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{{Short description|People descending from indigenous Africans living outside Africa}}{{About|emigration from Africa in historic times|prehistoric human migration|recent African origin of modern humans|recent migration|emigration from Africa}}{{Use mdy dates|date=November 2023}}{{Use American English|date= September 2017}}

factoids

PENALAST2=PIETROLAST3=FUCHSHUBER-MORAESLAST4=GENROLAST5=HUTZLAST6=KEHDYLAST7=KOHLRAUSCHLAST8=MAGNOLAST9=MONTENEGROLAST10=MORAESLAST11=MORAESDATE=FEBRUARY 16, 2011JOURNAL=PLOS ONEVOLUME=6PAGES=E17063PMID=21359226BIBCODE=2011PLOSO...617063PDOI-ACCESS=FREE, | region2 = United StatesAfrican Americans>46,936,733 (2020) (including multiracial) HTTPS://CENSUS.GOV/LIBRARY/VISUALIZATIONS/INTERACTIVE/RACE-AND-ETHNICITY-IN-THE-UNITED-STATE-2010-AND-2020-CENSUS.HTML >TITLE=RACE AND ETHNICITY IN THE UNITED STATES: 2010 CENSUS AND 2020 CENSUS ACCESS-DATE=APRIL 26, 2022, US Census Bureau, | region3 = HaitiAfro-Haitians>9,925,365Haiti. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.| region4 = FranceBlack French people>3,000,000–5,000,000{{citationfirst=Brucetitle=Should France Count Its Minority Population?date=March 24, 2009|accessdate=October 11, 2014}}| region5 = ColombiaAfro-Colombians>4,671,160 (including multiracial)HTTPS://WWW.DANE.GOV.CO/INDEX.PHP/ESTADISTICAS-POR-TEMA/DEMOGRAFIA-Y-POBLACION/GRUPOS-ETNICOS/INFORMACION-TECNICA > TITLE=GRUPOS éTNICOS INFORMACIóN TéCNICA ARCHIVE-DATE=APRIL 8, 2020 URL-STATUS=DEAD, | region6 = YemenAl-MuhamashÄ«n>3,500,000NOVEMBER 29, 2014>TITLE=YEMEN’S AL-AKHDAM FACE BRUTAL OPPRESSION – CNN IREPORTACCESS-DATE=APRIL 27, 2021ARCHIVE-DATE=NOVEMBER 29, 2014, | region7 = Saudi ArabiaAfro-Saudis>3,370,000MARCH 1, 2018>TITLE=SAUDI ARABIA’S AFRICAN ROOTS TRACED TO ANNUAL HAJJ PILGRIMAGE AND BRITISH COLONIZATIONACCESS-DATE=APRIL 27, 2021LANGUAGE=EN, | region8 = United KingdomBlack British people>3,171,916 (including Mixed white British and Black African/Caribbean)HTTPS://WWW.ONS.GOV.UK/PEOPLEPOPULATIONANDCOMMUNITY/CULTURALIDENTITY/ETHNICITY/BULLETINS/ETHNICGROUPENGLANDANDWALES/CENSUS2021>TITLE= 2021 CENSUS: ETHNIC GROUP, LOCAL AUTHORITIES IN THE UNITED KINGDOMDATE= NOVEMBER 11, 2022, February 28, 2022, | region9 = JamaicaAfro-Jamaicans>2,510,000JAMAICA – PEOPLE>URL=HTTPS://WWW.BRITANNICA.COM/PLACE/JAMAICAWEBSITE=ENCYCLOPEDIA BRITANNICA, en, | region10 = MexicoAfro-Mexicans>1,386,556PRINCIPALES RESULTADOS DE LA ENCUESTA INTERCENSAL 2015 ESTADOS UNIDOS MEXICANOS > URL = HTTP://WWW.BETA.INEGI.ORG.MX/CONTENIDOS/PROYECTOS/ENCHOGARES/ESPECIALES/INTERCENSAL/2015/DOC/EIC2015_RESULTADOS.PDF INEGI > ACCESS-DATE = DECEMBER 9, 2015 ARCHIVE-URL = HTTPS://WEB.ARCHIVE.ORG/WEB/20170422033628/HTTP://WWW.BETA.INEGI.ORG.MX/CONTENIDOS/PROYECTOS/ENCHOGARES/ESPECIALES/INTERCENSAL/2015/DOC/EIC2015_RESULTADOS.PDF URL-STATUS = DEAD, | region11 = SpainAfro-Spaniards>1,206,701, 79% being North AfricanPOBLACIóN EXTRANJERA POR PAíS DE NACIONALIDAD, EDAD (GRUPOS QUINQUENALES) Y SEXO>URL=HTTPS://WWW.INE.ES/JAXIT3/DATOS.HTM?T=9691ARCHIVE-DATE=OCTOBER 25, 2022URL-STATUS=DEAD, | region12 = CanadaBlack Canadians>1,198,540Census Profile, 2016 Census {{Webarchivewww12.statcan.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=PR&Code1=01&Geo2=PR&Code2=01&Data=Count&SearchText=Canada&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=Visible%20minority&TABID=1 >date=November 8, 2017 }} Statistics Canada. Retrieved November 6, 2017.