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Queen Victoria
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{{Short description|Queen of the United Kingdom from 1837 to 1901}}{{Redirect2|Victoria of the United Kingdom|Victoria I|other people|Victoria of the United Kingdom (disambiguation)|and|Queen Victoria (disambiguation)|other uses|Victoria (disambiguation)}}{{Featured article}}{{Pp-semi-indef}}{{Pp-move}}{{Use British English|date=October 2012}}{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2023}}- the content below is remote from Wikipedia
- it has been imported raw for GetWiki
| factoids |
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- Victoria, German Empress
- Edward VII
- Alice, Grand Duchess of Hesse and by Rhine
- Alfred, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
- Helena, Princess Christian of Schleswig-Holstein
- Princess Louise, Duchess of Argyll
- Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn
- Prince Leopold, Duke of Albany
- Beatrice, Princess Henry of Battenberg{edih}
Early life
Birth and ancestry
{{Multiple image| align = left| image1 = Sir William Beechey (1753-1839) - Victoria, Duchess of Kent, (1786-1861) with Princess Victoria, (1819-1901) - RCIN 407169 - Royal Collection.jpg| caption1 = Victoria as a child with her mother, after William Beechey| direction = vertical| image2 = Denning, Stephen Poyntz - Princess Victoria aged Four - Google Art Project.jpg| caption2 = Portrait by Stephen Poyntz Denning, 1823}}Victoria’s father was Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn, the fourth son of King George III and Queen Charlotte. Until 1817, King George’s only legitimate grandchild was Edward’s niece Princess Charlotte of Wales, the daughter of George, Prince Regent (who would become George IV). Princess Charlotte’s death in 1817 precipitated a succession crisis that brought pressure on Prince Edward and his unmarried brothers to marry and have children. In 1818, the Duke of Kent married Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld, a widowed German princess with two children—Carl (1804–1856) and Feodora (1807–1872)—by her first marriage to Emich Carl, 2nd Prince of Leiningen. Her brother Leopold was Princess Charlotte’s widower and later the first king of Belgium. The Duke and Duchess of Kent’s only child, Victoria was born at 4:15 a.m. on Monday 24 May 1819 at Kensington Palace in London.Hibbert, pp. 3–12; Strachey, pp. 1–17; Woodham-Smith, pp. 15–29Victoria was christened privately by the Archbishop of Canterbury, Charles Manners-Sutton, on 24 June 1819 in the Cupola Room at Kensington Palace.{{Efn|Her godparents were Tsar Alexander I of Russia (represented by her uncle Frederick, Duke of York), her uncle George, Prince Regent, her aunt Queen Charlotte of Württemberg (represented by Victoria’s aunt Princess Augusta) and Victoria’s maternal grandmother the Dowager Duchess of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld (represented by Victoria’s aunt Princess Mary, Duchess of Gloucester and Edinburgh).}} She was baptised Alexandrina after one of her godparents, Tsar Alexander I of Russia, and Victoria, after her mother. Additional names proposed by her parents—Georgina (or Georgiana), Charlotte, and Augusta—were dropped on the instructions of the Prince Regent.Hibbert, pp. 12–13; Longford, p. 23; Woodham-Smith, pp. 34–35At birth, Victoria was fifth in the line of succession after the four eldest sons of George III: George, Prince Regent (later George IV); Frederick, Duke of York; William, Duke of Clarence (later William IV); and Victoria’s father, Edward, Duke of Kent.Longford, p. 24 Prince George had no surviving children, and Prince Frederick had no children; further, both were estranged from their wives, who were both past child-bearing age, so the two eldest brothers were unlikely to have any further legitimate children. William married in 1818, in a joint ceremony with his brother Edward, but both of William’s legitimate daughters died as infants. The first of these was Princess Charlotte, who was born and died on 27 March 1819, two months before Victoria was born. Victoria’s father died in January 1820, when Victoria was less than a year old. A week later her grandfather died and was succeeded by his eldest son as George IV. Victoria was then third in line to the throne after Frederick and William. She was fourth in line while William’s second daughter, Princess Elizabeth, lived, from 10 December 1820 to 4 March 1821.Worsley, p. 41.Heir presumptive
Prince Frederick died in 1827, followed by George IV in 1830; their next surviving brother succeeded to the throne as William IV, and Victoria became heir presumptive. The Regency Act 1830 made special provision for Victoria’s mother to act as regent in case William died while Victoria was still a minor.Hibbert, p. 31; St Aubyn, p. 26; Woodham-Smith, p. 81 King William distrusted the Duchess’s capacity to be regent, and in 1836 he declared in her presence that he wanted to live until Victoria’s 18th birthday, so that a regency could be avoided.Hibbert, p. 46; Longford, p. 54; St Aubyn, p. 50; Waller, p. 344; Woodham-Smith, p. 126File:Princess Victoria and Dash by George Hayter.jpg|thumb|Portrait with her spaniel Dash by George HayterGeorge HayterVictoria later described her childhood as “rather melancholy”.Hibbert, p. 19; Marshall, p. 25 Her mother was extremely protective, and Victoria was raised largely isolated from other children under the so-called “Kensington System”, an elaborate set of rules and protocols devised by the Duchess and her ambitious and domineering comptroller, Sir John Conroy, who was rumoured to be the Duchess’s lover.Hibbert, p. 27; Longford, pp. 35–38, 118–119; St Aubyn, pp. 21–22; Woodham-Smith, pp. 70–72. The rumours were false in the opinion of these biographers. The system prevented the princess from meeting people whom her mother and Conroy deemed undesirable (including most of her father’s family), and was designed to render her weak and dependent upon them.Hibbert, pp. 27–28; Waller, pp. 341–342; Woodham-Smith, pp. 63–65 The Duchess avoided the court because she was scandalised by the presence of King William’s illegitimate children.Hibbert, pp. 32–33; Longford, pp. 38–39, 55; Marshall, p. 19 Victoria shared a bedroom with her mother every night, studied with private tutors to a regular timetable, and spent her play-hours with her dolls and her King Charles Spaniel, Dash.Waller, pp. 338–341; Woodham-Smith, pp. 68–69, 91 Her lessons included French, German, Italian, and Latin,Hibbert, p. 18; Longford, p. 31; Woodham-Smith, pp. 74–75 but she spoke only English at home.Longford, p. 31; Woodham-Smith, p. 75In 1830, the Duchess and Conroy took Victoria across the centre of England to visit the Malvern Hills, stopping at towns and great country houses along the way.Hibbert, pp. 34–35 Similar journeys to other parts of England and Wales were taken in 1832, 1833, 1834 and 1835. To the King’s annoyance, Victoria was enthusiastically welcomed in each of the stops.Hibbert, pp. 35–39; Woodham-Smith, pp. 88–89, 102 William compared the journeys to royal progresses and was concerned that they portrayed Victoria as his rival rather than his heir presumptive.Hibbert, p. 36; Woodham-Smith, pp. 89–90 Victoria disliked the trips; the constant round of public appearances made her tired and ill, and there was little time for her to rest.Hibbert, pp. 35–40; Woodham-Smith, pp. 92, 102 She objected on the grounds of the King’s disapproval, but her mother dismissed his complaints as motivated by jealousy and forced Victoria to continue the tours.Hibbert, pp. 38–39; Longford, p. 47; Woodham-Smith, pp. 101–102 At Ramsgate in October 1835, Victoria contracted a severe fever, which Conroy initially dismissed as a childish pretence.Hibbert, p. 42; Woodham-Smith, p. 105 While Victoria was ill, Conroy and the Duchess unsuccessfully badgered her to make Conroy her private secretary.Hibbert, p. 42; Longford, pp. 47–48; Marshall, p. 21 As a teenager, Victoria resisted persistent attempts by her mother and Conroy to appoint him to her staff.Hibbert, pp. 42, 50; Woodham-Smith, p. 135 Once queen, she banned him from her presence, but he remained in her mother’s household.Marshall, p. 46; St Aubyn, p. 67; Waller, p. 353(File:Victoria sketch 1835.jpg|thumb|left|upright|alt=Victoria’s sketch of herself|Self-portrait, 1835)By 1836, Victoria’s maternal uncle Leopold, who had been King of the Belgians since 1831, hoped to marry her to Prince Albert,Longford, pp. 29, 51; Waller, p. 363; Weintraub, pp. 43–49 the son of his brother Ernest I, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha. Leopold arranged for Victoria’s mother to invite her Coburg relatives to visit her in May 1836, with the purpose of introducing Victoria to Albert.Longford, p. 51; Weintraub, pp. 43–49 William IV, however, disapproved of any match with the Coburgs, and instead favoured the suit of Prince Alexander of the Netherlands, second son of the Prince of Orange.Longford, pp. 51–52; St Aubyn, p. 43; Weintraub, pp. 43–49; Woodham-Smith, p. 117 Victoria was aware of the various matrimonial plans and critically appraised a parade of eligible princes.Weintraub, pp. 43–49 According to her diary, she enjoyed Albert’s company from the beginning. After the visit she wrote, “[Albert] is extremely handsome; his hair is about the same colour as mine; his eyes are large and blue, and he has a beautiful nose and a very sweet mouth with fine teeth; but the charm of his countenance is his expression, which is most delightful.“Victoria quoted in Marshall, p. 27 and Weintraub, p. 49 Alexander, on the other hand, she described as “very plain”.Victoria quoted in Hibbert, p. 99; St Aubyn, p. 43; Weintraub, p. 49 and Woodham-Smith, p. 119Victoria wrote to King Leopold, whom she considered her “best and kindest adviser”,Victoria’s journal, October 1835, quoted in St Aubyn, p. 36 and Woodham-Smith, p. 104 to thank him “for the prospect of great happiness you have contributed to give me, in the person of dear Albert ... He possesses every quality that could be desired to render me perfectly happy. He is so sensible, so kind, and so good, and so amiable too. He has besides the most pleasing and delightful exterior and appearance you can possibly see.“Hibbert, p. 102; Marshall, p. 60; Waller, p. 363; Weintraub, p. 51; Woodham-Smith, p. 122 However at 17, Victoria, though interested in Albert, was not yet ready to marry. The parties did not undertake a formal engagement, but assumed that the match would take place in due time.Waller, pp. 363–364; Weintraub, pp. 53, 58, 64, and 65Accession and marriage
