NEWS, April 24, 2008, Earth Day 2008 marked in various ways,weblink February 10, 2021, Wikinews,Earth Day 2009
The 2009 National Teach-In on Global Warming Solutions reached college campuses, civic organizations, and faith groups across the U.S. As part of this event, members of Congress addressed college and high school campuses in their districts via video conference.WEB, February 23, 2009, Sen. John Kerry National Teach-In 2009 Part 1,weblink February 3, 2021, theNationalTeachIn, YouTube,Earth Day 2010 (40th anniversary)
An estimated one billion people around the world took action for the 40th anniversary of Earth Day.NEWS, April 22, 2010, Earth Day, 40 Years Later: How Far Have We Come?,weblink February 3, 2021, ABC News, An estimated 20,000 partners took action on climate change and other environmental issues through climate rallies, Billion Acts of Greenâ„¢, and by engaging civil leaders in plans to build a green economy, connected through the online action center at Earthday.org.WEB, April 21, 2010, Earth Day Network Leads U.S. and Global Activities for 40th Anniversary of Earth Day,weblink February 3, 2021, earthday.org, Through the Global Day of Conversation, more than 200 elected officials in more than 39 countries took part in active dialogues with their constituents about their efforts to create sustainable green economies and reduce their carbon footprints.WEB, April 5, 2010, Earth Day Network Announces Line-Up of Performers, Speakers for 40th Anniversary of Earth Day,weblink February 3, 2021, earthday.org, Students around the world participated in school greenings, featuring community clean-ups, solar energy systems, school gardens, and environmental curriculum.WEB, April 22, 2010, Earth Day 2010: Teaching kids to appreciate nature can provide lifetime of rewards,weblink February 3, 2021, Penn Live, Earth Day Network announced a partnership with Twentieth Century Fox Home Entertainment's Avatar Home Tree Initiative to plant one million trees in 15 countries by the end of 2010.WEB, May 25, 2011, Avatar Earth Day: James Cameron Film Comes Out On DVD, Inspires 'Home Tree' Earth Day 2010,weblink February 3, 2021, Huffpost, The Climate Rally on the National Mall in Washington, D.C., drew in more than 150,000 activists to demand that U.S. Congress pass comprehensive climate legislation in 2010.WEB, April 18, 2017, Earth Day: Facts & History,weblink February 3, 2021, Live Science, The nine-hour event featured more than 70 high-profile speakers, including leadership from the faith, labor, civil rights, environmental communities, the private sector, leading climate scientists, celebrities, Cabinet Secretaries, international political leaders, and local government officials.{{citation needed|date=April 2021}}In partnership with the Peace Corps, Earth Day Network worked with local volunteers to implement environmental and civic education programs, tree plantings, village clean-ups, and recycling seminars in rural areas in Ukraine, the Philippines, Georgia, Albania, and Kolkata, India.WEB, April 22, 2010, Peace Corps Celebrates Earth Day,weblink February 3, 2021, Peace Corps, In 2010, Earth Day Network also established a satellite office in Kolkata, India.{{citation needed|date=April 2021}}As part of a nationwide commemoration of the 40th anniversary in Morocco, the government announced a unique National Charter for the Environment and Sustainable Development, the first commitment of its kind in Africa and the Arab world, which will inform new environmental laws for the country. The Kingdom of Morocco also pledged to plant one million trees.WEB, April 22, 2010, Morocco's National Earth Charter a First for the Arab World,weblink February 3, 2021, Environment News Service,Earth Day 2011
2011 Earth Day events included an environmental forum for local political leaders and the first-ever Earth Day celebration in Tunis City and primary school events throughout Iraq. In 17 of the world's most severely deforested countries, Earth Day Network completed a project to plant over 1.1 million trees. Across the globe, more than 100 million Billion Acts of Green were registered.WEB, April 22, 2011, International Earth Day 2011,weblink February 3, 2021, IEEE Earthzine, WEB, April 29, 2011, UNEP Pledges 1,297,343 Trees Planted to a Billion Acts of Green in Honor of Earth Day 2011,weblink February 3, 2021, earthday.org, In September 2011, at the Clinton Global Initiative, President Clinton recognized this project as an exemplary approach to addressing global challenges.WEB, A Billion Acts of Green – Renewable Energy for All,weblink February 3, 2021, Clinton Foundation,Earth Day 2012