| region13 = ItalyAfrican emigrants to Italy>1,140,000, 60% being North AfricanHTTPS://WWW.NEODEMOS.INFO/2019/11/12/AFRICANI-DITALIA/ >TITLE=AFRICANI D’ITALIA DATE=NOVEMBER 12, 2019 LANGUAGE=ITALIAN, | region14 = Dominican RepublicAfro-Dominicans>1,138,471THE ETHNICITY OF THE DOMINICAN POPULATION >URL=HTTPS://WWW.BRITANNICA.COM/PLACE/DOMINICAN-REPUBLIC/SETTLEMENT-PATTERNS#REF54434, ETHNIC GROUPS OF THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC>DATE=APRIL 25, 2017,www.worldatlas.com/articles/ethnic-groups-of-the-dominican-republic.html, | region15 = VenezuelaAfro-Venezuelans>1,087,427MAY 2014>TITLE=XIV CENSO NATIONAL DE POBLACION Y VIVIENDAACCESS-DATE=APRIL 27, 2021ARCHIVE-URL=HTTPS://WEB.ARCHIVE.ORG/WEB/20190805193838/HTTP://WWW.INE.GOB.VE/DOCUMENTOS/DEMOGRAFIA/CENSODEPOBLACIONYVIVIENDA/PDF/NACIONAL.PDF, dead, | region16 = EcuadorAfro-Ecuadorians>1,080,864>FIRST=DATE=SEPTEMBER 2, 2011URL=HTTPS://WWW.ELUNIVERSO.COM/2011/09/02/1/1356/POBLACION-PAIS-JOVEN-MESTIZA-DICE-CENSO-INEC.HTMLWEBSITE=EL UNIVERSO, es, | region17 = CubaAfro-Cubans>1,034,044POBLACIóN POR SEXO Y ZONA DE RESIDENCIA SEGúN GRUPOS DE EDADES Y COLOR DE LA PIEL>URL=HTTP://WWW.ONE.CU/PUBLICACIONES/CEPDE/CPV2012/20140428INFORMENACIONAL/46_TABLA_II_4.PDFURL-STATUS=LIVEARCHIVE-DATE=JUNE 3, 2014, | region18 = Puerto RicoAfro–Puerto Ricans>1,000,000HTTPS://WWW.CENSUS.GOV/LIBRARY/STORIES/STATE-BY-STATE/PUERTO-RICO-POPULATION-CHANGE-BETWEEN-CENSUS-DECADE.HTML > TITLE=PUERTO RICO POPULATION DECLINED 11.8% FROM 2010 TO 2020, | region19 = GermanyAfro-Germans>over 1,000,000ZU BESUCH IN NEGER UND MOHRENKIRCH: KöNNEN ORTSNAMEN RASSISTISCH SEIN?>URL=HTTPS://WWW.FOCUS.DE/WISSEN/MENSCH/SPRACHE/ES-GIBT-EINIGE-DIE-ENTSETZT-WAREN-ZU-BESUCH-IN-NEGER-UND-MOHRENKIRCH-KOENNEN-ORTSNAMEN-RASSISTISCH-SEIN_ID_12824108.HTMLTRANS-QUOTE=ABOUT ONE MILLION BLACK PEOPLE ARE LIVING IN THIS COUNTRY ACCORDING TO ISD., | region20 = PeruBlack Peruvians>828,894 (3.6% of the country’s population, not including Afro-Venezuelan immigrants)HTTPS://WWW.INEI.GOB.PE/MEDIA/MENURECURSIVO/PUBLICACIONES_DIGITALES/EST/LIB1642/CAP03_03.PDF>TITLE=LA AUTOIDENTIFICACIóN ÉTNICA: POBLACIóN INDíGENA Y AFROPERUANA.LANGUAGE=ESACCESS-DATE=JANUARY 16, 2024, | region21 = Trinidad and TobagoAfro-Trinidadians and Tobagonians>452,536HTTPS://GUARDIAN.CO.TT/SITES/DEFAULT/FILES/STORY/2011_DEMOGRAPHICREPORT.PDF>TITLE= TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO 2011 POPULATION AND HOUSING CENSUS: DEMOGRAPHIC REPORTPUBLISHER= GOVERNMENT OF THE REPUBLIC OF TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO, CENTRAL STATISTICAL OFFICEACCESS-DATE= AUGUST 20, 2017ARCHIVE-DATE= OCTOBER 19, 2017DF= MDY-ALL, | region22 = AustraliaAfrican Australians>380,000HTTP://STAT.DATA.ABS.GOV.AU/INDEX.ASPX?DATASETCODE=ABS_ERP_COB_MAG_SEXRATIO#>TITLE=ABS STATISTICSDATE=NOVEMBER 25, 2021ARCHIVE-DATE=JULY 28, 2020URL-STATUS=DEAD, | region23 = PortugalAfro-Portuguese people>310,000~700,000BATISTA >FIRST=JOANA GORJãO HENRIQUES, FREDERICO TITLE=O PAíS QUE TEM MAIS GENTE FORA DO QUE DENTRO ACCESS-DATE=JUNE 4, 2023 LANGUAGE=PT, | region24 = BarbadosAfro-Barbadians>270,853Barbados. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.