{{See also|Wedding of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert|Wedding dress of Queen Victoria}}File:Victoriatothrone.jpg|alt=Drawing of Conyngham and Howley on their knees in front of Victoria|thumb|left|Victoria receives the news of her accession from Lord Conyngham (bowing) and the Archbishop Howley (right). Painting by Henry Tanworth WellsHenry Tanworth WellsVictoria turned 18 on 24 May 1837, and a regency was avoided. Less than a month later, on 20 June 1837, William IV died at the age of 71, and Victoria became Queen of the United Kingdom.{{Efn|Under section 2 of the Regency Act 1830, the Accession Council’s proclamation declared Victoria as the King’s successor “saving the rights of any issue of His late Majesty King William the Fourth which may be borne of his late Majesty’s Consort”. {{London Gazette|issue=19509|date=20 June 1837|page=1581|mode=cs2}}}} In her diary she wrote, “I was awoke at 6 o’clock by Mamma, who told me the Archbishop of Canterbury and Lord Conyngham were here and wished to see me. I got out of bed and went into my sitting-room (only in my dressing gown) and alone, and saw them. Lord Conyngham then acquainted me that my poor Uncle, the King, was no more, and had expired at 12 minutes past 2 this morning, and consequently that I am Queen.“St Aubyn, pp. 55–57; Woodham-Smith, p. 138 Official documents prepared on the first day of her reign described her as Alexandrina Victoria, but the first name was withdrawn at her own wish and not used again.Woodham-Smith, p. 140Since 1714, Britain had shared a monarch with Hanover in Germany, but under Salic law, women were excluded from the Hanoverian succession. While Victoria inherited the British throne, her father’s unpopular younger brother, Ernest Augustus, Duke of Cumberland, became King of Hanover. He was Victoria’s heir presumptive until she had a child.Packard, pp. 14–15File:Dronning victoria.jpg|thumb|right|alt=Victoria wears her crown and holds a sceptre.|Coronation portrait by George HayterGeorge HayterAt the time of Victoria’s accession, the government was led by the Whig prime minister Lord Melbourne. He at once became a powerful influence on the politically inexperienced monarch, who relied on him for advice.Hibbert, pp. 66–69; St Aubyn, p. 76; Woodham-Smith, pp. 143–147 Charles Greville supposed that the widowed and childless Melbourne was “passionately fond of her as he might be of his daughter if he had one”, and Victoria probably saw him as a father figure.Greville quoted in Hibbert, p. 67; Longford, p. 70 and Woodham-Smith, pp. 143–144 Her coronation took place on 28 June 1838 at Westminster Abbey. Over 400,000 visitors came to London for the celebrations.{{Citation |title=Queen Victoria’s Coronation 1838 |url=http://www.royal.gov.uk/The%20Royal%20Collection%20and%20other%20collections/TheRoyalArchives/QueenVictoriaeducationproject/QueenVictoriasCoronation1838.aspx |publisher=The British Monarchy |access-date=28 January 2016 |archive-date=3 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160203025327www.royal.gov.uk/The%20Royal%20Collection%20and%20other%20collections/TheRoyalArchives/QueenVictoriaeducationproject/QueenVictoriasCoronation1838.aspx |url-status=live }} She became the first sovereign to take up residence at Buckingham PalaceSt Aubyn, p. 69; Waller, p. 353 and inherited the revenues of the duchies of Lancaster and Cornwall as well as being granted a civil list allowance of £385,000 per year. Financially prudent, she paid off her father’s debts.Hibbert, p. 58; Longford, pp. 73–74; Woodham-Smith, p. 152At the start of her reign Victoria was popular,Marshall, p. 42; St Aubyn, pp. 63, 96 but her reputation suffered in an 1839 court intrigue when one of her mother’s ladies-in-waiting, Lady Flora Hastings, developed an abdominal growth that was widely rumoured to be an out-of-wedlock pregnancy by Sir John Conroy.Marshall, p. 47; Waller, p. 356; Woodham-Smith, pp. 164–166 Victoria believed the rumours.Hibbert, pp. 77–78; Longford, p. 97; St Aubyn, p. 97; Waller, p. 357; Woodham-Smith, p. 164 She hated Conroy, and despised “that odious Lady Flora”,Victoria’s journal, 25 April 1838, quoted in Woodham-Smith, p. 162 because she had conspired with Conroy and the Duchess in the Kensington System.St Aubyn, p. 96; Woodham-Smith, pp. 162, 165 At first, Lady Flora refused to submit to an intimate medical examination, until in mid-February she eventually acquiesced, and was found to be a virgin.Hibbert, p. 79; Longford, p. 98; St Aubyn, p. 99; Woodham-Smith, p. 167 Conroy, the Hastings family, and the opposition Tories organised a press campaign implicating the Queen in the spreading of false rumours about Lady Flora.Hibbert, pp. 80–81; Longford, pp. 102–103; St Aubyn, pp. 101–102 When Lady Flora died in July, the post-mortem revealed a large tumour on her liver that had distended her abdomen.Longford, p. 122; Marshall, p. 57; St Aubyn, p. 104; Woodham-Smith, p. 180 At public appearances, Victoria was hissed and jeered as “Mrs. Melbourne”.Hibbert, p. 83; Longford, pp. 120–121; Marshall, p. 57; St Aubyn, p. 105; Waller, p. 358In 1839, Melbourne resigned after Radicals and Tories (both of whom Victoria detested) voted against a bill to suspend the constitution of Jamaica. The bill removed political power from plantation owners who were resisting measures associated with the abolition of slavery.St Aubyn, p. 107; Woodham-Smith, p. 169 The Queen commissioned a Tory, Robert Peel, to form a new ministry. At the time, it was customary for the prime minister to appoint members of the Royal Household, who were usually his political allies and their spouses. Many of the Queen’s ladies of the bedchamber were wives of Whigs, and Peel expected to replace them with wives of Tories. In what became known as the “bedchamber crisis”, Victoria, advised by Melbourne, objected to their removal. Peel refused to govern under the restrictions imposed by the Queen, and consequently resigned his commission, allowing Melbourne to return to office.Hibbert, pp. 94–96; Marshall, pp. 53–57; St Aubyn, pp. 109–112; Waller, pp. 359–361; Woodham-Smith, pp. 170–174(File:Victoria Marriage01.jpg|upright=1.4|alt=Painting of a lavish wedding attended by richly dressed people in a magnificent room|thumb|Marriage of Victoria and Albert, painted by George Hayter)Though Victoria was now queen, as an unmarried young woman she was required by social convention to live with her mother, despite their differences over the Kensington System and her mother’s continued reliance on Conroy.Longford, p. 84; Marshall, p. 52 The Duchess was consigned to a remote apartment in Buckingham Palace, and Victoria often refused to see her.Longford, p. 72; Waller, p. 353 When Victoria complained to Melbourne that her mother’s proximity promised “torment for many years”, Melbourne sympathised but said it could be avoided by marriage, which Victoria called a “schocking {{Sic}} alternative”.Woodham-Smith, p. 175 Victoria showed interest in Albert’s education for the future role he would have to play as her husband, but she resisted attempts to rush her into wedlock.Hibbert, pp. 103–104; Marshall, pp. 60–66; Weintraub, p. 62Victoria continued to praise Albert following his second visit in October 1839. They felt mutual affection and the Queen proposed to him on 15 October 1839, just five days after he had arrived at Windsor.Hibbert, pp. 107–110; St Aubyn, pp. 129–132; Weintraub, pp. 77–81; Woodham-Smith, pp. 182–184, 187 They were married on 10 February 1840, in the Chapel Royal of St James’s Palace, London. Victoria was love-struck. She spent the evening after their wedding lying down with a headache, but wrote ecstatically in her diary:{{Blockquote|I NEVER, NEVER spent such an evening!!! MY DEAREST DEAREST DEAR Albert ... his excessive love & affection gave me feelings of heavenly love & happiness I never could have hoped to have felt before! He clasped me in his arms, & we kissed each other again & again! His beauty, his sweetness & gentleness—really how can I ever be thankful enough to have such a Husband! ... to be called by names of tenderness, I have never yet heard used to me before—was bliss beyond belief! Oh! This was the happiest day of my life!Hibbert, p. 123; Longford, p. 143; Woodham-Smith, p. 205}}Albert became an important political adviser as well as the Queen’s companion, replacing Melbourne as the dominant influential figure in the first half of her life.St Aubyn, p. 151 Victoria’s mother was evicted from the palace, to Ingestre House in Belgrave Square. After the death of Victoria’s aunt Princess Augusta in 1840, the Duchess was given both Clarence House and Frogmore House.Hibbert, p. 265, Woodham-Smith, p. 256 Through Albert’s mediation, relations between mother and daughter slowly improved.Marshall, p. 152; St Aubyn, pp. 174–175; Woodham-Smith, p. 412(File:Edward Oxford shoots at H. M. the Queen, 1840.jpg|upright=1.4|thumb|Contemporary lithograph of Edward Oxford’s attempt to assassinate Victoria, 1840)During Victoria’s first pregnancy in 1840, in the first few months of the marriage, 18-year-old Edward Oxford attempted to assassinate her while she was riding in a carriage with Prince Albert on her way to visit her mother. Oxford fired twice, but either both bullets missed or, as he later claimed, the guns had no shot.Charles, p. 23 He was tried for high treason, found not guilty by reason of insanity, committed to an insane asylum indefinitely, and later sent to live in Australia.Hibbert, pp. 421–422; St Aubyn, pp. 160–161 In the immediate aftermath of the attack, Victoria’s popularity soared, mitigating residual discontent over the Hastings affair and the bedchamber crisis.Woodham-Smith, p. 213 Her daughter, also named Victoria, was born on 21 November 1840. The Queen hated being pregnant,Hibbert, p. 130; Longford, p. 154; Marshall, p. 122; St Aubyn, p. 159; Woodham-Smith, p. 220 viewed breast-feeding with disgust,Hibbert, p. 149; St Aubyn, p. 169 and thought newborn babies were ugly.Hibbert, p. 149; Longford, p. 154; Marshall, p. 123; Waller, p. 377 Nevertheless, over the following seventeen years, she and Albert had a further eight children: Albert Edward, Alice, Alfred, Helena, Louise, Arthur, Leopold and Beatrice.The household was largely run by Victoria’s childhood governess, Baroness Louise Lehzen from Hanover. Lehzen had been a formative influence on VictoriaWoodham-Smith, p. 100 and had supported her against the Kensington System.Longford, p. 56; St Aubyn, p. 29 Albert, however, thought that Lehzen was incompetent and that her mismanagement threatened his daughter Victoria’s health. After a furious row between Victoria and Albert over the issue, Lehzen was pensioned off in 1842, and Victoria’s close relationship with her ended.Hibbert, pp. 150–156; Marshall, p. 87; St Aubyn, pp. 171–173; Woodham-Smith, pp. 230–232Domestic and public life
