GetWiki

{{Short description|City in North Yorkshire, England}}{{About|the city in the United Kingdom}}{{Good article}}{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2023}}{{Use British English|date=August 2011}}

factoids

| os_grid_reference = | post_town = YORK| postcode_area = YO| postcode_district = YO1, YO10, YO19, YO23-24, YO26, YO30-32, YO41| dial_code = 01904| population = 141,6852021 United Kingdom census>2021 census) HTTPS://WWW.ONS.GOV.UK/VISUALISATIONS/DVC2257A/FIG1/DATADOWNLOAD.XLSX>TITLE=FIGURE 1: EXPLORE POPULATION CHARACTERISTICS OF INDIVIDUAL BUASFORMAT=XLSARCHIVE-URL=HTTPS://WEB.ARCHIVE.ORG/WEB/20230805183245/HTTPS://WWW.ONS.GOV.UK/VISUALISATIONS/DVC2257A/FIG1/DATADOWNLOAD.XLSX, live, | area_total_km2 = 33.7york.gov.uk}} }}York is a cathedral city in North Yorkshire, England, with Roman origins, sited at the confluence of the rivers Ouse and Foss. It is the county town of Yorkshire. The city has many historic buildings and other structures, such as a minster, castle, and city walls. It is the largest settlement and the administrative centre of the wider City of York district.The city was founded under the name of Eboracum in 71 AD. It then became the capital of the Roman province of Britannia Inferior, and later of the kingdoms of Deira, Northumbria, and Scandinavian York. In the Middle Ages, it became the northern England ecclesiastical province’s centre, and grew as a wool-trading centre. In the 19th century, it became a major railway network hub and confectionery manufacturing centre. In the Second World War, part of the Baedeker Blitz bombed the city. Although York was less targeted during the war than other, more industrialised northern cities, several historic buildings were gutted and restoration took place up until the 1960s.WEB,www.yorkpress.co.uk/news/9676910.when-sparks-flew-across-the-sky, When sparks flew across the sky, 28 April 2012, The Press, Newsquest Media Group, 20 April 2019,web.archive.org/web/20190420182049/https://www.yorkpress.co.uk/news/9676910.when-sparks-flew-across-the-sky/, 20 April 2019, live, Historic governance of the city was as a county corporate, not included in the county’s riding system. The city has since been covered by a municipal borough, county borough, and since 1996 a non-metropolitan district (the City of York), which also includes surrounding villages and rural areas, and the town of Haxby. The current district’s local council is responsible for providing all local services and facilities throughout this area. York’s built-up area had a population of 141,685 at the 2021 UK census, and the wider city (the local government district) had a population of 202,800, a 2.4% increase compared to the 2011 census.WEB, How the population changed in York, Census 2021 - ONS,www.ons.gov.uk/visualisations/censuspopulationchange/E06000014/, 13 November 2022, www.ons.gov.uk, en, 13 December 2022,web.archive.org/web/20221213193833/https://www.ons.gov.uk/visualisations/censuspopulationchange/E06000014/, live,

Toponymy

The name York () is derived from the Brittonic name (Latinised as or ), a combination of (wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Celtic/eburos|eburos) “yew tree” (compare with Welsh and Breton , both meaning “alder buckthorn”, and Old Irish , Irish , , and , and Scottish Gaelic ) and a suffix of appurtenance (wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Celtic/-ākos|*-āko(n)), meaning “belonging to”, or “place of” (compare Welsh ).Xavier Delamarre, Dictionnaire de la langue gauloise, éditions errance 2003, p. 159. Put together, these old words meant “place of the yew trees”. (In Welsh, ; in Old Irish, ; in Irish Gaelic, ; and in Scottish Gaelic, ). The city is called in Scottish Gaelic and in Irish—names derived from the Latin word . A proposed alternative meaning is “the settlement of (a man named) ”, a Celtic personal name spelled variously in different documents as , and : when combined with the Celtic possessive suffix , the word could be used to denote the property of a man with this name.Pierre-Yves Lambert, La langue gauloise, éditions errance 1994, p. 39.The name became the Anglian in the 7th century: a compound of , from the old name, and , meaning “village”, probably by conflation of the element with a Germanic root (’boar’); by the 7th century, the Old English for ‘boar’ had become . When the Danish army conquered the city in 866, the name was rendered in Old Norse as .WEB,www.york.gov.uk/leisure/Local_history_and_heritage/yorks_history/, York’s history, City of York Council, 20 December 2006, 1 October 2007, dead,www.york.gov.uk/leisure/Local_history_and_heritage/yorks_history/," title="web.archive.org/web/20071031235552www.york.gov.uk/leisure/Local_history_and_heritage/yorks_history/,">web.archive.org/web/20071031235552www.york.gov.uk/leisure/Local_history_and_heritage/yorks_history/, 31 October 2007, The Old French and Norman name of the city following the Norman Conquest was recorded as (modern Norman ) in works such as Wace’s Roman de Rou and as Euruic in the Domesday Book.WEB, Wace, Robert, Le Roman de Rou et des ducs de Normandie,gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k65499509/f362, BnF Gallica, 15 September 2016, 362, Li Barunz de Everwic Schire (the barons of Yorkshire),gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k65499509/f362," title="web.archive.org/web/20161109065801gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k65499509/f362,">web.archive.org/web/20161109065801gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k65499509/f362, 9 November 2016, live, BOOK, Mills, A. D., A Dictionary of British Place Names, Oxford University Press, 2011, 9780191739446, 10.1093/acref/9780199609086.001.0001, Oxford Reference, , meanwhile, gradually reduced to York in the centuries after the Conquest, moving from the Middle English in the 14th century through in the 16th century to Yarke in the 17th century. The form York was first recorded in the 13th century.WEB,www.visityork.org/information/timeline.asp,www.visityork.org/information/timeline.asp," title="web.archive.org/web/20080108205146www.visityork.org/information/timeline.asp,">web.archive.org/web/20080108205146www.visityork.org/information/timeline.asp, 8 January 2008, York Tourism Bureau, Timeline, 2005, 25 October 2007, BOOK, Willis, Ronald, 1988, The illustrated portrait of York, 4th, Robert Hale Limited, 0-7090-3468-7, 35, Many company and place names, such as the Ebor race meeting, refer to the Latinised Brittonic, Roman name.WEB,www.yorkfestivals.com/metadot/index.pl?iid=2757&isa=Category, Ebor Festival, York City of Festivals, 17 May 2009, dead,www.yorkfestivals.com/metadot/index.pl?iid=2757&isa=Category," title="web.archive.org/web/20110718142734www.yorkfestivals.com/metadot/index.pl?iid=2757&isa=Category,">web.archive.org/web/20110718142734www.yorkfestivals.com/metadot/index.pl?iid=2757&isa=Category, 18 July 2011, The 12th‑century chronicler Geoffrey of Monmouth, in his fictional account of the prehistoric kings of Britain, , suggests the name derives from that of a pre-Roman city founded by the legendary king Ebraucus.BOOK,en.wikisource.org/wiki/History_of_the_Kings_of_Britain/Book_2#7, Geoffrey of Monmouth, Historia Regum Britanniae, 1136, Wikisource, 9 June 2016,web.archive.org/web/20160414000917/https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/History_of_the_Kings_of_Britain/Book_2#7, 14 April 2016, live, The Archbishop of York uses Ebor (an abbreviation for , Latin for “of York“) as his surname in his signature.WEB,www.debretts.com/forms-of-address/professions/religion/church-of-england/archbishops-of-canterbury-and-york.aspx, How to address the Archbishops of Canterbury and York – Forms of Address, Church of England, Religion, Debretts.com, 4 December 2011, dead,www.debretts.com/forms-of-address/professions/religion/church-of-england/archbishops-of-canterbury-and-york.aspx," title="web.archive.org/web/20120121101106www.debretts.com/forms-of-address/professions/religion/church-of-england/archbishops-of-canterbury-and-york.aspx,">web.archive.org/web/20120121101106www.debretts.com/forms-of-address/professions/religion/church-of-england/archbishops-of-canterbury-and-york.aspx, 21 January 2012,

History

{{For timeline}}

Early history

File:Roman Fortifications in Museum Gardens York.jpg|thumb|Roman wall and the west corner tower of 200x200pxArchaeological evidence suggests that Mesolithic people settled in the region of York between 8000 and 7000 BC, although it is not known whether their settlements were permanent or temporary. By the time of the Roman conquest of Britain, the area was occupied by a tribe known to the Romans as the Brigantes. The Brigantian tribal area initially became a Roman client state, but later its leaders became more hostile and the Roman Ninth Legion was sent north of the Humber into Brigantian territory.BOOK, Willis, Ronald, 1988, The illustrated portrait of York, 4th, Robert Hale Limited, 0-7090-3468-7, 26–27, The city was founded in 71 AD, when the Ninth Legion conquered the Brigantes and constructed a wooden military fortress on flat ground above the River Ouse close to its confluence with the River Foss. The fortress, whose walls were rebuilt in stone by the VI legion based there subsequent to the IX legion, covered an area of {{convert|50|acre|ha}} and was inhabited by 6,000 legionary soldiers. The site of the principia (HQ) of the fortress lies under the foundations of York Minster, and excavations in the undercroft have revealed part of the Roman structure and columns.File:Constantine York.jpg|thumb|Roman Emperor Constantine the Great proclaimed Emperor at York in 306 ADRoman Emperor Constantine the Great proclaimed Emperor at York in 306 ADThe Emperors Hadrian, Septimius Severus, and Constantius I all held court in York during their various campaigns. During his stay 207–211 AD, the Emperor Severus proclaimed York capital of the province of Britannia Inferior, and it is likely that it was he who granted York the privileges of a ‘colonia’ or city. Constantius I died in 306 AD during his stay in York, and his son Constantine the Great was proclaimed Emperor by the troops based in the fortress.BOOK, Shannon, John, Tilbrook, Richard, York – the second city, Jarrold Publishing, 1990, 0-7117-0507-0, 2, WEB, Lower (Britannia Inferior) and Upper Britain (Britannia Superior),www.vanderbilt.edu/AnS/Classics/roman_provinces/britain/image21.htm, Vanderbilt University, 24 October 2007,www.vanderbilt.edu/AnS/Classics/roman_provinces/britain/image21.htm," title="web.archive.org/web/20080302180601www.vanderbilt.edu/AnS/Classics/roman_provinces/britain/image21.htm,">web.archive.org/web/20080302180601www.vanderbilt.edu/AnS/Classics/roman_provinces/britain/image21.htm, 2 March 2008, live, In 314 AD a bishop from York attended the Council at Arles to represent Christians from the province.BOOK, Before the Norman Conquest, A History of the County of York: the City of York, P. M., Tillott, 1961, 2–24, British History Online,www.british-history.ac.uk/vch/yorks/city-of-york/pp2-24, 19 April 2019,web.archive.org/web/20190419023839/https://www.british-history.ac.uk/vch/yorks/city-of-york/pp2-24, 19 April 2019, live, While the Roman colonia and fortress were on high ground, by 400 AD the town was victim to occasional flooding from the Rivers Ouse and Foss, and the population reduced.BOOK, Russo, Daniel G., 1998, Town Origins and Development in Early England, c. 400–950 A.D., Greenwood Publishing Group, 1998, 119–120, 978-0-313-30079-0, York declined in the post-Roman era, and was taken and settled by the Angles in the 5th century.BOOK, Jones, Barri, Mattingly, David, 1990, An Atlas of Roman Britain, Blackwell Publishers, 2007, Cambridge, 317, 978-1-84217-067-0, Cemeteries that are identifiably Anglian date from this period; some graves are within the Roman cemetery on The Mount.Reclamation of parts of the town was initiated in the 7th century under King Edwin of Northumbria, and York became his chief city.WEB, York history timeline,www.yorkhistory.com/timeline/index.php, YorkHistory.com, 2007, 4 October 2007,www.yorkhistory.com/timeline/index.php," title="web.archive.org/web/20070314135055www.yorkhistory.com/timeline/index.php,">web.archive.org/web/20070314135055www.yorkhistory.com/timeline/index.php, 14 March 2007, The first wooden minster church was built in York for the baptism of Edwin in 627, according to the Venerable Bede.WEB,www.historyofyork.org.uk/themes/anglian-york/the-first-minster, The First Minster: History of York, York Museums Trust, History of York, 18 July 2009,www.historyofyork.org.uk/themes/anglian-york/the-first-minster," title="web.archive.org/web/20111004123310www.historyofyork.org.uk/themes/anglian-york/the-first-minster,">web.archive.org/web/20111004123310www.historyofyork.org.uk/themes/anglian-york/the-first-minster, 4 October 2011, dead, Edwin ordered the small wooden church be rebuilt in stone; however, he was killed in 633, and the task of completing the stone minster fell to his successor Oswald. In the following century, Alcuin of York came to the cathedral school of York. He had a long career as a teacher and scholar, first at the school at York now known as St Peter’s School, founded in 627 AD, and later as Charlemagne’s leading advisor on ecclesiastical and educational affairs.WEB,www.bbc.co.uk/history/ancient/vikings/alcuin_01.shtml, Alcuin of York, Ritchie, Anna, 1 July 2001, BBC, 18 July 2009,www.bbc.co.uk/history/ancient/vikings/alcuin_01.shtml," title="web.archive.org/web/20090831084537www.bbc.co.uk/history/ancient/vikings/alcuin_01.shtml,">web.archive.org/web/20090831084537www.bbc.co.uk/history/ancient/vikings/alcuin_01.shtml, 31 August 2009, live, In 866, Northumbria was in the midst of internecine struggles when the Vikings raided and captured York. As a thriving Anglo-Saxon metropolis and prosperous economic hub, York was a clear target for the Vikings. Led by Ivar the Boneless and Halfdan, Scandinavian forces attacked the town on All Saints’ Day. Launching the assault on a holy day proved an effective tactical move – most of York’s leaders were in the cathedral, leaving the town vulnerable to attack and unprepared for battle.After it was conquered, the city was renamed from the Saxon Eoforwic to Jorvik. It became the capital of Viking territory in Britain, and at its peak boasted more than 10,000 inhabitants. This was a population second only to London within Great Britain. Jorvik proved an important economic and trade centre for the Vikings. Norse coinage was created at the Jorvik mint, while archaeologists have found evidence of a variety of craft workshops around the town’s central Coppergate area. These demonstrate that textile production, metalwork, carving, glasswork and jewellery-making were all practised in Jorvik. Materials from as far afield as the Persian Gulf have also been discovered, suggesting that the town was part of an international trading network.WEB,www.historyextra.com/period/anglo-saxon/key-viking-dates-lindisfarne-raid-danelaw-swein-forkbeard-harald-hardrada-stamford-bridge/, From the raid on Lindisfarne to Harald Hardrada’s defeat: 8 Viking dates you need to know, 16 June 2020, History Extra, BBC, 16 June 2020,web.archive.org/web/20200616222141/https://www.historyextra.com/period/anglo-saxon/key-viking-dates-lindisfarne-raid-danelaw-swein-forkbeard-harald-hardrada-stamford-bridge/, live, Under Viking rule the city became a major river port, part of the extensive Viking trading routes throughout northern Europe. The last ruler of an independent Jórvík, Eric Bloodaxe, was driven from the city in 954 AD by King Eadred in his successful attempt to complete the unification of England.WEB, Jorvik: Viking York, City of York Council,www.york.gov.uk/leisure/Local_history_and_heritage/yorks_history/03_jorvik/, 20 December 2006, 5 October 2007, dead,www.york.gov.uk/leisure/Local_history_and_heritage/yorks_history/03_jorvik/," title="web.archive.org/web/20070913081501www.york.gov.uk/leisure/Local_history_and_heritage/yorks_history/03_jorvik/,">web.archive.org/web/20070913081501www.york.gov.uk/leisure/Local_history_and_heritage/yorks_history/03_jorvik/, 13 September 2007,

After the conquest

File:RidsdalePanorma.jpg|thumb|A panorama of 15th-century York by E. Ridsdale Tate; York Castle is on the right hand side of the river, opposite the abandoned motte of 200x200pxIn 1068, two years after the Norman conquest of England, the people of York rebelled. Initially they succeeded, but upon the arrival of William the Conqueror the rebellion was put down. William at once built a wooden fortress on a motte. In 1069, after another rebellion, the king built another timbered castle across the River Ouse. These were destroyed in 1069 and rebuilt by William about the time of his ravaging Northumbria in what is called the “Harrying of the North” where he destroyed everything from York to Durham. The remains of the rebuilt castles, now in stone, are visible on either side of the River Ouse.EB1911, York, 28, 927–929, BOOK, The Old Baile, An Inventory of the Historical Monuments in City of York, Volume 2, the Defences, 1972, 87–89, British History Online,www.british-history.ac.uk/rchme/york/vol2/pp87-89, 16 June 2020, 27 February 2021,web.archive.org/web/20210227014309/https://www.british-history.ac.uk/rchme/york/vol2/pp87-89, live, The first stone minster church was badly damaged by fire in the uprising, and the Normans built a minster on a new site. Around the year 1080, Archbishop Thomas started building the cathedral that in time became the current Minster.WEB,www.yorkminster.org/learning/the-minsters-history/, York Minster: a very brief history, York Minster, 15 June 2009,www.yorkminster.org/learning/the-minsters-history/," title="archive.today/20121209035428www.yorkminster.org/learning/the-minsters-history/,">archive.today/20121209035428www.yorkminster.org/learning/the-minsters-history/, 9 December 2012, dead, File:Clifford’s Tower, from south.JPG|thumb|200x200pxIn the 12th century York started to prosper. In 1190, York Castle was the site of an infamous massacre of its Jewish inhabitants, in which at least 150 were murdered, although some authorities put the figure as high as 500.WEB,www.historyofyork.org.uk/themes/norman/the-1190-massacre, The 1190 Massacre, York Museums Trust, History Of York, 13 April 2015,www.historyofyork.org.uk/themes/norman/the-1190-massacre," title="web.archive.org/web/20130103050430www.historyofyork.org.uk/themes/norman/the-1190-massacre,">web.archive.org/web/20130103050430www.historyofyork.org.uk/themes/norman/the-1190-massacre, 3 January 2013, dead, WEB, Death in York, BBC, 28 September 2006,www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/judaism/history/pogromyork_1.shtml, 10 October 2007,www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/judaism/history/pogromyork_1.shtml," title="web.archive.org/web/20081214091034www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/judaism/history/pogromyork_1.shtml,">web.archive.org/web/20081214091034www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/judaism/history/pogromyork_1.shtml, 14 December 2008, live, The city, through its location on the River Ouse and its proximity to the Great North Road, became a major trading centre. King John granted the city’s first charter in 1212,NEWS,www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-york-north-yorkshire-14078535, Charter Day celebrations for York announced, BBC News, 29 January 2015, 8 July 2011,www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-york-north-yorkshire-14078535," title="web.archive.org/web/20151016054044www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-york-north-yorkshire-14078535,">web.archive.org/web/20151016054044www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-york-north-yorkshire-14078535, 16 October 2015, live, confirming trading rights in England and Europe.WEB, Norman and Medieval York, City of York Council,www.york.gov.uk/leisure/Local_history_and_heritage/yorks_history/04_norman/, 20 December 2006, 1 October 2007, dead,www.york.gov.uk/leisure/Local_history_and_heritage/yorks_history/04_norman/" title="web.archive.org/web/20070915160317www.york.gov.uk/leisure/Local_history_and_heritage/yorks_history/04_norman/">web.archive.org/web/20070915160317www.york.gov.uk/leisure/Local_history_and_heritage/yorks_history/04_norman/ Low Countries, timber and furs from the Baltic region>Baltic and exported grain to Gascony and grain and wool to the Low Countries.BOOK,www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=36335&strquery=wool, A History of the County of York: the City of York: The later middle ages – Communications, markets and merchants, British History Online, 18 July 2009, 1961, P. M., Tillott, 97–106,www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=36335&strquery=wool," title="web.archive.org/web/20120112100958www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=36335&strquery=wool,">web.archive.org/web/20120112100958www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=36335&strquery=wool, 12 January 2012, live, York became a major cloth manufacturing and trading centre. Edward I further stimulated the city’s economy by using the city as a base for his war in Scotland. The city was the location of significant unrest during the so-called Peasants’ Revolt in 1381. The city acquired an increasing degree of autonomy from central government including the privileges granted by a charter of Richard II in 1396.