| region25 = PakistanSiddi>250,000PARACHA>FIRST=NADEEM F.TITLE=SMOKERS’ CORNER: SINDH’S AFRICAN ROOTSACCESS-DATE=APRIL 27, 2021LANGUAGE=EN, | region26 = GuyanaAfro-Guyanese>225,860HTTP://WWW.STATISTICSGUYANA.GOV.GY/PUBS/CHAPTER2_POPULATION_COMPOSITION.PDF >TITLE=ARCHIVED COPY ARCHIVE-DATE=JULY 21, 2011 URL-STATUS=DEAD, | region27 = SurinameAfro-Surinamese>200,406HTTP://UNSTATS.UN.ORG/UNSD/DEMOGRAPHIC/SOURCES/CENSUS/2010_PHC/SURINAME/SUR-CENSUS2012-VOL1.PDF >TITLE= CENSUSSTATISTIEKEN 2012 PAGE= 76 ARCHIVE-DATE= MARCH 5, 2016 URL-STATUS= DEAD, XLS>URL= HTTP://WWW.CENSO2010.INDEC.GOV.AR/CUADROSDEFINITIVOS/TOTAL_PAIS/P42-TOTAL_PAIS.XLSTRANS-TITLE= TABLE P42. TOTAL FOR THE COUNTRY. AFRO-DESCENDANT POPULATION IN PRIVATE HOUSEHOLDS BY SEX, ACCORDING TO AGE GROUP, 2010WEBSITE= NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STATISTICS AND CENSUS OF ARGENTINA>URL-STATUS=DEADARCHIVE-DATE= OCTOBER 29, 2013, XLS>URL= HTTP://WWW.CENSO2010.INDEC.GOV.AR/CUADROSDEFINITIVOS/TOTAL_PAIS/P43-TOTAL_PAIS.XLSTRANS-TITLE= TABLE P43. TOTAL FOR THE COUNTRY. AFRO-DESCENDANT POPULATION IN PRIVATE HOMES BY SEX, ACCORDING TO PLACE OF BIRTH, 2010WEBSITE= NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STATISTICS AND CENSUS OF ARGENTINA>URL-STATUS=DEADARCHIVE-DATE= APRIL 18, 2014, | region28 = ArgentinaAfro-Argentines>149,493XLS>URL=HTTP://WWW.CENSO2010.INDEC.GOV.AR/CUADROSDEFINITIVOS/TOTAL_PAIS/P42-TOTAL_PAIS.XLSTRANS-TITLE=TABLE P42. TOTAL FOR THE COUNTRY. AFRO-DESCENDANT POPULATION IN PRIVATE HOUSEHOLDS BY SEX, ACCORDING TO AGE GROUP, 2010WORK=NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STATISTICS AND CENSUS OF ARGENTINA>URL-STATUS=DEADARCHIVE-DATE=OCTOBER 29, 2013, XLS>URL=HTTP://WWW.CENSO2010.INDEC.GOV.AR/CUADROSDEFINITIVOS/TOTAL_PAIS/P43-TOTAL_PAIS.XLSTRANS-TITLE=TABLE P43. TOTAL FOR THE COUNTRY. AFRO-DESCENDANT POPULATION IN PRIVATE HOMES BY SEX, ACCORDING TO PLACE OF BIRTH, 2010WORK=NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STATISTICS AND CENSUS OF ARGENTINA>URL-STATUS=DEADARCHIVE-DATE=APRIL 18, 2014, | region29 = GrenadaAfro-Grenadians>108,700HTTPS://WWW.CIA.GOV/THE-WORLD-FACTBOOK/COUNTRIES/GRENADA/ >TITLE= GRENADA PUBLISHER= CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY (CIA), May 3, 2021, | region30 = TurkeyAfro-Turks>100,000Ä°STANBUL’DA YAÅŸAYAN AFRIKALıLARıN SAYıSı 70 BINE YAKıN. TEN RENKLERINDEN öTüRü öTEKILEÅŸTIRILMIYOR OLMAK ONLARı TüRKIYE’YE BAÄŸLıYOR.>URL=HTTPS://WWW.TRTHABER.COM/HABER/YASAM/ESENYURTUN-AFRIKALI-GOCMENLERI-538129.HTMLACCESS-DATE=OCTOBER 26, 2021DATE=DECEMBER 13, 2020 ARCHIVE-URL=HTTPS://WEB.ARCHIVE.ORG/WEB/20201213134049/HTTPS://WWW.TRTHABER.COM/HABER/YASAM/ESENYURTUN-AFRIKALI-GOCMENLERI-538129.HTML, December 13, 2020, | region31 = RussiaAfro-Russians>50,000Gribanova, Lyubov “Дети-метисы в России: свои среди чужих” {{Webarchivewww.nashi-deti.ru/articles/15/>date=November 4, 2008}} (in Russian). Nashi Deti Project. Retrieved February 25, 2010. (est. 2009)| region32 = IndiaSiddi>25,000–70,000The Sidi Project.THE SIDDIS: DISCOVERING INDIA’S LITTLE KNOWN AFRICAN-ORIGIN COMMUNITY ACCESS-DATE=AUGUST 13, 2021 DATE=MARCH 2, 2018, | region33 = Sri LankaAfricans in Sri Lanka>~1,000North American English>English (African American English, Caribbean English>Caribbean), American French (Canadian French>Canadian, Haitian French), Haitian Creole, Spanish language in the Americas>Spanish, Portuguese language in the Americas, Papiamento, Surinamese Dutch>Dutch and African languagesChristianity, Islam, Traditional African religions, African diaspora religions>Afro-American religionsDemographics of Africa>Africans, African Americans}}The global African diaspora is the worldwide collection of communities descended from people from Africa, predominantly in the Americas.WEB, African Diaspora {{!, Encyclopedia.com |url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/social-sciences-and-law/anthropology-and-archaeology/human-evolution/african-diaspora |access-date=May 23, 2022 |website=www.encyclopedia.com}} The African populations in the Americas are descended from haplogroup L genetic groups of native