File:Winterhalter - Queen Victoria 1843.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Portrait by Franz Xaver WinterhalterFranz Xaver WinterhalterOn 29 May 1842, Victoria was riding in a carriage along The Mall, London, when John Francis aimed a pistol at her, but the gun did not fire. The assailant escaped; the following day, Victoria drove the same route, though faster and with a greater escort, in a deliberate attempt to bait Francis into taking a second aim and catch him in the act. As expected, Francis shot at her, but he was seized by plainclothes policemen, and convicted of high treason. On 3 July, two days after Francis’s death sentence was commuted to transportation for life, John William Bean also tried to fire a pistol at the Queen, but it was loaded only with paper and tobacco and had too little charge.Charles, p. 51; Hibbert, pp. 422–423; St Aubyn, pp. 162–163 Edward Oxford felt that the attempts were encouraged by his acquittal in 1840.Hibbert, p. 423; St Aubyn, p. 163 Bean was sentenced to 18 months in jail. In a similar attack in 1849, unemployed Irishman William Hamilton fired a powder-filled pistol at Victoria’s carriage as it passed along Constitution Hill, London.Longford, p. 192 In 1850, the Queen did sustain injury when she was assaulted by a possibly insane ex-army officer, Robert Pate. As Victoria was riding in a carriage, Pate struck her with his cane, crushing her bonnet and bruising her forehead. Both Hamilton and Pate were sentenced to seven years’ transportation.St Aubyn, p. 164Melbourne’s support in the House of Commons weakened through the early years of Victoria’s reign, and in the 1841 general election the Whigs were defeated. Peel became prime minister, and the ladies of the bedchamber most associated with the Whigs were replaced.Marshall, pp. 95–101; St Aubyn, pp. 153–155; Woodham-Smith, pp. 221–222(File:Queen Victoria the Princess Royal Victoria c1844-5.png|alt=Victoria cuddling her daughter next to her|thumb|upright|Earliest known photograph of the Queen, here with her eldest daughter, Princess Victoria, {{Circa|1845}}{{Citation |title=Queen Victoria and the Princess Royal |url=https://www.royalcollection.org.uk/collection/search#/36/collection/2931317-c/queen-victoria-and-the-princess-royal |publisher=Royal Collection |access-date=29 March 2013 |archive-date=17 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160117132415www.royalcollection.org.uk/collection/search#/36/collection/2931317-c/queen-victoria-and-the-princess-royal |url-status=live }})In 1845, Ireland was hit by a potato blight.Woodham-Smith, p. 281 In the next four years, over a million Irish people died and another million emigrated in what became known as the Great Famine.Longford, p. 359 In Ireland, Victoria was labelled “The Famine Queen”.The title of Maud Gonne’s 1900 article upon Queen Victoria’s visit to Ireland{{Citation |last=Harrison |first=Shane |title=Famine Queen row in Irish port |date=15 April 2003 |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/northern_ireland/2951395.stm |work=BBC News |access-date=29 March 2013 |archive-date=19 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190919081531news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/northern_ireland/2951395.stm |url-status=live }} In January 1847 she personally donated £2,000 (equivalent to between £178,000 and £6.5{{nbsp}}million in 2016){{Citation |last1=Officer |first1=Lawrence H. |title=Five Ways to Compute the Relative Value of a UK Pound Amount, 1270 to Present |date=2018 |url=https://www.measuringworth.com/calculators/ukcompare/result.php?year_source=1846&amount=2000&year_result=2016 |publisher=MeasuringWorth |access-date=5 April 2018 |last2=Williamson |first2=Samuel H. |archive-date=6 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180406041425www.measuringworth.com/calculators/ukcompare/result.php?year_source=1846&amount=2000&year_result=2016 |url-status=live }} to the British Relief Association, more than any other individual famine relief donor,{{Citation |last=Kinealy |first=Christine |title=Private Responses to the Famine |url=http://multitext.ucc.ie/d/Private_Responses_to_the_Famine3344361812 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130406031633multitext.ucc.ie/d/Private_Responses_to_the_Famine3344361812 |publisher=University College Cork |access-date=29 March 2013 |archive-date=6 April 2013}} and supported the Maynooth Grant to a Roman Catholic seminary in Ireland, despite Protestant opposition.Longford, p. 181 The story that she donated only £5 in aid to the Irish, and on the same day gave the same amount to Battersea Dogs Home, was a myth generated towards the end of the 19th century.{{Citation |last=Kenny |first=Mary |title=Crown and Shamrock: Love and Hate Between Ireland and the British Monarchy |date=2009 |place=Dublin |publisher=New Island |isbn=978-1-905494-98-9}}By 1846, Peel’s ministry faced a crisis involving the repeal of the Corn Laws. Many Tories—by then known also as Conservatives—were opposed to the repeal, but Peel, some Tories (the free-trade oriented liberal conservative “Peelites“), most Whigs and Victoria supported it. Peel resigned in 1846, after the repeal narrowly passed, and was replaced by Lord John Russell.St Aubyn, p. 215{| class=“toc” style="float:left; border:3px solid lightblue; font-size:90%;margin-right:10px; clear:left;”Widowhood and isolation
File:Queen Victoria by JJE Mayall, 1860.png|thumb|left|upright|Photograph by J. J. E. MayallJ. J. E. MayallIn March 1861, Victoria’s mother died, with Victoria at her side. Through reading her mother’s papers, Victoria discovered that her mother had loved her deeply;Hibbert, p. 267; Longford, pp. 118, 290; St Aubyn, p. 319; Woodham-Smith, p. 412 she was heart-broken, and blamed Conroy and Lehzen for “wickedly” estranging her from her mother.Hibbert, p. 267; Marshall, p. 152; Woodham-Smith, p. 412 To relieve his wife during her intense and deep grief,Hibbert, pp. 265–267; St Aubyn, p. 318; Woodham-Smith, pp. 412–413 Albert took on most of her duties, despite being ill himself with chronic stomach trouble.Waller, p. 393; Weintraub, p. 401 In August, Victoria and Albert visited their son, Albert Edward, Prince of Wales, who was attending army manoeuvres near Dublin, and spent a few days holidaying in Killarney. In November, Albert was made aware of gossip that his son had slept with an actress in Ireland.Hibbert, p. 274; Longford, p. 293; St Aubyn, p. 324; Woodham-Smith, p. 417 Appalled, he travelled to Cambridge, where his son was studying, to confront him.Longford, p. 293; Marshall, p. 153; Strachey, p. 214By the beginning of December, Albert was very unwell.Hibbert, pp. 276–279; St Aubyn, p. 325; Woodham-Smith, pp. 422–423 He was diagnosed with typhoid fever by William Jenner, and died on 14 December 1861. Victoria was devastated.Hibbert, pp. 280–292; Marshall, p. 154 She blamed her husband’s death on worry over the Prince of Wales’s philandering. He had been “killed by that dreadful business”, she said.Hibbert, p. 299; St Aubyn, p. 346 She entered a state of mourning and wore black for the remainder of her life. She avoided public appearances and rarely set foot in London in the following years.St Aubyn, p. 343 Her seclusion earned her the nickname “widow of Windsor”.e.g. Strachey, p. 306 Her weight increased through comfort eating, which reinforced her aversion to public appearances.{{Citation |last=Ridley |first=Jane |title=Queen Victoria – burdened by grief and six-course dinners |date=27 May 2017 |url=https://www.spectator.co.uk/2017/05/queen-victoria-burdened-by-grief-and-six-course-dinners/ |work=The Spectator |access-date=28 August 2018 |archive-date=28 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180828081110www.spectator.co.uk/2017/05/queen-victoria-burdened-by-grief-and-six-course-dinners/ |url-status=live }}Victoria’s self-imposed isolation from the public diminished the popularity of the monarchy, and encouraged the growth of the republican movement.Marshall, pp. 170–172; St Aubyn, p. 385 She did undertake her official government duties, yet chose to remain secluded in her royal residences—Windsor Castle, Osborne House, and the private estate in Scotland that she and Albert had acquired in 1847, Balmoral Castle. In March 1864 a protester stuck a notice on the railings of Buckingham Palace that announced “these commanding premises to be let or sold in consequence of the late occupant’s declining business”.Hibbert, p. 310; Longford, p. 321; St Aubyn, pp. 343–344; Waller, p. 404 Her uncle Leopold wrote to her advising her to appear in public. She agreed to visit the gardens of the Royal Horticultural Society at Kensington and take a drive through London in an open carriage.Hibbert, p. 310; Longford, p. 322File:Queen Victoria, photographed by George Washington Wilson (1863).jpg|thumb|upright|alt=Victoria on a horse|With John Brown at Balmoral, 1863. Photograph by G. W. Wilson ]]Through the 1860s, Victoria relied increasingly on a manservant from Scotland, John Brown.Hibbert, pp. 323–324; Marshall, pp. 168–169; St Aubyn, pp. 356–362 Rumours of a romantic connection and even a secret marriage appeared in print, and some referred to the Queen as “Mrs. Brown”.Hibbert, pp. 321–322; Longford, pp. 327–328; Marshall, p. 170 The story of their relationship was the subject of the 1997 movie Mrs. Brown. A painting by Sir Edwin Henry Landseer depicting the Queen with Brown was exhibited at the Royal Academy, and Victoria published a book, Leaves from the Journal of Our Life in the Highlands, which featured Brown prominently and in which the Queen praised him highly.Hibbert, p. 329; St Aubyn, pp. 361–362Palmerston died in 1865, and after a brief ministry led by Russell, Derby returned to power. In 1866, Victoria attended the State Opening of Parliament for the first time since Albert’s death.Hibbert, pp. 311–312; Longford, p. 347; St Aubyn, p. 369 The following year she supported the passing of the Reform Act 1867 which doubled the electorate by extending the franchise to many urban working men,St Aubyn, pp. 374–375 though she was not in favour of votes for women.Marshall, p. 199; Strachey, p. 299 Derby resigned in 1868, to be replaced by Benjamin Disraeli, who charmed Victoria. “Everyone likes flattery,” he said, “and when you come to royalty you should lay it on with a trowel.