A Billion Acts of Green were achieved on Earth Day 2012, with Earth Day Network announcing the accomplishment at the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development in Rio.WEB, April 22, 2012, Earth Day Network's "A Billion Acts of Green",weblink February 2, 2021, Campaign Reaches Goal - IISD, WEB, Billion Acts of Green Counter,weblink February 2, 2021, earthday.org., A Billion Acts of Green is billed as the world's largest environmental service campaign, inspiring and rewarding both simple individual acts and larger organizational initiatives that further the goal of measurably reducing carbon emissions and supporting sustainability.WEB, April 22, 2012, 'Acts of Green' urged as Earth Day is celebrated around the world,weblink February 2, 2021, CNN, WEB, March 3, 2011, A Billion Acts of Green: Earth Day 2011,weblink February 2, 2021, Earth Times, The Campaign for Communities engaged elected officials in finding solutions to local environmental challenges.WEB, Campaign for Communities,weblink February 3, 2021, earthday.org, Faith programs saw Catholic parishes and churches across the U.S. take action on Earth Day through sermons and other activities, including four events at the National Cathedral and a conference at the St. Sophia Cathedral and National Religious Coalition on Creation Care (NRCC).WEB, February 3, 2021, Earth Day 2012 – A time to Celebrate,weblink Blessed Earth,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20210412075537weblink">weblink April 12, 2021, WEB, April 22, 2012, Earth Day: Because It Is Right,weblink February 3, 2021, The Georgetown Dish, WEB, April 24, 2012, Episcopalians join religious voices at climate change conference,weblink February 3, 2021, Episcopal News Service, Mobilize the Earth™ events throughout all of India's states and geographic regions, coordinated by Earth Day Network India, included rallies, concerts, competitions, seminars, art shows, plantation drives, signature campaigns, and workshops.WEB, India,weblink February 3, 2021, earthday.org, WEB, April 23, 2012, How did your city celebrate Earth Day?,weblink February 3, 2021, C40 Cities,weblink May 31, 2021, NEWS, April 22, 2012, Schools celebrate Earth Day,weblink February 3, 2021, The Times of India,Earth Day 2013
The goal of Earth Day 2013 was to personalize the massive challenge that climate change presents while uniting people around the globe into a powerful call to action with the theme: The Face of Climate Change. To illustrate that climate change is not a remote problem for our leaders but is impacting real people, animals, and places everywhere, EDN collected images sent into #faceofclimate and displayed them in a collage at thousands of events around the world from schools to parks to government buildings.WEB, February 22, 2013, Earth Day 2013 – The face of climate change,weblink February 2, 2021, earthday.org, High level organizations and individuals participated in the campaign, including the Secretary General of the Organization of American States, US Secretary of State, and many more.WEB, April 20, 2013, Presidential Proclamation – Earth Day, 2013,weblink February 2, 2021, The White House, Meanwhile, stories of hope inspired communities to take actionNEWS, April 22, 2013, Bulgaria marks Earth Day 2013 with protests, politics,weblink February 2, 2021, The Sofia Globe, and MobilizeU, a program to educate and activate college students around Earth Day and environmental issues, expanded in 2013 to 296 universities in 51 countries on six continents and in 46 US states.WEB, May 3, 2012, Campus environmental campaign spurs student activism across 51 countries,weblink February 2, 2021, earthday.org, In Washington, D.C., EDN presented Earth Month at Union Station, a four-week series of events that featured an environmental film festival, renewable energy demonstrations, farmers markets, NASA educational exhibits, and public talks by scientists and astronauts. In partnership with Washington, D.C. Public Schools, EDN also presented a STEM Fair at Union Station.WEB, January 14, 2013, Union Station to Celebrate Earth Month 2013,weblink February 2, 2021, Business Wire,Earth Day 2014
