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{{Short description|Transfer of presidential power after elections}}{{Use American English|date = March 2019}}{{Use mdy dates|date = March 2019}}{{Politics of the United States}}{{United States presidential transitions series}}In the United States, a presidential transition is the process during which the president-elect of the United States prepares to take over the administration of the federal government of the United States from the incumbent president. Though planning for transition by a non-incumbent candidate can start at any time before a presidential election and in the days following, the transition formally starts when the General Services Administration (GSA) declares an “apparent winner” of the election, thereby releasing the funds appropriated by Congress for the transition, and continues until inauguration day, when the president-elect takes the oath of office, at which point the powers, immunities, and responsibilities of the presidency are legally transferred to the new president.The 20th Amendment to the Constitution, adopted in 1933, moved the beginning and ending of the terms of the president and vice president from March 4 to January 20, thereby also shortening the transition period. After the election, an outgoing president is commonly referred to as a lame-duck president. A transition can also arise intra-term if a president dies, resigns or is removed from office, though the period may be very short.The Presidential Transition Act of 1963 provides the current mechanisms to facilitate an orderly and peaceful transition of power.WEB, Presidential Transition Act of 1963,www.gsa.gov/portal/content/178083, March 7, 1964, U.S. General Services Administration, January 12, 2017, {{GSA}}MEMORANDUM FOR THE HEADS OF EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENTS AND AGENCIES} Under existing federal law and custom, the major-party presidential candidates receive classified national security briefings once their nomination is formalized by their party.NEWS,www.cbsnews.com/news/biden-receives-first-classified-intelligence-briefing/, CBS News, Biden receives first classified intelligence briefing, September 18, 2020, Olivia, Gazis, Bo, Erickson, Grace, Segers, October 22, 2020, November 1, 2020,web.archive.org/web/20201101043140/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/biden-receives-first-classified-intelligence-briefing/, live, MAGAZINE, Berman, Russell, Congress Tells Obama to Start Planning His Departure, The Atlantic, March 1, 2016,www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2016/03/congress-obama-presidential-transition-2016/471627/, May 6, 2016, They are also entitled to presidential transition services and facilities provided by the General Services Administration, including office space, equipment and the payment of certain related expenses. Just after the presidential election, a revised edition of the Plum Book is published, which lists over 9,000 federal civil service leadership and support political appointment positions which an incoming administration needs to review, and fill or confirm.GSA, Plum Book Though the formal transition commences when it is clear that a non-incumbent candidate has won the election, counting of votes continues until all votes are counted, after which officials from each state certify the state’s final tally before the presidential electors are formally appointed and the Electoral College meets in mid-December to cast their votes for the president and vice president.Transition normally involves a transition team to carry out some pre-election planning by the non-incumbent candidates, and involves consideration of key personnel from the outgoing and incoming presidents’ staffs, requires resources, and includes a host of activities, such as vetting candidates for positions in the new administration, helping to familiarize the incoming administration with the operations of the executive branch, and developing a comprehensive policy platform.WEB,fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/RL34722.pdf, Presidential Transitions: Issues Involving Outgoing and Incoming Administrations, Halchin, L. Elaine, November 16, 2016, Congressional Research Service, crs.gov, January 8, 2017, {{Congressional Research Service}}

Background

The use of the term “presidential transition” to describe the period between a president’s election and assumption of office does not appear to have come to general usage until as late as 1948.NEWS, Riley, Russell L., Presidential transitions didn’t use to matter. Here’s what changed,www.washingtonpost.com/outlook/2021/01/05/presidential-transitions-didnt-use-matter-heres-what-changed/, The Washington Post, May 21, 2021, January 5, 2021, The term “interregnum” has also been applied to this period of time.JOURNAL, Klotz, Robert J., On the Way Out: Interregnum Presidential Activity,www.jstor.org/stable/27551733, Presidential Studies Quarterly, 26 May 2021, 320–332, 1997, 27, 2, 27551733, For much of U.S. history, they were far less elaborate operations and were carried out without very much advance planning or even cooperation from the outgoing president. Legally, a president-elect is not required to come to the capital until the inauguration and need not have substantial policy or procedural discussions with the outgoing administration.It was not until the 1950s that much public attention was brought to the idea of presidential transitions.WEB, Tolliver, Sandy, Presidential transitions were not always a thing,thehill.com/opinion/white-house/529892-presidential-transitions-were-not-always-a-thing, TheHill, May 21, 2021, December 18, 2020, President Harry S. Truman set the stage for modern presidential transitions by offering to provide intelligence briefings to Republican Party candidate Dwight D. Eisenhower and then by inviting President-elect Eisenhower to the White House after his victory in the 1952 election. Eisenhower, smarting from an insult aimed at him by Truman during the campaign (“The general doesn’t know any more about politics than a pig knows about Sunday.“), declined to receive a direct briefing from Truman before the election.WEB, Noah, Timothy, Presidential transitions come into the open,www.politico.com/story/2016/09/trump-clinton-presidential-transition-obama-227701, September 5, 2016, Politico, May 28, 2021, Truman also ordered federal agencies to assist with the transition. Eight years later, John F. Kennedy engaged in extensive transition planning on domestic and foreign policy issues, but did not meet with Eisenhower until December 6, 1960, four weeks after the election.WEB,ourpublicservice.org/publications/viewcontentdetails.php?id=118, Ready to Govern: Improving the Presidential Transition, Partnership for Public Service, January 2010, 1, January 9, 2017,web.archive.org/web/20170110085929/https://ourpublicservice.org/publications/viewcontentdetails.php?id=118, January 10, 2017, dead, mdy-all,