“Hibbert, p. 318; Longford, p. 401; St Aubyn, p. 427; Strachey, p. 254 With the phrase “we authors, Ma’am”, he complimented her.Buckle, George Earle; Monypenny, W. F. (1910–1920) The Life of Benjamin Disraeli, Earl of Beaconsfield, vol. 5, p. 49, quoted in Strachey, p. 243 Disraeli’s ministry only lasted a matter of months, and at the end of the year his Liberal rival, William Ewart Gladstone, was appointed prime minister. Victoria found Gladstone’s demeanour far less appealing; he spoke to her, she is thought to have complained, as though she were “a public meeting rather than a woman”.Hibbert, p. 320; Strachey, pp. 246–247In 1870 republican sentiment in Britain, fed by the Queen’s seclusion, was boosted after the establishment of the Third French Republic.Longford, p. 381; St Aubyn, pp. 385–386; Strachey, p. 248 A republican rally in Trafalgar Square demanded Victoria’s removal, and Radical MPs spoke against her.St Aubyn, pp. 385–386; Strachey, pp. 248–250 In August and September 1871, she was seriously ill with an abscess in her arm, which Joseph Lister successfully lanced and treated with his new antiseptic carbolic acid spray.Longford, p. 385 In late November 1871, at the height of the republican movement, the Prince of Wales contracted typhoid fever, the disease that was believed to have killed his father, and Victoria was fearful her son would die.Hibbert, p. 343 As the tenth anniversary of her husband’s death approached, her son’s condition grew no better, and Victoria’s distress continued.Hibbert, pp. 343–344; Longford, p. 389; Marshall, p. 173 To general rejoicing, he recovered.Hibbert, pp. 344–345 Mother and son attended a public parade through London and a grand service of thanksgiving in St Paul’s Cathedral on 27 February 1872, and republican feeling subsided.Hibbert, p. 345; Longford, pp. 390–391; Marshall, p. 176; St Aubyn, p. 388On the last day of February 1872, two days after the thanksgiving service, 17-year-old Arthur O’Connor, a great-nephew of Irish MP Feargus O’Connor, waved an unloaded pistol at Victoria’s open carriage just after she had arrived at Buckingham Palace. Brown, who was attending the Queen, grabbed him and O’Connor was later sentenced to 12 months’ imprisonment,Charles, p. 103; Hibbert, pp. 426–427; St Aubyn, pp. 388–389 and a birching.{{Old Bailey|defendant=Arthur O’Connor|trialdate=8 April 1872|id= t18720408-352}} As a result of the incident, Victoria’s popularity recovered further.Hibbert, p. 427; Marshall, p. 176; St Aubyn, p. 389Empress of India
{{Wikisource|Proclamation by the Queen in Council, to the princes, chiefs, and people of India}}After the Indian Rebellion of 1857, the British East India Company, which had ruled much of India, was dissolved, and Britain’s possessions and protectorates on the Indian subcontinent were formally incorporated into the British Empire. The Queen had a relatively balanced view of the conflict, and condemned atrocities on both sides.Hibbert, pp. 249–250; Woodham-Smith, pp. 384–385 She wrote of “her feelings of horror and regret at the result of this bloody civil war”,Woodham-Smith, p. 386 and insisted, urged on by Albert, that an official proclamation announcing the transfer of power from the company to the state “should breathe feelings of generosity, benevolence and religious toleration”.Hibbert, p. 251; Woodham-Smith, p. 386 At her behest, a reference threatening the “undermining of native religions and customs” was replaced by a passage guaranteeing religious freedom.File:Heinrich von Angeli (1840-1925) - Queen Victoria (1819-1901) - RCIN 405021 - Royal Collection.jpg|thumb|upright=0.85|Victoria admired Heinrich von AngeliHeinrich von AngeliIn the 1874 general election, Disraeli was returned to power. He passed the Public Worship Regulation Act 1874, which removed Catholic rituals from the Anglican liturgy and which Victoria strongly supported.Hibbert, p. 361; Longford, p. 402; Marshall, pp. 180–184; Waller, p. 423 She preferred short, simple services, and personally considered herself more aligned with the presbyterian Church of Scotland than the episcopal Church of England.Hibbert, pp. 295–296; Waller, p. 423 Disraeli also pushed the Royal Titles Act 1876 through Parliament, so that Victoria took the title “Empress of India” from 1 May 1876.Hibbert, p. 361; Longford, pp. 405–406; Marshall, p. 184; St Aubyn, p. 434; Waller, p. 426 The new title was proclaimed at the Delhi Durbar of 1 January 1877.Waller, p. 427On 14 December 1878, the anniversary of Albert’s death, Victoria’s second daughter Alice, who had married Louis of Hesse, died of diphtheria in Darmstadt. Victoria noted the coincidence of the dates as “almost incredible and most mysterious”.Victoria’s diary and letters quoted in Longford, p. 425 In May 1879, she became a great-grandmother (on the birth of Princess Feodora of Saxe-Meiningen) and passed her “poor old 60th birthday”. She felt “aged” by “the loss of my beloved child”.Victoria quoted in Longford, p. 426Between April 1877 and February 1878, she threatened five times to abdicate while pressuring Disraeli to act against Russia during the Russo-Turkish War, but her threats had no impact on the events or their conclusion with the Congress of Berlin.Longford, pp. 412–413 Disraeli’s expansionist foreign policy, which Victoria endorsed, led to conflicts such as the Anglo-Zulu War and the Second Anglo-Afghan War. “If we are to maintain our position as a first-rate Power”, she wrote, “we must ... be Prepared for attacks and wars, somewhere or other, CONTINUALLY.“Longford, p. 426 Victoria saw the expansion of the British Empire as civilising and benign, protecting native peoples from more aggressive powers or cruel rulers: “It is not in our custom to annexe countries”, she said, “unless we are obliged & forced to do so.“Longford, p. 411 To Victoria’s dismay, Disraeli lost the 1880 general election, and Gladstone returned as prime minister.Hibbert, pp. 367–368; Longford, p. 429; Marshall, p. 186; St Aubyn, pp. 442–444; Waller, pp. 428–429 When Disraeli died the following year, she was blinded by “fast falling tears”,Letter from Victoria to Montagu Corry, 1st Baron Rowton, quoted in Hibbert, p. 369 and erected a memorial tablet “placed by his grateful Sovereign and Friend, Victoria R.I.“Longford, p. 437File:Victoria farthing.jpg|thumb|upright|Victorian farthing, 1884]]On 2 March 1882, Roderick Maclean, a disgruntled poet apparently offended by Victoria’s refusal to accept one of his poems,Hibbert, p. 420; St Aubyn, p. 422 shot at the Queen as her carriage left Windsor railway station. Gordon Chesney Wilson and another schoolboy from Eton College struck him with their umbrellas, until he was hustled away by a policeman.Hibbert, p. 420; St Aubyn, p. 421 Victoria was outraged when he was found not guilty by reason of insanity,Hibbert, pp. 420–421; St Aubyn, p. 422; Strachey, p. 278 but was so pleased by the many expressions of loyalty after the attack that she said it was “worth being shot at—to see how much one is loved”.Hibbert, p. 427; Longford, p. 446; St Aubyn, p. 421On 17 March 1883, Victoria fell down some stairs at Windsor, which left her lame until July; she never fully recovered and was plagued with rheumatism thereafter.Longford, pp. 451–452 John Brown died 10 days after her accident, and to the consternation of her private secretary, Sir Henry Ponsonby, Victoria began work on a eulogistic biography of Brown.Longford, p. 454; St Aubyn, p. 425; Hibbert, p. 443 Ponsonby and Randall Davidson, Dean of Windsor, who had both seen early drafts, advised Victoria against publication, on the grounds that it would stoke the rumours of a love affair.Hibbert, pp. 443–444; St Aubyn, pp. 425–426 The manuscript was destroyed.Hibbert, pp. 443–444; Longford, p. 455 In early 1884, Victoria did publish More Leaves from a Journal of a Life in the Highlands, a sequel to her earlier book, which she dedicated to her “devoted personal attendant and faithful friend John Brown”.Hibbert, p. 444; St Aubyn, p. 424; Waller, p. 413 On the day after the first anniversary of Brown’s death, Victoria was informed by telegram that her youngest son, Leopold, had died in Cannes. He was “the dearest of my dear sons”, she lamented.Longford, p. 461 The following month, Victoria’s youngest child, Beatrice, met and fell in love with Prince Henry of Battenberg at the wedding of Victoria’s granddaughter Princess Victoria of Hesse and by Rhine to Henry’s brother Prince Louis of Battenberg. Beatrice and Henry planned to marry, but Victoria opposed the match at first, wishing to keep Beatrice at home to act as her companion. After a year, she was won around to the marriage by their promise to remain living with and attending her.Longford, pp. 477–478File:British Empire in 1898.png|thumb|upright=1.3|Extent of the British EmpireBritish EmpireVictoria was pleased when Gladstone resigned in 1885 after his budget was defeated.Hibbert, p. 373; St Aubyn, p. 458 She thought his government was “the worst I have ever had”, and blamed him for the death of General Gordon during the Siege of Khartoum.Waller, p. 433; see also Hibbert, pp. 370–371 and Marshall, pp. 191–193 Gladstone was replaced by Lord Salisbury. Salisbury’s government only lasted a few months, however, and Victoria was forced to recall Gladstone, whom she referred to as a “half crazy & really in many ways ridiculous old man”.Hibbert, p. 373; Longford, p. 484 Gladstone attempted to pass a bill granting Ireland home rule, but to Victoria’s glee it was defeated.Hibbert, p. 374; Longford, p. 491; Marshall, p. 196; St Aubyn, pp. 460–461 In the ensuing election, Gladstone’s party lost to Salisbury’s and the government switched hands again.St Aubyn, pp. 460–461Golden and Diamond Jubilees