The goal of Earth Day 2014 was to dramatically personalize the massive challenges surrounding global climate change and weave that into both Earth Day 2014 and the five-year countdown to Earth Day 2020, the 50th anniversary. It was an opportunity to unite people worldwide into a common cause and call for action.NEWS, Acharya, Rupashree, 2014-04-22, International Earth Day,weblink Medium, The theme of Earth Day 2014 was Green Cities.NEWS, Earth Day 2014 with Green cities theme celebrated,weblink February 18, 2021, Business Standard News, Earth Day Network launched the Green Cities campaign in the fall of 2013 to help cities worldwide become more sustainable and reduce their carbon footprint. Focused on three key elements – buildings, energy, and transportation – the campaign aims to help cities accelerate their transition to a cleaner, healthier, and more economically viable future through improvements in efficiency, investments in renewable technology, and regulation reform.{{citation needed|date=April 2021}}Earth Day 2015
To recognize the 45th anniversary of Earth Day, the 2015 global theme was termed "It's Our Turn to Lead."WEB, Earth Day 2015: It's our turn to lead,weblink February 18, 2021, UNFCCC, /That year, Earth Day was a part of the steady drumbeat towards Paris for the UNFCCC COP 21 climate talks that December. With a binding treaty on climate change expected from this conference, this is a pivotal year for the environmental movement. Earth Day Network's (EDN) campaigns focused on instigating environmental advocacy, as well as strengthening climate communication and education.{{citation needed|date=April 2021}}Earth Day 2016
The theme for Earth Day 2016 was Trees for Earth.WEB, Earth Day 2016,weblink February 18, 2021, The Boston Globe, India, the Caribbean, Vietnam, and Morocco made substantial government commitments. The Black Lives Matter organization, which was created in 2013, also engaged with EarthDay.org in community panels. Close to 700 million community members, organizations, and school children took part in Earth Day 2016. Over 36 million trees were planted in India. "Earth Day Network" (now EarthDay.org) was accepted as an entry on Baidu Baike, a major online cyclopedia in China.{{citation needed|date=April 2021}}Hundreds of mayors across the world participated in Earth Day 2016 primarily focused on urban planning and reforestation.{{citation needed|date=April 2021}}Signing of the Paris Agreement at the UN
It was no accident that the United Nations selected Earth DayWEB, Why Earth Day is more important than ever,weblink February 18, 2021, unep.org, April 21, 2020, to sign the most significant climate accord in the history of the climate movement. On Earth Day 2016, world leaders from 175 nations broke a record by doing exactly that.Earth Day 2017
For Earth Day 2017, Earth Day Network launched the goal of global environmental and climate literacy by 2020. EDN envisioned a world that is fluent in the concepts of climate change and aware of its unprecedented threat to our planet. Environmental and climate literacy is the engine not only for creating green voters and advancing environmental and climate laws and policies but also for accelerating green technologies and jobs.WEB, For Earth Day 2017, Earth Day Network launched the goal of global environmental and climate literacy by 2020,weblink 2021-09-25, Earth Day Network, February 20, 2017, To that end, the 2017 Earth Day theme is environmental and climate education. EDN knows that education is the foundation for progress. Before we can solve the dire environmental threats facing us in the 21st century, we must build a global citizenry knowledgeable in environmental science and fluent in local and global ecological issues. A world with a more educated populace internalizes values – such as environmental protection – and is empowered to act in defense of these values.To support this Earth Day theme, EDN promoted teach-ins as an activity to educate communities on global environmental issues and how global environmental issues impact local communities. EDN teach-ins strove to empower attendees with real, tangible actions they could take for the environment.EDN developed an extensive global outreach strategy to promote Earth Day and assist organizations with producing a variety of actions, including teach-ins, in their own communities. Staff sent thousands of emails and made hundreds of phone calls, and revamped the organization's social media. Additionally, EDN created five teach-in toolkits, with accompanying translations in four languages, to help constituencies organize and mobilize their communities.Finally, EDN hosted the flagship March for Science march, rally, and teach-ins on Earth Day on the Washington Monument Grounds in Washington D.C. This event rallied and empowered attendees to support science and evidence-based policy. Approximately 100,000 people attended.Earth Day 2018