Presidential transition acts

The Presidential Transition Act of 1963 ({{USPL|88|277}}) established the mechanisms to facilitate an orderly and peaceful transition of power, and has been amended numerous times: by the Presidential Transitions Effectiveness Act of 1998 ({{USPL|100|398}}), the Presidential Transition Act of 2000 ({{USPL|106|293}}), the Pre-Election Presidential Transition Act of 2010 ({{USPL|111|283}}), the Presidential Transitions Improvements Act of 2015 ({{USPL|114|136}}), the Presidential Transition Act of 2019, and the Electoral Count Reform and Presidential Transition Improvement Act of 2022.The Pre-Election Presidential Transition Act of 2010 requires the General Services Administration to provide potential presidential transition teams with office space, facilities, funding for transition staff, and access to government services.NEWS, Parker, Ashley, Campaigning Aside, Team Plans a Romney Presidency,www.nytimes.com/2012/08/17/us/politics/mitt-romneys-transition-team-is-hard-at-work.html?_r=0, January 22, 2016, The New York Times, August 16, 2012,www.nytimes.com/2012/08/17/us/politics/mitt-romneys-transition-team-is-hard-at-work.html?_r=0," title="web.archive.org/web/20180205184839www.nytimes.com/2012/08/17/us/politics/mitt-romneys-transition-team-is-hard-at-work.html?_r=0,">web.archive.org/web/20180205184839www.nytimes.com/2012/08/17/us/politics/mitt-romneys-transition-team-is-hard-at-work.html?_r=0, February 5, 2018, live, For example, spending on Mitt Romney’s transition team in 2012 was going to be $8.9 million, all funds appropriated by the federal government.NEWS, Fund, John, What Was Romney Planning?,www.nationalreview.com/article/338182/what-was-romney-planning-john-fund, January 22, 2016, National Review, January 13, 2013,www.nationalreview.com/article/338182/what-was-romney-planning-john-fund," title="web.archive.org/web/20160131073601www.nationalreview.com/article/338182/what-was-romney-planning-john-fund,">web.archive.org/web/20160131073601www.nationalreview.com/article/338182/what-was-romney-planning-john-fund, January 31, 2016, live, The Presidential Transition Act of 2019 requires the incumbent president to establish “transition councils” by June of an election year to facilitate a possible handover of power.www.whitehouse.govWEB,www.govexec.com/management/2020/05/trump-administration-details-efforts-support-peaceful-presidential-transition/165443/, Trump Administration Details Efforts to Support Peaceful Presidential Transition, Government Executive, October 22, 2020, October 24, 2020,web.archive.org/web/20201024185020/https://www.govexec.com/management/2020/05/trump-administration-details-efforts-support-peaceful-presidential-transition/165443/, live, WEB,presidentialtransition.org/, Center for Presidential Transition, Center for Presidential Transition, October 23, 2020, October 25, 2020,web.archive.org/web/20201025230721/https://presidentialtransition.org/, live,

