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Edward VII
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{{Short description|King of the United Kingdom from 1901 to 1910}}{{Other uses}}{{Featured article}}{{Use British English|date= October 2012}}{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2024}}









! Name!! Birth!! Death!! Marriage/notes
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image King-Edward-VII (cropped).jpg| alt = Studio photograph of Edward VII| caption = Portrait by W. & D. Downey, 1900s
  • Emperor of India
    • {edih}    		6 May 1910}}| coronation = 9 August 1902Coronation of Edward VII and Alexandra>Coronation| coronation1 = 1 January 1903Imperial Durbar}}Queen Victoria>Victoria| successor1 = George V18419|df=y}}| birth_place = Buckingham Palace, London, England1910611df=y}}| death_place = Buckingham Palace, London, England| burial_date = 20 May 1910Royal Vault, St George’s Chapel, Windsor Castle}} {hide}plainlist|
    • {{Br separated entries|28 November 1925|{{hanging indent|Albert Memorial Chapel, St George’s Chapel{edih}}}
    • {{Br separated entries|22 April 1927|{{hanging indent|South Aisle, St George’s Chapel}}}}
    }}    		Alexandra of Denmark|10 March 1863}} House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha>Saxe-Coburg and Gotha| father = Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha| mother = Queen VictoriaProtestantism in the United Kingdom>Protestant| signature = EdwardVII Signature.svg| signature_alt = Signature of Edward VII| module =













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      {edih}}}Edward VII (Albert Edward; 9 November 1841 – 6 May 1910) was King of the United Kingdom and the British Dominions, and Emperor of India, from 22 January 1901 until his death in 1910.The second child and eldest son of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, Edward, nicknamed “Bertie”, was related to royalty throughout Europe. He was Prince of Wales and heir apparent to the British throne for almost 60 years. During his mother’s reign, he was largely excluded from political influence and came to personify the fashionable, leisured elite. He married Princess Alexandra of Denmark in 1863, and the couple had six children. As Prince of Wales, Edward travelled throughout Britain performing ceremonial public duties and represented Britain on visits abroad. His tours of North America in 1860 and of the Indian subcontinent in 1875 proved popular successes, but despite public approval, his reputation as a playboy prince soured his relationship with his mother.Edward inherited the throne upon his mother’s death in 1901. The King played a role in the modernisation of the British Home Fleet and the reorganisation of the British Army after the Second Boer War of 1899–1902. He re-instituted traditional ceremonies as public displays and broadened the range of people with whom royalty socialised. He fostered good relations between Britain and other European countries, especially France, for which he was popularly called “Peacemaker”, but his relationship with his nephew, German Emperor Wilhelm II, was poor. The Edwardian era, which covered Edward’s reign and was named after him, coincided with the start of a new century and heralded significant changes in technology and society, including steam turbine propulsion and the rise of socialism. He died in 1910 in the midst of a constitutional crisis that was resolved the following year by the Parliament Act 1911, which restricted the power of the unelected House of Lords. Edward was succeeded by his only surviving son, George V.

      Early life and education

      File:Edward VII (1841_–_1910).jpg|thumb|left|upright|Portrait by Franz Xaver WinterhalterFranz Xaver WinterhalterEdward was born on 9 November 1841 in Buckingham Palace.Magnus, p. 1 He was the eldest son and second child of Queen Victoria and her husband, Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha. He was christened Albert Edward at St George’s Chapel, Windsor Castle, on 25 January 1842.{{efn|His godparents were the King of Prussia, his paternal step-grandmother the Duchess of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (for whom the Duchess of Kent, his maternal grandmother, stood proxy), his great-uncle the Duke of Cambridge, his step-great-grandmother the Dowager Duchess of Saxe-Coburg-Altenburg (for whom the Duchess of Cambridge, his great-aunt, stood proxy), his great-aunt Princess Sophia (for whom Princess Augusta of Cambridge, his first cousin once-removed, stood proxy) and his great-uncle Prince Ferdinand of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha.{{London Gazette|issue=20065|date=28 January 1842|page=224}}}} He was named Albert after his father and Edward after his maternal grandfather, Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn. He was known as Bertie to the royal family throughout his life.Bentley-Cranch, p. 1As the eldest son of the British sovereign, he was automatically Duke of Cornwall and Duke of Rothesay at birth. As a son of Prince Albert, he also held the titles of Prince of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha and Duke of Saxony. He was created Prince of Wales and Earl of Chester on 8 December 1841, Earl of Dublin on 17 January 1850,{{efn|Gazetted on 10 September 1849.{{London Gazette|issue=21018|pages=2783|date=11 September 1849}}}} a Knight of the Garter on 9 November 1858, and a Knight of the Thistle on 24 May 1867.{{Citation |last=Weir |first=Alison |title=Britain’s Royal Families: The Complete Genealogy, Revised Edition |page=319 |date=1996 |place=London |publisher=Random House |isbn=978-0-7126-7448-5 |author-link=Alison Weir (historian)}} In 1863, he renounced his succession rights to the Duchy of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha in favour of his younger brother Prince Alfred.Van der Kiste, John (September 2004; online edition May 2007) “Alfred, Prince, duke of Edinburgh (1844–1900)”, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, {{doi|10.1093/ref:odnb/346}}, retrieved 24 June 2009 {{ODNBsub}}The Queen and Prince Albert were determined that their eldest son should have an education that would prepare him to be a model constitutional monarch. At age seven, Edward embarked on a rigorous educational programme devised by Albert, and supervised by several tutors. Unlike his elder sister Victoria, he did not excel in his studies.Ridley, pp. 17–19 He tried to meet the expectations of his parents, but to no avail. Although Edward was not a diligent student—his true talents were those of charm, sociability and tact—Benjamin Disraeli described him as informed, intelligent and of sweet manner.Bentley-Cranch, p. 4 After the completion of his secondary-level studies, his tutor Frederick Waymouth Gibbs was replaced by Robert Bruce as his personal governor.Ridley, p. 42After an educational trip to Rome, undertaken in the first few months of 1859, Edward spent the summer of that year studying at the University of Edinburgh under, among others, the chemist Lyon Playfair. In October, he matriculated as an undergraduate at Christ Church, Oxford.Bentley-Cranch, p. 18 Now released from the educational strictures imposed by his parents, he enjoyed studying for the first time and performed satisfactorily in examinations.Matthew, H. C. G. (September 2004; online edition May 2006) “Edward VII (1841–1910)” {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160302022125www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/32975 |date=2 March 2016}}, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, {{doi|10.1093/ref:odnb/32975}}, retrieved 24 June 2009 {{ODNBsub}}. In 1861, he transferred to Trinity College, Cambridge,{{acad|id=WLS861AE|name=Wales, H.R.H. Albert Edward, Prince of}} where he was tutored in history by Charles Kingsley, Regius Professor of Modern History.Bentley-Cranch, p. 35; Ridley, p. 50 Kingsley’s efforts brought forth the best academic performances of Edward’s life, and Edward actually looked forward to his lectures.Hough, pp. 36–37