Africans.JOURNAL, Salas, Antonio, etl., The African Diaspora: Mitochondrial DNA and the Atlantic Slave Trade, American Journal of Human Genetics, 2004, 74, 3, 454-465,www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0002929707618631, 17 February 2024, JOURNAL, Johnson, Derek, etl., Mitochondrial DNA diversity in the African American population, Mitochondrial DNA, 2015, 26, 3, 445-451,www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4048334/, 17 February 2024, The term most commonly refers to the descendants of the native West and Central Africans who were enslaved and shipped to the Americas via the Atlantic slave trade between the 16th and 19th centuries, with their largest populations in Brazil, the United States, and Haiti (in that order).BOOK, General History of Africa, 978-0-520-06701-1, Ade Ajayi, J. F., International Scientific Committee For The Drafting Of a General History Of Africa, Unesco, July 1, 1998, 305–15, General History of Africa, University of California Press, via Google Books However, the term can also be used to refer to African descendants who immigrated to other parts of the world consensually. Some{{quantify|date=June 2018}} scholars identify “four circulatory phases” of this migration out of Africa.Harris, J. E. (1993). “Introduction” In J. E. Harris (ed.), Global Dimensions of the African Diaspora, pp. 8–9. The phrase African diaspora gradually entered common usage at the turn of the 21st century.WEB, Google Books Ngram Viewer,books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=African+diaspora&year_start=1750&year_end=1989&corpus=15&smoothing=3&direct_url=t1%3B%2CAfrican%20diaspora%3B%2Cc0t1, April 27, 2021, books.google.com, en, The term diaspora originates from the Greek {{wiktell|διασπορά}} (diaspora, “scattering“) which gained popularity in English in reference to the Jewish diaspora before being more broadly applied to other populations.In an article published in 1991, William Safran set out six rules to distinguish “diasporas” from general migrant communities. While Safran’s definitions were influenced by the idea of the Jewish diaspora, he recognised the expanding use of the term. Rogers Brubaker (2005) also noted that use of the term “diaspora” had started to take on an increasingly general sense. He suggests that one element of this expansion in use “involves the application of the term diaspora to an ever-broadening set of cases: essentially to any and every nameable population category that is to some extent dispersed in space”. An early example of the use of “African diaspora” appears in the title of Sidney Lemelle, Robin D. G. Kelley, Imagining Home: Class, Culture and Nationalism in the African Diaspora (1994).Less commonly, the term has been used in scholarship to refer to more recent emigration from Africa.JOURNAL, Akyeampong, E., 2000, Africans in the Diaspora: The Diaspora and Africans, African Affairs, 99, 395, 183–215, 10.1093/afraf/99.395.183, The African Union (AU) defines the African diaspora as consisting: “of people of native or partial African origin living outside the continent, irrespective of their citizenship and nationality and who are willing to contribute to the development of the continent and the building of the African Union”.WEB, The Diaspora Division {{!, African Union |url=https://au.int/en/diaspora-division |access-date=May 23, 2022 |website=au.int}} Its constitutive act declares that it shall “invite and encourage the full participation of the African diaspora as an important part of our continent, in the building of the African Union”.WEB ,