Process

File:President-Elect Jimmy Carter with U.S. Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld During a Visit to The Pentagon.jpg|thumb|333x333px|President-elect Jimmy Carter with U.S. Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld and Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff General George S. Brown and the other members of the Joint Chiefs of Staff during a visit to The PentagonThe PentagonThe transition process begins as leading presidential contenders forming a transition team to start making preliminary plans for building an administration and assuming the presidency should they be elected. This can take place at any time of the candidate’s choosing. In 2008, the presidential campaign of Democratic Party nominee Barack Obama began informally planning for a possible presidential transition several months before Election Day. Obama’s transition team, called the “Obama-Biden Transition Project”, analysed prior transition efforts, the workings of federal government agencies, and what priority positions needed to be filled by the incoming administration first.NEWS, Lynn, Sweet, Jarrett, Podesta, Rouse to lead Obama transition; Bill Daley co-chair, November 5, 2008,blogs.suntimes.com/sweet/2008/11/jarrett_podesta_rouse_to_lead.html, Chicago Sun-Times, November 11, 2008, dead,blogs.suntimes.com/sweet/2008/11/jarrett_podesta_rouse_to_lead.html," title="web.archive.org/web/20081210145131blogs.suntimes.com/sweet/2008/11/jarrett_podesta_rouse_to_lead.html,">web.archive.org/web/20081210145131blogs.suntimes.com/sweet/2008/11/jarrett_podesta_rouse_to_lead.html, December 10, 2008, In April 2012, before Mitt Romney became the Republican Party nominee, the Romney presidential campaign began planning for a potential transition. Romney’s transition team made extensive plans for the transfer of power, called the “Romney Readiness Project”, which also included a legislative agenda for the first 200 days of a Romney administration.WEB, Allen, Jonathan, Allen, Mike, How Mitt Romney would govern,www.politico.com/story/2012/10/how-mitt-romney-would-govern-082854, politico.com/, October 25, 2012, Politico, October 23, 2020, NEWS, Hicken, Jackie, Blueprint outlines work former Utah Gov. Mike Leavitt, others did to prepare for President Romney, May 29, 2013,www.deseret.com/2013/5/29/20452986/blueprint-outlines-work-former-utah-gov-mike-leavitt-others-did-to-prepare-for-president-romney, Deseret News, Salt Lake City, Utah, October 23, 2020, During the 2016 presidential election cycle, Donald Trump began assembling his transition team in May, after he became the presumptive Republican nominee. His fall campaign opponent, Hillary Clinton, lagged behind in this regard, not forming a team until August, which was after she became the Democratic nominee.WEB, Karni, Annie, Salazar to lead Clinton’s transition team,www.politico.com/story/2016/08/clinton-transition-team-white-house-salazar-227044, January 9, 2017, Politico, August 16, 2016, Key activities in this pre-election phase include: setting goals for the transition; assembling and organizing the key transition team staff; allocating responsibilities among the team and allocating resources and personnel for each core work stream; developing an overall management work plan to guide the team through the entire transition process; and establishing relationships with Congress, the outgoing administration, General Services Administration, the Office of Government Ethics, the FBI and the Office of Personnel Management to encourage information sharing and to begin the security clearance process for select personnel.WEB,www.govexec.com/media/gbc/docs/pdfs_edit/011916cc1.pdf, Presidential Transition Guide, Center For Presidential Transition, January 2016, January 8, 2017, The GSA administrator officially determines the “apparent winner” of a presidential election. If it is not the incumbent president, the winner can access federal agencies and transition funds.WEB, Thompson, Alex, Cassella, Megan, Mir, Alice, Ollstein, A., Meyer, Theodoric, Lippman, Daniel, Meet Washington’s most powerful woman (temporarily),www.politico.com/newsletters/transition-playbook/2020/11/07/meet-washingtons-most-powerful-woman-temporarily-791464, November 7, 2020, November 8, 2020, POLITICO, en, November 7, 2020,web.archive.org/web/20201107235515/https://www.politico.com/newsletters/transition-playbook/2020/11/07/meet-washingtons-most-powerful-woman-temporarily-791464, live, To free government funds, the GSA Administrator is required to issue an “ascertainment” letter declaring a non-incumbent candidate the “apparent winner” of an election. The declaration marks the official start of the transition, without which the winning candidate’s transition team is not entitled to government funding, secure office space, equipment and access to agencies.NEWS, Rein, Lisa, O’Connell, Jonathan, Dawsey, Josh, A little-known Trump appointee is in charge of handing transition resources to Biden — and she isn’t budging, en-US, Washington Post,www.washingtonpost.com/politics/trump-gsa-letter-biden-transition/2020/11/08/07093acc-21e9-11eb-8672-c281c7a2c96e_story.html, 2020-11-09, 0190-8286, Biden camp calls for GSA to recognize election victory to begin transitionWEB, Sernovitz, Daniel J., 2020-11-13, GSA providing the incoming Biden administration with offices, resources,www.bizjournals.com/washington/news/2020/11/13/gsa-reveals-mou-with-biden.html, 2020-11-17, Washington Business Journal, The right to the ownership and confidentiality of emails and phone records produced by the transition team is, however, not secure as against the GSA and the government.WEB, Trump transition presses GSA in email ownership dispute, 2018-01-11, Associated Press,web.archive.org/web/20220502131201/https://apnews.com/article/cde938b50dbc41aa9b80f980029dd9eb, 2022-05-02, live,apnews.com/article/cde938b50dbc41aa9b80f980029dd9eb, There are no firm rules on how the GSA determines the president-elect. Typically, the GSA chief might make the decision after reliable news organizations have declared the winner or following a concession by the loser.NEWS, Anne, Flaherty, Trump could make a Biden transition messy: Here’s how, November 18, 2020, ABC News,abcnews.go.com/Politics/trump-make-biden-transition-messy/story?id=74060595, November 18, 2020, The GSA administrator’s declaration releases about $9.9 million in transition funds for salary, support, and computer systems; allow transition officials to establish government email addresses and receive federal office space; and allow the transition team to start work with the Office of Government Ethics on required financial disclosure and conflict-of-interest forms for incoming nominees.Lisa Rein, Jonathan O’Connell & Josh Dawsey, A little-known Trump appointee is in charge of handing transition resources to Biden — and she isn’t budging {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109100819www.washingtonpost.com/politics/trump-gsa-letter-biden-transition/2020/11/08/07093acc-21e9-11eb-8672-c281c7a2c96e_story.html |date=November 9, 2020 }}, Washington Post (November 8, 2020).The actual transition phase begins immediately following the presidential election (barring any electoral disputes) when a sitting president is not re-elected or is concluding a second term. In the case of the Obama-Trump transition, on the day after the election, November 9, 2016, outgoing president Barack Obama made a statement from the Rose Garden of the White House in which he announced that he had spoken the previous evening with (apparent election winner) Donald Trump and formally invited him to the White House for discussions to ensure “that there is a successful transition between our presidencies.” Obama said he had instructed his staff to “follow the example” of the administration of George W. Bush in 2008, who he said could “not have been more professional or more gracious in making sure we had a smooth transition”.WEB, President Obama Delivers a Statement,www.youtube.com/watch?v=XNOdmEQsmVw, youtube.com/thewhitehouse, The White House, November 9, 2016, {{White House website}} This phase of the process lasts between 72 and 78 days, ending on the inauguration day. During this time, the transition team must handle the influx of campaign staff and additional personnel into daily operations and prepare to take over the functions of government. Key activities in this phase include staffing the office of the president-elect; deploying agency review teams; building out the president-elect’s management and policy agendas and schedule; and identifying the key talent necessary to execute the new president’s priorities.