Earth Day 2018's theme, End Plastic Pollution, was dedicated to building a world of educated citizens who understand the environmental, climate, and health consequences of using plastic.NEWS, Earth Day 2018: Everything you need to know,weblink February 4, 2021, ABC News. April 21, 2018, Through an online Plastics Pollution Calculator, consumers calculated how much disposable plastic they used in a year and planned how to reduce this amount of waste.WEB, April 5, 2018, Earth Day Network Launches Plastic Pollution Calculator for Earth Day 2018 (April 22nd),weblink February 4, 2021, earthday.org, A Plastic Pollution Primer and Action Toolkit also educated consumers about actions to reduce their plastic footprint. Events worldwide in The Gambia, Italy, Thailand, Japan, India, the U.S., among others, included plastic cleanups, teach-ins, and festivals in which 10,000 partners participated.WEB, April 20, 2018, Earth Day 2018 Events Popping Up Worldwide,weblink February 4, 2021, earthday.org, In April 2018, the Google search for "Plastic Pollution" saw the highest trends in the previous five years, 5.5 million pages in 17 languages were created on the internet about "Earth Day 2018" and "plastics," and global media outlets with a combined audience of 450+ million people covered the campaign. The phrase "plastic pollution" on social media in the U.S. alone reached more than 155 million people. As a result, over 23,0000+ plastic cleanups were registered on Google, 60 countries introduced single-use plastic bans and legislation, and companies such as Coca-Cola and Starbucks announced steps to eliminate and significantly reduce plastic pollution.WEB, August 6, 2018, Earth Day 2018 – Plastic Pollution Global Trands,weblink February 4, 2021, earthday.org,Earth Day 2019
Earth Day 2019's theme was Protect Our Species. For this campaign, events and programs spread information about the causes and consequences of growing species extinctions.WEB, April 18, 2019, Earth Day 2019: Protect Our Species,weblink February 4, 2021, The Hunger Project,Earth Day 2020–2030
Earth Day 2020
Earth Day 2020 is the 50th Anniversary of Earth Day.WEB, Hurley, Kimberlee, April 2, 2020, Earth Day is 50. We have our work cut out for the next 50 years,weblink April 22, 2020, Sustainability Times, en-GB, Celebrations included activities such as the Great Global CleanUp, Citizen Science, Advocacy, Education, and art.WEB, Great Global CleanUp,weblink dead,weblink June 24, 2019, October 14, 2022, PRESS RELEASE, Earth Day 2020,weblink Earth Day, PRESS RELEASE, Global Partners, Plans Underway For 50th Anniversary Of Earth Day,weblink Network, Earth Day, www.prnewswire.com, The theme for Earth Day 2020 was "climate action".WEB, Earth Dy 2020,weblink earthday.org, Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, many of the planned activities were moved online.NEWS, Laville, Sandra, April 2, 2020, Earth Day goes digital to engage online gamers with environment issues,weblink April 22, 2020, The Guardian, en-GB, 0261-3077, Notably, a coalition of youth activist organized by the Future Coalition hosted Earth Day Live, a three-day livestream commemorating the 50th anniversary of Earth Day in the United States.MAGAZINE, Shaffer, Claire, April 1, 2020, 'Earth Day Live' to Celebrate 50th Earth Day With Star-Studded Lineup,weblink May 8, 2020, Rolling Stone, en-US, Celebratory activities centered around five components: citizen science, volunteering, community engagement, education, and the role of art in furthering the cause.Earth Day 2021