      Early adulthood

      File:H.R.H. Prince of Wales and Suite at Point View, Niagara.jpg|thumb|Edward and his staff at Niagara FallsNiagara FallsIn 1860, Edward undertook the first tour of North America by a prince of Wales. His genial good humour and confident (wikt:en:bonhomie|bonhomie) made the tour a great success.Bentley-Cranch, pp. 20–34 He inaugurated the Victoria Bridge, Montreal, across the St Lawrence River, and laid the cornerstone of Parliament Hill, Ottawa. He watched Charles Blondin traverse Niagara Falls by highwire, and stayed for three days with President James Buchanan at the White House. Buchanan accompanied the prince to Mount Vernon, to pay his respects at the tomb of George Washington. Vast crowds greeted Edward everywhere. He met Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, Ralph Waldo Emerson and Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr. Prayers for the royal family were said in Trinity Church, New York, for the first time since 1776. The four-month tour throughout Canada and the United States considerably boosted Edward’s confidence and self-esteem, and had many diplomatic benefits for Great Britain.Hough, pp. 39–47Edward had hoped to pursue a career in the British Army, but his mother vetoed an active military career.Ridley, p. 37 He had been gazetted colonel on 9 November 1858{{London Gazette|issue=22198|page=4745|date=9 November 1858}}—to his disappointment, as he had wanted to earn his commission by examination. In September 1861, he was sent to Germany, supposedly to watch military manoeuvres, but actually in order to engineer a meeting between him and Princess Alexandra of Denmark. The Queen and Prince Albert had already decided that Edward and Alexandra should marry. They met at Speyer on 24 September under the auspices of Edward’s elder sister, Victoria, who had married the Crown Prince of Prussia in 1858.Bentley-Cranch, pp. 36–38 Princess Victoria, acting upon instructions from her mother, had met Alexandra at Strelitz in June; Alexandra made a very favourable impression. She and Edward were friendly from the start, and marriage plans advanced.Hough, pp. 64–66Edward gained a reputation as a playboy. Determined to get some army experience, he attended manoeuvres in Ireland, during which he spent three nights with an actress, Nellie Clifden, who was hidden in the camp by his fellow officers.Ridley, pp. 54–55 Prince Albert, though ill, was appalled and visited Edward at Cambridge to issue a reprimand. Albert died in December 1861, just two weeks after the visit. Queen Victoria was inconsolable, wore mourning clothes for the rest of her life and blamed Edward for his father’s death.Ridley, pp. 59–63 At first, she regarded her son with distaste as frivolous, indiscreet and irresponsible. She wrote to her eldest daughter, “I never can, or shall, look at him without a shudder.“Middlemas, p. 31

      Marriage

      (File:William Powell Frith - The Marriage of the Prince of Wales, 10 March 1863.JPG|thumb|The marriage of the Prince of Wales and Princess Alexandra of Denmark, Windsor, 10 March 1863)Once widowed, Queen Victoria effectively withdrew from public life. Shortly after Albert’s death, she arranged for Edward to embark on an extensive tour of the Middle East, visiting Egypt, Jerusalem, Damascus, Beirut and Istanbul.Bentley-Cranch, pp. 40–42 The British Government wanted Edward to secure the friendship of Egypt’s ruler, Said Pasha, to prevent French control of the Suez Canal if the Ottoman Empire collapsed. It was the first royal tour on which an official photographer, Francis Bedford, was in attendance. As soon as Edward returned to Britain, preparations were made for his engagement, which was sealed at Laeken in Belgium on 9 September 1862.Bentley-Cranch, p. 44; Ridley, p. 72 Edward married Alexandra at St George’s Chapel, Windsor Castle, on 10 March 1863. He was 21; she was 18.(File:WeddingEA.jpg|thumb|left|Edward and Alexandra on their wedding day, 1863)The couple established Marlborough House as their London residence and Sandringham House in Norfolk as their country retreat. They entertained on a lavish scale. Their marriage met with disapproval in certain circles because most of Queen Victoria’s relations were German, and Denmark was at loggerheads with Germany over the territories of Schleswig and Holstein. When Alexandra’s father, King Christian IX, inherited the throne of Denmark in November 1863, the German Confederation took the opportunity to invade and annex Schleswig-Holstein. The Queen was in two minds as to whether it was a suitable match, given the political climate.Middlemas, p. 35; Ridley, p. 83. After the marriage, she expressed anxiety about their socialite lifestyle and attempted to dictate to them on various matters, including the names of their children.Ridley, pp. 85, 87, 93, 104File:London Bridge on the Night of the Marriage of the Prince and Princess of Wales.jpg|thumb|London Bridge on the Night of the Marriage of the Prince and Princess of Wales, by William Holman HuntWilliam Holman HuntEdward had mistresses throughout his married life. He socialised with actress Lillie Langtry; Lady Randolph Churchill;{{efn|Letters written by Edward to Lady Randolph may have “signified no more than a flirtation” but were “[w]ritten in a strain of undue familiarity”.Hattersley, p. 21}} Daisy Greville, Countess of Warwick; actress Sarah Bernhardt; noblewoman Lady Susan Vane-Tempest; singer Hortense Schneider; prostitute Giulia Beneni (known as “La Barucci“); wealthy humanitarian Agnes Keyser; and Alice Keppel. At least fifty-five liaisons are conjectured.{{Citation |last=Camp |first=Anthony |title=Royal Mistresses and Bastards: Fact and Fiction, 1714–1936 |date=2007 |author-link=Anthony J. Camp}}{{citation|url=http://anthonyjcamp.com/page9.htm|title=Royal Mistresses and Bastards: Nos. 25–29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811135358anthonyjcamp.com/page9.htm |date=11 August 2011|website=anthonyjcamp.com|archive-date=11 August 2011}} How far these relationships went is not always clear. Edward always strove to be discreet, but this did not prevent society gossip or press speculation.Middlemas, pp. 74–80 Keppel’s great-granddaughter Camilla Parker Bowles became the mistress and subsequent wife of King Charles III, Edward’s great-great-grandson. It was rumoured that Camilla’s grandmother Sonia Keppel was fathered by Edward, but she was “almost certainly” the daughter of George Keppel, whom she resembled.{{Citation |last=Souhami |first=Diana | author-link = Diana Souhami | title=Mrs Keppel and Her Daughter |page=49 |date=1996 |place=London |publisher=HarperCollins}} Edward never acknowledged any illegitimate children.{{Citation |last=Ashley |first=Mike |title=The Mammoth Book of British Kings and Queens |pages=694–695 |date=1998 |place=London |publisher=Robinson |isbn=978-1-84119-096-9 |author-link=Mike Ashley (writer)}} Alexandra was aware of his affairs, and seems to have accepted them.Middlemas, p. 89In 1869, Sir Charles Mordaunt, a British Member of Parliament, threatened to name Edward as co-respondent in his divorce suit. Ultimately, he did not do so but Edward was called as a witness in the case in early 1870. It was shown that Edward had visited the Mordaunts’ house while Sir Charles was away sitting in the House of Commons. Although nothing further was proven and Edward denied he had committed adultery, the suggestion of impropriety was damaging.Priestley, pp. 22–23