Appointments

It is the practice for Cabinet secretaries and high-level political appointees to tender their resignation with effect on the Inauguration Day (January 20) of a new president. The deputy secretaries are also expected to tender their resignation, but are commonly requested to stay on in an acting capacity until the confirmation by the Senate of the new secretary.{{citation needed|date=March 2021}}

Noteworthy transitions

CHECK, May 2021, Presidential transitions have existed in one form or another since 1797, when retiring president George Washington passed the presidency to John Adams, winner of the 1796 United States presidential election. Despite most going smoothly, many have been bumpy and a few verged on catastrophic.NEWS, Notable presidential transitions,articles.chicagotribune.com/2008-12-02/news/0812010610_1_roosevelt-and-obama-transition-in-american-history-virtual-shadow-government, December 2, 2008, Chicago Tribune, January 10, 2017,

Buchanan–Lincoln

During the 1860–61 transition from James Buchanan to Abraham Lincoln (November 6, 1860 to March 4, 1861), seven states seceded in February. Buchanan held the opinion that states did not have the right to secede, but that it was also illegal for the federal government to go to war to stop them. Buchanan peacefully transferred power to Lincoln on March 4, 1861. The American Civil War began on April 12, 1861, just a month after Lincoln took office.

Grant–Hayes

In the 1876 election to succeed Ulysses S. Grant, there were disputes regarding 20 electoral votes in four states—enough to guarantee a majority for either Rutherford B. Hayes or Samuel J. Tilden—along with multiple allegations of electoral fraud. This made it unclear who would take the president’s office on inauguration day. This constitutional crisis was resolved only two days before the scheduled inauguration through the Compromise of 1877 under which federal troops were withdrawn from the South, and the Reconstruction era was brought to an end.