File:President Joe Biden at the Leaders Summit on Climate (02).jpg|thumb|United Nations Secretary-General António GuterresAntónio GuterresThe Earth Day 2021 theme is Restore Our Earth and features five primary programs: The Canopy Project, Food and Environment, Climate Literacy, the Global Earth Challenge, and The Great Global CleanUp.WEB, Earth Day 2021,weblink March 18, 2021, Earth Day, During the week of Earth Day, earthday.org and lead organizers, Education International, Hip Hop Caucus, and Earth Uprising organized three separate parallel climate action summits on climate literacy, environmental justice, and youth-led climate-focused issues. Earthday.org also organized the second-annual Earth Day Live livestream event (April 22, 2021) featuring global activists, international leaders, and influencers.NEWS, March 3, 2021, Earthday.org and Global Partners Unite for Three Parallel Climate Summits,weblink March 29, 2021, Yahoo! money,weblink April 22, 2021, The Biden administration organized a 2021 Leaders' Climate Summit. This virtual Zoom-like meeting featured 40 world leaders and dozens of speakers, including Pope Francis, Xiye Bastida, Danielle Merfeld, Vice President and Chief Technology Officer, GE Renewable Energy, Anna Borg, President and CEO, Vattenfall, and Abdullah Subai, Minister of Municipality and Environment, Qatar.WEB, Leaders Summit on Climate: Schedule,weblink April 23, 2021, United States Department of State, NEWS, March 2, 2021, Earthday.org and Global Partners Unite for Three Parallel Climate Summits,weblink March 29, 2021, EIJ, WEB, March 26, 2021, President Biden Invites 40 World Leaders to Leaders Summit on Climate,weblink March 29, 2021, The White House, File:Sure We Can Earthday clean 2021.jpg|thumb|Volunteers at Sure We CanSure We CanEarth Day 2022
The Earth Day 2022 theme is Invest in Our Planet and features five primary programs: The Great Global Cleanup, Sustainable Fashion, Climate and Environmental Literacy, Canopy Project, Food and Environment, and the Global Earth Challenge.WEB, March 24, 2022, Earth Day 2022 Invest in Our Planet,weblink March 24, 2022, earthday.org, Earthday.org announced the continuation of the "Invest in our Planet" theme for 2023 and that more than one billion citizens participated in Earth Day 2022.WEB, October 20, 2022, Earthday.org Announces Theme For Earth Day 2023: 'Invest in Our Planet',weblink December 19, 2022, earthday.org,Earth Day 2023
(File:Seaside-oregon-earth-day-cleanup-ocean-blue-project.jpg|thumb|2023 Beach Cleanup in Seaside, Oregon)The official theme for 2023 was "Invest In Our Planet"WEB, April 22, 2023, Earth Day 2023: Date, Theme, History And Significance Of This Day,weblink January 19, 2023, NDTV, On Earth Day 2023, a collection of images of Earth taken from various deep space distances in the Solar System was published.NEWS, Kaufman, Mark, 22 April 2023, The farthest-away pictures of Earth ever taken – Our precious planet seen from deep space.,weblink 22 April 2023, Mashable,Earth Day 2024
The theme for Earthday.org 2024 is Planet vs. Plastics and to mark that Earthday.org has called for a 60% global reduction in plastic production by 2040.WEB, n.d., Planet vs. Plastics,weblink January 19, 2024, earthday.org, In November 2023, to bring public attention to the health threat that microplastics pose, earthday.org released its report Babies vs. Plastics, which collated some of the latest science on the subject. The Guardian newspaper carried an Op Ed about the report highlighting that it is the children of the Global South who are being the most impacted by exposure to microplastics.JOURNAL, Frias, J.P.G.L., Nash, Roisin, January 2019, Microplastics: Finding a consensus on the definition,weblink Marine Pollution Bulletin, 138, 145–147, 2019MarPB.138..145F, 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.11.022, 30660255, 58550075, January 19, 2024, WEB, July 3, 2023, The Global South is on the rise – but what exactly is the Global South?,weblink January 19, 2023, The Conservation,Earth Day Canada
File:Paul Tinari Officially Launching the Canadian First Earth Day on September 11, 1980.jpg|thumb|left|200px|Paul Tinari officially launched the first Canadian Earth Day on September 11, 1980 – included are Flora MacDonald MP, Ken Keyes and Dr. Ronald Watts]]The first Canadian Earth Day () was held on Thursday, September 11, 1980, and was organized by Paul D. Tinari, then a graduate student in Engineering Physics/Solar Engineering at Queen's University. Flora MacDonald, then MP for Kingston and the Islands and former Canadian Secretary of State for External Affairs, officially opened Earth Day Week on September 6, 1980, with a ceremonial tree planting and encouraged MPs and MPPs across the country to declare a cross-Canada annual Earth Day. The principal activities taking place on the first Earth Day included educational lectures given by experts in various environmental fields, garbage and litter pick-up by students along city roads and highways, and tree plantings to replace the trees killed by Dutch elm disease.NEWS, Tait, Teresa, July 23, 1980, A Little Litter is Too Much, Kingston This Week, NEWS, Wright, Sylvia, July 1980, Canada's First Earth Day Scheduled for Sept. 11, The Kingston Whig Standard,History of the Equinox Earth Day (March 20)