16th to 18th centuries

File:Wall of the ruins, st marys abbey York 8714.jpg|thumb|St Mary’s AbbeySt Mary’s AbbeyThe city underwent a period of economic decline during Tudor times. Under King Henry VIII, the Dissolution of the Monasteries saw the end of York’s many monastic houses, including several orders of friars, the hospitals of St Nicholas and of St Leonard, the largest such institution in the north of England. This led to the Pilgrimage of Grace, an uprising of northern Catholics in Yorkshire and Lincolnshire opposed to religious reform. Henry VIII restored his authority by establishing the Council of the North in York in the dissolved St Mary’s Abbey. The city became a trading and service centre during this period.WEB, The Age of Decline, City of York Council,www.york.gov.uk/leisure/Local_history_and_heritage/yorks_history/05_the_age_of_decline/, 20 December 2006, 5 October 2007, dead,www.york.gov.uk/leisure/Local_history_and_heritage/yorks_history/05_the_age_of_decline/," title="web.archive.org/web/20080204082654www.york.gov.uk/leisure/Local_history_and_heritage/yorks_history/05_the_age_of_decline/,">web.archive.org/web/20080204082654www.york.gov.uk/leisure/Local_history_and_heritage/yorks_history/05_the_age_of_decline/, 4 February 2008, Anne of Denmark came to York with her children Prince Henry and Princess Elizabeth on 11 June 1603. The Mayor gave her a tour and offered her spiced wine, but she preferred beer.Ethel Carleton Williams, Anne of Denmark (London, 1970), p. 77. Guy Fawkes, who was born and educated in York, was a member of a group of Roman Catholic restorationists that planned the Gunpowder Plot.NEWS,www.thisweek-online.com/2005/September/30bonfire.html,www.thisweek-online.com/2005/September/30bonfire.html," title="web.archive.org/web/20051215081802www.thisweek-online.com/2005/September/30bonfire.html,">web.archive.org/web/20051215081802www.thisweek-online.com/2005/September/30bonfire.html, 15 December 2005, ThisWeek Newspapers, ThisWeek Online, Transplanted Englishman brings country’s Guy Fawkes party tradition to Burnsville, 24 October 2007, Its aim was to displace Protestant rule by blowing up the Houses of Parliament while King James I, the entire Protestant, and even most of the Catholic aristocracy and nobility were inside.(File:A map of York england.jpg|thumb|A map of York, 1611|200x200px)In 1644, during the Civil War, the Parliamentarians besieged York, and many medieval houses outside the city walls were lost. The barbican at Walmgate Bar was undermined and explosives laid, but the plot was discovered. On the arrival of Prince Rupert, with an army of 15,000 men, the siege was lifted. The Parliamentarians retreated some {{convert|6|mi|km|0}} from York with Rupert in pursuit, before turning on his army and soundly defeating it at the Battle of Marston Moor. Of Rupert’s 15,000 troops, 4,000 were killed and 1,500 captured. The siege was renewed and the city surrendered to Sir Thomas Fairfax on 15 July.Following the restoration of the monarchy in 1660, and the removal of the garrison from York in 1688, the city was dominated by the gentry and merchants, although the clergy were still important. Competition from Leeds and Hull, together with silting of the River Ouse, resulted in York losing its pre-eminent position as a trading centre, but its role as the social and cultural centre for wealthy northerners was rising. York’s many elegant townhouses, such as the Lord Mayor’s Mansion House and Fairfax House date from this period, as do the Assembly Rooms, the Theatre Royal, and the racecourse.WEB, Post-medieval York, York Archaeological Trust, Secrets Beneath Your Feet,www.yorkarchaeology.co.uk/secrets/pmedieval.htm year=1998, dead,www.yorkarchaeology.co.uk/secrets/pmedieval.htm" title="web.archive.org/web/20080517134912www.yorkarchaeology.co.uk/secrets/pmedieval.htm">web.archive.org/web/20080517134912www.yorkarchaeology.co.uk/secrets/pmedieval.htm URL=HTTP://WWW.YORK.GOV.UK/LEISURE/LOCAL_HISTORY_AND_HERITAGE/YORKS_HISTORY/07_GEORGIAN/ACCESS-DATE=5 OCTOBER 2007ARCHIVE-URL=HTTPS://WEB.ARCHIVE.ORG/WEB/20080204082705/HTTP://WWW.YORK.GOV.UK/LEISURE/LOCAL_HISTORY_AND_HERITAGE/YORKS_HISTORY/07_GEORGIAN/, 4 February 2008,

Modern history

File:National Railway Museum - Virgin 91101 (rear).JPG|thumb|The Great Hall at the 200x200pxThe railway promoter George Hudson was responsible for bringing the railway to York in 1839. Although Hudson’s career as a railway entrepreneur ended in disgrace and bankruptcy, his promotion of York over Leeds, and of his own railway company (the York and North Midland Railway), helped establish York as a major railway centre by the late 19th century.Sources:

• BOOK,books.google.com/books?id=4Da8AAAAIAAJ, A History of modern Leeds, Derek, Fraser, Manchester University Press, 1980, 0-7190-0747-X, V. Leeds becomes a transport centre, R. W., Unwin, pp. 132–133,books.google.com/books?id=4Da8AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA132, 8 January 2016,web.archive.org/web/20160203050447/https://books.google.com/books?id=4Da8AAAAIAAJ, 3 February 2016, live,
• BOOK,books.google.com/books?id=MmaYSbOrTH0C, Stability And Change in an English County Town: A Social Study of York 1801–51, Alan, Armstrong, Cambridge University Press, 1974, 2005, 37–43, 9780521019873, 8 January 2016,web.archive.org/web/20160203050447/https://books.google.com/books?id=MmaYSbOrTH0C, 3 February 2016, live,
• NEWS,www.yorkpress.co.uk/features/features/4473355.York_s_part_in_the_history_of_the_East_Coast_Main_Line/, East Coast Main Line: York’s part in the history of the railways, Stephen, Lewis, York Press, 3 July 2009, 20 March 2012,www.yorkpress.co.uk/features/features/4473355.York_s_part_in_the_history_of_the_East_Coast_Main_Line/," title="web.archive.org/web/20120418011441www.yorkpress.co.uk/features/features/4473355.York_s_part_in_the_history_of_the_East_Coast_Main_Line/,">web.archive.org/web/20120418011441www.yorkpress.co.uk/features/features/4473355.York_s_part_in_the_history_of_the_East_Coast_Main_Line/, 18 April 2012, dead

,

• WEB,www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/RAhudson.htm, George Hudson, Spartacus Educational, SchoolNet, 12 June 2009, dead,www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/RAhudson.htm," title="web.archive.org/web/20090401155437www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/RAhudson.htm,">web.archive.org/web/20090401155437www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/RAhudson.htm, 1 April 2009

, The introduction of the railways established engineering in the city.BOOK,books.google.com/books?id=Bv2BrOMo8cIC, Civil engineering heritage: Northern England, Robert William, Rennison, Thomas Telford, 1996, 5. York and North Yorkshire, pp.133.134, 9780727725189, 8 January 2016,web.archive.org/web/20160203050447/https://books.google.com/books?id=Bv2BrOMo8cIC, 3 February 2016, live, WEB,www.historyofyork.org.uk/themes/industrialisation, Industrialisation, www.historyofyork.org.uk, 30 November 2013,www.historyofyork.org.uk/themes/industrialisation," title="web.archive.org/web/20131025125941www.historyofyork.org.uk/themes/industrialisation,">web.archive.org/web/20131025125941www.historyofyork.org.uk/themes/industrialisation, 25 October 2013, dead, At the turn of the 20th century, the railway accommodated the headquarters and works of the North Eastern Railway, which employed more than 5,500 people. The railway was instrumental in the expansion of Rowntree’s Cocoa Works. It was founded in 1862 by Henry Isaac Rowntree, who was joined in 1869 by his brother the philanthropist Joseph.WEB,www.nestle.co.uk/OurBrands/AboutOurBrands/ConfectioneryAndCakes/History+of+Rowntree.htm,www.nestle.co.uk/OurBrands/AboutOurBrands/ConfectioneryAndCakes/History%2Bof%2BRowntree.htm" title="web.archive.org/web/20080104184252www.nestle.co.uk/OurBrands/AboutOurBrands/ConfectioneryAndCakes/History%2Bof%2BRowntree.htm">web.archive.org/web/20080104184252www.nestle.co.uk/OurBrands/AboutOurBrands/ConfectioneryAndCakes/History%2Bof%2BRowntree.htm publisher=Nestlé UK Ltd, History of Nestlé Rowntree, 2008, 19 July 2009, dead, Another chocolate manufacturer, Terry’s of York, was a major employer. By 1900, the railways and confectionery had become the city’s two major industries.(File:Lower Petergate in York, England.jpg|thumb|Low Petergate with the minster in the background|296x296px)York was a centre of early photography, as described by Hugh Murray in his 1986 book Photographs and Photographers of York: The Early Years, 1844–79. Photographers who had studios in York included William Hayes, William Pumphrey, and Augustus Mahalski who operated on Davygate and Low Petergate in the 19th century, having come to England as a refugee after serving as a Polish lancer in the Austro-Hungarian war.WEB,cyc.sdp.sirsidynix.net.uk/client/en_GB/search/asset/1018049, KNO/3/8: Transcript of ‘Yorkshire Artists’ by J W Knowles, Murray, Jill, 112x, 113, explore York libraries and archives, 19 September 2016, 25 February 2021,web.archive.org/web/20210225123426/https://cyc.sdp.sirsidynix.net.uk/client/en_GB/search/asset/1018049, live, WEB,archiveshub.ac.uk/data/gb192-mah, Records of Augustus Mahalski, Photographer, Archives Hub, 19 September 2016,archiveshub.ac.uk/data/gb192-mah," title="web.archive.org/web/20160919151649archiveshub.ac.uk/data/gb192-mah,">web.archive.org/web/20160919151649archiveshub.ac.uk/data/gb192-mah, 19 September 2016, dead, In 1942, the city was bombed during the Second World War (part of the Baedeker Blitz) by the German Luftwaffe and 92 people were killed and hundreds injured.WEB,www.yorkpress.co.uk/search/display.var.1333684.0.luftwaffe_pilot_says_sorry_for_bombing_york.php, Luftwaffe pilot says sorry for bombing York, 17 April 2007, The Press, Newsquest Media Group, 21 July 2009, 12 January 2023,web.archive.org/web/20230112005239/https://www.yorkpress.co.uk/news/1333684.luftwaffe-pilot-says-sorry-for-bombing-york/, live, Buildings damaged in the raid included the Railway Station, Rowntree’s Factory, Poppleton Road Primary School, St Martin-le-Grand Church, the Bar Convent and the Guildhall which was left in total disrepair until 1960.File:Bench King’s Square York.jpg|thumb|Bench with Kit Kat advertising in York (where the bar was created by the confectionery company 200x200pxWith the emergence of tourism, the historic core of York became one of the city’s major assets, and in 1968 it was designated a conservation area.WEB,www.york.gov.uk/download/downloads/id/3509/conservation_area_-_01_-york_central_histoic_corepdf.pdf, York Central Historic Core: Conservation Area Appraisal, City of York Council, 17 November 2016,web.archive.org/web/20161118163437/https://www.york.gov.uk/download/downloads/id/3509/conservation_area_-_01_-york_central_histoic_corepdf.pdf, 18 November 2016, live, The existing tourist attractions were supplemented by the establishment of the National Railway Museum in York in 1975,WEB,www.nrm.org.uk/AboutUs/history.aspx, History of the NRM, National Railway Museum, 15 June 2009,www.nrm.org.uk/AboutUs/history.aspx," title="web.archive.org/web/20091207051101www.nrm.org.uk/AboutUs/history.aspx,">web.archive.org/web/20091207051101www.nrm.org.uk/AboutUs/history.aspx, 7 December 2009, dead, the Jorvik Viking Centre in 1984BOOK, Archaeology: Theories, Methods and Practice, Colin, Renfrew, Paul G., Bahn, 5, Thames & Hudson, 2008, 9780500287194, 542, and the York Dungeon in 1986.WEB,www.yorkpress.co.uk/news/14842323.York_Dungeon_celebrates_30th_anniversary/, York Dungeon celebrates 30th anniversary, York Press, 4 November 2016, 19 January 2018,www.yorkpress.co.uk/news/14842323.York_Dungeon_celebrates_30th_anniversary/," title="web.archive.org/web/20180119235530www.yorkpress.co.uk/news/14842323.York_Dungeon_celebrates_30th_anniversary/,">web.archive.org/web/20180119235530www.yorkpress.co.uk/news/14842323.York_Dungeon_celebrates_30th_anniversary/, 19 January 2018, dead, The opening of the University of York in 1963 added to the prosperity of the city.WEB,www.york.ac.uk/admin/presspr/pressreleases/alumnidinner.htm, Founding students return to York 40 years on, University of York, 7 October 2003, 15 June 2009, dead,www.york.ac.uk/admin/presspr/pressreleases/alumnidinner.htm," title="web.archive.org/web/20051109065509www.york.ac.uk/admin/presspr/pressreleases/alumnidinner.htm,">web.archive.org/web/20051109065509www.york.ac.uk/admin/presspr/pressreleases/alumnidinner.htm, 9 November 2005, York was voted European Tourism City of the Year by European Cities Marketing in June 2007, beating 130 other European cities to gain first place, surpassing Gothenburg in Sweden (second) and Valencia in Spain (third).NEWS, York voted top city for tourists, BBC News,news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/north_yorkshire/6751753.stm, 14 June 2007, 28 July 2008,news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/north_yorkshire/6751753.stm," title="web.archive.org/web/20090107035149news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/north_yorkshire/6751753.stm,">web.archive.org/web/20090107035149news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/north_yorkshire/6751753.stm, 7 January 2009, live, York was also voted safest place to visit in the 2010 Condé Nast Traveller Readers’ Choice Awards.WEB, Conde Nast Traveller,www.cntraveller.com/magazine/readers-travel-awards-2010/destinations-uk-cities, Conde Nast Traveller, 22 May 2014, dead,www.cntraveller.com/magazine/readers-travel-awards-2010/destinations-uk-cities," title="web.archive.org/web/20131017090312www.cntraveller.com/magazine/readers-travel-awards-2010/destinations-uk-cities,">web.archive.org/web/20131017090312www.cntraveller.com/magazine/readers-travel-awards-2010/destinations-uk-cities, 17 October 2013, In 2018, The Sunday Times deemed York to be its overall ‘Best Place to Live’ in Britain, highlighting the city’s “perfect mix of heritage and hi-tech” and as a “mini-metropolis with cool cafes, destination restaurants, innovative companies – plus the fastest internet in Britain”.NEWS,www.thetimes.co.uk/article/york-best-places-to-live-8grhj85sn, York — the best place to live in the UK 2018, 18 March 2018, 27 June 2018, The Sunday Times,web.archive.org/web/20180627230634/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/york-best-places-to-live-8grhj85sn, 27 June 2018, live, NEWS,www.standard.co.uk/news/uk/revealed-york-tops-prestigious-list-of-best-places-to-live-in-uk-for-2018-a3792751.html, This is the best place to live in the UK, according to a prestigious list, The Standard, 5 July 2018,web.archive.org/web/20180706004408/https://www.standard.co.uk/news/uk/revealed-york-tops-prestigious-list-of-best-places-to-live-in-uk-for-2018-a3792751.html, 6 July 2018, live, The result was confirmed in a YouGov survey, reported in August 2018, with 92% of respondents saying that they liked the city, more than any of 56 other British cities.WEB,yougov.co.uk/news/2018/08/20/york-britains-most-liked-city/, YouGov – York is Britain’s most popular city, YouGov: What the world thinks, 27 August 2018,web.archive.org/web/20180827142307/https://yougov.co.uk/news/2018/08/20/york-britains-most-liked-city/, 27 August 2018, live, {{clear}}

Governance

Local

{{For|detailed history on local government in the City of York|City of York Council}} File:York Guildhall.jpg|thumb|200x200pxThe City of York is governed by the City of York Council. It is a unitary authority that operates on a leader and cabinet style of governance, having the powers of a non-metropolitan county and district council combined. It provides a full range of local government services including Council Tax billing, libraries, social services, processing planning applications, waste collection and disposal, and it is a local education authority. The city council consists of 47 councillorsWEB,democracy.york.gov.uk/mgMemberIndex.asp?bcr=1, Your councillors, City of York Council, 19 July 2009,democracy.york.gov.uk/mgMemberIndex.asp?bcr=1," title="web.archive.org/web/20090711184047democracy.york.gov.uk/mgMemberIndex.asp?bcr=1,">web.archive.org/web/20090711184047democracy.york.gov.uk/mgMemberIndex.asp?bcr=1, 11 July 2009, dead, WEB,democracy.york.gov.uk/Published/StdDataDocs/3/1/6/0/SD00000613/$part1.doc.pdf, The Constitution – Part 1 Summary and explanation, City of York Council, 19 July 2009, dead,democracy.york.gov.uk/Published/StdDataDocs/3/1/6/0/SD00000613/%24part1.doc.pdf," title="web.archive.org/web/20110726095920democracy.york.gov.uk/Published/StdDataDocs/3/1/6/0/SD00000613/%24part1.doc.pdf,">web.archive.org/web/20110726095920democracy.york.gov.uk/Published/StdDataDocs/3/1/6/0/SD00000613/%24part1.doc.pdf, 26 July 2011, representing 21 wards, with one, two or three per ward serving four-year terms. Its headquarters are at the Guildhall and West Offices in the city centre.York is divided into 21 administrative wards: Acomb, Bishopthorpe, Clifton, Copmanthorpe, Dringhouses and Woodthorpe, Fishergate, Fulford and Heslington, Guildhall, Haxby and Wigginton, Heworth, Heworth Without, Holgate, Hull Road, Huntington and New Earswick, Micklegate, Osbaldwick and Derwent, Rawcliffe and Clifton Without, Rural West York, Strensall, Westfield, and Wheldrake.WEB,www.york.gov.uk/wards/, City of York Council – wards,web.archive.org/web/20181121022206/https://www.york.gov.uk/wards, 21 November 2018, City of York Council, 20 November 2018, The members of the cabinet, led by the Council Leader, makes decisions on their portfolio areas individually.WEB,democracy.york.gov.uk/mgCommitteeDetails.aspx?ID=676, City of York Council, 10 May 2010, committee details – leisure culture and social inclusion,democracy.york.gov.uk/mgCommitteeDetails.aspx?ID=676," title="web.archive.org/web/20110726095939democracy.york.gov.uk/mgCommitteeDetails.aspx?ID=676,">web.archive.org/web/20110726095939democracy.york.gov.uk/mgCommitteeDetails.aspx?ID=676, 26 July 2011, dead, WEB,democracy.york.gov.uk/mgCommitteeDetails.aspx?ID=672, City of York Council, 10 May 2010, committee details – city strategy,democracy.york.gov.uk/mgCommitteeDetails.aspx?ID=672," title="web.archive.org/web/20110726100010democracy.york.gov.uk/mgCommitteeDetails.aspx?ID=672,">web.archive.org/web/20110726100010democracy.york.gov.uk/mgCommitteeDetails.aspx?ID=672, 26 July 2011, dead, Following the Local Government Act 2000, the Council Leader commands the confidence of the city council; the leader of the largest political group and head of the City of York Council. The Leader of the council and the cabinet (consisting of all the executive councillors) are collectively accountable for their policies and actions to the city council. The current Council Leader, Liberal Democrats’ Cllr Keith Aspden, was appointed on 22 May 2019, following the 2019 City of York Council election.File:St Helen’s Square, York.jpg|thumb|The Mansion House is home to the Lord Mayor of YorkLord Mayor of YorkYork’s first citizen and civic head is the Lord Mayor, who is the chairman of the City of York Council. The appointment is made by the city council each year in May, at the same time appointing the Sheriff, the city’s other civic head. The offices of Lord Mayor and Sheriff are purely ceremonial. The Lord Mayor carries out civic and ceremonial duties in addition to chairing full council meetings. The incumbent Lord Mayor since 26 May 2022 is Councillor David Carr, and the Sheriff is Suzie Mercer.NEWS, Cooper, Joe,www.yorkpress.co.uk/news/20169052.new-lord-mayor-york-david-carr-pledges-help-cost-living/, New Lord Mayor of York David Carr pledges to help over cost of living, YorkMix, 26 May 2022, 27 May 2022,web.archive.org/web/20190522210035/https://www.yorkpress.co.uk/news/20169052.new-lord-mayor-york-david-carr-pledges-help-cost-living/, 22 May 2019, dead, York Youth Council consists of several young people who negotiate with the councillors to get better facilities for York’s young people, and who also elect York’s Member of Youth Parliament.WEB,yorkyouthcouncil.com/, York Youth Council, York Youth Council, 15 February 2017,web.archive.org/web/20170215202200/https://yorkyouthcouncil.com/, 15 February 2017, dead, NEWS,www.yorkpress.co.uk/news/14274284.York_teenagers_to_help_improve_bus_services/, York teenagers to help improve bus services, 13 February 2016, York Press, 15 February 2017,www.yorkpress.co.uk/news/14274284.York_teenagers_to_help_improve_bus_services/," title="web.archive.org/web/20170217143236www.yorkpress.co.uk/news/14274284.York_teenagers_to_help_improve_bus_services/,">web.archive.org/web/20170217143236www.yorkpress.co.uk/news/14274284.York_teenagers_to_help_improve_bus_services/, 17 February 2017, dead, As a result of the 2019 City of York Council election the Conservative Party was reduced to two seats. The Liberal Democrats had 21 councillors. The Labour Party had 17 councillors and the Green Party had four with three Independents.NEWS,www.york.gov.uk/info/20035/elections/2317/local_election_results_may_2019, City of York local elections 2019, City of York Council, 2 May 2019, 16 May 2019,web.archive.org/web/20190516202107/https://www.york.gov.uk/info/20035/elections/2317/local_election_results_may_2019, 16 May 2019, live, Due to no overall control, the Liberal Democrats and the Green Party agreed to form a coalition on 14 May 2019.NEWS,www.yorkmix.com/news/lib-dems-and-the-green-party-join-forces-to-run-city-of-york-council, Lib Dems and the Green Party join forces to run City of York Council, YorkMix, 14 May 2019, 16 May 2019,web.archive.org/web/20190516183510/https://www.yorkmix.com/news/lib-dems-and-the-green-party-join-forces-to-run-city-of-york-council/, 16 May 2019, dead, {|class=“wikitable”! colspan=“2” style="text-align:center; vertical-align:top;“|Party! style="vertical-align:top“|Seats! colspan=“26“|City of York Council (2019 election)Liberal Democrats (UK)}}|21Liberal Democrats (UK)}}| Liberal Democrats (UK)}}| Liberal Democrats (UK)}}| Liberal Democrats (UK)}}| Liberal Democrats (UK)}}| Liberal Democrats (UK)}}| Liberal Democrats (UK)}}| Liberal Democrats (UK)}}| Liberal Democrats (UK)}}| Liberal Democrats (UK)}}|  Labour Party (UK)}}|17Labour Party (UK)}}| Labour Party (UK)}}| Labour Party (UK)}}| Labour Party (UK)}}| Labour Party (UK)}}| Labour Party (UK)}}| Labour Party (UK)}}| Labour Party (UK)}}|  Green Party of England and Wales}}|4Green Party of England and Wales}}| Green Party of England and Wales}}|  Conservative Party (UK)}}|2Conservative Party (UK)}}|  Independent (politician)}}|3Independent}}|  York is the traditional county town of Yorkshire, and therefore did not form part of any of its three historic ridings, or divisions. Its Mayor has had the status of Lord Mayor since 1370,JOURNAL,www.jstor.org/stable/548255, York in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries, Maud Sellers, 1897, The English Historical Review, 12, 47, 437-447, JSTOR, one of 23 in England.WEB,www.birmingham.gov.uk/info/20158/lord_mayor/318/lord_mayors_office, Lord Mayor’s Office, Birmingham City Council, www.birmingham.gov.uk, 21 May 2024, Only five of these have the title “The Right Honourable”, the others being the Lord Mayors of London, Bristol, Cardiff and Belfast.{{cn|date=April 2024}} York is an ancient borough, and was reformed by the Municipal Corporations Act 1835 to form a municipal borough. It gained the status of a county borough in 1889, under the Local Government Act 1888, and existed so until 1974, when, under the Local Government Act 1972, it became a non-metropolitan district in the county of North Yorkshire, whilst retaining its Lord Mayor and its Sheriff.WEB,www.visionofbritain.org.uk/descriptions/entry_page.jsp?text_id=1960380&word=NULL, Gazetteer of the British Isles entry for York, 1887, 19 July 2009, A Vision of Britain Through Time, Great Britain Historical GIS Project, Bartholomew, John,www.visionofbritain.org.uk/descriptions/entry_page.jsp?text_id=1960380&word=NULL," title="web.archive.org/web/20071005205241www.visionofbritain.org.uk/descriptions/entry_page.jsp?text_id=1960380&word=NULL,">web.archive.org/web/20071005205241www.visionofbritain.org.uk/descriptions/entry_page.jsp?text_id=1960380&word=NULL, 5 October 2007, live, WEB,www.gazetteer.co.uk/gazmap2.htm, Gazetteer of British Place Names – Map 2. Administrative counties and unitary authority areas, Association of British Counties, 10 September 2006, 17 May 2009,www.gazetteer.co.uk/gazmap2.htm," title="web.archive.org/web/20090722102437www.gazetteer.co.uk/gazmap2.htm,">web.archive.org/web/20090722102437www.gazetteer.co.uk/gazmap2.htm, 22 July 2009, dead, As a result of 1990s UK local government reform, York regained unitary status and saw a substantial alteration in its borders, taking in parts of Selby and Harrogate districts, and about half the population of the Ryedale district.BOOK,www.opsi.gov.uk/SI/si1995/Uksi_19950610_en_9.htm, The North Yorkshire (District of York) (Structural and Boundary Changes) Order, Stationery Office Books, 978-0-11-052605-8, 6 April 1995, 17 May 2009,www.opsi.gov.uk/si/si1995/Uksi_19950610_en_9.htm," title="web.archive.org/web/20090419182300www.opsi.gov.uk/si/si1995/Uksi_19950610_en_9.htm,">web.archive.org/web/20090419182300www.opsi.gov.uk/si/si1995/Uksi_19950610_en_9.htm, 19 April 2009, live, The new boundary was imposed after central government rejected the former city council’s own proposal.