Hoover–Roosevelt

File:Franklin D. Roosevelt and Hoover in Washington, Washington, D.C - NARA - 196763.tif|thumb|upright|President Hoover and President–elect Roosevelt riding together to the United States Capitol prior to the March 4, 1933 presidential inaugurationpresidential inaugurationThe 1932–33 transition (November 8, 1932 to March 4, 1933) from Herbert Hoover to Franklin D. Roosevelt was during the Great Depression.After the election, Roosevelt refused Hoover’s requests for a meeting to come up with a joint program to stop the crisis and calm investors, claiming it would limit his options, and as this “would guarantee that Roosevelt took the oath of office amid such an atmosphere of crisis that Hoover had become the most hated man in America”.MAGAZINE,www.time.com/time/politics/article/0,8599,1857862,00.html,www.time.com/time/politics/article/0,8599,1857862,00.html," title="web.archive.org/web/20081111030347www.time.com/time/politics/article/0,8599,1857862,00.html,">web.archive.org/web/20081111030347www.time.com/time/politics/article/0,8599,1857862,00.html, dead, November 11, 2008, Time (magazine), TIME, November 10, 2008, When New President Meets Old, It’s Not Always Pretty, Nancy, Gibbs, During this period, the U.S. economy suffered after thousands of banks failed.WEB,www.commondreams.org/view/2008/10/28-11, Lessons Learned from the 1932–1933 Presidential Transition, www.commondreams.org, 2008-10-30, Rudney, Robert, The relationship between Hoover and Roosevelt was one of the most strained between presidents: while Hoover had little good to say about his successor, there was little he could do. Roosevelt, however, supposedly could—and did—engage in various spiteful official acts aimed at his predecessor, ranging from dropping him from the White House birthday greetings message list to having Hoover’s name struck from the Hoover Dam along the Colorado River border, which would officially be known only as Boulder Dam until 1947.

Clinton–Bush

File:Pre-Inaugural Reception, Departing the White House.jpg|thumb|upright|President Clinton and President–elect Bush depart the White House for the inaugural ceremony at the United States CapitolUnited States CapitolThe 2000–01 transition from Bill Clinton to George W. Bush was shortened by several weeks due to the Florida recount crisis that ended after the Supreme Court handed down its ruling in Bush v. Gore which made Bush the president-elect.Due to the recount effort and litigation between Bush and his presidential opponent Al Gore leaving the election undecided until December 12, 2000, Bush’s official transition was the shortest in United States history, at just 39 days.WEB, The George W. Bush transition to power • Center for Presidential Transition,presidentialtransition.org/blog/the-george-w-bush-transition-to-power/, Center for Presidential Transition, 29 January 2021, 6 July 2020,

Bush–Obama

The 2008–09 transition from Bush to Barack Obama was considered seamless, with Bush granting Obama’s request to ask Congress to release 0 billion of bank bailout fundsca.news.yahoo.com/s/capress/090112/business/obama_economy_1 {{dead link|date=November 2012}} At the start of his inaugural speech, Obama praised Bush “for his service to our nation, as well as the generosity and co-operation he has shown throughout this transition”.WEB,www.nationalpost.com/news/story.html,www.nationalpost.com/news/story.html?id=1199530," title="archive.today/20090130205113www.nationalpost.com/news/story.html?id=1199530,">archive.today/20090130205113www.nationalpost.com/news/story.html?id=1199530, 2009-01-30, dead, NP Story, Attention Print Newspaper, Subscribers, National Post, The White House website was redesigned and “cut over” at exactly 12:01pm, January 20, 2009. This was described by some as a “new inaugural tradition spawned by the Internet-age”.WEB,www.courant.com/news/elections/hc-trb-whitehswebsite-0120,0,4487847.story,courant.com/news/elections/hc-trb-whitehswebsite-0120,0,4487847.story," title="web.archive.org/web/20090124020626courant.com/news/elections/hc-trb-whitehswebsite-0120,0,4487847.story,">web.archive.org/web/20090124020626courant.com/news/elections/hc-trb-whitehswebsite-0120,0,4487847.story, 2009-01-24, On White House Website, Change Is Already Evident, Jim Puzzanghera, Courant.com, 2009-01-20, 2016-12-13, Additionally, the information system was provided to the Obama administration without a single electronic record from the previous administration. Not only were emails and photos removed from the environment at the 12:01pm threshold, data elements like phone numbers of individual offices and upcoming meetings for the senior staff were also removed.Nonetheless, by April 2012, the Bush administration had transferred electronic records for the presidential components within the Executive Office of the President to the National Archives and Records Administration. Included in these records was more than 80 terabytes of data, more than 200 million emails and 4 million photoswww.archives.gov/era/acera/presentations/bush-elec-records.ppt. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151209103408www.archives.gov/era/acera/presentations/bush-elec-records.ppt |date=December 9, 2015 }}