(File:Queen Victoria and Abdul Karim.jpg|thumb|left|upright|alt=The Munshi stands over Victoria as she works at a desk.|With the Munshi Abdul Karim)In 1887, the British Empire celebrated Victoria’s Golden Jubilee. She marked the fiftieth anniversary of her accession on 20 June with a banquet to which 50 kings and princes were invited. The following day, she participated in a procession and attended a thanksgiving service in Westminster Abbey.{{Citation |title=Queen Victoria |url=http://www.royal.gov.uk/HMTheQueen/TheQueenandspecialanniversaries/HistoryofJubilees/QueenVictoria.aspx |publisher=Royal Household |access-date=29 March 2013 |archive-date=13 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210313022325www.royal.gov.uk/HMTheQueen/TheQueenandspecialanniversaries/HistoryofJubilees/QueenVictoria.aspx |url-status=live }} By this time, Victoria was once again extremely popular.Marshall, pp. 210–211; St Aubyn, pp. 491–493 Two days later on 23 June,Longford, p. 502 she engaged two Indian Muslims as waiters, one of whom was Abdul Karim. He was soon promoted to “Munshi”: teaching her Urdu and acting as a clerk.Hibbert, pp. 447–448; Longford, p. 508; St Aubyn, p. 502; Waller, p. 441{{Citation |title=Queen Victoria’s Urdu workbook on show |date=15 September 2017 |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-hampshire-41285054 |work=BBC News |access-date=23 November 2017 |archive-date=1 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201043830www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-hampshire-41285054 |url-status=live }}{{Citation |last=Hunt |first=Kristin |title=Victoria and Abdul: The Friendship that Scandalized England |date=20 September 2017 |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/victoria-and-abdul-friendship-scandalized-england-180964959/ |work=Smithsonian |access-date=23 November 2017 |archive-date=1 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201032437www.smithsonianmag.com/history/victoria-and-abdul-friendship-scandalized-england-180964959/ |url-status=live }} Her family and retainers were appalled, and accused Abdul Karim of spying for the Muslim Patriotic League, and biasing the Queen against the Hindus.Hibbert, pp. 448–449 Equerry Frederick Ponsonby (the son of Sir Henry) discovered that the Munshi had lied about his parentage, and reported to Lord Elgin, Viceroy of India, “the Munshi occupies very much the same position as John Brown used to do.“Hibbert, pp. 449–451 Victoria dismissed their complaints as racial prejudice.Hibbert, p. 447; Longford, p. 539; St Aubyn, p. 503; Waller, p. 442 Abdul Karim remained in her service until he returned to India with a pension, on her death.Hibbert, p. 454Victoria’s eldest daughter became empress consort of Germany in 1888, but she was widowed a little over three months later, and Victoria’s eldest grandchild became German Emperor as Wilhelm II. Victoria and Albert’s hopes of a liberal Germany would go unfulfilled, as Wilhelm was a firm believer in autocracy. Victoria thought he had “little heart or Zartgefühl [tact] – and ... his conscience & intelligence have been completely wharped {{Sic}}”.Hibbert, p. 382Gladstone returned to power after the 1892 general election; he was 82 years old. Victoria objected when Gladstone proposed appointing the Radical MP Henry Labouchère to the Cabinet, so Gladstone agreed not to appoint him.Hibbert, p. 375; Longford, p. 519 In 1894, Gladstone retired and, without consulting the outgoing prime minister, Victoria appointed Lord Rosebery as prime minister.Hibbert, p. 376; Longford, p. 530; St Aubyn, p. 515 His government was weak, and the following year Lord Salisbury replaced him. Salisbury remained prime minister for the remainder of Victoria’s reign.Hibbert, p. 377File:Queen Victoria 60. crownjubilee.jpg|thumb|upright|alt=Seated Victoria in embroidered and lace dress|Official Diamond Jubilee photograph by W. & D. DowneyW. & D. DowneyOn 23 September 1896, Victoria surpassed her grandfather George III as the longest-reigning monarch in British history. The Queen requested that any special celebrations be delayed until 1897, to coincide with her Diamond Jubilee,Hibbert, p. 456 which was made a festival of the British Empire at the suggestion of the Colonial Secretary, Joseph Chamberlain.Longford, p. 546; St Aubyn, pp. 545–546 The prime ministers of all the self-governing Dominions were invited to London for the festivities.Marshall, pp. 206–207, 211; St Aubyn, pp. 546–548 One reason for including the prime ministers of the Dominions and excluding foreign heads of state was to avoid having to invite Victoria’s grandson Wilhelm II of Germany, who, it was feared, might cause trouble at the event.{{Citation |last=MacMillan |first=Margaret |title=The War That Ended Peace |date=2013 |page=29 |publisher=Random House |isbn=978-0-8129-9470-4}}The Queen’s Diamond Jubilee procession on 22 June 1897 followed a route six miles long through London and included troops from all over the empire. The procession paused for an open-air service of thanksgiving held outside St Paul’s Cathedral, throughout which Victoria sat in her open carriage, to avoid her having to climb the steps to enter the building. The celebration was marked by vast crowds of spectators and great outpourings of affection for the 78-year-old Queen.Hibbert, pp. 457–458; Marshall, pp. 206–207, 211; St Aubyn, pp. 546–548Declining health and death
(File:Queen Victoria In Dublin (Rare archive footage from 1900).webm|thumb|upright|Queen Victoria in Dublin, 1900)Victoria visited mainland Europe regularly for holidays. In 1889, during a stay in Biarritz, she became the first reigning monarch from Britain to set foot in Spain when she crossed the border for a brief visit.Hibbert, p. 436; St Aubyn, p. 508 By April 1900, the Boer War was so unpopular in mainland Europe that her annual trip to France seemed inadvisable. Instead, the Queen went to Ireland for the first time since 1861, in part to acknowledge the contribution of Irish regiments to the South African war.Hibbert, pp. 437–438; Longford, pp. 554–555; St Aubyn, p. 555File:Queen Victoria by Heinrich von Angeli.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Portrait by Heinrich von AngeliHeinrich von AngeliIn July 1900, Victoria’s second son, Alfred (“Affie“), died. “Oh, God! My poor darling Affie gone too”, she wrote in her journal. “It is a horrible year, nothing but sadness & horrors of one kind & another.“Longford, p. 558Following a custom she maintained throughout her widowhood, Victoria spent the Christmas of 1900 at Osborne House on the Isle of Wight. Rheumatism in her legs had rendered her disabled, and her eyesight was clouded by cataracts.Hibbert, pp. 464–466, 488–489; Strachey, p. 308; Waller, p. 442 Through early January, she felt “weak and unwell”,Victoria’s journal, 1 January 1901, quoted in Hibbert, p. 492; Longford, p. 559 and St Aubyn, p. 592 and by mid-January she was “drowsy{{nbsp}}[...] dazed, [and] confused”.Her personal physician Sir James Reid, 1st Baronet, quoted in Hibbert, p. 492 Her favourite pet Pomeranian, Turi, was laid on her bed as a last request.{{Citation |last=Rappaport |first=Helen |title=Queen Victoria: A Biographical Companion |date=2003 |pages=34–39 |chapter=Animals |publisher=Abc-Clio |isbn=978-1-85109-355-7}} She died aged 81 on 22 January 1901, at half past six in the evening, in the presence of her eldest son, Albert Edward, and grandson Wilhelm II. Albert Edward immediately succeeded as Edward VII.Longford, pp. 561–562; St Aubyn, p. 598File:Proclamation - Day of mourning in Toronto for Queen Victoria February 2, 1901.jpg|thumb|upright|Poster proclaiming a day of mourning in TorontoTorontoIn 1897, Victoria had written instructions for her funeral, which was to be military as befitting a soldier’s daughter and the head of the army, and white instead of black.Hibbert, p. 497; Longford, p. 563 On 25 January, Edward VII and Wilhelm II, together with Prince Arthur, helped lift her body into the coffin.St Aubyn, p. 598 She was dressed in a white dress and her wedding veil.Longford, p. 563 An array of mementos commemorating her extended family, friends and servants were laid in the coffin with her, at her request, by her physician and dressers. One of Albert’s dressing gowns was placed by her side, with a plaster cast of his hand, while a lock of John Brown’s hair, along with a picture of him, was placed in her left hand concealed from the view of the family by a carefully positioned bunch of flowers.Hibbert, p. 498 Items of jewellery placed on Victoria included the wedding ring of Brown’s mother, which Brown gave Victoria in 1883.ODNB, 36652, Victoria (1819–1901), 10.1093/ref:odnb/36652, 2004, October 2009, online, Colin Matthew, Matthew, H. C. G., Reynolds, K. D., cs2, Her funeral was held on Saturday 2 February, in St George’s Chapel, Windsor Castle, and after two days of lying-in-state, she was interred beside Prince Albert in the Royal Mausoleum, Frogmore, at Windsor Great Park.Longford, p. 565; St Aubyn, p. 600With a reign of 63 years, seven months, and two days, Victoria was the longest-reigning British monarch and the longest-reigning queen regnant in world history, until her great-great-granddaughter Elizabeth II surpassed her on 9 September 2015.{{Citation |last=Gander |first=Kashmira |title=Queen Elizabeth II to become Britain’s longest reigning monarch, surpassing Queen Victoria |date=26 August 2015 |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/queen-elizabeth-ii-to-become-britains-longest-reigning-monarch-surpassing-queen-victoria-10473729.html |work=The Daily Telegraph |place=London |access-date=9 September 2015 |archive-date=19 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150919003603www.independent.co.uk/news/people/queen-elizabeth-ii-to-become-britains-longest-reigning-monarch-surpassing-queen-victoria-10473729.html |url-status=live }} She was the last monarch of Britain from the House of Hanover; her son Edward VII belonged to her husband’s House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha.BOOK, Weir, Alison, 1996, Alison Weir (historian), Britain’s Royal Families: The Complete Genealogy, Revised, London, Random House, 978-0-7126-7448-5, 317,Legacy
Reputation
{{See also|Cultural depictions of Queen Victoria}}File:Her Majesty’s Gracious Smile by Charles Knight.JPG|thumb|left|alt=Victoria smiling|Victoria amused. The remark “We are not amused” is attributed to her but there is no direct evidence that she ever said it,Fulford, Roger (1967) “Victoria”, Collier’s Encyclopedia, United States: Crowell, Collier and Macmillan Inc., vol. 23, p. 127 and she denied doing so.(Mike Ashley (writer)|Ashley, Mike]] (1998) British Monarchs, London: Robinson, {{ISBN|1-84119-096-9}}, p. 690 Her staff and family recorded that Victoria “was immensely amused and roared with laughter” on many occasions.Example from a letter written by lady-in-waiting Marie Mallet née Adeane, quoted in Hibbert, p. 471)According to one of her biographers, Giles St Aubyn, Victoria wrote an average of 2,500 words a day during her adult life.Hibbert, p. xv; St Aubyn, p. 340 From July 1832 until just before her death, she kept a detailed journal, which eventually encompassed 122 volumes.St Aubyn, p. 30; Woodham-Smith, p. 87 After Victoria’s death, her youngest daughter, Princess Beatrice, was appointed her literary executor. Beatrice transcribed and edited the diaries covering Victoria’s accession onwards, and burned the originals in the process.Hibbert, pp. 503–504; St Aubyn, p. 30; Woodham-Smith, pp. 88, 436–437 Despite this destruction, much of the diaries still exist. In addition to Beatrice’s edited copy, Lord Esher transcribed the volumes from 1832 to 1861 before Beatrice destroyed them.Hibbert, p. 503 Part of Victoria’s extensive correspondence has been published in volumes edited by A. C. Benson, Hector Bolitho, George Earle Buckle, Lord Esher, Roger Fulford, and Richard Hough among others.Hibbert, pp. 503–504; St Aubyn, p. 624In her later years, Victoria was stout, dowdy, and about {{convert|5|ft|m|abbr=off|spell=in}} tall, but she projected a grand image.Hibbert, pp. 61–62; Longford, pp. 89, 253; St Aubyn, pp. 48, 63–64 She was unpopular during the first years of her widowhood, but was well liked during the 1880s and 1890s, when she embodied the empire as a benevolent matriarchal figure.Marshall, p. 210; Waller, pp. 419, 434–435, 443 Only after the release of her diary and letters did the extent of her political influence become known to the wider public.Waller, p. 439 Biographies of Victoria written before much of the primary material became available, such as Lytton Strachey’s Queen Victoria of 1921, are now considered out of date.St Aubyn, p. 624 The biographies written by Elizabeth Longford and Cecil Woodham-Smith, in 1964 and 1972 respectively, are still widely admired.Hibbert, p. 504; St Aubyn, p. 623 They, and others, conclude that as a person Victoria was emotional, obstinate, honest, and straight-talking.e.g. Hibbert, p. 352; Strachey, p. 304; Woodham-Smith, p. 431File:Victoria Memorial London.JPG|alt=Bronze statue of winged victory mounted on a marble four-sided base with a marble figure on each side|upright|thumb|The Victoria Memorial in front of Buckingham PalaceBuckingham PalaceThrough Victoria’s reign, the gradual establishment of a modern constitutional monarchy in Britain continued. Reforms of the voting system increased the power of the House of Commons at the expense of the House of Lords and the monarch.Waller, p. 429 In 1867, Walter Bagehot wrote that the monarch only retained “the right to be consulted, the right to encourage, and the right to warn”.