The equinoctial Earth Day is celebrated on the March equinox (around March 20) to mark the arrival of astronomical spring in the Northern Hemisphere, and of astronomical autumn in the Southern Hemisphere. An equinox in astronomy is that point in time (not a whole day) when the Sun is directly above the Earth's equator, occurring around March 20 and September 23 each year. In most cultures, the equinoxes and solstices are considered to start or separate the seasons, although weather patterns evolve earlier.John McConnellWEB, EarthSite,weblink dead,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20060422193041weblink">weblink April 22, 2006, April 22, 2010, first introduced the idea of a global holiday called "Earth Day" at the 1969 UNESCO Conference on the Environment. The first Earth Day proclamation was issued by San Francisco Mayor Joseph Alioto on March 21, 1970. Celebrations were held in various cities, such as San Francisco and in Davis, California with a multi-day street party. UN Secretary-General U Thant supported McConnell's global initiative to celebrate this annual event; and on February 26, 1971, he signed a proclamation to that effect, saying:WEB, Earth Day 2004,weblink April 15, 2013, May there be only peaceful and cheerful Earth Days to come for our beautiful Spaceship Earth as it continues to spin and circle in frigid space with its warm and fragile cargo of animate life.United Nations secretary-general Kurt Waldheim observed Earth Day with similar ceremonies on the March equinox in 1972, and the United Nations Earth Day ceremony has continued each year since on the day of the March equinox (the United Nations also works with organizers of the April 22 global event). Margaret Mead added her support for the equinox Earth Day, and in 1978 declared:Margaret Mead, "Earth Day," EPA Journal, March 1978.Earth Day is the first holy day which transcends all national borders, yet preserves all geographical integrities, spans mountains and oceans and time belts, and yet brings people all over the world into one resonating accord, is devoted to the preservation of the harmony in nature and yet draws upon the triumphs of technology, the measurement of time, and instantaneous communication through space.Earth Day draws on astronomical phenomena in a new way – which is also the most ancient way – by using the Vernal Equinox, the time when the Sun crosses the equator making the length of night and day equal in all parts of the Earth. To this point in the annual calendar, EARTH DAY attaches no local or divisive set of symbols, no statement of the truth or superiority of one way of life over another. But the selection of the March Equinox makes planetary observance of a shared event possible and a flag that shows the Earth, as seen from space, appropriate.At the moment of the equinox, it is traditional to observe Earth Day by ringing the Japanese Peace Bell, which Japan donated to the United Nations.WEB, Japanese Peace Bell,weblink dead,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20130928182232weblink">weblink September 28, 2013, April 22, 2013, United Nations, Over the years, celebrations have occurred in various places worldwide at the same time as the UN celebration. On March 20, 2008, in addition to the ceremony at the United Nations, ceremonies were held in New Zealand, and bells were sounded in California, Vienna, Paris, Lithuania, Tokyo, and many other locations. The equinox Earth Day at the UN is organized by the Earth Society Foundation.WEB, Earth Society Foundation,weblink October 25, 2019, Earth Society Foundation, October 23, 2019,weblink dead, Earth Day ringing the peace bell is celebrated around the world in many towns, ringing the Peace Bell in Vienna,WEB, Earth Day 2010,weblink April 22, 2013, Dorf Wiki, Berlin, and elsewhere. A memorable event took place at the UN in Geneva, celebrating a Minute for Peace ringing the Japanese Shinagawa Peace Bell with the help of the Geneva Friendship Association and the Global Youth Foundation,WEB, March 21, 2011, Seeds of Change – Heiner Benking's Blog – quergeist.info,weblink April 22, 2013, Newciv.org, directly after in deep mourning about the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant catastrophe ten days before.Besides the Spring Equinox for the Northern Hemisphere, the observance of the Spring Equinox for the Southern Hemisphere in September is of equal importance. The International Day of PeaceWEB, International Day of Peace, 21 September 2012,weblink April 15, 2013, is celebrated on September 21, and can thus be considered to accord with the original intentions of John McConnell, U Thant and others.April 22 observances