Parliament

{{multiple image| image1 = Rachael Maskell MP - official portrait 2017 (3-to-4 crop).jpg| width1 = 100Rachael Maskell (Labour Party (UK)>L), Member of Parliament (MP)for York Central since 2015| image2 = Official portrait of Julian Sturdy crop 2.jpg| width2 = 100Julian Sturdy (Conservative Party (UK)>C), MPfor York Outer since 2010}}From 1997 to 2010, the central part of the district was covered by the City of York constituency, while the remainder was split between the constituencies of Ryedale, Selby, and Vale of York.WEB,democracy.york.gov.uk/mgMemberIndexMP.asp?bcr=1, Your MPs, City of York Council, 19 July 2009,democracy.york.gov.uk/mgMemberIndexMP.asp?bcr=1," title="web.archive.org/web/20090509032822democracy.york.gov.uk/mgMemberIndexMP.asp?bcr=1,">web.archive.org/web/20090509032822democracy.york.gov.uk/mgMemberIndexMP.asp?bcr=1, 9 May 2009, Following their review in 2003 of parliamentary representation in North Yorkshire, the Boundary Commission for England recommended the creation of two new seats for the City of York, in time for the general election in 2010. These are York Central, which covers the inner urban area, and is entirely surrounded by the York Outer constituency.WEB,www.boundarycommissionforengland.org.uk/review_areas/downloads/FR_NR_NYorks_York.doc,webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20091102211613/http://www.boundarycommissionforengland.org.uk/review_areas/downloads/FR_NR_NYorks_York.doc, dead, 2 November 2009, Final recommendations for Parliamentary constituencies in the County of North Yorkshire and the City of York, Microsoft Word, Microsoft Word document, Boundary Commission for England, 5 November 2003, 20 April 2010, {{clear}}

Ceremonial

York is within the ceremonial county of North Yorkshire and, until 1974, was within the jurisdiction of the Lord Lieutenant of the County of York, West Riding and the County of The City of York. The city does retain the right to appoint its own Sheriff. The holder of the Royal dukedom of York has no responsibilities either ceremonially or administratively as regards to the city.

Geography

{{Further|Areas of York}}

Location {| class“wikitable mw-collapsible”

!Place!Distance!Direction!Relation|London174km}}DISTANCE FROM CITY OF LONDON TO YORK>URL=HTTPS://WWW.DISTANCECALCULATOR.NET/FROM-CITY-OF-LONDON-TO-YORKWEBSITE=DISTANCE CALCULATORARCHIVE-URL=HTTPS://WEB.ARCHIVE.ORG/WEB/20220720155206/HTTPS://WWW.DISTANCECALCULATOR.NET/FROM-CITY-OF-LONDON-TO-YORK, live, |South-east|CapitalLincoln, England>Lincoln55km}}DISTANCE FROM YORK TO LINCOLN >URL=HTTPS://WWW.DISTANCECALCULATOR.NET/FROM-LINCOLN-2-TO-YORK WEBSITE=DISTANCE CALCULATOR ARCHIVE-URL=HTTPS://WEB.ARCHIVE.ORG/WEB/20220720155206/HTTPS://WWW.DISTANCECALCULATOR.NET/FROM-LINCOLN-2-TO-YORK, live, |South-east|Next nearest historic county town|Middlesbrough43km}}DISTANCE FROM YORK TO MIDDLESBROUGH >URL=HTTPS://WWW.DISTANCECALCULATOR.NET/FROM-MIDDLESBROUGH-TO-YORK WEBSITE=DISTANCE CALCULATOR ARCHIVE-URL=HTTPS://WEB.ARCHIVE.ORG/WEB/20220720155207/HTTPS://WWW.DISTANCECALCULATOR.NET/FROM-MIDDLESBROUGH-TO-YORK, live, |North|Largest place in the county|Ripon22km}}DISTANCE FROM YORK TO RIPON >URL=HTTPS://WWW.DISTANCECALCULATOR.NET/FROM-RIPON-TO-YORK WEBSITE=DISTANCE CALCULATOR ARCHIVE-URL=HTTPS://WEB.ARCHIVE.ORG/WEB/20230112005256/HTTPS://WWW.DISTANCECALCULATOR.NET/FROM-RIPON-TO-YORK, live, |North-west|Next nearest city|Leeds22km}}HTTPS://WWW.DISTANCECALCULATOR.NET/FROM-LEEDS-TO-YORK>TITLE=DISTANCE FROM LEEDS TO YORKWEBSITE=DISTANCE CALCULATORARCHIVE-URL=HTTPS://WEB.ARCHIVE.ORG/WEB/20220726155223/HTTPS://WWW.DISTANCECALCULATOR.NET/FROM-LEEDS-TO-YORK, live, |South-west|Next nearest city{{Geographic location|Centre=York|North=Helmsley, Northallerton, MiddlesbroughMalton, North Yorkshire>Malton, Scarborough|East=Pocklington, Bridlington|Southeast=Market Weighton, Kingston upon Hull|South=Selby, Doncaster|Southwest=Tadcaster, Leeds|West=Wetherby, Knaresborough, Harrogate|Northwest=Ripon, Masham}}York lies in the Vale of York, a flat area of fertile arable land bordered by the Pennines, the North York Moors and the Yorkshire Wolds. The city was built at the confluence of the Rivers Ouse and Foss on a terminal moraine left by the last ice age.BOOK, Hall, Richard, English Heritage: Book of York, 1st, 1996, B.T.Batsford Ltd, 0-7134-7720-2, 25, File:Tour boats on the River Ouse.jpg|thumb|Tour boats on the OuseOuseFile:River Foss (19380846674).jpg|thumb|The 200x200pxDuring Roman times, the land surrounding the Ouse and Foss was marshy, making the site easy to defend. The city is prone to flooding from the River Ouse, and has an extensive network of flood defences with walls along the river, and a liftable barrier across the Foss where it joins the Ouse at the “Blue Bridge”. In October and November 2000, York experienced the worst flooding in 375 years; more than 300 homes were flooded.WEB, The impact of the October–November 2000 floods on contaminant metal dispersal in the River Swale catchment, North Yorkshire, UK,www.aber.ac.uk/iges/staff/Macklin%20files/HP%20Dennis%20et%20al.%202003.pdf, Wiley InterScience, 2002, Dennis, Ian A., Macklin, Mark G., Coulthard, Tom J., Brewer, Paul A., 1, 20 April 2019,www.aber.ac.uk/iges/staff/Macklin%20files/HP%20Dennis%20et%20al.%202003.pdf," title="web.archive.org/web/20071129111926www.aber.ac.uk/iges/staff/Macklin%20files/HP%20Dennis%20et%20al.%202003.pdf,">web.archive.org/web/20071129111926www.aber.ac.uk/iges/staff/Macklin%20files/HP%20Dennis%20et%20al.%202003.pdf, 29 November 2007, dead, In December 2015 the flooding was more extensive and caused major disruption.NEWS,www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/york-floods-hundreds-evacuated-and-swathes-of-historic-city-underwater-as-rivers-reach-record-levels-a6787271.html, York floods: Hundreds evacuated and swathes of historic city underwater as rivers reach record levels, The Independent, 27 December 2015, 19 August 2016,www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/york-floods-hundreds-evacuated-and-swathes-of-historic-city-underwater-as-rivers-reach-record-levels-a6787271.html," title="web.archive.org/web/20160820215349www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/york-floods-hundreds-evacuated-and-swathes-of-historic-city-underwater-as-rivers-reach-record-levels-a6787271.html,">web.archive.org/web/20160820215349www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/york-floods-hundreds-evacuated-and-swathes-of-historic-city-underwater-as-rivers-reach-record-levels-a6787271.html, 20 August 2016, live, The extreme impact led to a personal visit by Prime Minister David Cameron.NEWS,www.telegraph.co.uk/news/weather/12071198/UK-floods-York-Leeds-Manchester-live-updates.html, Storm Frank: Jeremy Corbyn explains why he has only just turned up in the North – ‘I didn’t want to get in the way’ – live, The Telegraph, 31 December 2015, 19 August 2016,www.telegraph.co.uk/news/weather/12071198/UK-floods-York-Leeds-Manchester-live-updates.html," title="web.archive.org/web/20151228104411www.telegraph.co.uk/news/weather/12071198/UK-floods-York-Leeds-Manchester-live-updates.html,">web.archive.org/web/20151228104411www.telegraph.co.uk/news/weather/12071198/UK-floods-York-Leeds-Manchester-live-updates.html, 28 December 2015, dead, Much land in and around the city is on flood plains too flood-prone for development other than agriculture. The ings are flood meadows along the Ouse, while the strays are open common grassland in various locations around the city.

Climate

York has a temperate climate (Cfb) with four distinct seasons. As with the rest of the Vale of York, the city’s climate is drier and warmer than the rest of the Yorkshire and the Humber region. Owing to its lowland location, York is prone to frosts, fog, and cold winds during winter, spring, and very early summer.WEB, England Rural Development Programme: Appendix A3 – Yorkshire and The Humber Region – Section 1 Description Of Current Situation In The Yorkshire And The Humber Region, 2–3,www.hull.ac.uk/coastalobs/media/pdf/appendixa3.pdf, East Yorkshire Coastal Observatory, 15 June 2009,www.hull.ac.uk/coastalobs/media/pdf/appendixa3.pdf," title="web.archive.org/web/20110606041951www.hull.ac.uk/coastalobs/media/pdf/appendixa3.pdf,">web.archive.org/web/20110606041951www.hull.ac.uk/coastalobs/media/pdf/appendixa3.pdf, 6 June 2011, live, Snow can fall in winter from December onwards to as late as April but quickly melts. As with much of the British Isles, the weather is changeable. York experiences most sunshine from May to July, an average of six hours per day.WEB, Average Conditions:York, United Kingdom, BBC Weather,www.bbc.co.uk/weather/world/city_guides/results.shtml?tt=TT003820/, 24 July 2008, 28 December 2008,www.bbc.co.uk/weather/world/city_guides/results.shtml?tt=TT003820," title="web.archive.org/web/20081228232345www.bbc.co.uk/weather/world/city_guides/results.shtml?tt=TT003820,">web.archive.org/web/20081228232345www.bbc.co.uk/weather/world/city_guides/results.shtml?tt=TT003820, dead, With its inland location, summers are often warmer than the Yorkshire coast with temperatures of 27 Â°C or more. Extremes recorded at the University of York campus between 1998 and 2010 include a highest temperature of {{convert|34.5|C|F|abbr=on}}{{When|date=August 2022}} and a lowest temperature of {{convert|-16.3|C|F|abbr=on}} on 6 December 2010. The most rainfall in one day was {{convert|88.4|mm|in|1}}.WEB,weather.elec.york.ac.uk/, Weather Pages, Department of Electronics, University of York, 27 May 2011,weather.elec.york.ac.uk/," title="web.archive.org/web/20110511074316weather.elec.york.ac.uk/,">web.archive.org/web/20110511074316weather.elec.york.ac.uk/, 11 May 2011, live, {{Weather box| location = RAF Linton-on-Ouse, 15 km north-west of York| metric first = yes| single line = yes| Jan record high C = 16| Feb record high C = 18| Mar record high C = 22| Apr record high C = 28| May record high C = 30| Jun record high C = 32| Jul record high C = 40.2| Aug record high C = 34| Sep record high C = 32| Oct record high C = 29| Nov record high C = 20| Dec record high C = 17| year record high C = 40.2| Jan high C = 7.0| Feb high C = 7.5| Mar high C = 10.0| Apr high C = 13.0| May high C = 16.6| Jun high C = 19.5| Jul high C = 22.0| Aug high C = 22.0| Sep high C = 18.4| Oct high C = 13.9| Nov high C = 9.7| Dec high C = 7.0| year high C = 14.0| Jan low C = 2.0| Feb low C = 1.0| Mar low C = 2.4| Apr low C = 4.0| May low C = 6.7| Jun low C = 9.7| Jul low C = 11.8| Aug low C = 11.6| Sep low C = 9.5| Oct low C = 7.0| Nov low C = 4.0| Dec low C = 2.0| year low C = 6.0| Jan record low C = -16| Feb record low C = -10| Mar record low C = -13| Apr record low C = -3| May record low C = 1| Jun record low C = 2| Jul record low C = 5| Aug record low C = 5| Sep record low C = -1| Oct record low C = -4| Nov record low C = -8| Dec record low C = -16| year record low C = -16| precipitation colour = green| Jan precipitation mm = 52.7| Feb precipitation mm = 39.9| Mar precipitation mm = 44.9| Apr precipitation mm = 50.1| May precipitation mm = 43.8| Jun precipitation mm = 58.0| Jul precipitation mm = 53.2| Aug precipitation mm = 62.4| Sep precipitation mm = 46.9| Oct precipitation mm = 57.7| Nov precipitation mm = 57.8| Dec precipitation mm = 55.8| year precipitation mm = 626.0| Jan precipitation days = 11.1| Feb precipitation days = 9.1| Mar precipitation days = 9.5| Apr precipitation days = 9.3| May precipitation days = 9.1| Jun precipitation days = 9.3| Jul precipitation days = 8.9| Aug precipitation days = 10.0| Sep precipitation days = 8.6| Oct precipitation days = 10.4| Nov precipitation days = 11.3| Dec precipitation days = 10.7| year precipitation days = 117.2| Jan sun = 40| Feb sun = 60| Mar sun = 100| Apr sun = 141| May sun = 190| Jun sun = 220| Jul sun = 230| Aug sun = 205| Sep sun = 156| Oct sun = 105| Nov sun = 65| Dec sun = 47| year sun = 1550BBC WeatherHTTPS://WWW.BBC.CO.UK/WEATHER/WORLD/CITY_GUIDES/RESULTS.SHTML?TT=TT003820PUBLISHER=BBC WEATHERURL-STATUS=DEADARCHIVE-DATE=12 AUGUST 2010, | date = August 2010WORK=METOFFICE.GOV.UKARCHIVE-URL=HTTPS://WEB.ARCHIVE.ORG/WEB/20150325030939/HTTP://WWW.METOFFICE.GOV.UK/PUBLIC/WEATHER/CLIMATE/GCX4ZRW25URL-STATUS=LIVE, | width = 100%}}

Green belt

York’s urbanised areas are surrounded by a green belt that restricts development in the rural areas and parts of surrounding villages,WEB, Fawcett, Tony, Green Belts: A greener future – Campaign to Protect Rural England,www.cpre.org.uk/resources/housing-and-planning/green-belts/item/1956-green-belts-a-greener-future?highlight=WyJncmVlbmJlbHRzIiwiaW4iLCJlbmdsYW5kIiwiaW4gZW5nbGFuZCJd,www.cpre.org.uk/resources/housing-and-planning/green-belts/item/1956-green-belts-a-greener-future?highlight=WyJncmVlbmJlbHRzIiwiaW4iLCJlbmdsYW5kIiwiaW4gZW5nbGFuZCJd," title="web.archive.org/web/20180627232227www.cpre.org.uk/resources/housing-and-planning/green-belts/item/1956-green-belts-a-greener-future?highlight=WyJncmVlbmJlbHRzIiwiaW4iLCJlbmdsYW5kIiwiaW4gZW5nbGFuZCJd,">web.archive.org/web/20180627232227www.cpre.org.uk/resources/housing-and-planning/green-belts/item/1956-green-belts-a-greener-future?highlight=WyJncmVlbmJlbHRzIiwiaW4iLCJlbmdsYW5kIiwiaW4gZW5nbGFuZCJd, 27 June 2018, dead, to preserve the setting and historic character of the city.WEB, City of York Council, City of York Council download – The Development Control Local Plan (2005) and proposals maps{{!, Planning and building – Planning policy|url=https://www.york.gov.uk/downloads/file/3663/the_local_plan_2005_-_development_control_local_plan_full_document_and_appendicespdf|website=www.york.gov.uk|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180128132450www.york.gov.uk/downloads/file/3663/the_local_plan_2005_-_development_control_local_plan_full_document_and_appendicespdf|archive-date=28 January 2018|url-status=live}} The green belt surrounds nearly all of the city and its outer villages, extending out into North Yorkshire.

Demography

(File:York population pyramid.svg|thumb|Population pyramid of York (local authority) in 2021){{multiple image| image1 = SouthBankYork2.jpg| width1 = 150South Bank, York>Southbank| image2 = Slaidburn House, Holgate, York (28th August 2020).jpg| width2 = 150Holgate, North Yorkshire>Holgate}}The York urban area (built-up area) had a population of 153,717 at the time of the 2011 UK census,WEB,www.nomisweb.co.uk/articles/747.aspx, 2011 Census – Built-up areas, Office for National Statistics, ONS, 15 August 2013,www.nomisweb.co.uk/articles/747.aspx," title="web.archive.org/web/20130921045319www.nomisweb.co.uk/articles/747.aspx,">web.archive.org/web/20130921045319www.nomisweb.co.uk/articles/747.aspx, 21 September 2013, live, compared with 137,505 in 2001.WEB,www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/census-2001-key-statistics/urban-areas-in-england-and-wales/index.html, KS01 Usual resident population: Census 2001, Key Statistics for urban areas, 17 June 2004, Office for National Statistics, 11 March 2012,www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/census-2001-key-statistics/urban-areas-in-england-and-wales/index.html," title="web.archive.org/web/20120316014926www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/census-2001-key-statistics/urban-areas-in-england-and-wales/index.html,">web.archive.org/web/20120316014926www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/census-2001-key-statistics/urban-areas-in-england-and-wales/index.html, 16 March 2012, live, The population of the City of York (Local Authority) was 198,051 and its ethnic composition was 94.3% White, 1.2% Mixed, 3.4% Asian and 0.6% Black. York’s elderly population (those 65 and over) was {{#expr:((16929+11629+3200+1657)/198051)*100 round 1}}%, however only 13.2% were listed as retired.{{NOMIS2011|id=1946157112|title=York Local Authority|access-date=7 February 2018}}{{update|section|date=November 2018}}Also at the time of the 2001 UK census, the City of York had a total population of 181,094 of whom 93,957 were female and 87,137 were male. Of the 76,920 households in York, 36.0% were married couples living together, 31.3% were one-person households, 8.7% were co-habiting couples and 8.0% were lone parents. The figures for lone parent households were below the national average of 9.5%, and the percentage of married couples was also close to the national average of 36.5%; the proportion of one person households was slightly higher than the national average of 30.1%.WEB,www.neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadTableView.do?a=7&b=276825&c=York&d=13&e=15&g=392940&i=1001x1003x1004&m=0&r=1&s=1242741872656&enc=1&dsFamilyId=55, 2001 Census: Key Statistics: Household Composition (KS20): Area: York (Local Authority), Neighbourhood Statistics, Office for National Statistics, 19 May 2009,www.neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadTableView.do?a=7&b=276825&c=York&d=13&e=15&g=392940&i=1001x1003x1004&m=0&r=1&s=1242741872656&enc=1&dsFamilyId=55," title="web.archive.org/web/20110613033401www.neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadTableView.do?a=7&b=276825&c=York&d=13&e=15&g=392940&i=1001x1003x1004&m=0&r=1&s=1242741872656&enc=1&dsFamilyId=55,">web.archive.org/web/20110613033401www.neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadTableView.do?a=7&b=276825&c=York&d=13&e=15&g=392940&i=1001x1003x1004&m=0&r=1&s=1242741872656&enc=1&dsFamilyId=55, 13 June 2011, dead, In 2001, the population density was {{convert|4368|/km2|/sqmi|abbr=on}}. Of those aged 16–74 in York, 24.6% had no academic qualifications, a little lower than 28.9% in all of England. Of York’s residents, 5.1% were born outside the United Kingdom, significantly lower than the national average of 9.2%. White British form 95% of the population; the largest single minority group was recorded as Asian, at 1.9% of the population.The number of theft-from-a-vehicle offences and theft of a vehicle per 1,000 of the population was 8.8 and 2.7, compared to the English national average of 6.9 and 2.7 respectively.WEB,www.upmystreet.com/local/crime-in-york.html, Crime figures for 2007/08 in York, UpMyStreet, 19 May 2009, dead,www.upmystreet.com/local/crime-in-York.html," title="web.archive.org/web/20100325180022www.upmystreet.com/local/crime-in-York.html,">web.archive.org/web/20100325180022www.upmystreet.com/local/crime-in-York.html, 25 March 2010, The number of sexual offences was 0.9, in line with the national average. The national average of violence against another person was 16.2 compared to the York average of 17.5. The figures for crime statistics were all recorded during the 2006–07 financial year.The city’s estimated population in 2019 was 210,620.WEB,www.centreforcities.org/city/york/, York, 2 March 2021, 21 January 2021,web.archive.org/web/20210121210446/https://www.centreforcities.org/city/york/, live,

Population change

{| class=“wikitable” style="font-size:90%; width:70%; border:0; text-align:center; line-height:120%;“! colspan=“24” style="text-align:center;font-size:90%;” |Population growth in York since 1801! style="background:#9cc; color:navy; height:17px;” |Year! style="background:#fff; color:navy;” |1801! style="background:#fff; color:navy;” |1811! style="background:#fff; color:navy;” |1821! style="background:#fff; color:navy;” |1831! style="background:#fff; color:navy;” |1841! style="background:#fff; color:navy;” |1851! style="background:#fff; color:navy;” |1861! style="background:#fff; color:navy;” |1871! style="background:#fff; color:navy;” |1881! style="background:#fff; color:navy;” |1891! style="background:#fff; color:navy;” |1901! style="background:#fff; color:navy;” |1911! style="background:#fff; color:navy;” |1921! style="background:#fff; color:navy;” |1931! style="background:#fff; color:navy;” |1941{{ref label|1939|a|a}}! style="background:#fff; color:navy;” |1951! style="background:#fff; color:navy;” |1961! style="background:#fff; color:navy;” |1971! style="background:#fff; color:navy;” |1981! style="background:#fff; color:navy;” |1991! style="background:#fff; color:navy;” |2001{{ref label|2001|b|b}}! style="background:#fff; color:navy;” |2011 style="text-align:center;“! style="background:#9cc; color:navy; height:17px;” |Population27,48636,34049,89967,36481,802100,487112,402135,093154,749172,847198,051www.visionofbritain.org.uk/data_cube_page.jsp?data_theme=T_POP&data_cube=N_TOT_POP&u_id=10057127&c_id=10001043&add=N, York UA/City: Total Population, 19 July 2009, A Vision of Britain Through Time, Great Britain Historical GIS Project,www.visionofbritain.org.uk/data_cube_page.jsp?data_theme=T_POP&data_cube=N_TOT_POP&u_id=10057127&c_id=10001043&add=N," title="web.archive.org/web/20120223203637www.visionofbritain.org.uk/data_cube_page.jsp?data_theme=T_POP&data_cube=N_TOT_POP&u_id=10057127&c_id=10001043&add=N,">web.archive.org/web/20120223203637www.visionofbritain.org.uk/data_cube_page.jsp?data_theme=T_POP&data_cube=N_TOT_POP&u_id=10057127&c_id=10001043&add=N, 23 February 2012, live,