History

(File:African Diaspora.jpg|thumb|18th-century painting showing a family of Africans)

Dispersal through slave trade

{{See also|Atlantic slave trade|Arab Slave Trade|Slavery in Africa}}Many Africans dispersed throughout North America, South America, Europe, and Asia during the Atlantic, Trans-Saharan, and Indian Ocean slave trades.The earliest recorded evidence of Africans as slaves outside of Africa comes from Ancient Greece and Rome. In the Greco-Roman world, almost all native Africans were known primarily as Aithiopians, a term that means “burnt face” (αἴθω, aíthō, ‘I burn’ + ὤψ, ṓps, ‘face’), rather than referring to the geographical location of Ethiopia.JOURNAL, Bolling, G. M., Liddell, Henry George, Scott, Robert, June 1926, A Greek-English Lexicon,dx.doi.org/10.2307/408938, Language, 2, 2, 134, 10.2307/408938, 408938, 0097-8507, Most Aithiopian slaves in the Greco-Roman world came from Kush (modern-day Sudan), after they became prisoners of war in altercations with nearby Egypt. Archaeological evidence shows that a very small proportion of slaves in the Greco-Roman world were Aithiopian, in part due to the distance required for import. Aithiopian slaves were primarily engaged in domestic and entertainment work, leading archaeologists to believe that they were considered an expensive luxury. In one ostentatious display, the Roman Emperor Nero filled a theater with Aithiopian slaves to demonstrate the wealth and power of Rome to a visiting foreign king.{{Citation |title=Slavery in Antiquity |date=September 29, 2017 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203787946-2 |work=Jews and the American Slave Trade |pages=17–32 |access-date=June 27, 2023 |publisher=Routledge |doi=10.4324/9780203787946-2 |isbn=978-0-203-78794-6 }}At the beginning of the 8th century, Arabs took African slaves from the central and eastern portions of the African continent (where they were known as the Zanj) and sold them into markets in the Middle East, the Indian subcontinent, and the Far East.Beginning in the early 15th century, Europeans captured or bought African slaves from West Africa and brought them first to Europe and then, after the start of European colonization there in the late 15th century, to the Americas. The Atlantic slave trade ended in the 19th century.WEB,www.britannica.com/blackhistory/article-24159, Historical survey > The international slave trade > Slavery, Encyclopædia Britannica, 2007, September 30, 2007,web.archive.org/web/20070929140742/https://www.britannica.com/blackhistory/article-24159, September 29, 2007, live, The dispersal through slave trading represents the largest forced migrations in human history. The economic effect on the African continent proved devastating, as generations of young people were taken from their communities and societies were disrupted. Some communities formed by descendants of African slaves in the Americas, Europe, and Asia have survived to the present day. In other cases, native Ethnic groups of Africans intermarried with non-native Africans, and their descendants blended into the local population.In the Americas, the confluence of multiple ethnic groups from around the world contributed to multi-ethnic societies. In Central and South America, most people are descended from European, Native American, and African ancestry. In 1888, in Brazil nearly half the population descended from African slaves, the variation of physical characteristics extends across a broad range. In the United States, there was historically a greater European colonial population in relation to African slaves, especially in the Northern Tier. There was considerable racial intermarriage in colonial Virginia, and other forms of racial mixing during the slavery and post-Civil War years. Jim Crow and anti-miscegenation laws passed after the 1863–1877 Reconstruction era in the South in the late-19th century, plus waves of vastly increased immigration from Europe in the 19th and 20th centuries, maintained much distinction between racial groups. In the early-20th century, to institutionalize racial segregation, most southern states adopted the “one drop rule”, which defined and recorded anyone with any discernible African ancestry as “black”, even those of obvious majority native European or of majority-Native-American ancestry.BOOK , One of the results of this implementation was the loss of records of Native-identified groups, who were classified only as black because of being mixed-race.WEB, One drop & one hate,www.amacad.org/publication/one-drop-one-hate, May 22, 2022, American Academy of Arts & Sciences, January 2005, en,

Dispersal through voluntary migration

{{Further|Emigration from Africa}}From the very onset of Spanish exploration and colonial activities in the Americas, Africans participated both as voluntary expeditionary and as slave laborers.BOOK, The Conquest of Michoacán, 978-0-8061-1858-1, J. Benedict, Warren, University of Oklahoma Press, 1985, JOURNAL, James, Krippner-Martínez, The Politics of Conquest: An Interpretation of the Relación de Michoacán, The Americas, 47, 2, October 1990, 177–97, 10.2307/1007371, 1007371, 146963730, Juan Garrido was such an African conquistador. He crossed the Atlantic as a freedman in the 1510s and participated in the siege of Tenochtitlan.BOOK, Africana: The Encyclopedia of the African and African American Experience, Kwame Anthony Appiah, Kwame Anthony Appiah, Henry Louis Gates, Henry Louis Gates, 327, Africans had been present in Asia and Europe long before Columbus’s travels. In the late 20th century, Africans began to emigrate to Europe and the Americas in increasing numbers, constituting new African diaspora communities not directly connected with the slave trade.WEB, Defining and Studying the Modern African Diaspora {{!, Perspectives on History {{!}} AHA |url=https://www.historians.org/publications-and-directories/perspectives-on-history/september-1998/defining-and-studying-the-modern-african-diaspora |access-date=May 22, 2022 |website=www.historians.org}}

Concepts and definitions

The African Union defined the African diaspora as “[consisting] of people of African origin living outside the continent, irrespective of their citizenship and nationality and who are willing to contribute to the development of the continent and the building of the African Union.” Its constitutive act declares that it shall “invite and encourage the full participation of the African diaspora as an important part of our continent, in the building of the African Union.“Between 1500 and 1900, approximately four million enslaved Africans were transported to island plantations in the Indian Ocean as part of the Indian Ocean slave trade, roughly eight million were shipped northwards as part of the Trans-Saharan slave trade, and roughly eleven million were transported to the Americas as part of the Atlantic slave trade.JOURNAL, PDF, Reconsidering Trauma, Identity, and the African Diaspora: Enslavement and Historical Memory in Nineteenth-Century Highland Madagascar, William and Mary Quarterly, 56, 2, 1999, 335–62, 10.2307/2674122, Larson, Pier M., 22606732, 2674122, Their descendants are now found around the globe, but because of intermarriage they are not necessarily readily identifiable.