      Heir apparent

      During Queen Victoria’s widowhood, Edward pioneered the idea of royal public appearances as they are understood today—for example, opening the Thames Embankment in 1871, the Mersey Tunnel in 1886, and Tower Bridge in 1894Bentley-Cranch, p. 97—but his mother did not allow him an active role in the running of the country until 1898.{{Citation |title=Edward VII |newspaper=The Royal Family |date=11 January 2016 |url=https://www.royal.uk/edward-vii-r1901-1910 |publisher=Official website of the British Monarchy |access-date=18 April 2016 |archive-date=25 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180125015924www.royal.uk/edward-vii-r1901-1910 |url-status=live |last1=Berry |first1=Ciara}}Hattersley, pp. 18–19 He was sent summaries of important government documents, but she refused to give him access to the originals. Edward annoyed his mother, who favoured the Germans, by siding with Denmark on the Schleswig-Holstein Question in 1864 and in the same year annoyed her again by making a special effort to meet Giuseppe Garibaldi, the Italian general and revolutionary, who was a leader in the movement for Italian unification.Bentley-Cranch, pp. 59–60 Liberal Prime Minister William Ewart Gladstone sent him papers secretly. From 1886, Foreign Secretary Lord Rosebery sent him Foreign Office despatches, and from 1892 some Cabinet papers were opened to him.In 1870 republican sentiment in Britain was given a boost when the French Emperor, Napoleon III, was defeated in the Franco-Prussian War and the French Third Republic was declared.Bentley-Cranch, p. 66; Ridley, pp. 137, 142 However, in the winter of 1871, a brush with death led to an improvement in both Edward’s popularity with the public and his relationship with his mother. While staying at Londesborough Lodge, near Scarborough, North Yorkshire, Edward contracted typhoid fever, the disease that was believed to have killed his father. There was great national concern, and one of his fellow guests (Lord Chesterfield) died. Edward’s recovery was greeted with almost universal relief. Public celebrations included the composition of Arthur Sullivan’s Festival Te Deum. Edward cultivated politicians from all parties, including republicans, as his friends, and thereby largely dissipated any residual feelings against him.Bentley-Cranch, p. 67; Middlemas, pp. 48–52(File:Edward, Prince of Wales, with elephant, Terai cph.3b08927.jpg|thumb|upright|Edward (front left) in India, 1875–76)On 26 September 1875, Edward set off for India on an extensive eight-month tour; on the way, he visited Malta, Brindisi and Greece. His advisors remarked on his habit of treating all people the same, regardless of their social station or colour. In letters home, he complained of the treatment of the native Indians by the British officials: “Because a man has a black face and a different religion from our own, there is no reason why he should be treated as a brute.“Edward to Lord Granville, 30 November 1875, quoted in Bentley-Cranch, pp. 101–102 and Ridley, p. 179 Consequently, Lord Salisbury, the Secretary of State for India, issued new guidance and at least one resident was removed from office. He returned to England on 11 May 1876, after stopping off at Portugal.{{Citation |title=Itinerary of the Imperial Tour 1875–1876 |url=http://collections.rmg.co.uk/collections/objects/386134.html |work=Royal Museums Greenwich |access-date=7 April 2018 |archive-date=8 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180408073540collections.rmg.co.uk/collections/objects/386134.html |url-status=live}} At the end of the tour, Queen Victoria was given the title Empress of India by Parliament, in part as a result of the tour’s success.Bentley-Cranch, p. 104Edward was regarded worldwide as an arbiter of men’s fashions.{{Citation |last=Bergner Hurlock |first=Elizabeth |title=The psychology of dress: an analysis of fashion and its motive |page=108 |date=1976 |publisher=Ayer Publishing |isbn=978-0-405-08644-1}}{{Citation |last=Mansel |first=Philip |title=Dressed to Rule |page=138 |date=2005 |place=New Haven |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=978-0-300-10697-8 |author-link=Philip Mansel}} He made wearing tweed, Homburg hats and Norfolk jackets fashionable, and popularised the wearing of black ties with dinner jackets, instead of white tie and tails.Bentley-Cranch, p. 84 He pioneered the pressing of trouser legs from side to side in preference to the now normal front and back creases,Middlemas, p. 201 and was thought to have introduced the stand-up turn-down shirt collar, created for him by Charvet.{{Citation |title=Try our “98’ Curzons!” A few fashion hints for men |date=3 November 1898 |url=http://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&d=OW18981103.2.164 |work=Otago Witness |quote=It was actually the Prince of Wales who introduced this shape. He got them originally about eight years ago from a manufacturer called Charvet, in Paris. |access-date=5 May 2010 |archive-date=15 September 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120915081331paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&d=OW18981103.2.164 |url-status=live}} A stickler for proper dress, he is said to have admonished Lord Salisbury for wearing the trousers of an Elder Brother of Trinity House with a Privy Councillor’s coat. Deep in an international crisis, Salisbury informed Edward that it had been a dark morning, and that “my mind must have been occupied by some subject of less importance.“{{Citation |last=Roberts |first=Andrew |title=Salisbury: Victorian Titan |date=2006 |place=London |publisher=Sterling Publishing Co. |author-link=Andrew Roberts (historian)|page=35}} The tradition of men not buttoning the bottom button of waistcoats is said to be linked to Edward, who supposedly left his undone because of his large girth.Ridley, p. 91 His waist measured 48 inches (122 cm) shortly before his coronation.Middlemas, p. 200; Hattersley, p. 27 He introduced the practice of eating roast beef and potatoes with horseradish sauce and Yorkshire pudding on Sundays, a meal that remains a staple British favourite for Sunday lunch.Bentley-Cranch, p. 80 He was a lifelong heavy smoker, but not a heavy drinker, though he did drink champagne and, occasionally, port.Hattersley, p. 27Edward was a patron of the arts and sciences and helped found the Royal College of Music. He opened the college in 1883 with the words, “Class can no longer stand apart from class ... I claim for music that it produces that union of feeling which I much desire to promote.” At the same time, he enjoyed gambling and country sports, and was an enthusiastic hunter. He ordered all the clocks at Sandringham to run half an hour ahead to provide more daylight time for shooting. This tradition of so-called Sandringham time continued until 1936, when it was abolished by Edward VIII.Windsor, p. 46 He also laid out a golf course at Windsor. By the 1870s Edward had taken a keen interest in horseracing and steeplechasing. In 1896, his horse Persimmon won both the Derby Stakes and the St Leger Stakes. In 1900, Persimmon’s brother, Diamond Jubilee, won five races (Derby, St Leger, 2000 Guineas Stakes, Newmarket Stakes and Eclipse Stakes)Bentley-Cranch, p. 110 and another of Edward’s horses, Ambush II, won the Grand National.Middlemas, p. 98File:Royal family group.jpg|thumb|upright|Edward (right) with his mother (centre); his niece Empress Alexandra of Russia (far left); her husband, Tsar Nicholas II; and their daughter Olga, 1896]]In 1891 Edward was embroiled in the royal baccarat scandal, when it was revealed he had played an illegal card game for money the previous year. He was forced to appear as a witness in court for a second time when one of the participants unsuccessfully sued his fellow players for slander after being accused of cheating.Hattersley, pp. 23–25; Ridley, pp. 280–290 In the same year Edward was involved in a personal conflict, when Lord Charles Beresford threatened to reveal details of Edward’s private life to the press, as a protest against Edward interfering with Beresford’s affair with Daisy Greville, Countess of Warwick. The friendship between the two men was irreversibly damaged, and their bitterness would last for the remainder of their lives.Middlemas, p. 86; Ridley, pp. 265–268 Usually, Edward’s outbursts of temper were short-lived, and “after he had let himself go ... [he would] smooth matters by being especially nice”.Sir Frederick Ponsonby, 1st Baron Sysonby, quoted in Middlemas, p. 188In late 1891, Edward’s eldest son, Albert Victor, was engaged to Princess Victoria Mary of Teck. Just a few weeks later, in early 1892, Albert Victor died of pneumonia. Edward was grief-stricken. “To lose our eldest son”, he wrote, “is one of those calamities one can never really get over”. Edward told Queen Victoria, “[I would] have given my life for him, as I put no value on mine”.Middlemas, pp. 95–96 Albert Victor was the second of Edward’s children to die. In 1871, his youngest son, Alexander John, had died just 24 hours after being born. Edward had insisted on placing Alexander John in a coffin personally with “the tears rolling down his cheeks”.Letter from Mrs Elise Stonor to Queen Victoria, 11 April 1871, quoted in {{Citation |last=Battiscombe |first=Georgina |title=Queen Alexandra |url=https://archive.org/details/queenalexandra0000batt |date=1969 |place=London |publisher=Constable |isbn=978-0-09-456560-9 |author-link=Georgina Battiscombe|page=112}} and Ridley, p. 140On his way to Denmark through Belgium on 4 April 1900, Edward was the victim of an attempted assassination when 15-year-old Jean-Baptiste Sipido shot at him in protest over the Second Boer War. The culprit was acquitted by a Belgian court because he was underage.Ridley, pp. 339–340 The perceived laxity of the Belgian authorities, combined with British disgust at Belgian atrocities in the Congo, worsened the already poor relations between the United Kingdom and the Continent. However, in the next ten years, Edward’s affability and popularity, as well as his use of family connections, assisted Britain in building European alliances.Middlemas, p. 65