Growing eco-activism before Earth Day 1970
In 1968, Morton Hilbert and the U.S. Public Health Service organized the Human Ecology Symposium, an environmental conference for students to hear from scientists about the effects of environmental degradation on human health.WEB, October 18, 1976, Bentley Historical Library Finding Aids,weblink April 22, 2011, Quod.lib.umich.edu, This was the beginning of Earth Day. For the next two years, Hilbert and students worked to plan the first Earth Day.WEB, Historical Timeline – About UM SPH,weblink dead,weblink November 9, 2001, April 22, 2011, Sph.umich.edu, In April 1970{{snd}}along with a federal proclamation from U.S. Sen. Gaylord Nelson{{snd}}the first Earth Day was held.WEB, January 5, 1999, Earth Day co-founder Morton S. Hilbert dies,weblink April 22, 2011, Ns.umich.edu, Project Survival, an early environmentalism-awareness education event, was held at Northwestern University on January 23, 1970. This was the first of several events held at university campuses across the United States in the lead-up to the first Earth Day. Also, Ralph Nader began talking about the importance of ecology in 1970.The 1960s had been a very dynamic period for ecology in the US. Pre-1960 grassroots activism against DDT in Nassau County, New York, and widespread opposition to open-air nuclear weapons tests with their global nuclear fallout, had inspired Rachel Carson to write her influential bestseller, Silent Spring (1962).Significance of April 22
File:NASA-14147-EarthDay20140422-GlobalSelfie-20140522.jpg|thumb|250px|left|Global selfieselfieNelson chose the date to maximize participation on college campuses for what he conceived as an "environmental teach-in". He determined the week of April 19–25 was the best bet as it did not fall during exams or spring breaks.WEB, April 18, 2010, A proposal reprinted across the country,weblink dead,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20130326062706weblink">weblink March 26, 2013, April 15, 2013, Nelson Institute for Environmental Studies, Moreover, it did not conflict with religious holidays such as Easter or Passover, and was late enough in spring to have decent weather. More students were likely to be in class, and there would be less competition with other mid-week events{{snd}}so he chose Wednesday, April 22. The day also fell after the anniversary of the birth of noted conservationist John Muir. The National Park Service, John Muir National Historic Site, has a celebration every year on or around Earth Day (April 21, 22 or 23), called Birthday–Earth Day, in recognition of Earth Day and John Muir's contribution to the collective consciousness of environmentalism and conservation.WEB, MacDonald, Jim, April 7, 2016, John Muir National Historic Site Celebrates John Muir's Birthday, Earth Day and the Centennial of the National Park Service,weblink August 12, 2019, National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior, WEB, John Muir Birthday – Earth Day Celebration Come join us on April 18th, 2020 at the John Muir National Historic Site,weblink August 12, 2019, John Muir Association, John Muir inspired people all over the world to "keep close to nature's heart." In this spirit, we celebrate John Muir's birthday at his former home, along with Earth Day, which brings us closer to knowing our planet and practical ways to help it thrive., Unbeknownst to Nelson,BOOK, Gaylord Nelson,weblink Beyond Earth Day: fulfilling the promise, Susan Campbell, Paul R. Wozniak, Univ of Wisconsin Press, 2002, 978-0-299-18040-9, 7, April 15, 2013, registration, April 22, 1970, was coincidentally the 100th anniversary of the birth of Vladimir Lenin, when translated to the Gregorian calendar (which the Soviets adopted in 1918). Time reported that some