Social and political

File:The Negro in literature and art in the United States (1918) (14576607030).jpg|alt=Du Bois looking to the camera|thumb|20th-century American philosopher and sociologist W. E. B. Du Bois wrote extensively on the black experience in his homeland and abroad; he spent the last two years of his life in the newly independent GhanaGhanaMany scholars have challenged conventional views of the African diaspora as a mere dispersion of African people. For them, it is a movement of liberation that opposes the implications of racialization. Their position assumes that Africans and their descendants abroad struggle to reclaim power over their lives through voluntary migration, cultural production and political conceptions and practices. It also implies the presence of cultures of resistance with similar objectives throughout the global diaspora. Thinkers like W. E. B. Dubois and more recently Robin Kelley, for example, have argued that black politics of survival reveal more about the meaning of the African diaspora than labels of ethnicity and race, and degrees of skin hue. From this view, the daily struggle against what they call the “world-historical processes” of racial colonization, capitalism, and Western domination defines blacks’ links to Africa.JOURNAL, Decolonial Moves: Trans-locating African Diaspora Spaces, Lao-Montes, Agustín, Cultural Studies, 2007, 21, 2–3, 309–38, 10.1080/09502380601164361, 143048986,

African diaspora and modernity

In the last decades, studies on the African diaspora have shown an interest in the roles that Africans played in bringing about modernity. This trend also opposes the traditional eurocentric perspective that has dominated history books showing Africans and its diasporans as primitive victims of slavery, and without historical agency. According to historian Patrick Manning, blacks toiled at the center of forces that created the modern world. Paul Gilroy describes the suppression of blackness due to imagined and created ideals of nations as “cultural insiderism.” Cultural insiderism is used by nations to separate deserving and undeserving groupsGilroy, 3 and requires a “sense of ethnic difference” as mentioned in his book The Black Atlantic. Recognizing their contributions offers a comprehensive appreciation of global history.Manning, Patrick. The African Diaspora: A History Through Culture. New York: Columbia University Press, 2009, Kindle.

Richard Iton’s view of diaspora

Cultural and political theorist Richard Iton suggested that diaspora be understood as a “culture of dislocation.” For Iton, the traditional approach to the African diaspora focuses on the ruptures associated with the Atlantic slave trade and Middle Passage, notions of dispersal, and “the cycle of retaining, redeeming, refusing, and retrieving ‘Africa.’“Iton, Richard. In Search of the Black Fantastic: Politics and Popular Culture in the Post-Civil Rights Era. Oxford University Press, 2010.{{rp|199}} This conventional framework for analyzing the diaspora is dangerous, according to Iton, because it presumes that diaspora exists outside of Africa, thus simultaneously disowning and desiring Africa. Further, Iton suggests a new starting principle for the use of diaspora: “the impossibility of settlement that correlates throughout the modern period with the cluster of disturbances that trouble not only the physically dispersed but those moved without traveling.“{{rp|199–200}} Iton adds that this impossibility of settlement—this “modern matrix of strange spaces—outside the state but within the empire“—renders notions of black citizenship fanciful, and in fact, “undesirable”. Iton argues that we citizenship, a state of statelessness thereby deconstructing colonial sites and narratives in an effort to “de-link geography and power,” putting ”all space into play” (emphasis added){{rp|199–200}} For Iton, diaspora’s potential is represented by a “rediscursive albeit agonistic field of play that might denaturalize the hegemonic representations of modernity as unencumbered and self-generating and bring into clear view its repressed, colonial subscript”.{{rp|201}}

Populations and estimated distribution

African diaspora populations include but are not limited to:

• African Americans, Afro-Caribbeans, Afro-Latin Americans, Black Canadians – descendants of enslaved West Africans brought to the United States, the Caribbean, Central America and South America during the Atlantic slave trade.
• Afro-Arabs (Afro-Saudis, Afro-Omanis, Afro-Syrians, Afro-Palestinians, Afro-Iraqis, Afro-Jordanians, etc.), Afro-Iranians, Afro-Turks – descendants of Zanj slaves whose ancestors were brought to the Near East and other parts of Asia during the Indian Ocean slave trade.NEWS,www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/wp-dyn?pagename=article&contentId=A6645-2004Jan10¬Found=true, A Legacy Hidden in Plain Sight, The Washington Post, January 11, 2004, Theola, Labbż, dead,web.archive.org/web/20110514025929/https://www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/wp-dyn?pagename=article&contentId=A6645-2004Jan10¬Found=true, May 14, 2011,
• Siddis – descendants of Zanj slaves whose ancestors were brought to the Indian subcontinent (Pakistan and India). Also referred to as the Makrani in Pakistan.