Ethnicity {| class“wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed”

! rowspan=“3” |Ethnic Group! colspan=“8” |Year! colspan=“2” |1991Data is taken from United Kingdom Casweb Data services {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211215152146casweb.ukdataservice.ac.uk/index.htm |date=15 December 2021 }} of the United Kingdom 1991 Census on Ethnic Data for England, Scotland and Wales {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220405213012casweb.ukdataservice.ac.uk/step1.cfm |date=5 April 2022 }} (Table 6)! colspan=“2” |2001WEB, Office of National Statistics; 2001 Census Key Statistics,www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/census-2001-key-statistics/local-authorities-in-england-and-wales/local-authorities-ks06--ethnic-group.xls," title="webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ukgwa/20160105160709www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/census-2001-key-statistics/local-authorities-in-england-and-wales/local-authorities-ks06--ethnic-group.xls,">webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ukgwa/20160105160709www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/census-2001-key-statistics/local-authorities-in-england-and-wales/local-authorities-ks06--ethnic-group.xls, 7 September 2021, UK Government Web Archive, 2 June 2022,www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/census-2001-key-statistics/local-authorities-in-england-and-wales/local-authorities-ks06--ethnic-group.xls," title="web.archive.org/web/20220602031124/https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ukgwa/20160105160709www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/census-2001-key-statistics/local-authorities-in-england-and-wales/local-authorities-ks06--ethnic-group.xls,">web.archive.org/web/20220602031124/https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ukgwa/20160105160709www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/census-2001-key-statistics/local-authorities-in-england-and-wales/local-authorities-ks06--ethnic-group.xls, live, ! colspan=“2” |2011WEB, 2011 Census: Ethnic Group, local authorities in England and Wales,www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/2011-census/key-statistics-for-local-authorities-in-england-and-wales/rft-table-ks201ew.xls," title="webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ukgwa/20160105160709www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/2011-census/key-statistics-for-local-authorities-in-england-and-wales/rft-table-ks201ew.xls,">webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ukgwa/20160105160709www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/2011-census/key-statistics-for-local-authorities-in-england-and-wales/rft-table-ks201ew.xls, 15 December 2021, UK Government Web Archive, 8 August 2021,www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/2011-census/key-statistics-for-local-authorities-in-england-and-wales/rft-table-ks201ew.xls," title="web.archive.org/web/20210808112341/https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ukgwa/20160105160709www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/2011-census/key-statistics-for-local-authorities-in-england-and-wales/rft-table-ks201ew.xls,">web.archive.org/web/20210808112341/https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ukgwa/20160105160709www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/2011-census/key-statistics-for-local-authorities-in-england-and-wales/rft-table-ks201ew.xls, live, ! colspan=“2” |2021WEB, Ethnic group - Office for National Statistics,www.ons.gov.uk/datasets/TS021/editions/2021/versions/1/filter-outputs/d2f0a39a-75b6-4995-b4bd-a5b68ff79027#get-data, 29 November 2022, www.ons.gov.uk, 7 December 2022,web.archive.org/web/20221207095805/https://www.ons.gov.uk/datasets/TS021/editions/2021/versions/1/filter-outputs/d2f0a39a-75b6-4995-b4bd-a5b68ff79027#get-data, live, !Number!%!Number!%!Number!%!Number!%|||||||||!White: Total!165,118!99%!177,191!97.8%!186,731!94.2%!188,167!92.8%White British>British|–|–|172,237|95.1%|178,613|90.1%|176,963|87.3%White Irish>Irish|–|–|1,217||1,103||1,317|0.6%White Gypsy or Irish Traveller>Gypsy or Irish Traveller|–|–|||269||368|0.2%|White: Roma|||||||222|0.1%Other White>Other|–|–|3,737||6,746||9,297|4.6%!Asian or Asian British: Total!952!0.6%!2,027!1.1%!6,740!3.4%!7,634!3.8%British Indians>Indian|237||542||1,531||1,853|0.9%British Pakistanis>Pakistani|68||201||417||545|0.3%British Bangladeshis>Bangladeshi|133||364||370||413|0.2%British Chinese>Chinese|318||642||2,449||2,889|1.4%|Asian or Asian British: Other Asian|196||278||1,973||1,934|1.0%!Black or Black British: Total!304!0.2%!341!0.2%!1,194!0.6%!1,325!0.7%British African-Caribbean people>African|113||164||903||978|0.5%British African-Caribbean people>Caribbean|104||143||205||208|0.1%Classification of ethnicity in the United Kingdom>Other Black|87||34||86||139|0.1%!Mixed or British Mixed: Total!–!–!1,144!0.6%!2,410!1.2%!3,741!1.8%|Mixed: White and Black Caribbean|–|–|248||529||631|0.3%|Mixed: White and Black African|–|–|114||305||494|0.2%|Mixed: White and Asian|–|–|456||873||1,579|0.8%|Mixed: Other Mixed|–|–|326||703||1,037|0.5%!Other: Total!439!0.2%!!!973!!1,954!1%|Other: Arab|–|–|||498||623|0.3%|Other: Any other ethnic group|439|0.2%|391||475||1,331|0.7%|||||||||!Total!166,813!100%!181,094!100%!198,051!100%!202,821!100%

Religion

Percentages in York following non-Christian religion were below England’s national average. Classified as having “No Religion” is higher than the national average. Christianity has the largest religious following in York, 59.5% residents reported as Christian in the 2011 census.{{Multiple images|| total_width = 350px| image1 = Inside York Minster.jpg| caption1 = Nave of York Minster| image2 = Stained glass yorkminster 8424.jpg| caption2 = Stained glass at York Minster| image3 = YorkStWilliamsCollege1.jpg| caption3 = St William’s College facade}}York has multiple churches, most present churches in York are from the medieval period. St William’s College behind the Minster, and Bedern Hall, off Goodramgate, are former dwelling places of the canons of the York Minster.BOOK, Sheahan, James Joseph,books.google.com/books?id=t5gaAAAAYAAJ&q=%22ralph+de+paganel%22&pg=PA503, History and Topography of the City of York, the East Riding of Yorkshire and a Portion of the West Riding, Whellan, T., 1857, 1, 501, 12 June 2009, 12 January 2023,web.archive.org/web/20230112005243/https://books.google.com/books?id=t5gaAAAAYAAJ&q=%22ralph+de+paganel%22&pg=PA503, live, There are 33 active Anglican churches in York, which is home to the Archbishop of York and York Minster, the Mother Church and administrative centre of the northern province of the Church of England and the Diocese of York.BOOK, Diocese of York Directory 2011/12, 2011, Diocese of York, 187–200, York is in the Roman Catholic Diocese of Middlesbrough, has eight Roman Catholic churches and a number of different Catholic religious orders.WEB,middlesbrough-diocese.org.uk/?page_id=64, Parishes, 2007, Middlesbrough Diocese, 19 July 2009,middlesbrough-diocese.org.uk/?page_id=64," title="web.archive.org/web/20080624051833middlesbrough-diocese.org.uk/?page_id=64,">web.archive.org/web/20080624051833middlesbrough-diocese.org.uk/?page_id=64, 24 June 2008, dead, Leaders of different Christian denominations work together across the city, forming a network of churches known as One Voice York.WEB,www.yorkpress.co.uk/news/12863688.Archbishop_of_York_to_maintain_Easter_baptisms_tradition/, Archbishop of York to maintain Easter baptisms tradition, York Press, 21 April 2017,www.yorkpress.co.uk/news/12863688.Archbishop_of_York_to_maintain_Easter_baptisms_tradition/," title="web.archive.org/web/20170421194913www.yorkpress.co.uk/news/12863688.Archbishop_of_York_to_maintain_Easter_baptisms_tradition/,">web.archive.org/web/20170421194913www.yorkpress.co.uk/news/12863688.Archbishop_of_York_to_maintain_Easter_baptisms_tradition/, 21 April 2017, dead, Other Christian denominations active in York include the Religious Society of Friends who have three meeting houses,WEB,www.yorkquakers.org.uk/, Quakers in the York area, yorkquakers.org.uk, 19 July 2009,www.yorkquakers.org.uk/," title="web.archive.org/web/20080908032041www.yorkquakers.org.uk/,">web.archive.org/web/20080908032041www.yorkquakers.org.uk/, 8 September 2008, dead, Methodists (the York Circuit of The Methodist Church York and Hull District),WEB,www.yorkhullmethodist.org.uk/index.php?cid=29&pid=20, Circuits & Churches, The Methodist Church York and Hull District, 6 March 2011,www.yorkhullmethodist.org.uk/index.php?cid=29&pid=20," title="web.archive.org/web/20111002095413www.yorkhullmethodist.org.uk/index.php?cid=29&pid=20,">web.archive.org/web/20111002095413www.yorkhullmethodist.org.uk/index.php?cid=29&pid=20, 2 October 2011, dead, and Unitarians. St Columba’s United Reformed Church in Priory Street, originally built for the Presbyterians, dates from 1879.WEB,stcolumbaswithnewlendal.yolasite.com/history.php, St Columba’s with New Lendal URC York, St Columba’s York, United Reformed Church, yolasite.com, 29 January 2015,stcolumbaswithnewlendal.yolasite.com/history.php," title="web.archive.org/web/20150309034052stcolumbaswithnewlendal.yolasite.com/history.php,">web.archive.org/web/20150309034052stcolumbaswithnewlendal.yolasite.com/history.php, 9 March 2015, dead, York’s only Mosque is located in the Layerthorpe area, and the city also has a UK Islamic Mission centre.WEB,yorkmosque.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=5&Itemid=6, York Mosque and Islamic Centre – About Us, York Mosque, 15 June 2009, dead,yorkmosque.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=5&Itemid=6," title="web.archive.org/web/20090818030911yorkmosque.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=5&Itemid=6,">web.archive.org/web/20090818030911yorkmosque.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=5&Itemid=6, 18 August 2009, Various Buddhist traditions are represented in the city and around York.WEB,www.communigate.co.uk/brad/leedsbuddhistgroup/page5.phtml, Buddhist organisations in York, NY, North-East areas, CommuniGate, This is Bradford, 19 July 2009, dead,www.communigate.co.uk/brad/leedsbuddhistgroup/page5.phtml," title="web.archive.org/web/20081210142429www.communigate.co.uk/brad/leedsbuddhistgroup/page5.phtml,">web.archive.org/web/20081210142429www.communigate.co.uk/brad/leedsbuddhistgroup/page5.phtml, 10 December 2008, There is also an active Jewish community.NEWS, Sherwood, Harriet, Eight centuries after the pogrom, pride flickers again in York’s Jewish community,www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2015/dec/13/york-pogrom-pride-flickers-again-jewish-community, 12 April 2020, The Guardian, 12 April 2020,web.archive.org/web/20200412132235/https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2015/dec/13/york-pogrom-pride-flickers-again-jewish-community, live, {| class=“wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed“! rowspan=“2” |Religion! colspan=“2” |2001WEB, KS007 - Religion - Nomis - 2001,www.nomisweb.co.uk/datasets/ks007, 18 October 2022, www.nomisweb.co.uk, 18 October 2022,web.archive.org/web/20221018175200/https://www.nomisweb.co.uk/datasets/ks007, live, ! colspan=“2” |2011WEB, KS209EW (Religion) - Nomis - 2011,www.nomisweb.co.uk/census/2011/ks209ew, 18 October 2022, www.nomisweb.co.uk, 18 October 2022,web.archive.org/web/20221018172755/https://www.nomisweb.co.uk/census/2011/ks209ew, live, !colspan=“2“|2021WEB,www.ons.gov.uk/datasets/TS030/editions/2021/versions/1, Religion - Office for National Statistics, 20 December 2022, 30 November 2022,web.archive.org/web/20221130201825/https://www.ons.gov.uk/datasets/TS030/editions/2021/versions/1, live, !Number!%!Number!%!Number!%|||||!No religion! style="text-align:right” |30,003! style="text-align:right” |16.6! style="text-align:right” |59,646! style="text-align:right” |30.1! style="text-align:right” |93,577! style="text-align:right” |46.1!Holds religious beliefs!137,377!75.9!123,009!62.1!95,314!47.026x26px) Christian74.459.543.920x20px) Buddhist0.20.50.521x21px) Hindu0.20.50.523x23px) Jewish0.10.10.120x20px) Muslim0.61.01.224x24px) Sikh0.10.10.1|Other religion0.30.40.6!Religion not stated! style="text-align:right” |13,714! style="text-align:right” |7.6! style="text-align:right” |15,396! style="text-align:right” |7.8! style="text-align:right” |13,930! style="text-align:right” |6.9|||||!Total population! style="text-align:right” |181,094! style="text-align:right” |100.0! style="text-align:right” |198,051! style="text-align:right” |100.0! style="text-align:right” |202,821! style="text-align:right” |100.0

Economy

Overview

{{see also|List of companies based in York}}File:Yorkshire Museum, York, England-23March2005.jpg|thumb|200x200pxA July 2020 report by Council stated that York is worth “£5.2 billion to the UK economy ... with 9,000 businesses and 110,000 people employed across the city”.WEB,www.york.gov.uk/BackYork, Back York, City of York Council, 1 March 2021, 31 July 2021,web.archive.org/web/20210731181417/https://www.york.gov.uk/BackYork, dead, According to Make It York, the city benefits from features that include a well-educated workforce, “excellent transport links to both national and international markets, pronounced strengths in a range of high value sectors, a pioneering digital infrastructure, outstanding business support networks ...”.WEB,www.makeityork.com/business-support-advice/a-place-to-do-business/, A Place To Do Business, Make It York, 2 March 2021, 19 February 2021,web.archive.org/web/20210219160244/https://www.makeityork.com/business-support-advice/a-place-to-do-business/, dead, York’s economy is based on the service industry, which in 2000 was responsible for 88.7% of employment in the city.WEB,www.nomisweb.co.uk/reports/lmp/la/2038432023/report.aspx, Labour Market ProfileYork, Office for National Statistics, Nomis, 17 July 2009, dead,web.archive.org/web/20110717101557/https://www.nomisweb.co.uk/reports/lmp/la/2038432023/report.aspx, 17 July 2011, Statistics based on 2019 data indicated that tourism was worth over £765 million to the city, supported 24,000 jobs and attracted 8.4 million visitors each year.WEB,www.visityork.org/dbimgs/York%20Tourism%20Recovery%20Marketing%20Strategy%20Webres%20(1).pdf, York Marketing Strategy, 13 August 2020, 2 March 2021, 20 October 2020,web.archive.org/web/20201020093919/https://www.visityork.org/dbimgs/York%20Tourism%20Recovery%20Marketing%20Strategy%20Webres%20(1).pdf, dead, File:York designer outlet (geograph 6848025).jpg|thumb|200x200pxThe Employment Rate in 2018 was 78.8%. The private sector accounted for 77,000 jobs in 2019 while 34,500 jobs were in the public sector.The service industries include public sector employment, health, education, finance, information technology (IT) and tourism that accounted for 10.7% of employment as of 2016. Tourism has become an important element of the economy, with the city offering a wealth of historic attractions, of which York Minster is the most prominent, and a variety of cultural activities. As a holiday destination York was the 6th most visited English city by UK residents (2014–16)WEB, Most Visited Towns by Trip Purpose 2014–16 (Excel, 32KB),www.visitbritain.org/sites/default/files/vb-corporate/Documents-Library/documents/England-documents/a_listing_of_the_most_visited_towns_2014-16.xlsx, Visit Britain, 4 January 2018,web.archive.org/web/20180104135310/https://www.visitbritain.org/sites/default/files/vb-corporate/Documents-Library/documents/England-documents/a_listing_of_the_most_visited_towns_2014-16.xlsx, 4 January 2018, dead, and the 13th most visited by overseas visitors (2016).WEB, Inbound Town Data,www.visitbritain.org/town-data, Visit Britain, 4 January 2018,web.archive.org/web/20171223052855/https://www.visitbritain.org/town-data, 23 December 2017, dead, A 2014 report, based on 2012 data,WEB,www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-york-north-yorkshire-26136096, Tourists spend more than £600m, 11 February 2014, BBC, 27 June 2018,web.archive.org/web/20180712080152/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-york-north-yorkshire-26136096, 12 July 2018, live, stated that the city receives 6.9 million visitors annually; they contribute £564 million to the economy and support over 19,000 jobs.WEB,www.visityork.org/dbimgs/KeyFacts-ResearchandStatistics(2).pdf, Report, VisitYork, 27 June 2018,web.archive.org/web/20180627202206/https://www.visityork.org/dbimgs/KeyFacts-ResearchandStatistics(2).pdf, 27 June 2018, dead, In the 2017 Condé Nast Traveller survey of readers, York rated 12th among The 15 Best Cities in the UK for visitors.WEB,www.cntraveller.com/gallery/best-cities-in-the-uk, The best cities in the UK, Condé Nast, Traveller, www.cntraveller.com, 27 June 2018,www.cntraveller.com/gallery/best-cities-in-the-uk," title="web.archive.org/web/20180627230655www.cntraveller.com/gallery/best-cities-in-the-uk,">web.archive.org/web/20180627230655www.cntraveller.com/gallery/best-cities-in-the-uk, 27 June 2018, dead, In a 2020 Condé Nast Traveller report, York rated as the sixth best among ten “urban destinations [in the UK] that scored the highest marks when it comes to ... nightlife, restaurants, and friendliness”.WEB,www.cntraveller.com/gallery/best-cities-in-the-uk, The best cities in the UK 2020, 7 October 2020, Condé Nast Traveller, 2 March 2021, 7 March 2021,web.archive.org/web/20210307161008/https://www.cntraveller.com/gallery/best-cities-in-the-uk, live, File:Spark York 02.jpg|thumb|Spark:York, opened in 2018 as part of the Piccadilly regeneration scheme, offers a range of 200x200pxUnemployment in York was low at 4.2% in 2008 compared to the United Kingdom national average of 5.3%. The biggest employer in York is the City of York Council, with over 7,500 employees. Employers with more than 2,000 staff include Aviva (formerly Norwich Union Life), Network Rail, Northern Trains, York Hospitals NHS Trust and the University of York. Other major employers include BT Group, CPP Group, Nestlé, NFU Mutual and a number of railway companies.WEB, The Major Employers in the City of York Council area., City of York Council, 2011,www.york.gov.uk/download/downloads/id/2715/york_s_major_employers_2011 format=PDF, dead,www.york.gov.uk/download/downloads/id/2715/york_s_major_employers_2011," title="web.archive.org/web/20131105142612www.york.gov.uk/download/downloads/id/2715/york_s_major_employers_2011,">web.archive.org/web/20131105142612www.york.gov.uk/download/downloads/id/2715/york_s_major_employers_2011, 5 November 2013, WEB, University of York Profile 2009., University of York, 2009,www.york.ac.uk/media/communications/corporatepublications/Profile%202009%20reduced%203.pdf, 3 August 2009,www.york.ac.uk/media/communications/corporatepublications/Profile%202009%20reduced%203.pdf," title="web.archive.org/web/20120117151854www.york.ac.uk/media/communications/corporatepublications/Profile%202009%20reduced%203.pdf,">web.archive.org/web/20120117151854www.york.ac.uk/media/communications/corporatepublications/Profile%202009%20reduced%203.pdf, 17 January 2012, dead, A 2007 report stated that the economic position at that time very different from the 1950s, when its prosperity was based on chocolate manufacturing and the railways. This position continued until the early 1980s when 30% of the workforce were employed by just five employers and 75% of manufacturing jobs were in four companies. Most industry around the railway has gone, including the York Carriage Works, which at its height in the 1880s employed 5,500 people, but closed in the mid-1990s.WEB, The Future York Group Report: An Independent Strategic Review of the York Economy, The Future York Group Report, June 2007,www.york.gov.uk/content/45053/31645/Economic_intelligence/FYG_Main_Report.pdf,www.york.gov.uk/content/45053/31645/Economic_intelligence/FYG_Main_Report.pdf," title="web.archive.org/web/20111001063656www.york.gov.uk/content/45053/31645/Economic_intelligence/FYG_Main_Report.pdf,">web.archive.org/web/20111001063656www.york.gov.uk/content/45053/31645/Economic_intelligence/FYG_Main_Report.pdf, dead, 1 October 2011, 22 January 2008, WEB,www.thepress.co.uk/news/917865.yet_more_railway_jobs_axed_in_york/, Yet more railway jobs axed in York, Newsquest Media Group, The Press, 13 September 2006, 19 July 2009, 12 January 2023,web.archive.org/web/20230112005239/https://www.yorkpress.co.uk/news/917865.yet-more-railway-jobs-axed-in-york/, live, York is the headquarters of the confectionery manufacturer Nestlé York (formerly Nestlé Rowntrees) and home to the KitKat and eponymous Yorkie bar chocolate brands. Terry’s chocolate factory, makers of the Chocolate Orange, was located in the city; but it closed on 30 September 2005, when production was moved by its owners, Kraft Foods, to Poland. The historic factory building is situated next to the Knavesmire racecourse.File:Aviva, York.jpg|thumb|The 200x200pxOn 20 September 2006, Nestlé announced that it would cut 645 jobs at the Rowntree’s chocolate factory in York.NEWS,news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/north_yorkshire/5363992.stm, More jobs lost at chocolate firm, BBC News, 20 September 2006, 19 July 2009,news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/north_yorkshire/5363992.stm," title="web.archive.org/web/20080215005804news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/north_yorkshire/5363992.stm,">web.archive.org/web/20080215005804news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/north_yorkshire/5363992.stm, 15 February 2008, live, This came after a number of other job losses in the city at Aviva, British Sugar, and Terry’s chocolate factory.NEWS,news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/north_yorkshire/5345168.stm, Job losses ‘bitter blow’ for city, BBC News, 14 September 2006, 19 July 2009,news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/north_yorkshire/5345168.stm," title="web.archive.org/web/20070313115912news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/north_yorkshire/5345168.stm,">web.archive.org/web/20070313115912news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/north_yorkshire/5345168.stm, 13 March 2007, live, Despite this, the employment situation in York remained fairly buoyant until the effects of the late 2000s recession began to be felt.NEWS,www.thepress.co.uk/search/4263943.York_reels_from_Norwich_Union_job_cuts_shock/,www.thepress.co.uk/search/4263943.York_reels_from_Norwich_Union_job_cuts_shock/," title="archive.today/20130114033708www.thepress.co.uk/search/4263943.York_reels_from_Norwich_Union_job_cuts_shock/,">archive.today/20130114033708www.thepress.co.uk/search/4263943.York_reels_from_Norwich_Union_job_cuts_shock/, dead, 14 January 2013, York reels from Norwich Union job cuts shock, Newsquest Media Group, York Press, 3 April 2009, 8 April 2009, Since the closure of the carriage works, the site has been developed into offices. York’s economy has been developing in the areas of science, technology and the creative industries. The city became a founding National Science City with the creation of a science park near the University of York.WEB,www.sciencecityyork.org.uk/, Welcome to Science City York – 10 Years Promoting Innovation and Creativity, Science City York, 15 June 2009,www.sciencecityyork.org.uk/," title="web.archive.org/web/20090531004904www.sciencecityyork.org.uk/,">web.archive.org/web/20090531004904www.sciencecityyork.org.uk/, 31 May 2009, dead, Between 1998 and 2008 York gained 80 new technology companies and 2,800 new jobs in the sector.WEB, About Science City York, Science City York, 2006,www.sciencecityyork.org.uk/about/index.html, 19 January 2008,www.sciencecityyork.org.uk/about/index.html," title="web.archive.org/web/20070804055318www.sciencecityyork.org.uk/about/index.html,">web.archive.org/web/20070804055318www.sciencecityyork.org.uk/about/index.html, 4 August 2007, WEB,www.statistics.gov.uk/downloads/theme_economy/RegionalGVA.pdf, Regional Gross Value Added, Office for National Statistics, 2005, 240–253, 19 July 2009, dead,www.statistics.gov.uk/downloads/theme_economy/RegionalGVA.pdf," title="web.archive.org/web/20110728091019www.statistics.gov.uk/downloads/theme_economy/RegionalGVA.pdf,">web.archive.org/web/20110728091019www.statistics.gov.uk/downloads/theme_economy/RegionalGVA.pdf, 28 July 2011,