      Reign

      Accession

      File:Edward VII in coronation robes (2).jpg|thumb|Portrait by Sir alt=Edward in coronation robes holding a sceptre. A crown and orb are on the table to his right.When Queen Victoria died on 22 January 1901, Edward became King of the United Kingdom, Emperor of India and, in an innovation, King of the British Dominions.Lee, p. 7; Middlemas, p. 104 He chose to reign under the name of Edward VII, instead of Albert Edward—the name his mother had intended for him to use{{efn|No English or British sovereign has ever reigned under a double name.}}—declaring that he did not wish to “undervalue the name of Albert” and diminish the status of his father with whom the “name should stand alone”.{{London Gazette|issue=27270|date=23 January 1901|page=547|supp=y}} The numeral VII was occasionally omitted in Scotland, even by the national church, in deference to protests that the previous Edwards were English kings who had “been excluded from Scotland by battle”. J. B. Priestley recalled, “I was only a child when he succeeded Victoria in 1901, but I can testify to his extraordinary popularity. He was in fact the most popular king England had known since the earlier 1660s.“Priestley, p. 9File:Edward VII (Puck magazine).jpg|thumb|left|upright|Caricature in Puck magazine, 1901]]Edward donated his parents’ house, Osborne on the Isle of Wight, to the state and continued to live at Sandringham.Windsor, p. 14 He could afford to be magnanimous; his private secretary, Sir Francis Knollys, claimed that he was the first heir to succeed to the throne in credit.Lee, p. 26 Edward’s finances had been ably managed by Sir Dighton Probyn, Comptroller of the Household, and had benefited from advice from Edward’s financier friends, some of whom were Jewish, such as Ernest Cassel, Maurice de Hirsch and the Rothschild family.Middlemas, pp. 38, 84, 96; Priestley, p. 32 At a time of widespread antisemitism, Edward attracted criticism for openly socialising with Jews.{{Citation |last=Allfrey |first=Anthony |title=King Edward VII and His Jewish Court |date=1991 |place=London |publisher=Weidenfeld & Nicolson |isbn=978-0-297-81125-1}}Lee, pp. 63–64; Ridley, p. 271Edward’s coronation had originally been scheduled for 26 June 1902. However, two days before, he was diagnosed with appendicitis.Lee, pp. 102–109 The disease was generally not treated operatively. It carried a high mortality rate, but developments in anaesthesia and antisepsis in the preceding 50 years made life-saving surgery possible.{{Citation |last1=Mirilas |first1=P. |title=Not just an appendix: Sir Frederick Treves |journal=Archives of Disease in Childhood |volume=88 |issue=6 |pages=549–552 |date=2003 |doi=10.1136/adc.88.6.549 |pmc=1763108 |pmid=12765932 |last2=Skandalakis, J. E.}} Sir Frederick Treves, with the support of Lord Lister, performed a then-radical operation of draining a pint of pus from the infected abscess through an incision in the king’s abdomen; this outcome showed that the cause was not cancer.Ridley, p. 365 The next day, Edward was sitting up in bed, smoking a cigar.Windsor, p. 20 Two weeks later, it was announced that he was out of danger. Treves was honoured with a baronetcy (which the King had arranged before the operation)Bentley-Cranch, p. 127 and appendix surgery entered the medical mainstream. Edward was crowned at Westminster Abbey on 9 August 1902 by the Archbishop of Canterbury, Frederick Temple.Edward refurbished the royal palaces, reintroduced the traditional ceremonies, such as the State Opening of Parliament, that his mother had foregone, and founded new honours, such as the Order of Merit, to recognise contributions to the arts and sciences.Bentley-Cranch, pp. 122–139; Ridley, pp. 351–352, 361, 372 In 1902, the Shah of Persia, Mozzafar-al-Din, visited England expecting to receive the Order of the Garter. The King refused to bestow the honour on the Shah because the order was meant to be in his personal gift and the Foreign Secretary, Lord Lansdowne, had promised it without his consent. He also objected to inducting a Muslim into a Christian order of chivalry. His refusal threatened to damage British attempts to gain influence in Persia,Hattersley, pp. 39–40 but Edward resented his ministers’ attempts to reduce his traditional powers.Lee, p. 182 Eventually, he relented and Britain sent a special embassy to the Shah with a full Order of the Garter the following year.Lee, p. 157; Middlemas, pp. 125–126

      “Uncle of Europe”

      File:EdwardVII at Balmoral.jpg|thumb|Relaxing at Balmoral CastleBalmoral CastleAs king, Edward’s main interests lay in the fields of foreign affairs and naval and military matters. Fluent in French and German, he reinvented royal diplomacy by numerous state visits across Europe.{{Citation |last=Glencross |first=Matthew |title=The State Visits of Edward VII: Reinventing Royal Diplomacy for the Twentieth Century |date=2015 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |isbn=978-1-137-54898-6}} He took annual holidays in Biarritz and Marienbad. One of his most important foreign trips was an official visit to France in May 1903 as the guest of President Émile Loubet. Following a visit to Pope Leo XIII in Rome, this trip helped create the atmosphere for the Anglo-French Entente Cordiale, an agreement delineating British and French colonies in North Africa, and ruling out any future war between the two countries. The Entente was negotiated in 1904 between the French foreign minister, Théophile Delcassé, and the British foreign secretary, Lord Lansdowne. It marked the end of centuries of Anglo-French rivalry and Britain’s splendid isolation from Continental affairs, and attempted to counterbalance the growing dominance of the German Empire and its ally, Austria-Hungary.{{Citation |last=Nicolson |first=Harold |title=The Origins and Development of the Anglo-French Entente |date=October 1954 |work=International Affairs |volume=30 |issue=4 |pages=407–416 |doi=10.2307/2608720 |jstor=2608720 |author-link=Harold Nicolson}}Edward was related to nearly every other European monarch, and came to be known as the “uncle of Europe”. German Emperor Wilhelm II and Emperor Nicholas II of Russia were his nephews; Queen Victoria Eugenia of Spain, Crown Princess Margaret of Sweden, Crown Princess Marie of Romania, Crown Princess Sophia of Greece, and Empress Alexandra of Russia were his nieces; King Haakon VII of Norway was both his nephew and his son-in-law; kings Frederick VIII of Denmark and George I of Greece were his brothers-in-law; kings Albert I of Belgium, Ferdinand I of Bulgaria, and Carlos I and Manuel II of Portugal were his second cousins. Edward doted on his grandchildren, and indulged them, to the consternation of their governesses.Windsor, p. 15 However, there was one relation whom Edward did not like: Wilhelm II. His difficult relationship with his nephew exacerbated the tensions between Germany and Britain.Hattersley, pp. 460–464; Middlemas, pp. 60–61, 172–175; Ridley, pp. 382–384, 433In April 1908, during Edward’s annual stay at Biarritz, he accepted the resignation of British Prime Minister Sir Henry Campbell-Bannerman. In a break with precedent, Edward asked Campbell-Bannerman’s successor, H. H. Asquith, to travel to Biarritz to kiss hands. Asquith complied, but the press criticised the action of the King in appointing a prime minister on foreign soil instead of returning to Britain.Lee, pp. 581–582; Ridley, pp. 417–418 In June 1908, Edward became the first reigning British monarch to visit the Russian Empire, despite refusing to visit in 1906, when Anglo-Russian relations were strained in the aftermath of the Russo-Japanese War, the Dogger Bank incident, and the Tsar’s dissolution of the Duma.Middlemas, pp. 167, 169 The previous month, he visited the Scandinavian countries, becoming the first British monarch to visit Sweden.Lee, pp. 583–584