{{Citation |last=Bagehot |first=Walter |title=The English Constitution |date=1867 |page=103 |place=London |publisher=Chapman and Hall}} As Victoria’s monarchy became more symbolic than political, it placed a strong emphasis on morality and family values, in contrast to the sexual, financial and personal scandals that had been associated with previous members of the House of Hanover and which had discredited the monarchy. The concept of the “family monarchy”, with which the burgeoning middle classes could identify, was solidified.St Aubyn, pp. 602–603; Strachey, pp. 303–304; Waller, pp. 366, 372, 434Descendants and haemophilia
Victoria’s links with Europe’s royal families earned her the nickname “the grandmother of Europe”.Erickson, Carolly (1997) Her Little Majesty: The Life of Queen Victoria, New York: Simon & Schuster, {{ISBN|0-7432-3657-2}} Of the grandchildren of Victoria and Albert, 34 survived to adulthood.File:Victoria Memorial situated in Kolkata.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|The Victoria Memorial in KolkataKolkataVictoria’s youngest son, Leopold, was affected by the blood-clotting disease haemophilia B and at least two of her five daughters, Alice and Beatrice, were carriers. Royal haemophiliacs descended from Victoria included her great-grandsons, Alexei Nikolaevich, Tsarevich of Russia; Alfonso, Prince of Asturias; and Infante Gonzalo of Spain.{{Citation |last1=Rogaev |first1=Evgeny I. |title=Genotype Analysis Identifies the Cause of the “Royal Disease” |date=2009 |journal=Science |volume=326 |issue=5954 |page=817 |bibcode=2009Sci...326..817R |doi=10.1126/science.1180660 |pmid=19815722 |last2=Grigorenko |first2=Anastasia P. |last3=Faskhutdinova |first3=Gulnaz |last4=Kittler |first4=Ellen L. W. |last5=Moliaka |first5=Yuri K. |s2cid=206522975|doi-access=free }} The presence of the disease in Victoria’s descendants, but not in her ancestors, led to modern speculation that her true father was not the Duke of Kent, but a haemophiliac.Potts and Potts, pp. 55–65, quoted in Hibbert p. 217; Packard, pp. 42–43 There is no documentary evidence of a haemophiliac in connection with Victoria’s mother, and as male carriers always had the disease, even if such a man had existed he would have been seriously ill.Jones, Steve (1996) In the Blood, BBC documentary It is more likely that the mutation arose spontaneously because Victoria’s father was over 50 at the time of her conception and haemophilia arises more frequently in the children of older fathers.{{Citation |last=McKusick |first=Victor A. |title=The Royal Hemophilia |date=1965 |journal=Scientific American |volume=213 |issue=2 |page=91 |bibcode=1965SciAm.213b..88M |doi=10.1038/scientificamerican0865-88 |pmid=14319025 |author-link=Victor A. McKusick}}; {{Citation |last=Jones |first=Steve |title=The Language of the Genes |date=1993 |publisher=HarperCollins |isbn=0-00-255020-2 |location=London |page=69 |author-link=Steve Jones (biologist)}}; {{Citation |author-link=Steve Jones (biologist) |last=Jones |first=Steve |date=1993 |title=In The Blood: God, Genes and Destiny |location=London |publisher=HarperCollins |isbn=0-00-255511-5 |page=270}}; {{Citation |last=Rushton |first=Alan R. |date=2008 |title=Royal Maladies: Inherited Diseases in the Royal Houses of Europe |location=Victoria, British Columbia |publisher=Trafford |isbn=978-1-4251-6810-0 |pages=31–32}} Spontaneous mutations account for about a third of cases.{{Citation |title=Hemophilia B |date=5 March 2014 |url=http://www.hemophilia.org/Bleeding-Disorders/Types-of-Bleeding-Disorders/Hemophilia-B |publisher=National Hemophilia Foundation |access-date=29 March 2015 |archive-date=24 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150324033555www.hemophilia.org/Bleeding-Disorders/Types-of-Bleeding-Disorders/Hemophilia-B |url-status=live }}Titles, styles, honours, and arms
Titles and styles
At the end of her reign, the Queen’s full style was: “Her Majesty Victoria, by the Grace of God, of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland Queen, Defender of the Faith, Empress of India”.Honours
British honours
- Royal Family Order of George IV, 1826{{Citation |last1=Risk |first1=James |title=Royal Service |date=2001 |volume=2 |pages=16–19 |place=Lingfield |publisher=Third Millennium Publishing/Victorian Publishing |last2=Pownall |first2=Henry |last3=Stanley |first3=David |last4=Tamplin |first4=John |last5=Martin |first5=Stanley}}
- Founder of the Victoria Cross 5 February 1856{{London Gazette|issue=21846|pages=410–411|date=5 February 1856|mode=cs2}}
- Founder and Sovereign of the Order of the Star of India, 25 June 1861{{London Gazette|issue=22523|date=25 June 1861|page=2621|mode=cs2}}
- Founder and Sovereign of the Royal Order of Victoria and Albert, 10 February 1862{{Citation |last=Whitaker |first=Joseph |title=An Almanack for the Year of Our Lord ... |date=1894 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6cUMAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA112 |page=112 |publisher=J. Whitaker |access-date=15 December 2019 |archive-date=22 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322110601books.google.com/books?id=6cUMAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA112 |url-status=live }}
- Founder and Sovereign of the Order of the Crown of India, 1 January 1878{{London Gazette |issue=24539 |date=4 January 1878 |page=113 |mode=cs2}}
- Founder and Sovereign of the Order of the Indian Empire, 1 January 1878{{Citation |last=Shaw |first=William Arthur |title=The Knights of England |date=1906 |volume=1 |page=xxxi |chapter=Introduction |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/cu31924092537418/page/n55/mode/2up |place=London |publisher=Sherratt and Hughes |author-link=William Arthur Shaw}}
- Founder and Sovereign of the Royal Red Cross, 27 April 1883“The Royal Red Cross {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191128053143qaranc.co.uk/royalredcross.php |date=28 November 2019 }}”. QARANC – Queen Alexandra’s Royal Army Nursing Corps. Retrieved 28 November 2019.
- Founder and Sovereign of the Distinguished Service Order, 6 November 1886{{London Gazette|issue=25641|pages=5385–5386| date=9 November 1886 |mode=cs2}}
- Albert Medal of the Royal Society of Arts, 1887{{Citation |title=The Albert Medal |url=http://www.thersa.org/about-us/history-and-archive/medals/albert-medal |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110608193010www.thersa.org/about-us/history-and-archive/medals/albert-medal |publisher=Royal Society of Arts, London, UK |access-date=12 December 2019 |archive-date=8 June 2011}}
- Founder and Sovereign of the Royal Victorian Order, 23 April 1896{{London Gazette|issue=26733|date=24 April 1896|page=2455|mode=cs2}}
Foreign honours
{{columns-list|colwidth=25em|- Spain:
- Dame of the Order of Queen Maria Luisa, 21 December 1833{{Citation |title=Real orden de damas nobles de la Reina Maria Luisa |date=1834 |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=wu.89003308012&view=1up&seq=128 |work=Calendario Manual y GuÃa de Forasteros en Madrid |page=91 |place=Madrid |publisher=Imprenta Real |language=es |via=hathitrust.org |access-date=21 November 2019 |archive-date=28 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210328225310babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=wu.89003308012&view=1up&seq=128 |url-status=live }}
- Grand Cross of the Order of Charles III{{Citation |last=Kimizuka |first=Naotaka |script-title=ja:女王陛下ã®ãƒ–ルーリボン: ã‚¬ãƒ¼ã‚¿ãƒ¼å‹²ç« ã¨ã‚¤ã‚®ãƒªã‚¹å¤–交 |date=2004 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T13tPAAACAAJ |page=303 |trans-title=Her Majesty The Queen’s Blue Ribbon: The Order of the Garter and British Diplomacy |place=Tokyo |publisher=NTT Publishing |language=ja |isbn=978-4-7571-4073-8 |access-date=13 September 2020 |archive-date=22 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322110556books.google.com/books?id=T13tPAAACAAJ |url-status=live }}
- Portugal:
- Dame of the Order of Queen Saint Isabel, 23 February 1836{{Citation |last=Bragança |first=Jose Vicente de |title=Agraciamentos Portugueses Aos PrÃncipes da Casa Saxe-Coburgo-Gota |date=2014 |url=https://www.academia.edu/10576008 |work=Pro Phalaris |volume=9–10 |page=6 |trans-title=Portuguese Honours awarded to Princes of the House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha |language=pt |access-date=28 November 2019 |archive-date=25 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211125152639www.academia.edu/10576008 |url-status=live }}
- Grand Cross of the Order of the Immaculate Conception of Vila Viçosa
- Russia: Grand Cross of St. Catherine, 26 June 1837{{Citation |script-title=ru:СпиÑок кавалерам роÑÑійÑких императорÑких и царÑких орденов |trans-title=List of Knights of the Russian Imperial and Tsarist Orders |date=1850 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z_QxAQAAMAAJ |page=15 |script-chapter=ru:Ордена Св. Екатерины |trans-chapter=Knights of the Order of St. Catherine |place=Saint Petersburg |publisher=Printing house of the II branch of His Imperial Majesty’s Chancellery |language=ru |access-date=20 October 2019 |archive-date=22 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322110556books.google.com/books?id=z_QxAQAAMAAJ |url-status=live }}
- France: Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour, 5 September 1843{{Citation |title=Les Grand’Croix de la Légion d’honneur de 1805 à nos jours. Titulaires français et étrangers |date=2009 |pages=21, 460, 564 |place=Paris |publisher=Archives & Culture |language=French |isbn=978-2-35077-135-9 |ref=M. et B. Wattel |first1=Michel |last1=Wattel |first2=Béatrice |last2=Wattel}}