Obama–Trump

File:JANUS-Tête-à-Tête- Sitting President & President-elect, Barack Obama & Donald Trump squatting next to each other on arm-chairs in the Oval Office on November 10th 2016. (31196987133).jpg| thumb| President Barack Obama (left) and President-elect Donald Trump (right) meet in the Oval Office of the White HouseWhite HouseOn the evening of November 8, 2016, the day of the presidential election, outgoing president Barack Obama spoke with presumptive winner Donald Trump and formally invited him to the White House for November 10, for discussions to ensure “that there is a successful transition between our presidencies”.Early on November 9, media outlets projected Trump would secure enough votes in the Electoral College to win the presidential election, and Democratic Party nominee Hillary Clinton conceded the election to him later that day.NEWS,www.nytimes.com/2016/11/09/us/politics/donald-trump-won-now-what.html, Highlights of Hillary Clinton’s Concession Speech and President Obama’s Remarks, November 9, 2016, The New York Times, November 17, 2016,www.nytimes.com/2016/11/09/us/politics/donald-trump-won-now-what.html," title="web.archive.org/web/20161109122336www.nytimes.com/2016/11/09/us/politics/donald-trump-won-now-what.html,">web.archive.org/web/20161109122336www.nytimes.com/2016/11/09/us/politics/donald-trump-won-now-what.html, November 9, 2016, live, Also on November 9, GSA Administrator Denise Turner RothWEB, Bublé, Courtney, 2020-11-13, Former GSA Administrator Reflects on Ascertaining the Election in 2016,www.govexec.com/management/2020/11/former-gsa-administrator-reflects-ascertaining-election-2016/170044/, 2020-11-17, Government Executive, en, issued the “ascertainment letter” to officially designate Trump president-elect,WEB,www.nytimes.com/2020/11/09/us/politics/emily-murphy-trump-biden.html, Trump Appointee Stands Between Biden’s Team and a Smooth Transition, Michael D., Shear, Maggie, Haberman, Michael, Crowley, November 10, 2020, New York Times, and the transition team was provided office space and were also eligible for government funding for staff. Also on November 9, Trump and Vice President-elect Mike Pence were offered the full President’s Daily Brief, with the first briefing taking place on November 15.NEWS, The Latest: FAA imposes restrictions over Trump Tower,www.wkow.com/story/33666891/the-latest-faa-imposes-restrictions-over-trump-tower,www.wkow.com/story/33666891/the-latest-faa-imposes-restrictions-over-trump-tower," title="web.archive.org/web/20161110110308www.wkow.com/story/33666891/the-latest-faa-imposes-restrictions-over-trump-tower,">web.archive.org/web/20161110110308www.wkow.com/story/33666891/the-latest-faa-imposes-restrictions-over-trump-tower, November 10, 2016, November 9, 2016, WKOW-TV, November 9, 2016, dead, NEWS, Acosta, Jim, Trump receives first President’s Daily Brief,www.cnn.com/2016/11/15/politics/trump-getting-first-presidential-daily-briefing-tuesday/index.html, November 15, 2016, CNN, November 15, 2016,www.cnn.com/2016/11/15/politics/trump-getting-first-presidential-daily-briefing-tuesday/index.html," title="web.archive.org/web/20161115182333www.cnn.com/2016/11/15/politics/trump-getting-first-presidential-daily-briefing-tuesday/index.html,">web.archive.org/web/20161115182333www.cnn.com/2016/11/15/politics/trump-getting-first-presidential-daily-briefing-tuesday/index.html, November 15, 2016, live, The Trump transition website was launched on November 9.NEWS, 45,www.politico.com/blogs/donald-trump-administration, November 9, 2016, Politico, November 9, 2016, The Trump transition team was led by Mike Pence and had six vice-chairs: former transition head Chris Christie, Ben Carson, Newt Gingrich, Michael Flynn, Rudy Giuliani and Jeff Sessions.NEWS,politi.co/2fk1gNU, Pence to take over Trump’s transition effort from Christie, November 11, 2016, Politico, Nelson, Louis, Thrush, Glenn, November 12, 2016,