      Political opinions

      File:King Edward VII Vanity Fair 19 June 1902.jpg|thumb|Portrait in naval uniform by Vanity Fair magazine, 1902]](File:Stamp UK 1902 1p.jpg|thumb|upright|Edward VII on British 1-penny stamp of 1902)While Prince of Wales, Edward had to be dissuaded from breaking with constitutional precedent by openly voting for W. E. Gladstone’s Representation of the People Bill (1884) in the House of Lords.Ridley, p. 241 On other matters, he was more conservative; for example, he did not favour giving votes to women,Hattersley, pp. 215–216; Lee, p. 468; Ridley, p. 403 although he did suggest that the social reformer Octavia Hill serve on the Commission for Working Class Housing.Bentley-Cranch, p. 98 He was also opposed to Irish Home Rule, instead preferring a form of dual monarchy.As Prince of Wales, Edward had come to enjoy warm and mutually respectful relations with Gladstone, whom his mother detested.Magnus, p. 212 But the statesman’s son, Home Secretary Herbert Gladstone, angered the King by planning to permit Roman Catholic priests in vestments to carry the Host through the streets of London, and by appointing two ladies, Lady Frances Balfour and May Tennant (wife of H. J. Tennant), to serve on a Royal Commission on reforming divorce law—Edward thought divorce could not be discussed with “delicacy or even decency” before ladies. Edward’s biographer Philip Magnus-Allcroft suggests that Gladstone may have become a whipping boy for the King’s general irritation with the Liberal government. Gladstone was sacked in the reshuffle the following year and the King agreed, with some reluctance, to appoint him Governor-General of South Africa.Magnus, p. 541Edward involved himself heavily in discussions over army reform, the need for which had become apparent with the failings of the Second Boer War.Lee, pp. 91–93; Ridley, p. 389 He supported the redesign of army command, the creation of the Territorial Force, and the decision to provide an Expeditionary Force supporting France in the event of war with Germany.Middlemas, pp. 130–134 Reform of the Royal Navy was also suggested, partly due to the ever-increasing Naval Estimates, and because of the emergence of the Imperial German Navy as a new strategic threat.{{Citation |last=Kennedy |first=Paul M. |title=The Rise and Fall of British Naval Mastery |pages=215–216 |date=2004 |place=London |publisher=Penguin Books |author-link=Paul Kennedy}} Ultimately a dispute arose between Admiral Lord Charles Beresford, who favoured increased spending and a broad deployment, and the First Sea Lord Admiral Sir John Fisher, who favoured efficiency savings, scrapping obsolete vessels, and a strategic realignment of the Royal Navy relying on torpedo craft for home defence backed by the new dreadnoughts.{{Citation |last=Lambert |first=Nicholas A. |title=Sir John Fisher’s Naval Revolution |date=2002 |place=Columbia, South Carolina |publisher=University of South Carolina Press |isbn=978-1-57003-492-3}}{{citation|last=Grove|first=Eric J.|author-link=Eric Grove|title=The Royal Navy since 1815|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|location=Basingstoke|date=2005|isbn=978-0-333-72126-1|pages=88–100}}The King lent support to Fisher, in part because he disliked Beresford, and eventually Beresford was dismissed. Beresford continued his campaign outside of the navy and Fisher ultimately announced his resignation in late 1909, although the bulk of his policies were retained.Middlemas, pp. 134–139 The King was intimately involved in the appointment of Fisher’s successor as the Fisher-Beresford feud had split the service, and the only truly qualified figure known to be outside of both camps was Sir Arthur Wilson, who had retired in 1907.Lambert, pp. 200–201. Wilson was reluctant to return to active duty, but Edward persuaded him to do so, and Wilson became First Sea Lord on 25 January 1910.{{Citation |last=Bradford |first=Admiral Sir Edward E. |title=Life of Admiral of the Fleet Sir Arthur Knyvet Wilson |pages=223–225 |date=1923 |place=London |publisher=John Murray |author-link=Edward Eden Bradford}}Edward was rarely interested in politics, although his views on some issues were notably progressive for the time. During his reign, he said use of the word nigger was “disgraceful”, despite it then being in common parlance.{{Citation |last=Rose |first=Kenneth |title=King George V |page=65 |date=1983 |place=London |publisher=Weidenfeld and Nicolson |author-link=Kenneth Rose|isbn = 9780297782452}} In 1904, Wilhelm II and Edward met during an Anglo-German summit in Kiel. Wilhelm, with the Russo-Japanese War in mind, started to go on about the “Yellow Peril”, which he called “the greatest peril menacing ... Christendom and European civilisation. If the Russians went on giving ground, the yellow race would, in twenty years time, be in Moscow and Posen”.{{Citation |last=MacDonogh |first=Giles | author-link = George MacDonogh |title=The Last Kaiser |isbn=0312305575|page=277 |date=2003 |place=New York |publisher=St Martin’s Press}} Wilhelm went on to attack his British guests for supporting Japan against Russia, suggesting that the British were committing “race treason”. In response, Edward stated that he “could not see it. The Japanese were an intelligent, brave and chivalrous nation, quite as civilised as the Europeans, from whom they only differed by the pigmentation of their skin”. Although Edward lived a life of luxury often far removed from that of the majority of his subjects, they expected it, and his personal charm with all levels of society and his strong condemnation of prejudice went some way to assuage republican and racial tensions building during his lifetime.

      Constitutional crisis

      File:Francis Derwent Wood - Edouard VII.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Bust by Francis Derwent WoodFrancis Derwent WoodFile:Edward VII Halfpenny.jpg|thumb|upright|left|Profile of Edward VII on a halfpenny, 1902]]In the last year of his life, Edward became embroiled in a constitutional crisis when the Conservative majority in the House of Lords refused to pass the “People’s Budget” proposed by the Liberal government of Prime Minister Asquith. The crisis eventually led—after Edward’s death—to the removal of the Lords’ right to veto legislation.The King was displeased at Liberal attacks on the peers, which included a polemical speech by David Lloyd George at Limehouse.Heffer, pp. 276–277; Ridley, p. 437 Cabinet minister Winston Churchill publicly demanded a general election, for which Asquith apologised to the King’s adviser Lord Knollys and rebuked Churchill at a Cabinet meeting. Edward was so dispirited at the tone of class warfare—although Asquith told him that party rancour had been just as bad over the First Home Rule Bill in 1886—that he introduced his son to Secretary of State for War Richard Haldane as “the last King of England”.Heffer, pp. 282–283 After the King’s horse Minoru won the Derby on 26 July 1909, he returned to the racetrack the following day and laughed when a man shouted: “Now, King. You’ve won the Derby. Go back home and dissolve this bloody Parliament!“Magnus, p. 526In vain, the King urged Conservative leaders Arthur Balfour and Lord Lansdowne to pass the budget, which Lord Esher had advised him was not unusual, as Queen Victoria had helped to broker agreements between the two Houses over Irish disestablishment in 1869 and the Third Reform Act in 1884.Magnus, p. 534; Ridley, pp. 440–441 On Asquith’s advice, however, he did not offer them an election (at which, to judge from recent by-elections, they were likely to gain seats) as a reward for doing so.Heffer, pp. 281–282File:1909 Edward VII autochrome.jpg|thumb|Autochrome by Lionel de Rothschild, September 1909]]The Finance Bill passed the Commons on 5 November 1909, but was rejected by the Lords on 30 November; they instead passed a resolution of Lord Lansdowne’s stating that they were entitled to oppose the bill as it lacked an electoral mandate. The King was annoyed that his efforts to urge passage of the budget had become public knowledgeMagnus, p. 536 and had forbidden Knollys, who was an active Liberal peer, from voting for the budget, although Knollys had suggested that this would be a suitable gesture to indicate royal desire to see the budget pass.Heffer, pp. 283–284 In December 1909, a proposal to create peers (to give the Liberals a majority in the Lords) or give the prime minister the right to do so was considered “outrageous” by Knollys, who thought the King should abdicate rather than agree to it.Ridley, p. 443Talk of removing the Lords’ veto played a major role in the January 1910 election. Early in the election campaign, Lloyd George talked of “guarantees” and Asquith of “safeguards” that would be necessary before forming another Liberal government, but such talk ceased after the King informed Asquith that he would not be willing to contemplate creating peers until after a second general election.Hattersley, p. 168 Balfour refused to say whether or not he would be willing to form a Conservative government, but advised the King not to promise to create peers until he had seen the terms of any proposed constitutional change.Heffer, pp. 286–288 During the campaign, the leading Conservative Walter Long asked Knollys for permission to state that the King did not favour Irish Home Rule, but Knollys refused on the grounds that it was not appropriate for the monarch’s views to be known in public.Magnus, p. 547The election resulted in a hung parliament, with the Liberal government dependent on the support of the third-largest party, the nationalist Irish Parliamentary Party. The King suggested a compromise whereby only 50 peers from each side would be allowed to vote, which would also obviate the large Conservative majority in the Lords, but Lord Crewe, Liberal leader in the Lords, advised that this would reduce the Lords’ independence, as only peers who were loyal party supporters would be picked. Pressure to remove the Lords’ veto now came from the Irish nationalist MPs, who wanted to remove the Lords’ ability to block the introduction of Home Rule. They threatened to vote against the budget unless they had their way (an attempt by Lloyd George to win their support by amending whiskey duties was abandoned as the Cabinet felt this would recast the budget too much). Asquith now revealed that there were no “guarantees” for the creation of peers. The Cabinet considered resigning and leaving it up to Balfour to try to form a Conservative government.Heffer, pp. 290–293The King’s Speech from the Throne on 21 February made reference to introducing measures restricting the Lords’ power of veto to one of delay, but Asquith inserted a phrase “in the opinion of my advisers” so the King could be seen to be distancing himself from the planned legislation.Heffer, p. 291 The Commons passed resolutions on 14 April that would form the basis for the Parliament Act 1911: to remove the power of the Lords to veto money bills, to replace their veto of other bills with a power to delay, and to reduce the term of Parliament from seven years to five (the King would have preferred four). But in that debate Asquith hinted—to ensure the support of the nationalist MPs—that he would ask the King to break the deadlock “in that Parliament” (i.e. contrary to Edward’s earlier stipulation that there be a second election). The budget was passed by both Commons and Lords in April.Heffer, p. 293By April, the Palace was having secret talks with Balfour and Randall Davidson, Archbishop of Canterbury, who both advised that the Liberals did not have sufficient mandate to demand the creation of peers. The King thought the whole proposal “simply disgusting” and that the government was “in the hands of Redmond & Co”. Lord Crewe announced publicly that the government’s wish to create peers should be treated as formal “ministerial advice” (which, by convention, the monarch must accept), although Lord Esher argued that the monarch was entitled in extremis to dismiss the government rather than take their “advice”.Heffer, pp. 294–296 Esher’s view has been called “obsolete and unhelpful”.Magnus, pp. 555–556