suspected the date was not a coincidence, but a clue that the event was "a Communist trick", and quoted a member of the Daughters of the American Revolution as saying, "subversive elements plan to make American children live in an environment that is good for them."MAGAZINE, May 4, 1970, A Memento Mori to the Earth,weblink dead,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20071024193851weblink">weblink October 24, 2007, April 15, 2013, Time (magazine), Time, J. Edgar Hoover, director of the U.S. Federal Bureau of Investigation, may have found the Lenin connection intriguing; it was alleged the FBI conducted surveillance at the 1970 demonstrations.NEWS, Finney, John W., April 15, 1971, Muski says FBI spied at rallies on '70 Earth Day,weblink The New York Times, 1, The idea that the date was chosen to celebrate Lenin's centenary still persists in some quarters,JOURNAL, May 2000, Of Leo and Lenin: Happy Earth Day from the Religious Right, Church & State, 53, 5, 20, WEB, Marriott, Alexander, April 21, 2004, This Earth Day Celebrate Vladimir Lenin's Birthday!,weblink dead,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20100105201444weblink">weblink January 5, 2010, April 22, 2007, Capitalism Magazine, an idea borne out by the similarity with the subbotnik instituted by Lenin in 1920 as days on which people would have to do community service, which typically consisted in removing rubbish from public property and collecting recyclable material. Subbotniks were also imposed on other countries within the compass of Soviet power, including Eastern Europe, and at the height of its power the Soviet Union established a nationwide subbotnik to be celebrated on Lenin's birthday, April 22, which had been proclaimed a national holiday celebrating communism by Nikita Khrushchev in 1955.Criticisms
"Critics of Earth Day claim that the environmental movement is a middle class, anti-business movement that deals in mainstream conservation politics. It allegedly overlooks the needs of minorities and the poor who are victims of environmental racism and classism."JOURNAL, Weintraub, Irwin, 2000, The Celebration of Earth Day: Perspectives on an Environmental Movement,weblink Electronic Green Journal, en, 1, 12, 10.5070/G311210371, 151106767, free, Another criticism of Earth Day is that after so many years, its continued, repetitious existence promotes the illusion that current human efforts are enough to eliminate future environmental disaster.WEB, Andrew Couts, 22 Apr 2021, It's Time to Kill Earth Day,weblink 21 Apr 2023, Gizmodo,Further reading
- NEWS, How the largest environmental movement in history was born, BBC, Sophie Yeo, 21 Apr 2023,weblink
See also
{{div col}}- Arbor Day
- Carbon footprint
- "Earth", a song by Lil Dicky
- Earth Anthem
- Earth Charter
- Earth Hour
- Earth Overshoot Day
- Earth Strike
- Ecology Flag
- Environmental politics
- Expo '74: "Celebrating Tomorrow's Fresh New Environment"
- International Day of Forests
- International environmental agreement
- International Mother Earth Day
- Ira Einhorn
- Live Earth
- Pale Blue Dot
- Politics of global warming
- World Environment Day, an awareness day of the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)
- World Soil Day
- World Water Day
References
{{reflist}}External links
{hide}Sister project links
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- EARTHDAY.ORG – Coordinating worldwide events for Earth Day
- The Great Global CleanUp – CleanUp Website including Global Map, Signup to CleanUp and Find a CleanUp
- United States Earth Day – The U.S. government's Earth Day site
- Earth Day Canada – The Canadian Official Site for Earth Day
- Earth Day at The History Channel
- Gaylord Nelson and Earth Day: The Making of the Modern Environmental Movement – a narrative account of the origins of Earth Day, Nelson's political career, as well as online access to documents from the Wisconsin Historical Society's Nelson Papers collection
- Earth Society Foundation {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191023223504weblink |date=October 23, 2019 }} – Official organization arranging annual equinox Earth Day celebration at the United Nations
- content above as imported from Wikipedia
- "Earth Day" does not exist on GetWiki (yet)
- time: 7:37am EDT - Sat, May 18 2024
- "Earth Day" does not exist on GetWiki (yet)
- time: 7:37am EDT - Sat, May 18 2024
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