Effects of the COVID-19 pandemic

The COVID-19 pandemic was confirmed to have reached England after cases were discovered in York on 31 January 2020.NEWS, Ball, Tom,www.thetimes.co.uk/article/hunt-for-contacts-of-coronavirus-stricken-pair-in-york-dh363qf8k, Hunt for contacts of coronavirus-stricken pair in York, 31 January 2020, The Times, 6 March 2020, live, Wace, Charlotte, 0140-0460, subscription,web.archive.org/web/20200204105559/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/hunt-for-contacts-of-coronavirus-stricken-pair-in-york-dh363qf8k, 4 February 2020, JOURNAL, Moss, Peter, Barlow, Gavin, Easom, Nicholas, Lillie, Patrick, Samson, Anda, 14 March 2020, Lessons for managing high-consequence infections from first COVID-19 cases in the UK, The Lancet, 395, 10227, e46, 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30463-3, 0140-6736, 32113507, 7133597,www.thelancet.com/action/showPdf?pii=S0140-6736%2820%2930463-3, free,web.archive.org/web/20200331102349/https://www.thelancet.com/action/showPdf?pii=S0140-6736%2820%2930463-3, 31 March 2020, live, The pandemic caused an economic slowdown because of restrictions imposed on businesses and on travel in the UK; by January 2021, many cities were in their third lockdown and the country’s unemployment rate had reached its highest level in over four years.WEB,www.centreforcities.org/blog/labour-market-update-what-does-the-third-lockdown-mean-for-the-largest-cities-and-towns/, Labour market update: what does the third lockdown mean for the largest cities and towns?, 25 February 2021, 2 March 2021, 10 March 2021,web.archive.org/web/20210310102847/https://www.centreforcities.org/blog/labour-market-update-what-does-the-third-lockdown-mean-for-the-largest-cities-and-towns/, live, NEWS,www.yorkshirepost.co.uk/business/unemployment-rate-soars-highest-level-more-four-years-3112648, Unemployment rate soars to highest level for more than four years, The Yorkshire Post, 2 March 2021, 26 January 2021,web.archive.org/web/20210126094904/https://www.yorkshirepost.co.uk/business/unemployment-rate-soars-highest-level-more-four-years-3112648, live, The retail, hospitality, and tourism sectors were especially hard hit in York.NEWS,www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2020/aug/02/york-crossroads-coronavirus-tourism-city-pandemic, ‘No one expected this’: York at crossroads as coronavirus takes toll, Josh, Halliday, 2 August 2020, 2 March 2021, The Guardian, 28 December 2020,web.archive.org/web/20201228184149/https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2020/aug/02/york-crossroads-coronavirus-tourism-city-pandemic, live, In August 2020, the campaign “Make It York” and the city council embarked on a six-month tourism marketing plan “to reenergise the city while building resident and visitor confidence”.A report in June 2020 stated that unemployment had risen 114% over the previous year because of restrictions imposed as a result of the pandemic.NEWS,www.yorkpress.co.uk/news/18508829.toughest-time-living-memory---unemployment-141-york/, ‘Toughest time in living memory’ – unemployment up 141 in York, York Press, 2 March 2021, 1 August 2021,web.archive.org/web/20210801201337/https://www.yorkpress.co.uk/news/18508829.toughest-time-living-memory---unemployment-141-york/, live, In addition to high unemployment during lockdown periods, one analysis by the York and North Yorkshire Local Enterprise Partnership predicted in August 2020 that “as many as 13,835 jobs in York will be lost in the scenario considered most likely, taking the city’s unemployment rate to 14.5%”. Some critics claimed that part of the problem was caused by “over-reliance on the booming tourism industry at the expense of a long-term economic plan”. Other analyses suggested that “York is well-placed for the high street to recover and evolve from the pandemic if new businesses focus on creating an attraction or experience rather than traditional retail”. The North Yorkshire Local Enterprise Partnership also “predicted a significant rise in staycation trips to York in 2021”.NEWS,www.yorkshirepost.co.uk/business/good-news-york-empty-shops-city-centre-are-being-bought-local-investors-3082725, ‘Good news’ for York as empty shops in city centre are being bought by local investors, The Yorkshire Post, 2 March 2021, 7 January 2021,web.archive.org/web/20210107122651/https://www.yorkshirepost.co.uk/business/good-news-york-empty-shops-city-centre-are-being-bought-local-investors-3082725, live,

Public services

(File:York Hospital Front entrance.jpg|thumb|York Hospital is the city’s primary medical facility.|200x200px)Under the requirements of the Municipal Corporations Act 1835, York City Council appointed a watch committee which established a police force and appointed a chief constable.BOOK,www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=36381#s8, A History of the County of York: the City of York: Public services, British History Online, 20 September 2009, 1961, P. M., Tillott, 460–472,www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=36381#s8," title="web.archive.org/web/20090213122355www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=36381#s8,">web.archive.org/web/20090213122355www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=36381#s8, 13 February 2009, live, On 1 June 1968 the York City, East Riding of Yorkshire, and North Riding of Yorkshire police forces were amalgamated to form the York and North East Yorkshire Police. Since 1974, Home Office policing in York has been provided by the North Yorkshire Police. The force’s central headquarters for policing York and nearby Selby are in Fulford.WEB,www.northyorkshire.police.uk/index.aspx?articleid=1051, North Yorkshire Police : Central Area Commander – Chief Superintendent Ali Higgins, North Yorkshire Police, 20 July 2009, {{dead link|date=June 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}Statutory emergency fire and rescue service is provided by the North Yorkshire Fire and Rescue Service, based in Northallerton.WEB,www.northyorksfire.gov.uk/index.html, Welcome to the website of North Yorkshire Fire & Rescue Service, North Yorkshire fire and Rescue Service, 18 May 2009,www.northyorksfire.gov.uk/index.html," title="web.archive.org/web/20090615084309www.northyorksfire.gov.uk/index.html,">web.archive.org/web/20090615084309www.northyorksfire.gov.uk/index.html, 15 June 2009, dead, The city’s first hospital, York County Hospital, opened in 1740 in MonkgateWEB,www.yorkhistory.org.uk/hospital.html, York County Hospital, York History,www.yorkhistory.org.uk/hospital.html," title="web.archive.org/web/20100824113330www.yorkhistory.org.uk/hospital.html,">web.archive.org/web/20100824113330www.yorkhistory.org.uk/hospital.html, 24 August 2010York Hospital, which opened the same year and gained NHS foundation trust>Foundation status in April 2007. It has 524 adult inpatient beds and 127 special purpose beds providing general healthcare and some specialist inpatient, daycase, and outpatient services.WEB,www.nhs.uk/servicedirectories/pages/hospital.aspx?id=rcb55, York Hospital – About our hospital, National Health Service, 18 May 2009,www.nhs.uk/ServiceDirectories/Pages/Hospital.aspx?id=RCB55," title="web.archive.org/web/20090504032158www.nhs.uk/ServiceDirectories/Pages/Hospital.aspx?id=RCB55,">web.archive.org/web/20090504032158www.nhs.uk/ServiceDirectories/Pages/Hospital.aspx?id=RCB55, 4 May 2009, live, It is also known as York District Hospital and YDH.(File:Cour Magistrats York 6.jpg|thumb|York Magistrates Court|200x200px)The Yorkshire Ambulance Service NHS Trust was formed on 1 July 2006 bringing together South Yorkshire Ambulance Service, West Yorkshire Metropolitan Ambulance Service and the North and East Yorkshire parts of Tees, East and North Yorkshire Ambulance Service to provide patient transport.WEB,www.yas.nhs.uk/AboutUs/aboutus.html, About Us – Yorkshire Ambulance Service NHS Trust, Yorkshire Ambulance Service, 18 May 2009,www.yas.nhs.uk/AboutUs/aboutus.html," title="web.archive.org/web/20090518120423www.yas.nhs.uk/AboutUs/aboutus.html,">web.archive.org/web/20090518120423www.yas.nhs.uk/AboutUs/aboutus.html, 18 May 2009, dead, Other forms of health care are provided for locally by clinics and surgeries.Since 1998 waste management has been co-ordinated via the York and North Yorkshire Waste Partnership.WEB,www.letstalklessrubbish.com/ltlr/Main.nsf/LookupUnid/D2703AD852D1C83E802572E30053BEE9?opendocument, History, The York and North Yorkshire Waste Partnership, 18 May 2009,www.letstalklessrubbish.com/ltlr/Main.nsf/LookupUnid/D2703AD852D1C83E802572E30053BEE9?opendocument," title="archive.today/20090520193555www.letstalklessrubbish.com/ltlr/Main.nsf/LookupUnid/D2703AD852D1C83E802572E30053BEE9?opendocument,">archive.today/20090520193555www.letstalklessrubbish.com/ltlr/Main.nsf/LookupUnid/D2703AD852D1C83E802572E30053BEE9?opendocument, 20 May 2009, WEB,www.ceelectricuk.co.uk/page/index.cfm, Welcome – CE Electric UK, CE Electric UK, 18 May 2009, dead,www.ceelectricuk.co.uk/page/index.cfm," title="web.archive.org/web/20090708003602www.ceelectricuk.co.uk/page/index.cfm,">web.archive.org/web/20090708003602www.ceelectricuk.co.uk/page/index.cfm, 8 July 2009, , (File:York_Crown_Court.jpg|thumb|200x200px|York Crown Court)The city has a magistrates’ court,WEB,www.hmcourts-service.gov.uk/HMCSCourtFinder/SearchLinked.do?court_name=York%20Magistrates%27%20Court, Her Majesty’s Courts Service – York Magistrates’ Court, Her Majesty’s Courts Service, 17 May 2009, dead,www.hmcourts-service.gov.uk/HMCSCourtFinder/SearchLinked.do?court_name=York%20Magistrates%27%20Court," title="web.archive.org/web/20070610214737www.hmcourts-service.gov.uk/HMCSCourtFinder/SearchLinked.do?court_name=York%20Magistrates%27%20Court,">web.archive.org/web/20070610214737www.hmcourts-service.gov.uk/HMCSCourtFinder/SearchLinked.do?court_name=York%20Magistrates%27%20Court, 10 June 2007, and venues for the Crown CourtWEB,hmctscourtfinder.justice.gov.uk/HMCTS/Search.do?court_id=692, Crown Court Directory – York, CourtServe Legal Information Centre, 24 April 2012,hmctscourtfinder.justice.gov.uk/HMCTS/Search.do?court_id=692," title="web.archive.org/web/20130525044020hmctscourtfinder.justice.gov.uk/HMCTS/Search.do?court_id=692,">web.archive.org/web/20130525044020hmctscourtfinder.justice.gov.uk/HMCTS/Search.do?court_id=692, 25 May 2013, dead, and the County Court.WEB,hmctscourtfinder.justice.gov.uk/HMCTS/Search.do?court_id=691, County Court Directory – York, CourtServe Legal Information Centre, 24 April 2012,hmctscourtfinder.justice.gov.uk/HMCTS/Search.do?court_id=691," title="web.archive.org/web/20130525062629hmctscourtfinder.justice.gov.uk/HMCTS/Search.do?court_id=691,">web.archive.org/web/20130525062629hmctscourtfinder.justice.gov.uk/HMCTS/Search.do?court_id=691, 25 May 2013, dead, York Crown Court was designed by the architect John Carr, and built next to the then prison (including execution area).WEB,www.historyofyork.org.uk/timeline/georgian/john-carr-architect, John Carr – Architect: History of York, York Museums Trust, 17 May 2009,www.historyofyork.org.uk/timeline/georgian/john-carr-architect," title="web.archive.org/web/20111004122038www.historyofyork.org.uk/timeline/georgian/john-carr-architect,">web.archive.org/web/20111004122038www.historyofyork.org.uk/timeline/georgian/john-carr-architect, 4 October 2011, dead, Between 1773 and 1777, the Grand Jury House was replaced by John Carr’s elegant Court House for the Assizes of the whole county.{{anchor|Eye of York}}The Female Prison was built opposite and mirrors the court building positioned around a circular lawn which became known as the “Eye of the Ridings”, or the “Eye of York”.1776 saw the last recorded instance of a wife hanged and burnt for poisoning her husband. Horse theft was a capital offence. The culprits of lesser crimes were brought to court by the city constables and would face a fine. The corporation employed a “common informer” whose task was to bring criminals to justice.WEB,www.historyofyork.org.uk/themes/georgian/the-county-court-house, The County Court House, York Museums Trust, 30 June 2013,www.historyofyork.org.uk/themes/georgian/the-county-court-house," title="web.archive.org/web/20140417050229www.historyofyork.org.uk/themes/georgian/the-county-court-house,">web.archive.org/web/20140417050229www.historyofyork.org.uk/themes/georgian/the-county-court-house, 17 April 2014, dead, The former prison is now the Castle Museum but still contains the cells.

Transport

Water

York’s location on the River Ouse, and in the centre of the Vale of York, means that it has always had a significant position in the nation’s transport system. The city grew up as a river port at the confluence of the Ouse and the Foss. The Ouse was originally a tidal river, accessible to seagoing ships of the time. Today, both of these rivers remain navigable, although the Foss is only navigable for a short distance above the confluence. A lock at Naburn on the Ouse to the south of York means that the river in York is no longer tidal.WEB,canalrivertrust.org.uk/canals-and-rivers/river-ouse, River Ouse, Canal & River Trust, 23 July 2013,canalrivertrust.org.uk/canals-and-rivers/river-ouse," title="web.archive.org/web/20130908144027canalrivertrust.org.uk/canals-and-rivers/river-ouse,">web.archive.org/web/20130908144027canalrivertrust.org.uk/canals-and-rivers/river-ouse, 8 September 2013, dead, Until the end of the 20th century, the Ouse was used by barges to carry freight between York and the port of Hull. The last significant such traffic was the supply of newsprint to the local newspaper’s Foss-side print works, which continued until 1997. Today, navigation is almost exclusively leisure-oriented.{{wide image|York night.JPG|1000px|align-cap=center|Panorama of the River Ouse looking south from Lendal Bridge}}

Roads

(File:Stonegate in York - geograph.org.uk - 1261035.jpg|thumb|Stonegate is pedestrianised during the day.|200x200px)Like most cities founded by the Romans, York is well served by long-distance trunk roads. The city lies at the intersection of the A19 road from Doncaster to Tyneside, the A59 road from Liverpool to York, the A64 road from Leeds to Scarborough and the A1079 road from York to Hull. The A64 road provides the principal link to the motorway network, linking York to both the A1(M) and the M1 motorways at a distance of about {{convert|10|mi|km|round=5}} from the city. The trans-Pennine M62 motorway is less than {{convert|20|mi|km|round=5}} away providing links to Manchester and Liverpool.The city is surrounded on all sides by an outer ring road, at a distance of some {{convert|3|mi|km|0}} from the centre of the city, which allows through traffic to by-pass the city. The street plan of the historic core of the city dates from medieval times and is not suitable for modern traffic. As a consequence, many of the routes inside the city walls are designated as car-free during business hours or restrict traffic entirely. To alleviate this situation, six bus-based park and ride sites operate in York. The sites are located towards the edge of the urban area, with easy access from the ring road and allow out of town visitors to complete their journey into the city centre by bus.WEB, Park & Ride, City of York Council,www.york.gov.uk/transport/Parking/Park_and_Ride/, 31 August 2007, 9 October 2007, dead,www.york.gov.uk/transport/Parking/Park_and_Ride/," title="web.archive.org/web/20071014003339www.york.gov.uk/transport/Parking/Park_and_Ride/,">web.archive.org/web/20071014003339www.york.gov.uk/transport/Parking/Park_and_Ride/, 14 October 2007, File:First bendy bus on York P&R.jpg|thumb|First York 200x200pxPublic transport within the city is largely bus-based. First York operates the majority of the city’s local bus services, as well as the York park and ride services. York was the location of the first implementation of FirstGroup’s experimental and controversial FTR bus concept, which sought to confer the advantages of a modern tramway system at a lower cost.WEB,www.york.gov.uk/transport/Public_transport/ftr/, ftr – York’s new public transport scheme, City of York Council, 22 May 2008, 20 July 2009, dead,www.york.gov.uk/transport/Public_transport/ftr/," title="web.archive.org/web/20080628212433www.york.gov.uk/transport/Public_transport/ftr/,">web.archive.org/web/20080628212433www.york.gov.uk/transport/Public_transport/ftr/, 28 June 2008, , Transdev York also operates a large number of local bus services. Open-top tourist and sightseeing buses are operated by Transdev York, on behalf of City Sightseeing and York Pullman on behalf of Golden Tours.Rural services, linking local towns and villages with York, are provided by a number of companies with Transdev York & Country, East Yorkshire and Reliance Motor Services operating most of them.WEB,www.york.gov.uk/transport/Public_transport/buses/Bus_Operators/, Bus companies operating in York, City of York Council, 9 June 2009, 20 July 2009, dead,www.york.gov.uk/transport/Public_transport/buses/Bus_Operators/," title="web.archive.org/web/20081207141715www.york.gov.uk/transport/Public_transport/buses/Bus_Operators/,">web.archive.org/web/20081207141715www.york.gov.uk/transport/Public_transport/buses/Bus_Operators/, 7 December 2008, Longer-distance bus services are provided by a number of operators, including Arriva Yorkshire services to Selby, East Yorkshire services to Hull, Beverley, Market Weighton and Pocklington, and Transdev York & Country services to Boroughbridge, Knaresborough, Harrogate, Castle Howard and Malton. Yorkshire Coastliner links Leeds & York with Scarborough, Malton, Pickering and Whitby.WEB,www.yorkshirecoastliner.co.uk/about/history.asp, History of the Yorkshire Coastliner – Linking Leeds and York with the Coast, Yorkshire Coastliner, 17 May 2009,www.yorkshirecoastliner.co.uk/about/history.asp," title="web.archive.org/web/20090331080709www.yorkshirecoastliner.co.uk/about/history.asp,">web.archive.org/web/20090331080709www.yorkshirecoastliner.co.uk/about/history.asp, 31 March 2009,

Railway

File:York Train Station - geograph.org.uk - 588892.jpg|thumb|200x200pxYork has been a major railway centre since the first line arrived in 1839, at the beginning of the railway age. For many years, the city hosted the headquarters and works of the North Eastern Railway.WEB, The Railway Age to the present day, City of York Council,www.york.gov.uk/leisure/Local_history_and_heritage/yorks_history/08_the_railway_age/, 20 December 2006, dead,www.york.gov.uk/leisure/Local_history_and_heritage/yorks_history/08_the_railway_age/," title="web.archive.org/web/20120516063727www.york.gov.uk/leisure/Local_history_and_heritage/yorks_history/08_the_railway_age/,">web.archive.org/web/20120516063727www.york.gov.uk/leisure/Local_history_and_heritage/yorks_history/08_the_railway_age/, 16 May 2012, (File:York station rush hour.jpg|thumb|York railway station interior|200x200px){| class=“wikitable“style="font-size:100%; width:100%“!Point A || Via || Point B ||Via!colspan=4|London North Eastern Railway {{rws|London King’s Cross}} (under two hours from York, around 25 direct trains each weekday) {{rwsDoncaster}}Edinburgh Waverley}} {{rwsNewcastle}}Sunderland}}Middlesbrough}} {{rws|Thornaby}}!colspan=4|CrossCountryPlymouth}}Bristol Temple Meads, {{rws>Birmingham New Street}}, {{rwsSheffield}} & Wakefield Westgate {{rws| Darlington, Durham & Newcastle|Durham & DarlingtonSouthampton Central & or {{rws>Reading}}{{rwsOxford}}!colspan=4|TransPennine ExpressDarlington}} {{rwsDewsbury}}, {{rws|Huddersfield}} & Manchester VictoriaRedcar Central}}Middlesbrough {{rws| Huddersfield, Manchester Oxford Road & Manchester PiccadillyScarborough}}{{rwsSeamer}}!colspan=4|Northern York (the provider’s headquarters) TerminusLeeds}} {{rws|Harrogate}}Hull Paragon}} & or {{rws| Rotherham CentralBlackpool North}}Bradford Interchange, {{rwsEngland}}, {{rwsBurnley Manchester Road}}, {{rwsPreston}}

Air

The closest international airports are Leeds Bradford at {{convert|30|mi|km}}, Teesside {{convert|47|mi|km}}, Doncaster Sheffield {{convert|49|mi|km}}, Humberside {{convert|54|mi|km}}. Further afield are Manchester {{convert|84|mi|km}} and Newcastle {{convert|95|mi|km}}.Manchester Airport – with connections to Europe, North America, Africa and Asia – has direct rail links by TransPennine Express with its {{rws|Manchester Airport||namesake station}}.WEB, Trains, City of York Council,www.york.gov.uk/transport/Public_transport/trains/, 31 August 2007, 9 October 2007, dead,www.york.gov.uk/transport/Public_transport/trains/," title="web.archive.org/web/20071019101942www.york.gov.uk/transport/Public_transport/trains/,">web.archive.org/web/20071019101942www.york.gov.uk/transport/Public_transport/trains/, 19 October 2007, By road its accessible by the A64 to the M60 via the A1(M) motorway, M1 and M62.(File:Hawker Hunter at Yorkshire Air Museum (8248).jpg|thumb|Yorkshire Air Museum|200x200px)Teesside Airport has one connection via {{rws|Darlington}} and {{rws|Eaglescliffe}} with a limited service with a bus from {{rws|Teesside Airport||its station}} to the airport. By road, it is accessible by the A19 north to the A67. Newcastle Airport has one connection via {{rws|Newcastle}} with the metro to {{stl|Tyne and Wear Metro|Newcastle Airport}}, it is accessible by the A1(M) north to the A1 then the A696.Leeds Bradford and Humberside have no direct station with buses from the nearest stations. Leeds Bradford serves most major European and North African airports, as well as Pakistan and New York City.WEB,www.yorkaircoach.com, Welcome to YorkAirLink.com, First York, 20 September 2009,www.yorkaircoach.com/," title="web.archive.org/web/20080827235554www.yorkaircoach.com/,">web.archive.org/web/20080827235554www.yorkaircoach.com/, 27 August 2008, dead, Humberside is accessible by the A1079 to the A15 via the A63; Leeds Bradford by the A59 to the A658 via the A661.WEB,www.skyscanner.net/news/airports/york-airports, York Airports, 19 August 2016, 26 January 2022, 26 January 2022,web.archive.org/web/20220126140657/https://www.skyscanner.net/news/airports/york-airports, live, York has an airfield at the former RAF Elvington, {{convert|7|mi|km}} south-east of the city centre, which is the home of the Yorkshire Air Museum and used for private aviation. In 2003, plans were drafted to expand the site for business aviation or a full commercial service.WEB,www.yorkpress.co.uk/news/7898363.Up_in_the_air_for_Elvington/, Up in the air for Elvington, Newsquest Media Group, The Press, 9 October 2003, 22 January 2018,www.yorkpress.co.uk/news/7898363.Up_in_the_air_for_Elvington/," title="web.archive.org/web/20180122125630www.yorkpress.co.uk/news/7898363.Up_in_the_air_for_Elvington/,">web.archive.org/web/20180122125630www.yorkpress.co.uk/news/7898363.Up_in_the_air_for_Elvington/, 22 January 2018, dead, Former RAF Church Fenton is also near the city and private, it is now called Leeds East.