      Death

      (File:King Edward VII after death.jpg|thumb|The body of the King in his deathbed, May 1910)File:4125s2.ogv|thumb|Funeral procession of Edward VII, London, 1910]]Edward habitually smoked twenty cigarettes and twelve cigars a day. In 1907, a rodent ulcer, a type of cancer affecting the skin next to his nose, was cured with radium.Ridley, p. 409 Towards the end of his life he increasingly suffered from bronchitis. He suffered a momentary loss of consciousness during a state visit to Berlin in February 1909.Lee, p. 676; Ridley, p. 432 In March 1910, he was staying at Biarritz when he collapsed. He remained there to convalesce, while in London Asquith tried to get the Finance Bill passed. The King’s continued ill health was unreported, and he attracted criticism for staying in France while political tensions were so high. On 27 April he returned to Buckingham Palace, still suffering from severe bronchitis. Alexandra returned from visiting her brother, George I of Greece, in Corfu a week later on 5 May.On 6 May, Edward suffered several heart attacks, but refused to go to bed, saying, “No, I shall not give in; I shall go on; I shall work to the end.“Bentley-Cranch, p. 151 Between moments of faintness, his son the Prince of Wales (shortly to be King George V) told him that his horse, Witch of the Air, had won at Kempton Park that afternoon. The King replied, “Yes, I have heard of it. I am very glad”: his final words. At 11:30 p.m. he lost consciousness for the last time and was put to bed. He died 15 minutes later.Alexandra refused to allow Edward’s body to be moved for eight days afterwards, though she allowed small groups of visitors to enter his room.Ridley, p. 558 On 11 May, the late king was dressed in his uniform and placed in a massive oak coffin, which was moved on 14 May to the throne room, where it was sealed and lay in state, with a guardsman standing at each corner of the bier. Despite the time that had elapsed since his death, Alexandra noted his body remained “wonderfully preserved”.Ridley, pp. 560–561 On the morning of 17 May, the coffin was placed on a gun carriage and drawn by black horses to Westminster Hall, with the new king, his family and Edward’s favourite dog, Caesar, walking behind. Following a brief service, the royal family left, and the hall was opened to the public; over 400,000 people filed past the coffin over the next two days.Ridley, pp. 563–565 As Barbara Tuchman noted in The Guns of August, his funeral, held on 20 May 1910, marked “the greatest assemblage of royalty and rank ever gathered in one place and, of its kind, the last.” A royal train conveyed the King’s coffin from London to Windsor Castle, where Edward was buried at St George’s Chapel.Ridley, p. 568

      Legacy

      {{further|Cultural depictions of Edward VII|Royal eponyms in Canada}}{{Multiple image|total_width=500|image1=King Edward VII 0918.jpg|caption1=Statue in Queen Victoria Gardens, Melbourne|image2=Edward Edinburgh.jpg|caption2=Statue outside Holyrood Palace, Edinburgh|image3=Edward VII Front Full, Bangalore.JPG|caption3=Statue of Edward VII, Bangalore, India|footer=Statues of Edward can be found throughout the former empire.}}Before his accession to the throne, Edward was the longest-serving heir apparent in British history. He was surpassed by his great-great-grandson Charles III on 20 April 2011.{{Citation |title=Prince Charles becomes longest-serving heir apparent |date=20 April 2011 |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-13133587 |work=BBC News |access-date=30 January 2016 |archive-date=25 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925202124www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-13133587 |url-status=live}} The title Prince of Wales is not automatically held by the heir apparent; it is bestowed by the reigning monarch at a time of his or her choosing.{{Citation |title=Previous Princes of Wales |url=http://www.princeofwales.gov.uk/the-prince-of-wales/titles-and-heraldry/previous-princes-of-wales |publisher=Clarence House |access-date=30 January 2016 |archive-date=14 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131014191303www.princeofwales.gov.uk/the-prince-of-wales/titles-and-heraldry/previous-princes-of-wales |url-status=live}} Edward was the longest-serving holder of that title until surpassed by Charles on 9 September 2017.{{Citation |last=Bryan |first=Nicola |title=Prince Charles is longest-serving Prince of Wales |date=9 September 2017 |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-wales-41179772 |work=BBC News |access-date=9 September 2017 |archive-date=9 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170909153555www.bbc.com/news/uk-wales-41179772 |url-status=live}} Edward was Prince of Wales between 8 December 1841 and 22 January 1901 (59 years, 45 days); Charles held the title between 26 July 1958 and 8 September 2022 ({{Age in years and days|1958|07|26|2022|09|08}}).{{Citation |last=Richardson |first=Matt |title=The Royal Book of Lists |page=56 |date=2001 |place=Toronto |publisher=Dundurn Press |isbn=978-0-88882-238-3}}NEWS, Lloyd, Will, King Charles is no longer Hamlet,unherd.com/thepost/goodnight-sweet-prince/, 12 September 2022, UnHerd, 9 September 2022, As king, Edward VII proved a greater success than anyone had expected,Ridley, pp. 349, 473, 476 but he was already past the average life expectancy and had little time left to fulfil the role. In his short reign, he ensured that his second son and heir, George V, was better prepared to take the throne. Contemporaries described their relationship as more like affectionate brothers than father and son,Bentley-Cranch, p. 155 and on Edward’s death George wrote in his diary that he had lost his “best friend and the best of fathers ... I never had a [cross] word with him in my life. I am heart-broken and overwhelmed with grief”.King George V’s diary, 6 May 1910. Royal ArchivesEdward has been recognised as the first truly constitutional British sovereign and the last sovereign to wield effective political power.Ridley, p. 576 Though lauded as “Peacemaker”,Bentley-Cranch, p. 157; Lee, p. 738 he had been afraid that German Emperor Wilhelm II, who was one of his nephews, would tip Europe into war.Lee, pp. 358, 650, 664; Middlemas, pp. 176, 179; Ridley, p. 474 Four years after Edward’s death, the First World War broke out. The naval reforms he had supported and his part in securing the Triple Entente between Britain, France, and Russia, as well as his relationships with his extended family, fed the paranoia of the German Emperor, who blamed Edward for the war.Ridley, p. 474 Publication of the official biography of Edward was delayed until 1927 by its author, Sidney Lee, who feared German propagandists would select material to portray Edward as an anti-German warmonger.Ridley, p. 487 Lee was also hampered by the extensive destruction of Edward’s personal papers; Edward had left orders that all his letters should be burned on his death.Ridley, pp. 482–483 Subsequent biographers have been able to construct a more rounded picture of Edward by using material and sources that were unavailable to Lee.Ridley, pp. 494–495Historian R. C. K. Ensor, writing in 1936, praised the King’s political personality:
      ...he had in many respects great natural ability. He knew how to be both dignified and charming; he had an excellent memory; and his tact in handling people was quite exceptional. He had a store of varied, though unsystematized, knowledge gathered at first-hand through talking to all sorts of eminent men. His tastes were not particularly elevated, but they were thoroughly English; and he showed much (though not unfailing) comprehension for the common instincts of the people over whom he reigned. This was not the less remarkable because, though a good linguist in French and German, he never learned to speak English without a German accent.Ensor, p. 343
      Ensor rejects the widespread notion that the King exerted an important influence on British foreign policy, believing he gained that reputation by making frequent trips abroad, with many highly publicized visits to foreign courts. Ensor thought surviving documents showed “how comparatively crude his views on foreign policy were, how little he read, and of what naïve indiscretions he was capable.“Ensor, pp. 567–569 Edward received criticism for his apparent pursuit of self-indulgent pleasure, but he received great praise for his affable manners and diplomatic tact. As his grandson Edward VIII wrote, “his lighter side ... obscured the fact that he had both insight and influence.“Windsor, p. 69 “He had a tremendous zest for pleasure but he also had a real sense of duty”, wrote J. B. Priestley.Priestley, p. 25 Lord Esher wrote that Edward VII was “kind and debonair and not undignified—but too human”.Hattersley, p. 17