- Mexico/Mexican Empire:
- Grand Cross of the National Order of Guadalupe, 1854{{Citation |title=Almanaque imperial para el año 1866 |date=1866 |page=[{{GBurl|id=VOAxAQAAMAAJ|p=244}} 244] |chapter=Seccion IV: Ordenes del Imperio |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VOAxAQAAMAAJ |place=Mexico City |publisher=Imp. de J.M. Lara |language=es |access-date=13 September 2020 |archive-date=22 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322110556books.google.com/books?id=VOAxAQAAMAAJ |url-status=live }}
- Grand Cross of the Imperial Order of San Carlos, 1866JOURNAL, Olvera Ayes, 2020, David A., Cuadernos del Cronista Editores, México, La Orden Imperial de San Carlos, cs2,
- Prussia: Dame of the Order of Louise, 1st Division, 11 June 1857{{Citation |last=Queen Victoria |title=Queen Victoria’s Journals |volume=43 |page=171 |chapter=Thursday, 11th June 1857 |chapter-url=http://www.queenvictoriasjournals.org |via=The Royal Archives |access-date=2 June 2012 |archive-date=25 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211125152643qvj.chadwyck.com/marketing.do |url-status=live }}
- Brazil: Grand Cross of the Order of Pedro I, 3 December 1872{{Citation |last=Queen Victoria |title=Queen Victoria’s Journals |volume=61 |page=333 |chapter=Tuesday, 3rd December 1872 |chapter-url=http://www.queenvictoriasjournals.org |via=The Royal Archives |access-date=2 June 2012 |archive-date=25 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211125152643qvj.chadwyck.com/marketing.do |url-status=live }}
- Persia:{{Citation |last=Naser al-Din Shah Qajar |title=The Diary of H.M. The Shah of Persia during his tour through Europe in A.D. 1873: A verbatim translation |date=1874 |page=149 |chapter=Chapter IV: England |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/diaryofhmshahofp00nasiuoft/page/148 |place=London |publisher=John Murray |author-link=Naser al-Din Shah Qajar |translator-last=Redhouse |translator-first=James William |translator-link=James Redhouse}}
- Order of the Sun, 1st Class in Diamonds, 20 June 1873
- Order of the August Portrait, 20 June 1873
- Siam:
- Grand Cross of the White Elephant, 1880NEWSPAPER THE TIMES, Court Circular, Court and Social, 3 July 1880, 11, 29924, G, cs2,
- Dame of the Order of the Royal House of Chakri, 1887{{Citation |script-title=th:ข่าวรับพระราชสาสน์ พระราชสาสน์จาà¸à¸à¸©à¸±à¸•à¸£à¸´à¸¢à¹Œà¹ƒà¸™à¸›à¸£à¸°à¹€à¸—ศยุโรปที่ทรงยินดีในà¸à¸²à¸£à¹„ด้รับพระราชสาสน์จาà¸à¸žà¸£à¸°à¸šà¸²à¸—สมเด็จพระเจ้าà¸à¸¢à¸¹à¹ˆà¸«à¸±à¸§ |date=5 May 1887 |url=http://www.ratchakitcha.soc.go.th/DATA/PDF/2430/026/214_1.PDF |work=Royal Thai Government Gazette |language=th |access-date=8 May 2019 |archive-date=21 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201021052436www.ratchakitcha.soc.go.th/DATA/PDF/2430/026/214_1.PDF |url-status=dead }}
- Hawaii: Grand Cross of the Order of Kamehameha I, with Collar, July 1881Kalakaua to his sister, 24 July 1881, quoted in Greer, Richard A. (editor, 1967) “The Royal Tourist – Kalakaua’s Letters Home from Tokio to London {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191019083943evols.library.manoa.hawaii.edu/bitstream/10524/186/JL05085.pdf |date=19 October 2019 }}”, Hawaiian Journal of History, vol. 5, p. 100
- Serbia:{{Citation |last=Acović |first=Dragomir |title=Slava i Äast: Odlikovanja meÄ‘u Srbima, Srbi meÄ‘u odlikovanjima |date=2012 |pages=364 |place=Belgrade |publisher=Službeni Glasnik |language=Serbian}}{{Citation |title=Two Royal Families – Historical Ties |url=http://www.royalfamily.org/two-royal-families-historical-ties/ |work=The Royal Family of Serbia |date=13 March 2016 |access-date=6 December 2019 |archive-date=6 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191206100031www.royalfamily.org/two-royal-families-historical-ties/ |url-status=live }}
- Hesse and by Rhine: Dame of the Golden Lion, 25 April 1885{{Citation |title=Großherzoglich Hessische Ordensliste |page=35 |year=1885 |chapter=Goldener Löwen-orden |chapter-url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uiug.30112089248626&view=1up&seq=43&skin=2021 |place=Darmstadt |publisher=Staatsverlag |language=German |via=hathitrust.org |access-date=6 September 2021 |archive-date=6 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210906135729babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uiug.30112089248626&view=1up&seq=43&skin=2021 |url-status=live }}
- Bulgaria: Order of the Bulgarian Red Cross, August 1887{{Citation |title=Honorary Badge of the Red Cross |url=https://bulgariandecorations.com/distinctions/red_cross |work=Bulgarian Royal Decorations |access-date=15 December 2019 |archive-date=15 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191215074015bulgariandecorations.com/distinctions/red_cross |url-status=live }}
- Ethiopia: Grand Cross of the Seal of Solomon, 22 June 1897 – Diamond Jubilee gift{{Citation |title=The Imperial Orders and Decorations of Ethiopia |url=http://www.ethiopiancrown.org/decorations.htmTheOrderofSolomonsSeal |work=The Crown Council of Ethiopia |access-date=21 November 2019 |archive-date=26 December 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121226054014www.ethiopiancrown.org/decorations.htmTheOrderofSolomonsSeal |url-status=live }}
- Montenegro: Grand Cross of the Order of Prince Danilo I, 1897“The Order of Sovereign Prince Danilo I”. orderofdanilo.org. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101009012208www.orderofdanilo.org/en/history/index.htm |date=9 October 2010 }}
- Saxe-Coburg and Gotha: Silver Wedding Medal of Duke Alfred and Duchess Marie, 23 January 1899{{Citation |title=Silver Wedding medal of Duke Alfred of Saxe-Coburg & Grand Duchess Marie |url=https://www.rct.uk/collection/441137 |work=Royal Collection |access-date=12 December 2019 |archive-date=12 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191212053018www.rct.uk/collection/441137 |url-status=live }}
Arms
As Sovereign, Victoria used the royal coat of arms of the United Kingdom. As she could not succeed to the throne of Hanover, her arms did not carry the Hanoverian symbols that were used by her immediate predecessors. Her arms have been borne by all of her successors on the throne.{{multiple image|align =center|total_width =300|perrow =|image1 =Coat of Arms of the United Kingdom (1837-1952).svg|caption1 =Royal coat of arms outside Scotland|image2 =Coat of Arms of the United Kingdom in Scotland (1837-1952).svg|caption2 =Royal coat of arms in Scotland}}Family
File:Franz Xaver Winterhalter Family of Queen Victoria.jpg|thumb|center|400px|Victoria’s family in 1846 by Franz Xaver WinterhalterLeft to right: Prince Alfred and the Prince of Wales; the Queen and Prince Albert; Princesses Alice, Helena and Victoria ]]{{clear}}Issue
{{See also|Descendants of Queen Victoria|Royal descendants of Queen Victoria and of King Christian IX}}{| class=“wikitable sortable”Ancestry
{{AhnentafelFamily tree
- {{Color sample|border=CC0000|white; border-width:1px}} Red borders indicate British monarchs
- {{Color sample|border=000000|white; border-width:2px}} {{Color sample|border=CC0000|white; border-width:2px}} Bold borders indicate children of British monarchs
| GR3=George III{{Small|1738–1820r.1760–1820}}
| boxstyle_GR3=border-color:#CC0000
| CMS=Charlotte{{Small|of Mecklenburg-Strelitz1744–1818}}
}}{{Tree chart|border=1| |,|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|^|-|v|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|.|}}{hide}Tree chart|border=1| |!| | |GR4|y|CB2| |FY|~|FP| |ASM|y|WR|y|DJ| |CR|~|FW3| |EK|y|VS| |AS2
| boxstyle_GR3=border-color:#CC0000
| CMS=Charlotte{{Small|of Mecklenburg-Strelitz1744–1818}}
| CB2=Caroline{{Small|of Brunswick1768–1821{edih}
| GR4=George IV{{Small|1762–1830r.1820–1830}}
| boxstyle_GR4=border-width:2px; border-color:#CC0000
| FY=Frederick{{Small|Duke of York and Albany1763–1827}}
| boxstyle_FY=border-width:2px
| FP=Frederica Charlotte{{Small|of Prussia1767–1820}}
| ASM=Adelaide{{Small|of Saxe-Meiningen1792–1849}}
| WR=William IV{{Small|1765–1837r.1830–1837}}
| boxstyle_WR=border-width:2px; border-color:#CC0000
| DJ=Dorothea Jordan{{Small|1761–1816}}
| CR=Charlotte{{Small|Princess Royal1766–1828}}
| boxstyle_CR=border-width:2px
| FW3=Frederick I{{Small|King of Württemberg1754–1816}}
| EK=Edward{{Small|Duke of Kent and Strathearn1767–1820}}
| boxstyle_EK=border-width:2px
| VS=Victoria{{Small|of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld1786–1861}}
| AS2=Augusta Sophia{{Small|1768–1840}}
| boxstyle_AS2=border-width:2px
}}{hide}Tree chart|border=0| |!| | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | |,|-|-|-|’| | | |`|IC| | | | | | | | | | | | |!|
| GR4=George IV{{Small|1762–1830r.1820–1830}}
| boxstyle_GR4=border-width:2px; border-color:#CC0000
| FY=Frederick{{Small|Duke of York and Albany1763–1827}}
| boxstyle_FY=border-width:2px
| FP=Frederica Charlotte{{Small|of Prussia1767–1820}}
| ASM=Adelaide{{Small|of Saxe-Meiningen1792–1849}}
| WR=William IV{{Small|1765–1837r.1830–1837}}
| boxstyle_WR=border-width:2px; border-color:#CC0000
| DJ=Dorothea Jordan{{Small|1761–1816}}
| CR=Charlotte{{Small|Princess Royal1766–1828}}
| boxstyle_CR=border-width:2px
| FW3=Frederick I{{Small|King of Württemberg1754–1816}}
| EK=Edward{{Small|Duke of Kent and Strathearn1767–1820}}
| boxstyle_EK=border-width:2px
| VS=Victoria{{Small|of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld1786–1861}}
| AS2=Augusta Sophia{{Small|1768–1840}}
| boxstyle_AS2=border-width:2px
| IC={{Small|Illegitimate children{edih}
}}{{Tree chart|border=1| |)|-|-|-|-|-|b|-|v|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|v|-|b|-|v|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|v|-|b|-|v|-|-|-|.|}}{hide}Tree chart|border=1|El|~|FHH|!|EA2|y|FMS| |AFS|!|AC|y|AHC| |Ma|~|WG2| |SM| |Oc|!|Al| |Am
| El=Elizabeth{{Small|1770–1840{edih}
| boxstyle_El=border-width:2px
| FHH=Frederick VI{{Small|Landgrave of Hesse-Homburg1769–1829}}
| EA2=Ernest Augustus{{Small|King of Hanover1771–1851}}
| boxstyle_EA2=border-width:2px
| FMS=Frederica{{Small|of Mecklenburg-Strelitz1778–1841}}
| AFS=Augustus Frederick{{Small|Duke of Sussex1773–1843}}
| boxstyle_AFS=border-width:2px
| AC=Adolphus{{Small|Duke of Cambridge1774–1850}}
| boxstyle_AC=border-width:2px
| AHC=Augusta{{Small|of Hesse-Kassel1797–1889}}
| Ma=Mary{{Small|1776–1857}}
| boxstyle_Ma=border-width:2px
| WG2=William Frederick{{Small|Duke of Gloucester and Edinburgh1776–1834}}
| SM=Sophia Matilda{{Small|1777–1848}}
| boxstyle_SM=border-width:2px
| Oc=Octavius{{Small|1779–1783}}
| boxstyle_Oc=border-width:2px
| Al=Alfred{{Small|1780–1783}}
| boxstyle_Al=border-width:2px
| Am=Amelia{{Small|1783–1810}}
| boxstyle_Am=border-width:2px