Education

{{See also|List of schools in York}}

Institutions

(File:York Castle Museum - geograph.org.uk - 3609942.jpg|thumb|York Castle Museum, an 18th century building|200x200px)File:York Art Gallery (geograph 7551006).jpg|thumb|York Art GalleryYork Art GalleryYork Castle, a complex of buildings ranging from the medieval Clifford’s Tower to the 20th-century entrance to the York Castle Museum (formerly a prison) has had a chequered history. As well as the Castle Museum, the city contains numerous other museums and historic buildings such as the Yorkshire Museum and its Museum Gardens, Jorvik Viking Centre, York Art Gallery, Merchant Adventurers’ Hall, the reconstructed medieval house Barley Hall (owned by the York Archaeological Trust), the 18th-century Fairfax House, the Mansion House (the historic home of the Lord Mayor) and the so-called Treasurer’s House (owned by the National Trust).WEB, York – Museums & Art Galleries,www.touristnetuk.com/Ne/york/attractions/museums.htm, dead,www.touristnetuk.com/ne/york/attractions/museums.htm," title="web.archive.org/web/20090906024511www.touristnetuk.com/ne/york/attractions/museums.htm,">web.archive.org/web/20090906024511www.touristnetuk.com/ne/york/attractions/museums.htm, 6 September 2009, 12 June 2009, Tourist Net UK Ltd, The National Railway Museum is situated just beyond the station, and is home to a vast range of transport material and the largest collection of railway locomotives in the world. Included in this collection are the world’s fastest steam locomotive LNER Class A4 4468 Mallard and the world-famous LNER Class A3 4472 Flying Scotsman, which has been overhauled in the Museum.WEB, About Flying Scotsman,www.flyingscotsman.org.uk/about.aspx, dead,www.flyingscotsman.org.uk/about.aspx," title="web.archive.org/web/20090225225723www.flyingscotsman.org.uk/about.aspx,">web.archive.org/web/20090225225723www.flyingscotsman.org.uk/about.aspx, 25 February 2009, 3 September 2007, National Railway Museum, Although noted for its Medieval history, visitors can also gain an understanding of the Cold War through visiting the York Cold War Bunker, former headquarters of No 20 Group of the Royal Observer Corps.WEB, York Cold War Bunker,www.english-heritage.org.uk/daysout/properties/york-cold-war-bunker/, live,www.english-heritage.org.uk/daysout/properties/york-cold-war-bunker/," title="web.archive.org/web/20140115045005www.english-heritage.org.uk/daysout/properties/york-cold-war-bunker/,">web.archive.org/web/20140115045005www.english-heritage.org.uk/daysout/properties/york-cold-war-bunker/, 15 January 2014, 19 January 2014, English Heritage, (File:York Library (15th July 2013) 002.JPG|thumb|York Library|200x200px)The city’s first subscription library opened in 1794.WEB, York History – York Public Library,www.yorkhistory.org.uk/library.html, dead,www.yorkhistory.org.uk/library.html," title="web.archive.org/web/20110411101710www.yorkhistory.org.uk/library.html,">web.archive.org/web/20110411101710www.yorkhistory.org.uk/library.html, 11 April 2011, 24 January 2011, York History,

Higher and further

File:York central hall.jpg|thumb|University of York, view across the lake to Central HallCentral HallThe University of York’s main campus is on the southern edge of the city at Heslington. The Department of Archaeology and the graduate Centres for Eighteenth Century Studies and Medieval Studies are located in the historic King’s Manor in the city centre.WEB,www.york.ac.uk/, The University of York, University of York, 19 May 2009,www.york.ac.uk/," title="web.archive.org/web/20090426214815www.york.ac.uk/,">web.archive.org/web/20090426214815www.york.ac.uk/, 26 April 2009, live, It was York’s only institution with university status until 2006, when the more centrally located York St John University, formerly an autonomous college of the University of Leeds, attained full university status. The city formerly hosted a branch of the University of Law before it moved to Leeds. The University of York also has a medical school, Hull York Medical School.NEWS,education.guardian.co.uk/universityguide2005/table/0,15905,-5163909,00.html, Guardian Medical school ranking tables, 2009, Guardian Education, Guardian News and Media Limited, 17 July 2009, London,education.guardian.co.uk/universityguide2005/table/0,15905,-5163909,00.html," title="web.archive.org/web/20090304000049education.guardian.co.uk/universityguide2005/table/0,15905,-5163909,00.html,">web.archive.org/web/20090304000049education.guardian.co.uk/universityguide2005/table/0,15905,-5163909,00.html, 4 March 2009, live, The city has two major further education institutions. York College is an amalgamation of York Technical College and York Sixth Form College. Students there study a very wide range of academic and vocational courses, and range from school leavers and sixth formers to people training to make career moves.WEB,www.yorkcollege.ac.uk/new-college/news/index.html, About the new college, York College, 19 May 2009,www.yorkcollege.ac.uk/new-college/news/index.html," title="web.archive.org/web/20090403015541www.yorkcollege.ac.uk/new-college/news/index.html,">web.archive.org/web/20090403015541www.yorkcollege.ac.uk/new-college/news/index.html, 3 April 2009, Askham Bryan College offers further education courses, foundation and honours degrees, specialising in more vocational subjects such as horticulture, agriculture, animal management and even golf course management.WEB,www.askham-bryan.ac.uk/, Welcome to Askham Bryan College, Askham Bryan College, 19 May 2009,www.askham-bryan.ac.uk/," title="web.archive.org/web/20090322034433www.askham-bryan.ac.uk/,">web.archive.org/web/20090322034433www.askham-bryan.ac.uk/, 22 March 2009, live,

Secondary and primary

(File:Hall range St Peter’s School York.jpg | thumb | 220x124px | right | St Peter’s School, the city’s oldest school founded in the 7th century AD)There are 70 local council schools with over 24,000 pupils in the City of York Council area.WEB,www.york.gov.uk/education/Schools_and_colleges/, Schools and colleges, City of York Council, 4 February 2009, 17 June 2009, dead,www.york.gov.uk/education/Schools_and_colleges/," title="web.archive.org/web/20090919100932www.york.gov.uk/education/Schools_and_colleges/,">web.archive.org/web/20090919100932www.york.gov.uk/education/Schools_and_colleges/, 19 September 2009, WEB,www.york.gov.uk/education/Schools_and_colleges/Secondary_schools_directory/, Secondary schools in York, City of York Council, 1 February 2007, 17 June 2009, dead,www.york.gov.uk/education/Schools_and_colleges/Secondary_schools_directory/," title="web.archive.org/web/20081206073443www.york.gov.uk/education/Schools_and_colleges/Secondary_schools_directory/,">web.archive.org/web/20081206073443www.york.gov.uk/education/Schools_and_colleges/Secondary_schools_directory/, 6 December 2008, , There is one ”outstanding“WEB, Ofsted Communications Team, 25 July 2022, Find an inspection report and registered childcare,reports.ofsted.gov.uk/inspection-reports/find-inspection-report, 21 November 2022, reports.ofsted.gov.uk, 13 September 2018,web.archive.org/web/20180913130530/https://reports.ofsted.gov.uk/inspection-reports/find-inspection-report, live, Roman Catholic secondary school in the city, All Saints School, which was founded in 1665, the school is split-site meaning that the education of lower years (years 7–9) happens on the Lower Site attached to the oldest running convent in the country, Bar Convent. And the upper years including sixth form are taught on the Upper Site which is on Mill Mount, the former site of Mill Mount County Grammar School for Girls. The Sixth form is the largest sixth form in the city. As a school it plays an essential role in York’s Catholic community being the only secondary institution dedicated to the denomination. It was the first Catholic school in the country to admit girls for education in the 1660s.York also has several private schools. St Peter’s School was founded in 627. The scholar Alcuin, who went on to serve Charlemagne, taught there.WEB,www.newadvent.org/cathen/01276a.htm, Catholic Encyclopedia: Alcuin, New Advent, 1 May 2009,www.newadvent.org/cathen/01276a.htm," title="web.archive.org/web/20090317205312www.newadvent.org/cathen/01276a.htm,">web.archive.org/web/20090317205312www.newadvent.org/cathen/01276a.htm, 17 March 2009, live, It was also the school attended by Guy Fawkes.WEB,www.st-peters.york.sch.uk/history/guyfawkes.htm, Guy Fawkes History, St Peter’s School Archives, 1 May 2009,www.st-peters.york.sch.uk/history/guyfawkes.htm," title="web.archive.org/web/20080419054604www.st-peters.york.sch.uk/history/guyfawkes.htm,">web.archive.org/web/20080419054604www.st-peters.york.sch.uk/history/guyfawkes.htm, 19 April 2008, Two schools have Quaker origins: Bootham School is co-educationalWEB,www.boothamschool.com/school_ethos.html, The School and its Ethos, Bootham School York, 19 May 2009, dead,www.boothamschool.com/school_ethos.html," title="web.archive.org/web/20090418012016www.boothamschool.com/school_ethos.html,">web.archive.org/web/20090418012016www.boothamschool.com/school_ethos.html, 18 April 2009, WEB,www.mountschoolyork.co.uk/mount-parents.php, Welcome to The Mount School York, The Mount School York, 19 May 2009,www.mountschoolyork.co.uk/mount-parents.php," title="web.archive.org/web/20090323032829www.mountschoolyork.co.uk/mount-parents.php,">web.archive.org/web/20090323032829www.mountschoolyork.co.uk/mount-parents.php, 23 March 2009, dead,

Culture

{{see also|Roses rivalry}}The city is part of the UNESCO Creative Cities Network as a city of Media Arts. An unsuccessful 2010 bid by York city council and a number of heritage organisations to make a UNESCO World Heritage Site indirectly led to the city making a successful bid for its title.WEB,www.bbc.co.uk/news/10291260, York submits bid for World Heritage status, BBC News, 11 June 2010, 2 June 2014,www.bbc.co.uk/news/10291260," title="web.archive.org/web/20150925133708www.bbc.co.uk/news/10291260,">web.archive.org/web/20150925133708www.bbc.co.uk/news/10291260, 25 September 2015, live, WEB,www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-york-north-yorkshire-12811652, York World Heritage Site bid fails, BBC News, 22 March 2011, 2 June 2014,www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-york-north-yorkshire-12811652," title="web.archive.org/web/20151016054044www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-york-north-yorkshire-12811652,">web.archive.org/web/20151016054044www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-york-north-yorkshire-12811652, 16 October 2015, live, WEB,www.yorkshirepost.co.uk/news/main-topics/general-news/city-bids-for-unesco-media-arts-recognition-1-6260240, City bids for Unesco Media Arts recognition, Yorkshire Post, 22 November 2013, 2 June 2014,www.yorkshirepost.co.uk/news/main-topics/general-news/city-bids-for-unesco-media-arts-recognition-1-6260240," title="web.archive.org/web/20140605053358www.yorkshirepost.co.uk/news/main-topics/general-news/city-bids-for-unesco-media-arts-recognition-1-6260240,">web.archive.org/web/20140605053358www.yorkshirepost.co.uk/news/main-topics/general-news/city-bids-for-unesco-media-arts-recognition-1-6260240, 5 June 2014, live, WEB, York celebrates securing UNESCO City of Media Arts accolade,www.unesco.org.uk/york_celebrates_securing_unesco_city_of_media_arts_accolade, UNESCO, UK National Commission for UNESCO, 15 May 2015, 1 December 2014,www.unesco.org.uk/york_celebrates_securing_unesco_city_of_media_arts_accolade," title="web.archive.org/web/20150512213954www.unesco.org.uk/york_celebrates_securing_unesco_city_of_media_arts_accolade,">web.archive.org/web/20150512213954www.unesco.org.uk/york_celebrates_securing_unesco_city_of_media_arts_accolade, 12 May 2015, dead,

Theatre

(File:Théâtre Royal York 1.jpg|thumb|York Theatre Royal|200x200px)The Theatre Royal, which was established in 1744, produces an annual pantomime which attracts loyal audiences from around the country. The theatre’s veteran star, Berwick Kaler, often played the dame, before he retired from acting in the pantomime in 2019,WEB, “If the theatre needs me, I’ll be back like a shot,” says departing dame Berwick,www.yorkpress.co.uk/news/17405356.theatre-needs-back-like-shot-says-departing-dame-berwick/, 25 January 2022, York Press, 3 February 2019, 25 January 2022,web.archive.org/web/20220125133048/https://www.yorkpress.co.uk/news/17405356.theatre-needs-back-like-shot-says-departing-dame-berwick/, live, and officially parted ways with the theatre after the so-called “Panto Wars”.WEB, 12 January 2020, Axed after 41 years: ‘Devastated’ panto stars told they won’t be back at York Theatre Royal,yorkmix.com/axed-after-41-years-devastated-panto-stars-told-they-wont-be-back-at-york-theatre-royal/, 25 January 2022, YorkMix, 25 January 2022,web.archive.org/web/20220125113131/https://yorkmix.com/axed-after-41-years-devastated-panto-stars-told-they-wont-be-back-at-york-theatre-royal/, live, The Theatre Royal continues to produce an annual pantomime without Kaler, who came out of retirement in 2021 to star in a new panto at The Grand Opera House.WEB, 10 January 2022, This is what Berwick Kaler told the audience at the last night of the panto,yorkmix.com/read-berwick-kalers-message-to-panto-audience-after-covid-forced-him-to-miss-the-final-night/, 25 January 2022, YorkMix, 24 January 2022,web.archive.org/web/20220124221128/https://yorkmix.com/read-berwick-kalers-message-to-panto-audience-after-covid-forced-him-to-miss-the-final-night/, live, Both the Grand Opera House and Joseph Rowntree Theatre also offer a variety of productions.WEB,www.grandoperahouseyork.org.uk/whatson.asp?venueid=94, What’s on Grand Opera House York, Grand Opera House York, 15 June 2009, dead,grandoperahouseyork.org.uk/whatson.asp?VenueID=94," title="web.archive.org/web/20090302100216grandoperahouseyork.org.uk/whatson.asp?VenueID=94,">web.archive.org/web/20090302100216grandoperahouseyork.org.uk/whatson.asp?VenueID=94, 2 March 2009, WEB,jrtheatre.co.uk/about/, About Joseph Rowntree Theatre, Joseph Rowntree Theatre Limited, 15 June 2009,jrtheatre.co.uk/about/," title="web.archive.org/web/20090302135253jrtheatre.co.uk/about/,">web.archive.org/web/20090302135253jrtheatre.co.uk/about/, 2 March 2009, dead, The city is home to the Riding Lights Theatre Company, which as well as operating a busy national touring department, also operates a busy youth theatre and educational departments. York is also home to a number of amateur dramatic groups.WEB,www.ridinglights.org/aboutus/, About Riding Lights, Riding Lights Theatre Company, 15 June 2009, dead,www.ridinglights.org/aboutus/," title="web.archive.org/web/20090702101045www.ridinglights.org/aboutus/,">web.archive.org/web/20090702101045www.ridinglights.org/aboutus/, 2 July 2009, , (File:York Opera.jpg|thumb|Interior of York’s Grand Opera House|200x200px)The York Mystery Plays are performed in public at intervals, using texts based on the original medieval plays of this type that were performed by the guilds – often with specific connections to the subject matter of each play. (For instance the Shipwrights’ Play is the Building of Noah’s Ark and the fish-sellers and mariners the Landing of Noah’s Ark).J S Purvis, The York Cycle of Mystery Plays, London S.P.C.K. 1957 repr.1962 The York Cycle of Mystery Plays or Pageants is the most complete in England. Originally performed from wagons at various locations around the city from the 14th century until 1570, they were revived in 1951 during the Festival of Britain, when York was one of the cities with a regional festival.WEB,www.yorkmysteryplays.org/, NCEM Archive, 26 June 2012,www.yorkmysteryplays.org/," title="web.archive.org/web/20120701212456www.yorkmysteryplays.org/,">web.archive.org/web/20120701212456www.yorkmysteryplays.org/, 1 July 2012, dead, They became part of the York City Festival every three years and later four years. They were mostly produced in a temporary open-air theatre within the ruins of St Mary’s Abbey, using some professional but mostly amateur actors. Lead actors have included Christopher Timothy and Robson Green (in the role of Christ) and Dame Judi Dench as a school girl, in 1951, 1954 and 1957. (She remains a Patron of the plays). The cycle was presented in the Theatre Royal in 1992 and 1996, within York Minster in 2000 and in 2002, 2006 and 2010 by Guild groups from wagons in the squares, in the Dean’s Park, or at the Eye of York.WEB,yorkmysteryplays.co.uk/, Guilds of York, 26 June 2012,www.yorkmysteryplays.co.uk/," title="web.archive.org/web/20120229062617www.yorkmysteryplays.co.uk/,">web.archive.org/web/20120229062617www.yorkmysteryplays.co.uk/, 29 February 2012, dead, They go around the streets, recreating the original productions. In 2012, the York Mystery Plays were performed between 2 and 27 August at St Mary’s Abbey in the York Museum Gardens.WEB,www.yorkmysteryplays-2012.com/, York Mystery Plays 2012, 13 March 2012, dead,www.yorkmysteryplays-2012.com/," title="web.archive.org/web/20120315001438www.yorkmysteryplays-2012.com/,">web.archive.org/web/20120315001438www.yorkmysteryplays-2012.com/, 15 March 2012,

Music

The Academy of St Olave’s, a chamber orchestra which gives concerts in St Olave’s Church, Marygate, is one of the music groups that perform regularly in York.WEB,www.academyofstolaves.org.uk/, Academy of St. Olave’s Orchestra – Welcome, Academy of St Olave’s, 2008, 17 June 2009,www.academyofstolaves.org.uk/," title="web.archive.org/web/20101129072041www.academyofstolaves.org.uk/,">web.archive.org/web/20101129072041www.academyofstolaves.org.uk/, 29 November 2010, dead, A former church, St Margaret’s, Walmgate, is the National Centre for Early Music, which hosts concerts, broadcasts, competitions and events including the York Early Music Festival.WEB,www.ncem.co.uk/, The National Centre for Early Music, York: Welcome, The National Centre for Early Music, 26 June 2012,www.ncem.co.uk/," title="web.archive.org/web/20121106082353www.ncem.co.uk/,">web.archive.org/web/20121106082353www.ncem.co.uk/, 6 November 2012, live, WEB,www.ncem.co.uk/yemf.shtml, York Early Music Festival: Overview, The National Centre for Early Music, 26 June 2012,www.ncem.co.uk/yemf.shtml," title="web.archive.org/web/20120629125348www.ncem.co.uk/yemf.shtml,">web.archive.org/web/20120629125348www.ncem.co.uk/yemf.shtml, 29 June 2012, dead, Students, staff and visiting artists of York St John University music department regularly perform lunchtime concerts in the university chapel. The staff and students of the University of York also perform in the city.WEB,music.york.ac.uk/concerts/newconcerts/, University of York Concerts, University of York, 17 June 2009, dead music.york.ac.uk/concerts/newconcerts/>archive-date=30 April 2009,