{| class=“wikitable sortable” style="background:#efefef;“! Continent or region! Country population! Afro-descendants! WEB,www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/index.html, The World Factbook>, cia.gov, February 22, 2011,web.archive.org/web/20110220105711/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/index.html, February 20, 2011, dead, African and African-mixed population style="background:#ccf;“! Caribbean || 41,309,327 || 67% || 27,654,061Saint Kitts and Nevis}} 39,619 98% 38,827Dominica}} 71,293 96% (87% African + 9% Mixed) 61,882 + 9,411Haiti}} 10,646,714 95% 10,114,378 Antigua and Barbuda}} 78,000 95% 63,000Jamaica}}Jamaica. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. 2,812,090 92.1% 2,663,614 Grenada}} 110,000 91% 101,309The Bahamas}} 332,634 90.6% (African + British mixed) 301,366Barbados}} 281,968 90% 253,771Puerto Rico}}HTTPS://WWW.CENSUS.GOV/LIBRARY/STORIES/STATE-BY-STATE/PUERTO-RICO-POPULATION-CHANGE-BETWEEN-CENSUS-DECADE.HTML >TITLE=PUERTO RICO: 2020 CENSUS ACCESS-DATE=APRIL 7, 2022, 3,285,874 17.5% (African + Taino mixed) 558,598Netherlands Antilles}} 225,369 85% 191,564Saint Vincent and the Grenadines}} 118,432 85% 100,667Dominican Republic}}HTTP://COUNTRYSTUDIES.US/DOMINICAN-REPUBLIC/23.HTM >WEBSITE = COUNTRYSTUDIES.US TITLE = DOMINICAN REPUBLIC: RACIAL AND ETHNIC GROUPS,www.informaworld.com/index/902542287.pdf Inter-American Dialogue {{Dead link| 1,109,900British Virgin Islands}} 24,004 83% 19,923Saint Lucia}} 172,884 83% 142,629US Virgin Islands}} 108,210 80% 86,243French Guiana}} 199,509 66% 131,676Bermuda}} 66,536 61% 40,720Cayman Islands}} 47,862 60% 28,717Cuba}}Cuba. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. 11,116,396 35% 3,890,738Trinidad and Tobago}}Trinidad and Tobago. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. 1,215,527 34.2% 415,710 style="background:#ccf;“! South America || 388,570,461 || N/A || N/ABrazil}} 213,650,000 55.5% (10.2% African, 45.3% mixed) 113,983,148; based off of the black and mixed populations only. Based off of studies, it is confirmed that the vast majority of Brazil’s population is of African descent, including White Brazilians. Self-identified White Brazilians are commonly descendants of enslaved Africans making the percentage higher, but an absolute percentage has not been calculated yet to distinguish the White Brazilians who are of recent immigrant ancestry. In studies showcasing the genetic diversity of Brazil, self-identified White Brazilians’ ancestry average always has prominent African ancestry, the lowest being 5.3% average in Rio Grande do Sul.16 FEBRUARY 2011 >TITLE=THE GENOMIC ANCESTRY OF INDIVIDUALS FROM DIFFERENT GEOGRAPHICAL REGIONS OF BRAZIL IS MORE UNIFORM THAN EXPECTED ACCESS-DATE=2024-05-16, www.ufcg.edu.br, Suriname}} 475,996 37% 223,718Guyana}} 770,794 36% 277,486Colombia}}HTTPS://WWW.DANE.GOV.CO/INDEX.PHP/ESTADISTICAS-POR-TEMA/DEMOGRAFIA-Y-POBLACION/GRUPOS-ETNICOS/INFORMACION-TECNICA>TITLE = COLOMBIA UNA NACIóN MULTICULTURAL: SU DIVERSIDAD éTNICAWEBSITE = DANE.GOV.COARCHIVE-DATE = APRIL 8, 2020URL-STATUS = DEAD, 48,258,494 9.34% (inc. mulattoes, palenqueros and other groups) 4,671,160Ecuador}}HTTP://WWW.INEC.GOV.EC/CPV_INDIGENAS/CPV_IN_G07.HTM>TITLE = POBLACIóN ECUATORIANA POR AUTODEFINICIóN ÉTNICA EN EL VI CENSO DE POBLACIóN DEL AñO ARCHIVE-URL=HTTPS://WEB.ARCHIVE.ORG/WEB/20080208150541/HTTP://WWW.INEC.GOV.EC/CPV_INDIGENAS/CPV_IN_G07.HTM WEBSITE = INEC| 680,000Paraguay}} 6,349,000 4% (Mulatto) 222,215Uruguay}} 3,494,382 4% 139,775Venezuela}}Resultado Basico del XIV Censo Nacional de Población y Vivienda 2011 {{Webarchivewww.ine.gov.ve/CENSO2011/documentos/pdf/ResultadosBasicosCenso2011.pdf >date=December 3, 2017 }}, (p. 14). 