}}{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | |,|-|’| |,|-|’| | | | | |,|-|^|-|.| |`|-|v|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|.| | | | | |!|}}{hide}Tree chart|border=1|LB|~|CA2| |GH|~|MSA| |CC| |EC2| |GC| |AC2|~|FWM| |MA|~|FT|!|
| boxstyle_El=border-width:2px
| FHH=Frederick VI{{Small|Landgrave of Hesse-Homburg1769–1829}}
| EA2=Ernest Augustus{{Small|King of Hanover1771–1851}}
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Notes
{{Spoken Pseudopedia|En-Queen Victoria-article.ogg|date=20 July 2014}}{{Notelist}}References
Citations
{{Reflist}}Bibliography
- {{Citation |last=Charles |first=Barrie |title=Kill the Queen! The Eight Assassination Attempts on Queen Victoria |date=2012 |place=Stroud |publisher=Amberley Publishing |isbn=978-1-4456-0457-2}}
- {{Citation |last=Hibbert |first=Christopher |title=Queen Victoria: A Personal History |date=2000 |place=London |publisher=HarperCollins |isbn=0-00-638843-4 |author-link=Christopher Hibbert}}
- {{Citation |last=Longford |first=Elizabeth |title=Victoria R.I. |date=1964 |place=London |publisher=Weidenfeld & Nicolson |isbn=0-297-17001-5 |author-link=Elizabeth Pakenham, Countess of Longford}}
- {{Citation |last=Marshall |first=Dorothy |title=The Life and Times of Queen Victoria |date=1972 |edition=1992 reprint |place=London |publisher=Weidenfeld & Nicolson |isbn=0-297-83166-6}}
- {{Citation |last=Packard |first=Jerrold M. |title=Victoria’s Daughters |date=1998 |place=New York |publisher=St. Martin’s Press |isbn=0-312-24496-7}}
- {{Citation |last1=Potts |first1=D. M. |title=Queen Victoria’s Gene: Haemophilia and the Royal Family |date=1995 |place=Stroud |publisher=Alan Sutton |isbn=0-7509-1199-9 |last2=Potts |first2=W. T. W. |author-link=Malcolm Potts}}
- {{Citation |last=St. Aubyn |first=Giles |title=Queen Victoria: A Portrait |date=1991 |place=London |publisher=Sinclair-Stevenson |isbn=1-85619-086-2}}
- {{Citation |last=Strachey |first=Lytton |title=Queen Victoria |date=1921 |url=https://archive.org/details/queenvictoria01265gut |place=London |publisher=Chatto and Windus |author-link=Lytton Strachey}}
- {{Citation |last=Waller |first=Maureen |title=Sovereign Ladies: The Six Reigning Queens of England |date=2006 |place=London |publisher=John Murray |isbn=0-7195-6628-2}}
- {{Citation |last=Weintraub |first=Stanley |title=Albert: Uncrowned King |date=1997 |place=London |publisher=John Murray |isbn=0-7195-5756-9 |author-link=Stanley Weintraub}}
- {{Citation |last=Woodham-Smith |first=Cecil |title=Queen Victoria: Her Life and Times 1819–1861 |date=1972 |place=London |publisher=Hamish Hamilton |isbn=0-241-02200-2 |author-link=Cecil Woodham-Smith}}
- {{Citation |last=Worsley |first=Lucy |title=Queen Victoria – Daughter, Wife, Mother, Widow |date=2018 |place=London |publisher=Hodder & Stoughton Ltd |isbn=978-1-4736-5138-8 |author-link=Lucy Worsley}}
Primary sources
- {{Citation |title=The Letters of Queen Victoria: A Selection of Her Majesty’s Correspondence Between the Years 1837 and 1861 |date=1907 |editor-last=Benson |editor-first=A. C. |place=London |publisher=John Murray |editor-link=A. C. Benson |editor-last2=Esher |editor-first2=Viscount |editor-link2=Reginald Brett, 2nd Viscount Esher}}
- {{Citation |title=Letters of Queen Victoria from the Archives of the House of Brandenburg-Prussia |date=1938 |editor-last=Bolitho |editor-first=Hector |place=London |publisher=Thornton Butterworth |editor-link=Hector Bolitho}}
- {{Citation |title=The Letters of Queen Victoria, 2nd Series 1862–1885 |date=1926 |editor-last=Buckle |editor-first=George Earle |place=London |publisher=John Murray |editor-link=George Earle Buckle}}
- {{Citation |title=The Letters of Queen Victoria, 3rd Series 1886–1901 |date=1930 |editor-last=Buckle |editor-first=George Earle |place=London |publisher=John Murray}}
- {{Citation |last=Connell |first=Brian |title=Regina v. Palmerston: The Correspondence between Queen Victoria and her Foreign and Prime Minister, 1837–1865 |date=1962 |url=https://archive.org/details/reginavspalmerst001327mbp |place=London |publisher=Evans Brothers}}
- {{Citation |title=Victoria in the Highlands: The Personal Journal of Her Majesty Queen Victoria |date=1968 |editor-last=Duff |editor-first=David |place=London |publisher=Muller}}
- {{Citation |title=Dear and Honoured Lady: The Correspondence between Queen Victoria and Alfred Tennyson |date=1969 |editor-last=Dyson |editor-first=Hope |place=London |publisher=Macmillan |editor-last2=Tennyson |editor-first2=Charles}}
- {{Citation |title=The Girlhood of Queen Victoria: A Selection from Her Majesty’s Diaries Between the Years 1832 and 1840 |date=1912 |editor-last=Esher |editor-first=Viscount |place=London |publisher=John Murray}}
- {{Citation |title=Dearest Child: Letters Between Queen Victoria and the Princess Royal, 1858–1861 |date=1964 |editor-last=Fulford |editor-first=Roger |place=London |publisher=Evans Brothers |editor-link=Roger Fulford}}
- {{Citation |title=Dearest Mama: Letters Between Queen Victoria and the Crown Princess of Prussia, 1861–1864 |date=1968 |editor-last=Fulford |editor-first=Roger |place=London |publisher=Evans Brothers |editor-link=Roger Fulford}}
- {{Citation |title=Beloved Mama: Private Correspondence of Queen Victoria and the German Crown Princess, 1878–1885 |date=1971 |editor-last=Fulford |editor-first=Roger |place=London |publisher=Evans Brothers |editor-link=Roger Fulford}}
- {{Citation |title=Your Dear Letter: Private Correspondence of Queen Victoria and the Crown Princess of Prussia, 1863–1871 |date=1971 |editor-last=Fulford |editor-first=Roger |place=London |publisher=Evans Brothers |editor-link=Roger Fulford}}
- {{Citation |title=Darling Child: Private Correspondence of Queen Victoria and the German Crown Princess of Prussia, 1871–1878 |date=1976 |editor-last=Fulford |editor-first=Roger |place=London |publisher=Evans Brothers |editor-link=Roger Fulford}}
- {{Citation |title=Queen Victoria in Her Letters and Journals |date=1984 |editor-last=Hibbert |editor-first=Christopher |place=London |publisher=John Murray |isbn=0-7195-4107-7 |editor-link=Christopher Hibbert}}
- {{Citation |title=Advice to a Grand-daughter: Letters from Queen Victoria to Princess Victoria of Hesse |date=1975 |editor-last=Hough |editor-first=Richard |place=London |publisher=Heinemann |isbn=0-434-34861-9 |editor-link=Richard Hough}}
- {{Citation |title=Letters of the Prince Consort 1831–1861 |date=1938 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.174741 |editor-last=Jagow |editor-first=Kurt |place=London |publisher=John Murray}}
- {{Citation |title=Queen Victoria: Leaves from a Journal |date=1961 |editor-last=Mortimer |editor-first=Raymond |place=New York |publisher=Farrar, Straus & Cudahy |editor-link=Raymond Mortimer}}
- {{Citation |title=Letters of the Empress Frederick |date=1930 |editor-last=Ponsonby |editor-first=Frederick |place=London |publisher=Macmillan |editor-link=Frederick Ponsonby, 1st Baron Sysonby}}
- {{Citation |title=Beloved and Darling Child: Last Letters between Queen Victoria and Her Eldest Daughter, 1886–1901 |date=1990 |editor-last=Ramm |editor-first=Agatha |place=Stroud |publisher=Sutton Publishing |isbn=978-0-86299-880-6}}
- {{Citation |last=Victoria |first=Queen |title=Leaves from the Journal of Our Life in the Highlands from 1848 to 1861 |date=1868 |place=London |publisher=Smith, Elder}}
- {{Citation |last=Victoria |first=Queen |title=More Leaves from the Journal of Our Life in the Highlands from 1862 to 1882 |date=1884 |place=London |publisher=Smith, Elder}}
Further reading
- {{Citation |last=Arnstein |first=Walter L. |title=Queen Victoria |date=2003 |place=New York |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |isbn=978-0-333-63806-4}}
- {{Citation |last=Baird |first=Julia |title=Victoria The Queen: An Intimate Biography of the Woman Who Ruled an Empire |date=2016 |place=New York |publisher=Random House |isbn=978-1-4000-6988-0}}
- {{Citation |last=Cadbury |first=Deborah |title=Queen Victoria’s Matchmaking: The Royal Marriages That Shaped Europe |date=2017 |publisher=Bloomsbury}}
- {{Citation |title=Mistress of everything: Queen Victoria in Indigenous worlds |date=2016 |editor-last=Carter |editor-first=Sarah |publisher=Manchester University Press |editor-last2=Nugent |editor-first2=Maria Nugent}}
- {{Citation |last=Eyck |first=Frank |title=The Prince Consort: a political biography |date=1959 |url=https://archive.org/details/tomyfatherteache0000unse |publisher=Chatto}}
- {{Citation |last=Gardiner |first=Juliet |title=Queen Victoria |date=1997 |place=London |publisher=Collins and Brown |isbn=978-1-85585-469-7 |author-link=Juliet Gardiner}}
- {{Citation |title=Remaking Queen Victoria |date=1997 |editor-last=Homans |editor-first=Margaret |publisher=Cambridge University Press |editor-last2=Munich |editor-first2=Adrienne}}
- {{Citation |last=Homans |first=Margaret |title=Royal Representations: Queen Victoria and British Culture, 1837–1876 |date=1997}}
- {{Citation |last=Hough |first=Richard |title=Victoria and Albert |date=1996 |publisher=St. Martin’s Press |isbn=978-0-312-30385-3 |author-link=Richard Hough}}
- {{Citation |last=James |first=Robert Rhodes |title=Albert, Prince Consort: A Biography |date=1983 |url=https://archive.org/details/princealbertbiog00jame |publisher=Hamish Hamilton |isbn=9780394407630 |author-link=Robert Rhodes James}}
- {{Citation |last=Kingsley Kent, Susan |title=Queen Victoria: Gender and Empire |date=2015}}
- {{Citation |last=Lyden |first=Anne M. |title=A Royal Passion: Queen Victoria and Photography |date=2014 |place=Los Angeles |publisher=Getty Publications |isbn=978-1-60606-155-8}}
- {{Citation |last=Ridley |first=Jane |title=Victoria: Queen, Matriarch, Empress |date=2015 |publisher=Penguin}}
- {{Citation |last=Taylor |first=Miles |date=2020 |title=The Bicentenary of Queen Victoria |volume=59 |pages=121–135 |doi=10.1017/jbr.2019.245 |journal=Journal of British Studies |s2cid=213433777}}
- {{Citation |last=Weintraub |first=Stanley |title=Victoria: Biography of a Queen |date=1987 |place=London |publisher=HarperCollins |isbn=978-0-04-923084-2}}
- {{Citation |last=Wilson |first=A. N. |title=Victoria: A Life |date=2014 |place=London |publisher=Atlantic Books |isbn=978-1-84887-956-0}}
External links
{{Sister project links|n=no|d=y|wikt=no|b=no|voy=no|v=no|mw=no|m=no|species=no|s=Author:Queen Victoria}}- Queen Victoria at the official website of the British monarchy
- Queen Victoria at the official website of the Royal Collection Trust
- Queen Victoria at BBC Teach
- {{NPG name}}
- Queen Victoria’s Journals, online from the Royal Archive and Bodleian Library
- {{Gutenberg author | id=9035}}
- {{Internet Archive author |sname=Queen Victoria}}
- {{Librivox author |id=3622}}
- {{20th Century Press Archives|FID=pe/017802}}
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