Food and drink

Each September since 1997, York has held an annual Festival of Food and Drink. The aim of the festival is to spotlight food culture in York and North Yorkshire by promoting local food production. The Festival attracts up to 150,000 visitors over 10 days from all over the country.WEB,www.yorkfoodfestival.com/AboutUs.htm, York Festival of Food and Drink – Who we are and what we do, York Food Festival Ltd, 15 June 2009,www.yorkfoodfestival.com/AboutUs.htm," title="web.archive.org/web/20091024053931www.yorkfoodfestival.com/AboutUs.htm,">web.archive.org/web/20091024053931www.yorkfoodfestival.com/AboutUs.htm, 24 October 2009, dead, The Assize of Ale is an annual event in the city where people in medieval costume take part in a pub crawl to raise money for local charities. It has its origins in the 13th century, when an Assize of Bread and Ale was used to regulate the quality of goods. The current version was resurrected in 1990/91 by the then Sheriff of York, Peter Brown, and is led by the Guild of Scriveners.WEB,www.yorkpress.co.uk/news/8329854.Sheriff_of_York_to_test_York_s_beers_in_traditional_Assize_of_Ale/, Sheriff of York to test York’s beers in traditional Assize of Ale, York Press, 13 August 2010, 30 June 2016,www.yorkpress.co.uk/news/8329854.Sheriff_of_York_to_test_York_s_beers_in_traditional_Assize_of_Ale/," title="web.archive.org/web/20160915050011www.yorkpress.co.uk/news/8329854.Sheriff_of_York_to_test_York_s_beers_in_traditional_Assize_of_Ale/,">web.archive.org/web/20160915050011www.yorkpress.co.uk/news/8329854.Sheriff_of_York_to_test_York_s_beers_in_traditional_Assize_of_Ale/, 15 September 2016, dead, (File:York ham.jpg|thumb|York ham|200x200px)The Knavesmire, home of York Racecourse, plays host to Yorkshire’s largest beer festival every September run by York CAMRA – York Beer & Cider Festival.WEB,www.yorkbeerfestival.org.uk, York Beer & Cider Festival is back and in a new exciting location, York Beer & Cider Festival, 19 August 2016,www.yorkbeerfestival.org.uk/," title="web.archive.org/web/20160815180107www.yorkbeerfestival.org.uk/,">web.archive.org/web/20160815180107www.yorkbeerfestival.org.uk/, 15 August 2016, dead, It is housed in a marquee opposite the grandstand of the racecourse in the enclosure and in 2016 offered over 450 real ales and over 100 ciders.NEWS,www.yorkpress.co.uk/news/14637425.Tickets_go_on_sale_for_York_Beer_and_Cider_Festival/?ref=mrb&lp=10, Tickets go on sale for York Beer and Cider Festival, The Press, 23 July 2016, 19 August 2016,www.yorkpress.co.uk/news/14637425.Tickets_go_on_sale_for_York_Beer_and_Cider_Festival/?ref=mrb&lp=10," title="web.archive.org/web/20160923083635www.yorkpress.co.uk/news/14637425.Tickets_go_on_sale_for_York_Beer_and_Cider_Festival/?ref=mrb&lp=10,">web.archive.org/web/20160923083635www.yorkpress.co.uk/news/14637425.Tickets_go_on_sale_for_York_Beer_and_Cider_Festival/?ref=mrb&lp=10, 23 September 2016, dead, A product claimed to be local is York ham,WEB,www.information-britain.co.uk/food/foodlegends/York%20Ham/, Food Legends of the United Kingdom: York Ham, Information Britain, 11 November 2009,www.information-britain.co.uk/food/foodlegends/York%20Ham/," title="web.archive.org/web/20110613143953www.information-britain.co.uk/food/foodlegends/York%20Ham/,">web.archive.org/web/20110613143953www.information-britain.co.uk/food/foodlegends/York%20Ham/, 13 June 2011, dead, a mild-flavoured ham with delicate pink colouring. It is traditionally served with Madeira Sauce.WEB,homecooking.about.com/library/weekly/blham.htm, Home Cooking – Ham Varieties and Terminology, The New York Times Company, About.com, 16 September 2008, 5 October 2008,homecooking.about.com/library/weekly/blham.htm," title="web.archive.org/web/20081006223953homecooking.about.com/library/weekly/blham.htm,">web.archive.org/web/20081006223953homecooking.about.com/library/weekly/blham.htm, 6 October 2008, dead, WEB,www.recipetips.com/search.asp?index=recipes&querytext=york+hampublisher=Recipe Tipsarchive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090113102746www.recipetips.com/search.asp?index=recipes&querytext=york+hamurl-status=live, The ham has been described as a lightly smoked, dry-cured ham that is saltier but milder in flavour than other European dry-cured hams.HTTP://WWW.FOODSUBS.COM/MEATCUREHAMS.HTML>TITLE=COOK’S THESAURUS: HAMFIRST=LORIACCESS-DATE=5 OCTOBER 2008ARCHIVE-DATE=16 OCTOBER 2008WEBSITE=COUNTRY LIFE (MAGAZINE)>DATE=25 NOVEMBER 2008ARCHIVE-DATE=22 OCTOBER 2021URL-STATUS=LIVE, A likely apocryphal story attributes Robert Burrow Atkinson’s butchery shop, in Blossom Street, to be the birthplace of the original “York Ham”, or at least to have made it famous.WEB,www.oliversofthemount.com/history.html, History of 57 & 59 Blossom Street, Oliver’s of the Mount, 5 October 2008, dead,www.oliversofthemount.com/history.html," title="web.archive.org/web/20081108070325www.oliversofthemount.com/history.html,">web.archive.org/web/20081108070325www.oliversofthemount.com/history.html, 8 November 2008,

Attractions

Architecture

{{See also|York sites of interest|Medieval parish churches of York}}York Minster, a large Gothic cathedral, dominates the city.York’s centre is enclosed by the city’s medieval walls, which are a popular walk.WEB, 19 March 2012, The city walls,www.york.gov.uk/visiting/citywalls/, dead,www.york.gov.uk/visiting/citywalls/," title="web.archive.org/web/20120531165259www.york.gov.uk/visiting/citywalls/,">web.archive.org/web/20120531165259www.york.gov.uk/visiting/citywalls/, 31 May 2012, 19 March 2012, City of York Council, WEB, York City Walls Walk Map,www.walksinyorkshire.com/our-walks/york-city-walls/, dead,web.archive.org/web/20170926191031/https://www.walksinyorkshire.com/our-walks/york-city-walls/, 26 September 2017, Walks in Yorkshire, These defences are the most complete in England. They have the only walls set on high ramparts and they retain all their principal gateways.BOOK, Wilson, Barbara, The City Walls and Castles of York: The Pictorial Evidence, Mee, Frances, York Archaeological Trust, 2005, 978-1-874454-36-6, ix, They incorporate part of the walls of the Roman fortress and some Norman and medieval work, as well as 19th- and 20th-century renovations.BOOK, Pevsner, Nikolaus, Yorkshire: York and the East Riding, Neave, David, Penguin Books, 1995, 0-14-071061-2, 2nd, London, 192, Nikolaus Pevsner, 1972, The entire circuit is approximately {{convert|2.5|mi|km|0}}, and encloses an area of {{convert|263|acres|0|abbr=on}}.{{harvnb|Wilson|Mee|2005|page=1}} The north-east section includes a part where walls never existed, because the Norman moat of York Castle, formed by damming the River Foss, also created a lake which acted as a city defence. This lake was later called the King’s Fishpond, as the rights to fish belonged to the Crown.A feature of central York is the Snickelways, narrow pedestrian routes, many of which led towards the former market-places in Pavement and St Sampson’s Square.BOOK, Jones, Mark W., A Walk Around the Snickelways of York, 31 January 2004, Dales Court Press, 978-1-871125-72-6, etal, The Shambles is a narrow medieval street, lined with shops, boutiques and tea rooms. Its unusual name comes from an old English term for an open-air slaughterhouse or meat market.WEB,www.backpackingbella.com/romantic-things-to-do-in-york-for-couples/, The Most Romantic Things to Do in York for Couples, 5 April 2021, Backpacking Bella, 18 October 2021, 18 October 2021,web.archive.org/web/20211018165539/https://www.backpackingbella.com/romantic-things-to-do-in-york-for-couples/, live, Most of these premises were once butchers’ shops, and the hooks from which carcasses were hung and the shelves on which meat was laid out can still be seen outside some of them. The street also contains the Shrine of Margaret Clitherow, although it is not located in the house where she lived.WEB, The Shambles, York UK,www.insideyork.co.uk/shambles, dead,insideyork.co.uk/shambles," title="web.archive.org/web/20090130025753insideyork.co.uk/shambles,">web.archive.org/web/20090130025753insideyork.co.uk/shambles, 30 January 2009, 12 June 2009, Inside York, Goodramgate has many medieval houses including the early-14th‑century Lady Row built to finance a Chantry, at the edge of the churchyard of Holy Trinity church.File:York Micklegate Bar - panoramio.jpg|The southern entrance to York, Micklegate Bar, is a 12th14th century structure.File:Shambles shopper 8686.jpg|The Shambles is a medieval shopping street; most of the buildings date from between {{circa}} 1350 and 1475.File:Odeon Cinema 3.jpg|The Art Deco style Odeon Cinema on Blossom StreetFile:Stonebow House, York.jpg|The 1960s Brutalist-style Stonebow House

Pubs

(File:Kings Arms York - geograph.org.uk - 583995.jpg|thumb|The Kings Arms|200x200px)In June 2015 York CAMRA listed 101 pubs on its map of the city centre, some of which are hundreds of years old.WEB,yorkcamra.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/YorkMapA4-June-2015.pdf, York Real Ale Pub Map 2015, yorkcamra.org.uk, 30 June 2016,yorkcamra.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/YorkMapA4-June-2015.pdf," title="web.archive.org/web/20160429232313yorkcamra.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/YorkMapA4-June-2015.pdf,">web.archive.org/web/20160429232313yorkcamra.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/YorkMapA4-June-2015.pdf, 29 April 2016, dead, These include the Golden Fleece, Ye Olde Starre Inne, noted for its sign which has spanned the street since 1733,WEB,www.british-history.ac.uk/rchme/york/vol5/pp220-235, ‘Houses: Stonegate’, in An Inventory of the Historical Monuments in City of York, Volume 5, Central (London, 1981), pp. 220–235, www.britishhistory.ac.uk, 30 June 2016,www.british-history.ac.uk/rchme/york/vol5/pp220-235," title="web.archive.org/web/20160619204921www.british-history.ac.uk/rchme/york/vol5/pp220-235,">web.archive.org/web/20160619204921www.british-history.ac.uk/rchme/york/vol5/pp220-235, 19 June 2016, live, and The Kings Arms, often photographed during floods.WEB,www.yorkshirefilmarchive.com/film/january-floods-york, The January Floods in York (1982), www.yorkshirefilmarchive.com, 30 June 2016,www.yorkshirefilmarchive.com/film/january-floods-york," title="web.archive.org/web/20160923132020www.yorkshirefilmarchive.com/film/january-floods-york,">web.archive.org/web/20160923132020www.yorkshirefilmarchive.com/film/january-floods-york, 23 September 2016, dead, On 18 June 2016, York CAMRA undertook a “Beer Census” and found 328 unique real ales being served in over 200 pubs in York, reinforcing the city’s reputation as a top UK beer destination.WEB,york.camra.org.uk/york-beer-census-18-june-2016/, York Beer Census 18 June 2016, 18 June 2016, York Campaign for Real Ale, 21 August 2016,york.camra.org.uk/york-beer-census-18-june-2016/," title="web.archive.org/web/20160805030720york.camra.org.uk/york-beer-census-18-june-2016/,">web.archive.org/web/20160805030720york.camra.org.uk/york-beer-census-18-june-2016/, 5 August 2016, dead, {{clear}}

Tea Rooms

(File:Betty’s Cafe Tea Rooms, York (geograph 407877).jpg|thumb|Bettys Café Tea Rooms|200x200px)In the centre of York, in St Helen’s Square, there is the York branch of Bettys Café Tea Rooms. Bettys’ founder, Frederick Belmont, travelled on the maiden voyage of the Queen Mary in 1936. He was so impressed by the splendour of the ship that he employed the Queen Mary’s designers and craftsmen to turn a dilapidated furniture store in York into an elegant café in St Helen’s Square. A few years after Bettys opened in York war broke out, and the basement ‘Bettys Bar’ became a favourite haunt of the thousands of airmen stationed around York. ‘Bettys Mirror’, on which many of them engraved their signatures with a diamond pen, remains on display today as a tribute to them.WEB,www.bettys.co.uk/blog/bettys-mirror, Bettys Café Tea Rooms, York, Bettys & Taylors of Harrogate Limited, 2 December 2017,web.archive.org/web/20171203082848/https://www.bettys.co.uk/blog/bettys-mirror, 3 December 2017, dead, {{clear}}

Media

(File:The Press, York (geograph 6247772).jpg|thumb|200x200px|The Press on Walmgate)The York area is served by a local newspaper, The Press (known as the Evening Press until April 2006), The York Advertiser newspaper (based at The Press on Walmgate), and four local radio stations: BBC Radio York, YorkMix Radio, YO1 Radio and Jorvik Radio. A local commercial radio station, Minster FM, broadcast until 2020 when it was replaced by Greatest Hits Radio York and North Yorkshire.WEB,radiotoday.co.uk/2020/05/most-of-acquired-bauer-stations-to-become-greatest-hits-radio/, Most of acquired Bauer stations to become Greatest Hits Radio, 27 May 2020, 2 July 2022, 26 June 2022,web.archive.org/web/20220626141037/https://radiotoday.co.uk/2020/05/most-of-acquired-bauer-stations-to-become-greatest-hits-radio/, live, WEB,www.thepress.co.uk/news/, York news, North Yorkshire news and information from The Press newspaper in York, Newsquest Media Group, The Press, 12 June 2009,www.thepress.co.uk/news/," title="web.archive.org/web/20090629102856www.thepress.co.uk/news/,">web.archive.org/web/20090629102856www.thepress.co.uk/news/, 29 June 2009, dead, WEB,www.oneandother.com/, Events in York, Visit York, Local News Yorkshire, Things to Do in York – Oneandother.com – York, Oneandother.com, 26 November 2011, 4 December 2011,www.oneandother.com/," title="web.archive.org/web/20111201090556www.oneandother.com/,">web.archive.org/web/20111201090556www.oneandother.com/, 1 December 2011, dead, WEB,www.minsterfm.com/mi/welcome/, Minster FM – Welcome, The Local Radio Company, Minster FM, 12 June 2009, dead,www.minsterfm.com/mi/welcome/," title="web.archive.org/web/20090630133544www.minsterfm.com/mi/welcome/,">web.archive.org/web/20090630133544www.minsterfm.com/mi/welcome/, 30 June 2009, NEWS,www.yorkpress.co.uk/news/14610934.On_the_air__hear_and_now/, On the air, hear and now, The Press, 11 July 2016, 19 August 2016,www.yorkpress.co.uk/news/14610934.On_the_air__hear_and_now/," title="web.archive.org/web/20160923082749www.yorkpress.co.uk/news/14610934.On_the_air__hear_and_now/,">web.archive.org/web/20160923082749www.yorkpress.co.uk/news/14610934.On_the_air__hear_and_now/, 23 September 2016, dead, WEB,www.bbc.co.uk/northyorkshire/local_radio/, BBC Radio York, BBC Local – York & North Yorkshire, 12 June 2009,www.bbc.co.uk/northyorkshire/local_radio/," title="web.archive.org/web/20090703233305www.bbc.co.uk/northyorkshire/local_radio/,">web.archive.org/web/20090703233305www.bbc.co.uk/northyorkshire/local_radio/, 3 July 2009, live, Another digital news and radio website is YorkMix run by former print journalists, that incorporates Local News; What’s On; Food & Drink; Things To Do and Business sections with articles written by residents and local journalists.WEB,www.yorkmix.com/, YorkMix, Home, 19 August 2016,www.yorkmix.com/," title="web.archive.org/web/20160817115407www.yorkmix.com/,">web.archive.org/web/20160817115407www.yorkmix.com/, 17 August 2016, dead, In August 2016 YorkMix was nominated in two categories in the O2 Media Awards for Yorkshire and The Humber.WEB,www.yorkmix.com/news/yorkmix-nominated-two-awards/, YorkMix nominated for two awards, YorkMix, 2 August 2016, 19 August 2016,www.yorkmix.com/news/yorkmix-nominated-two-awards/," title="web.archive.org/web/20181106225149www.yorkmix.com/news/yorkmix-nominated-two-awards/,">web.archive.org/web/20181106225149www.yorkmix.com/news/yorkmix-nominated-two-awards/, 6 November 2018, dead, Local news and television programmes are provided by BBC Yorkshire and BBC North East and Cumbria on BBC One and ITV Yorkshire and ITV Tyne Tees on ITV. Television signals are received from either the Emley Moor or Bilsdale transmitters. WEB,ukfree.tv/transmitters/tv/Emley_Moor, Emley Moor (Kirklees, England) Full Freeview transmitter, 1 May 2004, UK Free TV, 17 September 2023, 19 August 2016,web.archive.org/web/20160819070317/https://ukfree.tv/transmitters/tv/Emley_Moor, live, WEB,ukfree.tv/transmitters/tv/Bilsdale, Bilsdale (North Yorkshire, England) Full Freeview transmitter, 1 May 2004, UK Free TV, 17 September 2023, 3 September 2023,web.archive.org/web/20230903034040/https://ukfree.tv/transmitters/tv/Bilsdale, live, On 27 November 2013, Ofcom awarded the 12-year local TV licence for the York area to a consortium entitled The York Channel, with the channel due to be on air in spring 2015.WEB,media.ofcom.org.uk/2013/11/27/ofcom-awards-york-and-middlesbrough-local-tv-licences/,media.ofcom.org.uk/2013/11/27/ofcom-awards-york-and-middlesbrough-local-tv-licences/," title="web.archive.org/web/20131220162102media.ofcom.org.uk/2013/11/27/ofcom-awards-york-and-middlesbrough-local-tv-licences/,">web.archive.org/web/20131220162102media.ofcom.org.uk/2013/11/27/ofcom-awards-york-and-middlesbrough-local-tv-licences/, dead, 20 December 2013, The York Channel, The York Channel, Local Television – York & North Yorkshire, 9 May 2014, This service is now on air as That’s TV North Yorkshire.WEB, North Yorkshire – That’s TV, 2 October 2020,www.thats.tv/north-yorkshire/, 30 August 2021, 17 September 2021,www.thats.tv/north-yorkshire/," title="web.archive.org/web/20210917041554www.thats.tv/north-yorkshire/,">web.archive.org/web/20210917041554www.thats.tv/north-yorkshire/, live, York St John University has a Film and Television Production department with links to many major industrial partners. The department hosts an annual festival of student work and a showcase of other regional films.WEB,www2.yorksj.ac.uk/default.asp?Page_ID=4724, Film & Television Production BA (Hons) Entry Profile, York St John University, 2006, 12 June 2009, dead,www2.yorksj.ac.uk/default.asp?Page_ID=4724," title="web.archive.org/web/20090511070933www2.yorksj.ac.uk/default.asp?Page_ID=4724,">web.archive.org/web/20090511070933www2.yorksj.ac.uk/default.asp?Page_ID=4724, 11 May 2009, The University of York has its own television station York Student Television (YSTV) and two campus newspapers Nouse and York Vision.WEB,ystv.york.ac.uk/, YSTV – Watch TV. Make TV. YSTV, York Student Television, 12 June 2009,ystv.york.ac.uk/," title="web.archive.org/web/20090318002513ystv.york.ac.uk/,">web.archive.org/web/20090318002513ystv.york.ac.uk/, 18 March 2009, dead, Its radio station URY is the longest running legal independent radio station in the UK, and was voted Student Radio Station of the Year 2020 at the Student Radio Awards.WEB,ury.org.uk/about, URY – About Us, University Radio York, 18 June 2021, 22 October 2021,web.archive.org/web/20211022132020/https://ury.org.uk/about/, live,

Sport

Football codes

(File:York’s new stadium (geograph 6866365).jpg|thumb|York Community Stadium|200x200px)The city’s association football team is York City who are competing in the {{English football updater|YorkCity}} as of the 2023–24 season. York have played as high as the old Second Division but are best known for their ‘giant killing’ status in cup competitions, having reached the FA Cup semi-final in 1955 and beaten Manchester United 3–0 during the 1995–96 League Cup. Their matches are played at the York Community Stadium as of 2021,WEB,www.yorkcityfootballclub.co.uk/club/visit-us, Visit Us, York City Football Club, 6 September 2021, 23 September 2021,web.archive.org/web/20210923154027/https://www.yorkcityfootballclub.co.uk/club/visit-us/, live, having previously played at Bootham Crescent since 1932. The most notable footballers to come from York in recent years are Lucy Staniforth,NEWS,www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/22841597, Lucy Staniforth: Bristol Academy midfielder wants new deal, BBC Sport, 11 July 2013, 4 January 2018,www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/22841597," title="web.archive.org/web/20180104143426www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/22841597,">web.archive.org/web/20180104143426www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/22841597, 4 January 2018, live, Under-20 World Cup winning captain Lewis CookNEWS,www.yorkpress.co.uk/sport/15346161.York__39_s_World_Cup_winning_captain_Lewis_Cook_has_right_ingredients_to_make_it_to_the_top_says_ex_Minstermen_mentor/, York’s World Cup-winning captain Lewis Cook has right ingredients to make it to the top says ex-Minstermen mentor, York Press, 14 June 2017, 4 January 2018,www.yorkpress.co.uk/sport/15346161.York__39_s_World_Cup_winning_captain_Lewis_Cook_has_right_ingredients_to_make_it_to_the_top_says_ex_Minstermen_mentor/," title="web.archive.org/web/20171114041027www.yorkpress.co.uk/sport/15346161.York__39_s_World_Cup_winning_captain_Lewis_Cook_has_right_ingredients_to_make_it_to_the_top_says_ex_Minstermen_mentor/,">web.archive.org/web/20171114041027www.yorkpress.co.uk/sport/15346161.York__39_s_World_Cup_winning_captain_Lewis_Cook_has_right_ingredients_to_make_it_to_the_top_says_ex_Minstermen_mentor/, 14 November 2017, dead, and former England manager Steve McClaren.WEB,www.millthorpeschool.co.uk/school/expupils/nunthorpe.php, Millthorpe School – Steve McClaren – Nunthorpe Grammar School, Millthorpe School, 19 July 2009, dead,www.millthorpeschool.co.uk/school/expupils/nunthorpe.php," title="web.archive.org/web/20080905224408www.millthorpeschool.co.uk/school/expupils/nunthorpe.php,">web.archive.org/web/20080905224408www.millthorpeschool.co.uk/school/expupils/nunthorpe.php, 5 September 2008, York also has a strong rugby league history. York FC, later known as York Wasps, formed in 1868, were one of the oldest rugby league clubs in the country but the effects of a move to the out of town Huntington Stadium, poor results and falling attendances led to their bankruptcy in 2002.NEWS,news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/rugby_league/1882617.stm, York lose survival fight, BBC Sport, 20 March 2002, 15 June 2009,news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/rugby_league/1882617.stm," title="web.archive.org/web/20030223210638news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/rugby_league/1882617.stm,">web.archive.org/web/20030223210638news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/rugby_league/1882617.stm, 23 February 2003, live, The supporters formed a new club, York City Knights, who played at the same stadium until 2015 when they moved to Bootham Crescent. In 2021, they moved to York Community Stadium.WEB,yorkcityknights.com/reports/promising-signs-knights-lner-community-stadium-debut/, Promising signs for the Knights in LNER Community Stadium debut: Thursday 11th March - pre-season, York City Knights, 15 March 2021, 28 September 2022, 28 September 2022,web.archive.org/web/20220928144023/https://yorkcityknights.com/reports/promising-signs-knights-lner-community-stadium-debut/, live, In 2022, the club was renamed York RLFCWEB,www.yorkrlfc.com/post/riseup, #RiseUp, York RLFC, 18 October 2022, 27 July 2023, 2 October 2023,web.archive.org/web/20231002213929/https://www.yorkrlfc.com/post/riseup, live, and {{As of|2023|lc=y}} the men’s team (York Knights) play in The ChampionshipWEB,www.yorkrlfc.com/knights-fixtures, Knights Fixtures, York RLFC, 27 July 2023, 27 July 2023,web.archive.org/web/20230727103542/https://www.yorkrlfc.com/knights-fixtures, live, and the women’s team (York Valkyrie) play in the Super League.WEB,www.yorkrlfc.com/valkyrie-fixtures, Valkyrie Fixtures, York RLFC, 27 July 2023, 27 July 2023,web.archive.org/web/20230727102040/https://www.yorkrlfc.com/valkyrie-fixtures, live, There are three amateur rugby league teams in York; New Earswick All Blacks (in New Earswick), York Acorn and Heworth. York International 9s was an annual rugby league nines tournament which took place in York between 2002 and 2009.WEB,www.yorkfestivals.com/metadot/index.pl?iid=3982, York International Rugby 9s, York City of Festivals, 2005, 20 July 2009, dead,www.yorkfestivals.com/metadot/index.pl?iid=3982," title="web.archive.org/web/20110718142553www.yorkfestivals.com/metadot/index.pl?iid=3982,">web.archive.org/web/20110718142553www.yorkfestivals.com/metadot/index.pl?iid=3982, 18 July 2011, Rugby union has been played in York since the 1860s, with multiple teams currently playing within the city. York RUFC was formed in 1928, and amalgamated with the York Cricket Club in 1966. The teams’ home ground is at York sports ground at Clifton Park. The men’s 1st team play in North 1 East, with the women’s team in RFUW Women’s NC1 North East championship.WEB,www.yorkrufc.co.uk/, York Rugby Union Football Club, York Rugby Union Football Club, 22 October 2019,web.archive.org/web/20191022085903/https://www.yorkrufc.co.uk/, 22 October 2019, dead, York Railway Institute (RI) RUFC home ground is at the York RI sports club on newlane, York. The men’s team currently compete in Yorkshire Division 4 South East (Yorkshire 4), and the ladies team play in the RFUW Women’s NC1 North East championship.WEB,www.pitchero.com/clubs/yorkrirufc/, York RI Rugby Union Football Club, York RI Rugby Union Football Club, 22 October 2019,web.archive.org/web/20191022085858/https://www.pitchero.com/clubs/yorkrirufc/, 22 October 2019, live, Based at the York site of chocolate and confectionery maker Nestle Rowntree’s, Nestle Rowntree RUFC was founded originally in 1894 and re-founded in 1954. They currently play their home games at York St. John University Sports Field and they compete in Yorkshire Division 4 South East (Yorkshire 4).WEB,nestlerowntreerufc.co.uk/, Welcome To Rowntree RUFC Club, Nestle Rowntree Rugby Union Football Club, 13 October 2021, 13 October 2021,web.archive.org/web/20211013161001/https://nestlerowntreerufc.co.uk/, live,