      Honours

      British honours{{Citation |last=Cokayne |first=G. E. |title=The complete peerage of England, Scotland, Ireland, Great Britain and the United Kingdom |url=https://archive.org/stream/completepeerageo03coka#page/450/mode/2up |volume=4 |pages=451–452 |date=1910 |editor-last=Gibbs |editor-first=Vicary |place=London |publisher=St Catherine’s Press |author-link=George Cokayne}}


      Foreign honours
      File:Coat of Arms of the 62nd Infantry Regiment Arapiles.svg|thumb|Armorial achievement of the Spanish Army 62nd Regiment of Infantry “Arapiles”. King Edward’s cypher and the name of the British Army unit that played a prominent role in the Battle of Salamanca were added at the beginning of the (Peninsular War]] Centenary (1908).History of the 62nd Mountain Hunters Regiment “Arapiles” {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110305182329www.ejercito.mde.es/unidades/Gerona/rczm_arapiles62/Historial/index.html |date=5 March 2011}}. Spanish Army website (in Spanish), retrieved 28 April 2016){{columns-list|colwidth=25em      		Kingdom of Saxony>Saxony: Order of the Rue Crown, 1844HTTPS://BOOKS.GOOGLE.COM/BOOKS?ID=SBFTAAAACAAJ&PG=PA4 PUBLISHER=HEINRICH PAGE=4 ARCHIVE-DATE=1 AUGUST 2020 URL-STATUS=LIVE, }}

      Honorary foreign military appointments

      Arms

      (File:Proposed Personal Royal Standard of Edward VII.svg|thumb|Shortly after Edward’s accession, he proposed an alternative version of the Royal Standard for use by the Sovereign, defaced in the centre with a purple oval containing the cypher and crown of the reigning monarch. However, he was persuaded that such a proposal was impractical.WEB,www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/gb_roed7.html#prop, British Royal Flags, Reign of Edward VII: Proposal for a Personal Royal Standard of King Edward VII, David Prothero, 12 April 2007, Flags of the World, 3 October 2022, )Edward’s coat of arms as the Prince of Wales was the royal arms differenced by a label of three points argent and an inescutcheon of the Duchy of Saxony, representing his paternal arms. When he acceded as King, he gained the royal arms undifferenced.{{Citation |last=Velde |first=François |title=Marks of Cadency in the British Royal Family |date=19 April 2008 |url=http://www.heraldica.org/topics/britain/cadency.htm |publisher=Heraldica |access-date=2 May 2010 |archive-date=17 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180317070105www.heraldica.org/topics/britain/cadency.htm |url-status=live}}{{multiple image|align = center|total_width = 700|perrow =|image1 = Coat of Arms of Albert Edward, Prince of Wales (1841-1901).svg|caption1 = Coat of arms as Prince of Wales, 1841–1901|image2 = Coat of Arms of the United Kingdom (1837-1952).svg|caption2 = Royal coat of arms outside Scotland|image3 = Coat of Arms of the United Kingdom in Scotland (1837-1952).svg|caption3 = Royal coat of arms in Scotland|image4 = Cypher of Edward VII.svg|caption4 = Royal cypher|footer = }}

      Issue

      {{Further|Descendants of Christian IX of Denmark#Children of Alexandra and Edward VII}}{| class=“wikitable”
      Prince Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale>|engaged 1891, to Princess Victoria Mary of Teck
      George V>|1893, Princess Victoria Mary of Teck; had issue including Edward VIII and George VI
      Louise, Princess Royal>|1889, Alexander Duff, 1st Duke of Fife; had issue
      Princess Victoria of the United Kingdom>Princess Victoria6 July 18683 December 1935 (aged 67) never married and without issue
      Maud of Wales>Princess Maud26 November 186920 November 1938 (aged 68)1896, Haakon VII of Norway; had issue including Olav V of Norway>Prince Alexander (later Olav V)
      |born and died at Sandringham House

      Ancestry

      {{ahnentafelalign=center Montgomery-Massingberd, Hugh (ed.) (1977). Burke’s Royal Families of the World, 1st edition. London: Burke’s PeerageHuberty, M., Giraud, A., Magdelaine, F. & B. (1976–1994). L’Allemagne Dynastique, Vols I–VII. Le Perreux, France: Alain Giraud{{Citation >last1=Louda title=Lines of Succession: Heraldry of the Royal Families of Europe date=1999 publisher=Little, Brown last2=Maclagan author-link=Jiří Louda |author-link2=Michael Maclagan}}|boxstyle_1=background-color: #fcc;|boxstyle_2=background-color: #fb9;|boxstyle_3=background-color: #ffc;|boxstyle_4=background-color: #bfc;|1= 1. Edward VII of the United Kingdom|2= 2. Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha|3= 3. Victoria, Queen of the United Kingdom|4= 4. Ernest I, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha|5= 5. Princess Louise of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg|6= 6. Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn|7= 7. Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld|8= 8. Francis, Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld (= 14)|9= 9. Countess Augusta Reuss of Ebersdorf (= 15)|10= 10. Augustus, Duke of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg|11= 11. Duchess Louise Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Schwerin|12= 12. George III of the United Kingdom|13= 13. Princess Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz|14= 14. Francis, Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld (= 8)|15= 15. Countess Augusta Reuss of Ebersdorf (= 9)}}