27,227,930 3% (African) 181,157Peru}} 29,496,000 2% 589,920Chile}} 17,094,270 1% 170,943* style="background:#ccf;“! North America || 450,545,368 || 10% || 42,907,538United States}}HTTPS://WWW.CIA.GOV/THE-WORLD-FACTBOOK/COUNTRIES/UNITED-STATES/ >TITLE = CIA – THE WORLD FACTBOOK – UNITED STATES ACCESS-DATE = FEBRUARY 22, 2011, 328,745,538 12% 42,020,743 According to the genomics company 23andMe, less than 4% of White Americans have 1% or more of African ancestry. 2014-12-18 >TITLE=ANCESTRY ACROSS THE UNITED STATES ACCESS-DATE=2024-05-16 LANGUAGE=EN, Including this figure changes the total to 49,241,508Mexico}} 108,700,891 1% 1,386,556Canada}}HTTP://WWW40.STATCAN.CA/L01/CST01/DEMO52A.HTM >TITLE = VISIBLE MINORITY POPULATION, BY PROVINCE AND TERRITORY (2001 CENSUS) DATE = SEPTEMBER 11, 2009 URL-STATUS=DEAD ARCHIVE-DATE = SEPTEMBER 16, 2008, 39,566,248 4% 1,547,870 style="background:#ccf;“! Central America || 41,283,652 || 4% || 1,453,761Belize}} 301,270 31% 93,394Panama}} 3,292,693 11% 362,196Nicaragua}} 5,785,846 9% 520,726Costa Rica}} 4,195,914 3% 125,877Honduras}} 7,639,327 2% 152,787 style="background:#ccf;“! Europe || 738,856,462 || 1% || < 8,000,000France}}HTTPS://WWW.INSEE.FR/EN/STATISTIQUES/6797730>TITLE=DEMOGRAPHIC REPORT 2022INSEE>AUTHOR=SYLVAIN PAPON, 68,000,000 8% (Overseas France) >| Approximately 3.3–5.5 millions (5–8% of the French population).It is illegal for the French State to collect data on ethnicity and race.Portugal}} 10,467,366 7% (Afro-Portuguese people) >DATE=JULY 4, 2015 URL=HTTPS://WWW.PUBLICO.PT/2015/07/05/MUNDO/NOTICIA/O-PAIS-QUE-TEM-MAIS-GENTE-FORA-DO-QUE-DENTRO-1700904 WEBSITE=PÚBLICO, pt, United Kingdom}} 67,886,004 5% (British Mixed) >| 3,000,000Netherlands}}{{citation needed| 507,000Belgium}} 10,666,866 3%~300,000Spain}} 47,615,033 2,5% (including Maghrebis) 1,206,701 (Of those ~300,000 are Black Sub-Saharan African)Sweden}} 10,379,295 (2020) 2.3% 236,975 (2020)Italy}}HTTP://DEMO.ISTAT.IT/POP2015/INDEX.HTML >TITLE = ISTAT (ISTITUTO NAZIONALE DI STATISTICA), POPOLAZIONE RESIDENTE 2015 ACCESS-DATE = JULY 23, 2016 ARCHIVE-URL = HTTPS://WEB.ARCHIVE.ORG/WEB/20160920225743/HTTP://DEMO.ISTAT.IT/POP2015/INDEX.HTML PUBLISHER = DEMO.ISTAT.IT ARCHIVE-DATE = JUNE 13, 2016 URL-STATUS = DEAD, 60,795,612 2% (including Maghrebis)1,036,653 (Of those ~450,000 are Black Sub-Saharan African)Ireland}}HTTPS://WWW.CIA.GOV/THE-WORLD-FACTBOOK/COUNTRIES/IRELAND/ >TITLE = IRELAND: PEOPLE WEBSITE = THE WORLD FACTBOOK | 64,639Germany}} 82,000,000 1.2% (including Maghrebis) 1,000,000 (Of those ~500,000 are Black Sub-Saharan African)ONLINEFOCUS STAFF WRITER >TITLE=ZU BESUCH IN NEGER UND MOHRENKIRCH: KöNNEN ORTSNAMEN RASSISTISCH SEIN? [CAN PLACE NAMES BE RACIST?] DATE=DECEMBER 30, 2020 WORK=FOCUS ONLINE, de, Finland}} 5,533,793 (2020) 1.03% 57,496 (2020)Norway}}HTTP://WWW.SSB.NO/INNVBEF_EN/TAB-2010-04-29-04-EN.HTML >TITLE = STATISTICS NORWAY – PERSONS WITH IMMIGRANT BACKGROUND BY IMMIGRATION CATEGORY, COUNTRY BACKGROUND AND SEX. 1 JANUARY 2010 PUBLISHER = SSB.NO ACCESS-DATE = FEBRUARY 22, 2011, 4,858,199 1% 67,000Switzerland}}HTTP://WWW.BFS.ADMIN.CH/BFS/PORTAL/DE/INDEX/THEMEN/01/07/BLANK/KEY/01/01.DOCUMENT.67321.XLS >TITLE = FEDERAL OFFICE OF STATISTICS URL-STATUS=DEAD ARCHIVE-DATE = JANUARY 16, 2013 |57,000Russia}}HTTP://WWW.AFRICANA.RU/GOLDEN/INFO/BLACK_RUSSIANS_PROJECT_ENGL.HTM >TITLE = Мймй Зпмдео Й Мймй Дйлупо. Фемертпелф “Юетоще Тхуулйе”: Уйопруйу ACCESS-DATE = FEBRUARY 22, 2011 ARCHIVE-DATE = JANUARY 15, 2011 |

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