Racing

(File:York Racecourse (geograph 6167043).jpg|thumb|York Racecourse|200x200px)York Racecourse was established in 1731 and from 1990 has been awarded Northern Racecourse of the Year for 17 years running. This major horseracing venue is located on the Knavesmire and sees thousands flocking to the city every year for the 15 race meetings. The Knavesmire Racecourse also hosted Royal Ascot in 2005.NEWS,news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/other_sports/horse_racing/4088800.stm, Day One: Royal Ascot at York, BBC Sport, 14 June 2005, 19 July 2009,news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/other_sports/horse_racing/4088800.stm," title="web.archive.org/web/20070819063057news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/other_sports/horse_racing/4088800.stm,">web.archive.org/web/20070819063057news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/other_sports/horse_racing/4088800.stm, 19 August 2007, live, In August racing takes place over the four-day Ebor Festival that includes the Ebor Handicap dating from 1843.WEB,www.yorkracecourse.co.uk/about-york-racecourse/history, York Racecourse History, York Racecourse, 12 June 2009, dead,www.yorkracecourse.co.uk/about-york-racecourse/history," title="web.archive.org/web/20090710040904www.yorkracecourse.co.uk/about-york-racecourse/history,">web.archive.org/web/20090710040904www.yorkracecourse.co.uk/about-york-racecourse/history, 10 July 2009, On 6 July 2014, York hosted the start of Stage 2 of the 2014 Tour de France. Starting the Départ Fictif from York Racecourse, the riders travelled through the city centre to the Départ Actuel on the A59 just beyond the junction with the Outer Ring Road heading towards Knaresborough.WEB,www.letour.com/le-tour/2014/us/stage-2.html, Tour de France Stage 1, 15 July 2014,www.letour.com/le-tour/2014/us/stage-2.html," title="web.archive.org/web/20140725103415www.letour.com/le-tour/2014/us/stage-2.html,">web.archive.org/web/20140725103415www.letour.com/le-tour/2014/us/stage-2.html, 25 July 2014, dead, In 2015, the inaugural Tour de Yorkshire was held as a legacy event to build on the popularity of the previous year, with the Day 2 stage finishing in York.WEB,letour.yorkshire.com/route-maps#Stage2, Stage 2 – Selby to York 174 km, 24 June 2015,letour.yorkshire.com/route-maps#Stage2," title="web.archive.org/web/20150621162932letour.yorkshire.com/route-maps#Stage2,">web.archive.org/web/20150621162932letour.yorkshire.com/route-maps#Stage2, 21 June 2015, dead, Motorbike speedway once took place at York. The track in the Burnholme Estate was completed in 1930 and a demonstration event staged. In 1931 the track staged team and open events and the York team took part in the National Trophy.WEB,www.defunctspeedway.co.uk/York%20Speedway.htm, York Speedway, John Skinner, 19 July 2009,www.defunctspeedway.co.uk/York%20Speedway.htm," title="web.archive.org/web/20081231134548www.defunctspeedway.co.uk/York%20Speedway.htm,">web.archive.org/web/20081231134548www.defunctspeedway.co.uk/York%20Speedway.htm, 31 December 2008, dead,

Other

An open rowing club York City Rowing Club is located underneath Lendal Bridge.WEB,www.ycrc.co.uk/, York City Rowing Club, York City Rowing Club, 12 June 2009,www.ycrc.co.uk/," title="web.archive.org/web/20090619213646www.ycrc.co.uk/,">web.archive.org/web/20090619213646www.ycrc.co.uk/, 19 June 2009, dead, The rowing clubs of The University of York, York St John University Rowing Club and Leeds University Boat Club as well as York City RC use the Ouse for training. There are two sailing clubs close to York, both of which sail dinghies on the River Ouse. The York RI (Railway Institute) Sailing Club has a club house and boat park on the outskirts of Bishopthorpe, a village{{convert|3|mi|km}} to the south of York. The Yorkshire Ouse Sailing Club has a club house in the village of Naburn,{{convert|5|mi|km}} south of York.York hosts the UK Snooker Championship, which is the second biggest ranking tournament in the sport, at the York Barbican.

Garrison

(File:Imphall Barracks (geograph 6765373).jpg|thumb|Imphal Barracks|200x200px)York Garrison is a garrison of the British army, which administers a number of units based in and around the city of York.WEB, 15 July 2020, York Garrison – Army Garrisons,www.armygarrisons.uk/york-garrison/, 28 March 2021,web.archive.org/web/20200715141253/https://www.armygarrisons.uk/york-garrison/, 15 July 2020, WEB, 8 December 2010, Army in York – British Army Website,www.army.mod.uk/structure/20976.aspx, 28 March 2021,www.army.mod.uk/structure/20976.aspx," title="web.archive.org/web/20101208234433www.army.mod.uk/structure/20976.aspx,">web.archive.org/web/20101208234433www.army.mod.uk/structure/20976.aspx, 8 December 2010, WEB, York Garrison,forcesyork.2day.uk/?setLocation=YO31%200AA, 28 March 2021, forcesyork.2day.uk, 19 April 2021,web.archive.org/web/20210419085828/https://forcesyork.2day.uk/?setLocation=YO31%200AA, live, WEB, King, Hannah, Base to Base: York,www.forces.net/services/army/base-base-york, 28 March 2021, Forces Network, 28 May 2015, 30 July 2021,web.archive.org/web/20210730210823/https://www.forces.net/services/army/base-base-york, live, The garrison’s current units are:WEB,www.theyworkforyou.com/wrans/?id=2017-03-28.69633.h, Military Bases: City of York, 30 March 2021, 15 May 2021,web.archive.org/web/20210515184937/https://www.theyworkforyou.com/wrans/?id=2017-03-28.69633.h, live,

• York Station
  • Imphal Barracks
    • Headquarters, 1st (United Kingdom) Division
    • 2 Signal Regiment, Royal Corps of Signals
    • 12 Military Intelligence Company, 1 Military Intelligence Battalion
    • 1 Investigation Company, Special Investigation Branch Regiment
    • Kohima Troop, 50 (Northern) Signal Squadron, 37 Signal RegimentWEB,apply.army.mod.uk/what-we-offer/army-reserve-centres/north-east/york-fulford-road, Imphal Barracks, 30 March 2021, 27 July 2021,web.archive.org/web/20210727194334/https://apply.army.mod.uk/what-we-offer/army-reserve-centres/north-east/york-fulford-road, live,
    • 3 Army Education Centre, Educational and Training Services Branch
  • Worsley BarracksWEB,apply.army.mod.uk/what-we-offer/army-reserve-centres/north-east/york-worsley-barracks, Worsley Barracks, 30 March 2021, 27 July 2021,web.archive.org/web/20210727172350/https://apply.army.mod.uk/what-we-offer/army-reserve-centres/north-east/york-worsley-barracks, live,
    • Helmand Company, 4th Battalion, Royal Yorkshire Regiment
    • York Detachment, Leeds University Officers’ Training Corps
  • Yeomanry BarracksWEB,apply.army.mod.uk/what-we-offer/army-reserve-centres/north-east/york-yeomanry-barracks, Yeomanry Barracks, 30 March 2021, 27 July 2021,web.archive.org/web/20210727192152/https://apply.army.mod.uk/what-we-offer/army-reserve-centres/north-east/york-yeomanry-barracks, live,
    • A (Yorkshire Yeomanry) Squadron, Queen’s Own Yeomanry
• Strensall Station
  • Queen Elizabeth Barracks
    • Headquarters, 2nd Medical Brigade
    • 34 Field Hospital, Royal Army Medical Corps
    • Headquarters, Army Training Unit (North)
    • 4th Infantry Brigade Cadet Training Team
    • 1st (United Kingdom) Division Operational Shooting Training Team
  • Towthorpe Lines
    • Army Medical Services Training CentreWEB, A Better Defence Estate November 2016,assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/576401/Better_Defence_Estate_Dec16_Amends_Web.pdf, Ministry of Defence, 1 April 2021, 20, 25 July 2019,web.archive.org/web/20190725043021/https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/576401/Better_Defence_Estate_Dec16_Amends_Web.pdf, live,

International relations

Twin towns – sister cities

{{See also|List of twin towns and sister cities in the United Kingdom}}York is twinned with:

• {{flagicon|France}} Dijon, Bourgogne-Franche-Comté, France, since 1953WEB,www.york.gov.uk/download/downloads/id/3806/y4537-twinning_pdf, Enquiry Y4537: – City of York Council, City of York Council, 30 January 2012, 12 July 2013, dead,www.york.gov.uk/download/downloads/id/3806/y4537-twinning_pdf," title="web.archive.org/web/20140714123450www.york.gov.uk/download/downloads/id/3806/y4537-twinning_pdf,">web.archive.org/web/20140714123450www.york.gov.uk/download/downloads/id/3806/y4537-twinning_pdf, 14 July 2014

,

• {{flagicon|BRD}} Münster, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany, since 1957WEB,www.muenster.de/stadt/partnerstaedte/portrait-en.html, Portrait of Münster: Die Partnerstädte, 7 August 2013, Stadt Münster,www.muenster.de/stadt/partnerstaedte/portrait-en.html," title="web.archive.org/web/20130509134659www.muenster.de/stadt/partnerstaedte/portrait-en.html,">web.archive.org/web/20130509134659www.muenster.de/stadt/partnerstaedte/portrait-en.html, 9 May 2013,
• {{flagicon|PRC}} Nanjing, Jiangsu, China, since 2016

In 2016 York became sister cities with the Chinese city of Nanjing, in line with an agreement signed by the Lord Mayor of York, focusing on building links in tourism, education, science, technology and culture.NEWS,www.yorkpress.co.uk/news/14885295.Lord_Mayor_signs_up_for_China_links/, Lord Mayor signs up for China links, York Press, 14 November 2016, 10 January 2018,www.yorkpress.co.uk/news/14885295.Lord_Mayor_signs_up_for_China_links/," title="web.archive.org/web/20180111052729www.yorkpress.co.uk/news/14885295.Lord_Mayor_signs_up_for_China_links/,">web.archive.org/web/20180111052729www.yorkpress.co.uk/news/14885295.Lord_Mayor_signs_up_for_China_links/, 11 January 2018, live, WEB,www.visityork.org/members/opportunities/Campaign-international-china.aspx,www.visityork.org/members/opportunities/Campaign-international-china.aspx," title="web.archive.org/web/20151031213718www.visityork.org/members/opportunities/Campaign-international-china.aspx,">web.archive.org/web/20151031213718www.visityork.org/members/opportunities/Campaign-international-china.aspx, dead, 31 October 2015, International Campaign – China Focus, Visit York, 10 January 2018, NEWS,www.yorkpress.co.uk/news/12896586.york-succeeds-in-attracting-chinese-tourists/, York succeeds in attracting Chinese tourists, York Press, 17 April 2015, 20 April 2019,web.archive.org/web/20190420221729/https://www.yorkpress.co.uk/news/12896586.york-succeeds-in-attracting-chinese-tourists/, 20 April 2019, live, NEWS,www.minsterfm.com/news/local/1878846/new-tourism-figures-revealed-for-york/, New Tourism Figures Revealed for York, Minster FM, 9 February 2016, 3 April 2020, 30 June 2020,web.archive.org/web/20200630202137/https://www.minsterfm.com/news/local/1878846/new-tourism-figures-revealed-for-york/, live, On 22 October 2014 it announced the first ‘temporal twinning’ with Jórvík, the Viking city on the site of York from 866 to 1066.NEWS,www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-29721533, York twinned with Viking city Jorvik, 22 October 2014, BBC News, 22 October 2014,www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-29721533," title="web.archive.org/web/20141022123517www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-29721533,">web.archive.org/web/20141022123517www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-29721533, 22 October 2014, live, In 2017 York became UK’s first human rights city, which formalised the city’s aim to use human rights in decision making.NEWS,www.yorkpress.co.uk/news/15247293.human-rights-city/, Human rights city, York Press, 27 April 2017, 16 June 2019,web.archive.org/web/20190616103252/https://www.yorkpress.co.uk/news/15247293.human-rights-city/, 16 June 2019, live,

Freedom of the City

The following people and military units have received the Freedom of the City of York.{{Incomplete list|date=July 2020}}

Individuals

• John Kendal: 1482.WEB,www.freemenofyork.com/famous_honorary_freemen.html, Famous Honorary Freemen, www.freemenofyork.com, 24 July 2020, 7 May 2013,www.freemenofyork.com/famous_honorary_freemen.html," title="web.archive.org/web/20130507171118www.freemenofyork.com/famous_honorary_freemen.html,">web.archive.org/web/20130507171118www.freemenofyork.com/famous_honorary_freemen.html, dead,
• John Moore: 29 September 1687.
• Cosmo Gordon Lang: 1928.WEB,www.britishpathe.com/video/archbishop-of-york/query/Lang, Archbishop Of York, British Pathé, 15 September 2020, 28 February 2021,web.archive.org/web/20210228195303/https://www.britishpathe.com/video/archbishop-of-york/query/Lang, live,
• HRH Princess Royal: 1952.
• Edna Annie Crichton: 1955.
• Prince Andrew, Duke of York: 23 February 1987WEB,royalcentral.co.uk/uk/york/councillors-in-york-taking-steps-to-strip-prince-andrew-of-his-honorary-freedom-of-the-city-172919/, Councillors in York taking steps to strip Prince Andrew of his honorary freedom of the city, Storoschuk, Jessica, 22 February 2022, Royal Central, 27 March 2022, 17 March 2022,web.archive.org/web/20220317222546/https://royalcentral.co.uk/uk/york/councillors-in-york-taking-steps-to-strip-prince-andrew-of-his-honorary-freedom-of-the-city-172919/, live, (revoked by a Unanimous vote of the City of York Council on 27 April 2022).NEWS, Prince Andrew: Duke of York loses Freedom of City honour, BBC News, 27 April 2022,www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-york-north-yorkshire-61247885, 27 April 2022, 27 April 2022,web.archive.org/web/20220427174837/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-york-north-yorkshire-61247885, live,
• Sarah, Duchess of York: 23 February 1987.WEB,www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/prince-andrew-freedom-city-york-b2043526.html,ghostarchive.org/archive/20220507/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/prince-andrew-freedom-city-york-b2043526.html, 7 May 2022, subscription, live, Prince Andrew hangs on to Freedom of the City of York after Covid derails council vote, Batchelor, Tom, 25 March 2022, The Independent, 27 March 2022, {{cbignore}}
• Katharine, Duchess of Kent: April 1989.
• John Barry: 2002.
• Dame Judi Dench: 13 July 2002.NEWS,news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/2127040.stm, Dame Judi gets ‘freedom’ of York, 13 July 2002, 24 July 2020, BBC News, 24 July 2020,news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/2127040.stm," title="web.archive.org/web/20200724135927news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/2127040.stm,">web.archive.org/web/20200724135927news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/2127040.stm, live,
• Berwick Kaler: 2003.
• Professor Sir Ronald Cooke: 2006.
• Neal Guppy: 2010.WEB,www.yorkpress.co.uk/news/8731489.neal-guppy-becomes-honorary-freeman-of-the-city-of-york/, Neal Guppy Freeman of York, 10 December 2010, 24 November 2021, 24 November 2021,web.archive.org/web/20211124063007/https://www.yorkpress.co.uk/news/8731489.neal-guppy-becomes-honorary-freeman-of-the-city-of-york/, live,

Military units

• The Royal Dragoon Guards: 24 April 1999.WEB,www.rdgmuseum.org.uk/allsaints.htm, All Saints’ Church, Pavement, York, The Royal Dragoon Guards Museum and Regimental Association,www.rdgmuseum.org.uk/allsaints.htm," title="web.archive.org/web/20120605050256www.rdgmuseum.org.uk/allsaints.htm,">web.archive.org/web/20120605050256www.rdgmuseum.org.uk/allsaints.htm, 5 June 2012, dead, 3 December 2012,
• 2 Signals Regiment: January 2001.NEWS,www.yorkpress.co.uk/news/9801157.soldiers-exercise-their-freedom-of-the-city/, Soldiers exercise their Freedom of the City, York Press, 24 July 2020, 20 September 2020,web.archive.org/web/20200920174328/https://www.yorkpress.co.uk/news/9801157.soldiers-exercise-their-freedom-of-the-city/, live,
• A Squadron The Queen’s Own Yeomanry: 3 December 2009.WEB,www.yorkpress.co.uk/news/4768151.york-soldiers-to-be-honoured/, York soldiers to be honoured, York Press, 30 November 2009, 24 July 2020, 6 March 2021,web.archive.org/web/20210306074957/https://www.yorkpress.co.uk/news/4768151.york-soldiers-to-be-honoured/, live,
• RAF Linton on Ouse: 19 September 2010.WEB,www.rafa.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/20160624-Freedom-of-City-of-York-Parade-Timings.pdf, Royal Air Force, 24 July 2020, Freedom of the City of York by Royal Air Force Linton on Ouse, 26 April 2017,web.archive.org/web/20170426152414/https://www.rafa.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/20160624-Freedom-of-City-of-York-Parade-Timings.pdf, dead, WEB,www.raf.mod.uk/raflintononouse/newsweather/index.cfm?storyid=D1EA5C28-5056-A318-A80F55A2CA577E3B, RAF Linton-on-Ouse – Royal Air Force, www.raf.mod.uk, 24 July 2020, 26 April 2017,www.raf.mod.uk/raflintononouse/newsweather/index.cfm?storyid=D1EA5C28-5056-A318-A80F55A2CA577E3B," title="web.archive.org/web/20170426152525www.raf.mod.uk/raflintononouse/newsweather/index.cfm?storyid=D1EA5C28-5056-A318-A80F55A2CA577E3B,">web.archive.org/web/20170426152525www.raf.mod.uk/raflintononouse/newsweather/index.cfm?storyid=D1EA5C28-5056-A318-A80F55A2CA577E3B, dead, NEWS,www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-york-north-yorkshire-11362707, RAF staff in Freedom of the City, 19 September 2010, BBC News, 24 July 2020, 2 May 2019,web.archive.org/web/20190502155607/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-york-north-yorkshire-11362707, live,
• The Queen’s Gurkha Signals: 8 September 2015.NEWS,www.yorkpress.co.uk/news/13652262.Gurkhas_to_parade_through_York_today/, Gurkhas parade through York: 13 photos, York Press, 24 July 2020, 27 June 2018,www.yorkpress.co.uk/news/13652262.Gurkhas_to_parade_through_York_today/," title="web.archive.org/web/20180627062407www.yorkpress.co.uk/news/13652262.Gurkhas_to_parade_through_York_today/,">web.archive.org/web/20180627062407www.yorkpress.co.uk/news/13652262.Gurkhas_to_parade_through_York_today/, live, WEB,www.yorkmix.com/news/video-the-gurkhas-receive-the-freedom-of-york-in-colourful-ceremony/, Video: the Gurkhas receive the Freedom Of York in colourful ceremony • YorkMix, 8 September 2015, 24 July 2020, 28 July 2018,web.archive.org/web/20180728101411/https://www.yorkmix.com/news/video-the-gurkhas-receive-the-freedom-of-york-in-colourful-ceremony/, dead,

Notable people

See also

• Big Blue Ocean Cleanup
• CityConnect WIFI
• The Evelyn collection of pictures of York from the early 20th century
• Southlands Methodist Church
• White Rose Theatre
• York Festival of Ideas
• York Shakespeare Project
• Goddards House and Garden
• Rowntree Park

Explanatory notes

References

{{reflist}}

External links

{{Wikivoyage}}{{commons|York}}

Photos and images

• Imagine York: Historic Photographs – online council library archive of historic photographs of York, searchable by keyword

Historical and genealogical sources

• {{Genuki|county=ARY|York}}
• Life in a Mediæval City Illustrated by York in the XVth Century – Gutenberg

{{Hanseatic League}}{{North Yorkshire}}{{UK cities}}{{Authority control}}