Trump–Biden

Incumbent president Donald Trump prematurely claimed victory in the 2020 presidential election on Election Day, November 3 and demanded all further vote counting cease. The president also alleged widespread fraud, corruption and other misconduct, and commenced multiple lawsuits in multiple states seeking a halt to counting, rejection of votes, preventing certification of results, besides other remedies.WEB, Trump lawyers suffer embarrassing rebukes from judges over voter fraud claims, 2020-11-11, The Age,web.archive.org/web/20230116072118/https://www.theage.com.au/world/north-america/trump-lawyers-suffer-embarrassing-rebukes-from-judges-over-voter-fraud-claims-20201112-p56dty.html, 2023-01-16, live,www.theage.com.au/world/north-america/trump-lawyers-suffer-embarrassing-rebukes-from-judges-over-voter-fraud-claims-20201112-p56dty.html, Trump claimed that 2.7 million votes were “deleted” by the digital voting system used in some states, and said votes were switched from him to Joe Biden. Officials called the 2020 election the most secure in history and officials from all fifty states refuted claims of fraud.Trump claims millions of his votes were ‘deleted’ by election system‘Most secure in history’: Security agencies refute Trump’s election fraud claimsDemocratic presidential candidate Joe Biden became generally acknowledged as the president-elect on November 7, 2020.NEWS, Jennifer, Epstein, Biden Transition Team Calls on Federal Agency to Declare Winner, November 10, 2020, Bloomberg,www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-11-10/biden-transition-team-calls-on-federal-agency-to-declare-winner, November 18, 2020, Biden was declared the winner by media organizations after securing enough electoral votes., November 18, 2020,web.archive.org/web/20201118021042/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-11-10/biden-transition-team-calls-on-federal-agency-to-declare-winner, live, NEWS, Zack, Budryk, Biden campaign pushes GSA chief to approve transition, November 9, 2020, The Hill,thehill.com/homenews/administration/525083-biden-campaign-pushes-gsa-chief-to-approve-transition, November 18, 2020, Major media outlets projected Biden as the president-elect Saturday., November 19, 2020,web.archive.org/web/20201119023751/https://thehill.com/homenews/administration/525083-biden-campaign-pushes-gsa-chief-to-approve-transition, live, MAGAZINE, Bess, Levin, THE TRUMP APPOINTEE BLOCKING BIDEN’S TRANSITION IS REPORTEDLY TRYING TO LINE UP A NEW JOB FOR 2021, November 16, 2020, Vanity Fair,www.vanityfair.com/news/2020/11/emily-murphy-joe-biden-transition, November 18, 2020, But 13 days after the 2020 election and more than a week after all major media outlets called the race for Joe Biden, with Trump having absolutely no chance of getting a second term, Murphy has refused to acknowledge that Biden won, making it that much more difficult for the president-elect and his team to get a head start on crucial matters like a pandemic that has killed more than 245,000 people in the U.S. so far and stands to kill a lot more if no one does anything about it until January 2021., November 17, 2020,web.archive.org/web/20201117185415/https://www.vanityfair.com/news/2020/11/emily-murphy-joe-biden-transition, live, NEWS, Robin, Young, In Unprecedented Move, Key Federal Agency Hesitates On Declaring Biden Winner, November 9, 2020, WBUG.org,www.wbur.org/hereandnow/2020/11/09/biden-trump-transition-of-power, November 18, 2020, The answer is no, and I think you rightly note that this is different than what occurred in 2000 [in the Al Gore vs. George W. Bush race], there is a consensus certainly on the media side and with the states that are at play., November 9, 2020,web.archive.org/web/20201109204014/https://www.wbur.org/hereandnow/2020/11/09/biden-trump-transition-of-power, live, The GSA Administrator, Emily Murphy, a Trump appointee, initially refused to issue the “ascertainment” letter declaring Biden the “apparent winner”, on the basis that the election result was disputed. The declaration would mark the official start of the transition: withholding it denied the Biden transition team full funds, secure office space, and access to agencies. (Following the 2016 presidential election, the acting GSA administrator issued the “ascertainment” letter the next day, on November 9, 2016.) Biden had also been denied daily classified national security briefings.WEB,www.jpost.com/american-politics/biden-to-bring-in-national-security-experts-after-briefings-denied-649056, dead,web.archive.org/web/20201113195901/https://www.jpost.com/american-politics/biden-to-bring-in-national-security-experts-after-briefings-denied-649056, 2020-11-13, Biden to bring in national security experts after briefings denied - The Jerusalem Post, Further, the State Department denied access to communications from foreign leaders, leaving the Biden team to communicate through other unofficial channels.WEB, Coleman, Justine, 2020-11-12, State Department won’t give Biden messages from foreign leaders: report,www.msn.com/en-us/news/politics/state-department-wont-give-biden-messages-from-foreign-leaders-report/ar-BB1aVzE2, 2020-11-17, www.msn.com, According to CBS News, “In past transitions, the State Department has facilitated the logistics of the calls and provided translation services, possible talking points, and even taken notes”.WEB, No State Dept role in Biden congratulatory calls with foreign leaders,www.msn.com/en-us/news/politics/no-state-dept-role-in-biden-congratulatory-calls-with-foreign-leaders/ar-BB1aTpQO, 2020-11-17, www.msn.com, On November 23, Murphy issued the letter of ascertainment naming Biden as the “apparent winner”, making funds available for him towards the transition, although Trump had still not conceded.WEB, CBSNews, What is the GSA, and what role does it play in the presidential transition?,www.cbsnews.com/news/gsa-general-services-administration-presidential-transition-ascertainment-letter-emily-murphy/, 2020-11-23, CBSNews, After pro-Trump protesters stormed the U.S. Capitol on January 6, 2021, Trump offered a statement that “My focus now turns to a smooth, orderly and seamless transition of power”, although he continued to reiterate his false claims of widespread fraud and irregularities. President Trump did not attend Biden’s inauguration, which made him the first president not to attend the inauguration of his elected successor since Andrew Johnson was absent from the first inauguration of Ulysses S. Grant in 1869. Vice President Mike Pence attended Biden’s inauguration.NEWS,www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/elections/2021/01/08/trump-first-outgoing-president-skip-inauguration-152-years/6596286002/, A president hasn’t refused to attend the inauguration of his successor in 152 years. Donald Trump will change that, Joey, Garrison, USA Today, January 8, 2021, January 10, 2020, NEWS,www.nytimes.com/2021/01/09/us/politics/pence-biden-inauguration.html, Pence plans to attend Biden’s inauguration., Maggie, Haberman, The New York Times, January 9, 2021, January 10, 2021,