      See also

      Notes

      {{notelist}}

      References

      {{Reflist}}

      Bibliography

      • {{Citation |ref=Bentley-Cranch|last=Bentley-Cranch |first=Dana |title=Edward VII: Image of an Era 1841–1910 |date=1992 |place=London |publisher=Her Majesty’s Stationery Office |isbn=978-0-11-290508-0}}
      • {{Citation |ref=Ensor|last=Ensor |first=R. C. K. |title=England, 1870–1914 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.155599 |date=1936 |place=Oxford |publisher=Clarendon Press |author-link=R. C. K. Ensor}}
      • {{Citation |last=Hattersley |first=Roy |title=The Edwardians |date=2004 |place=London |publisher=Little, Brown |isbn=978-0-316-72537-8 |ref=Hattersley |author-link=Roy Hattersley}}
      • {{Citation |last=Heffer |first=Simon |title=Power and Place: The Political Consequences of King Edward VII |date=1998 |place=London |publisher=Weidenfeld & Nicolson |isbn=978-0-297-84220-0 |ref=Heffer |author-link=Simon Heffer}}
      • {{Citation |last=Hough |first=Richard |title=Edward & Alexandra: Their Private and Public Lives |date=1992 |place=London |publisher=Hodder & Stoughton |isbn=978-0-340-55825-6 |ref=Hough |author-link=Richard Hough}}
      • {{Citation |ref=Lee|last=Lee |first=Sidney |title=King Edward VII: A Biography |date=1927 |place=London |publisher=Macmillan |volume=II|author-link=Sidney Lee}}
      • {{Citation |ref=Magnus|last=Magnus |first=Philip |title=King Edward The Seventh |date=1964 |place=London |publisher=John Murray |author-link=Sir Philip Magnus-Allcroft, 2nd Baronet}}
      • {{Citation |last=Middlemas |first=Keith |title=The Life and Times of Edward VII |date=1972 |editor-last=Antonia Fraser |place=London |publisher=Weidenfeld and Nicolson |isbn=978-0-297-83189-1 |ref=Middlemas |author-link=Keith Middlemas}}
      • {{Citation |last=Priestley |first=J. B. |title=The Edwardians |date=1970 |place=London |publisher=Heinemann |isbn=978-0-434-60332-9 |ref=Priestley|author-link=J. B. Priestley}}
      • {{Citation |ref=Ridley|last=Ridley |first=Jane | author-link = Jane Ridley |title=Bertie: A Life of Edward VII |date=2012 |place=London |publisher=Chatto & Windus |isbn=978-0-7011-7614-3}}
      • {{Citation |ref=Shaw|last1=Shaw|first1= William Arthur| author1-link = William Arthur Shaw | last2=Burtchaell|first2= George Dames| author2-link = George Dames Burtchaell | title=The knights of England; a complete record from the earliest time to the present day of the knights of all the orders of chivalry in England, Scotland, and Ireland, and of knights bachelors|date=1906 |url=https://archive.org/details/cu31924092537418/|place=London |publisher=Central chancery of the orders of knighthood, Sherratt and Hughes}}
      • {{Citation |last=Windsor |first=HRH The Duke of |title=A King’s Story |date=1951 |place=London |publisher=Cassell and Co |ref=Windsor|author-link=Edward VIII}}

      Further reading

      • {{Citation |last=Andrews |first=Allen |title=The Follies of King Edward VII |date=1975 |publisher=Lexington |isbn=978-0-904312-15-7|ref=none}}
      • {{Citation |last=Beer |first=Peter |title=Playboy Princes: The Apprentice Years of Edward VII and VIII| publisher=Peter Owen |year=2016|ref=none}}
      • {{Citation |last=Buckner |first=Phillip |title=Casting daylight upon magic: Deconstructing the royal tour of 1901 to Canada |journal=Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History |volume=31 |issue=2 |year=2003 |pages=158–189|doi=10.1080/03086530310001705656 |s2cid=162347515|ref=none}}
      • {{Citation |last=Butler |first=David |title=Edward VII, Prince of Hearts |date=1975 |publisher=Littlehampton Book Services Ltd |isbn=978-0-297-76897-5|ref=none}}
      • {{Citation |last=Cornwallis |first=Kinahan |title=Royalty in the New World: Or, the Prince of Wales in America |date=2009 |orig-date=1860 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-108-00298-1 |author-link=Kinahan Cornwallis (writer)|ref=none}}
      • {{Citation |last=Cowles |first=Virginia |title=Edward VII and his Circle |date=1956 |publisher=H. Hamilton|ref=none}}
      • {{Citation |last=Farrer |first=James Anson |title=England Under Edward VII |publisher=Allen & Unwin |year=1912|ref=none}}
      • {{Citation |last=Glencross |first=Matthew |title=The State Visits of Edward VII: Reinventing Royal Diplomacy for the Twentieth Century |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |year=2016|ref=none}}
      • {{Citation |last=Hibbert |first=Christopher |title=Edward VII: The Last Victorian King |date=2007 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |isbn=978-1-4039-8377-0|author-link=Christopher Hibbert|ref=none}}
      • {{Citation |last=Neilson |first=Francis |title=Edward VII and the Entente Cordiale, I. |journal=American Journal of Economics and Sociology |volume=16 |issue=4 |year=1957 |pages=353–368 |doi=10.1111/j.1536-7150.1957.tb00197.x |jstor=3484884|ref=none}}
      • {{Citation |last=Plumptre |first=George |title=Edward VII |date=1997 |publisher=Trafalgar Square Publishing |isbn=978-1-85793-846-3|ref=none}}
      • {{Citation |last=Ponsonby |first=Frederick |title=Recollections of Three Reigns |date=1951 |place=London |publisher=Eyre & Spottiswoode |author-link=Frederick Ponsonby, 1st Baron Sysonby|ref=none}}
      • {{Citation |last=Ridley |first=Jane |title=’The Sport of Kings’: Shooting and The Court of Edward VII|journal=The Court Historian |volume=18 |issue=2 |year=2013 |pages=189–205|doi=10.1179/cou.2013.18.2.004 |s2cid=159750104|ref=none}}
      • {{Citation |last=Ridley |first=Jane |chapter=Bertie Prince of Wales: Prince Hal and the Widow of Windsor|title=Royal Heirs and the Uses of Soft Power in Nineteenth-Century Europe|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |location=London |year=2016 |pages=123–138|ref=none}}
      • {{Citation |last=Roby |first=Kinley E. |title=The King, the Press and the People: A Study of Edward VII |date=1975 |publisher=Barrie and Jenkins |isbn=978-0-214-20098-4|ref=none}}
      • {{Citation |last=Ryan |first=A. P. |title=The Diplomacy of Edward VII |work=History Today |volume=3 |issue=5 |pages=352–360 |date=1953|ref=none}}
      • {{Citation |last=St Aubyn |first=Giles |title=Edward VII, Prince and King |url=https://archive.org/details/edwardviiprincek00stau |date=1979 |publisher=Atheneum |isbn=978-0-689-10937-9|ref=none}}
      • {{Citation |last=Tuchman |first=Barbara |title=The Guns of August |date=1964 |place=New York |publisher=Macmillan |author-link=Barbara Tuchman |title-link=The Guns of August|ref=none}}
      • {{Citation |last=Walker |first=Richard |title=The Savile Row Story: An Illustrated History |date=1988 |place=London |publisher=Prion |isbn=978-1-85375-000-7|ref=none}}
      • {{Citation |last=Watson |first=Alfred Edward Thomas |title=King Edward VII. as a sportsman |publisher=Longmans, Green and Company |year=1911 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nKDSAAAAMAAJ|ref=none}}
      • {{Citation |last=Weintraub |first=Stanley |title=Edward the Caresser: The Playboy Prince Who Became Edward VII |url=https://archive.org/details/edwardcaresserpl00wein |date=2001 |publisher=Free Press |isbn=978-0-684-85318-5 |author-link=Stanley Weintraub|ref=none}}

      External links

      {{Spoken Pseudopedia|En-Edward VII-article.ogg|date=14 July 2014}}{{Sister project links| wikt=no | commons=Edward VII of the United Kingdom | b=no | n=no | q=no | s=Author:Edward VII of the United Kingdom | v=no | voy=no | species=no | d=q20875}} {{Edward VII}}{{English, Scottish and British monarchs}}{{British princes}}{{Princes of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha}}{{Princes of Wales}}{{Dukes of Cornwall}}{{Dukes of Rothesay}}{{Grand Masters of the Order of the Bath}}{{United Grand Lodge of England}}{{Authority control}}

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