List of presidential transitions

{|class=“wikitable”! colspan=7 | {{Legend2|{{party color|Independent (United States)}}|Unaffiliated|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}} {{Legend2|{{party color|Federalist Party}}|Federalist|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}} {{Legend2|{{party color|Democratic-Republican Party}}|Democratic-Republican|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}{{Legend2|{{party color|Democratic Party (United States)}}|Democratic|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}} {{Legend2|{{party color|Whig Party (United States)}}|Whig|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}} {{Legend2|{{party color|Republican Party (United States)}}|Republican|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}} {{Legend2|{{party color|National Union Party (United States)}}|National Union|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}! colspan=2 | Outgoing president(Party) !! Colspan=2 |Incoming president(Party) !! Article !! Transition beganfollowing !! Transition concludedwith

George Washington(Unaffiliated) >	John Adams(Federalist Party>Federalist)		1796 United States presidential election	>| Inauguration of John Adams,March 4, 1797

John Adams(Federalist Party>Federalist)	style="background-color:{{party color		Thomas Jefferson(Democratic-Republican Party	) >	Presidency of Thomas Jefferson#Transition>Transition	1800 United States presidential election#1801 contingent election	February 17, 1801 >| First inauguration of Thomas Jefferson,March 4, 1801

Thomas Jefferson(Democratic-Republican Party>Democratic-Republican)	style="background-color:{{party color		James Madison(Democratic-Republican Party	) >		1808 United States presidential election>Election of 1808	First inauguration of James Madison,March 4, 1809

James Madison(Democratic-Republican Party>Democratic-Republican)	style="background-color:{{party color		James Monroe(Democratic-Republican Party	) >		1816 United States presidential election>Election of 1816	First inauguration of James Monroe,March 4, 1817

James Monroe(Democratic-Republican Party>Democratic-Republican)	style="background-color:{{party color		John Quincy Adams(Democratic-Republican Party	) >		1824 United States presidential election#1825 Contingent election>Contingent election of 1825 February 9, 1825	Inauguration of John Quincy Adams,March 4, 1825

John Quincy Adams(Democratic-Republican Party>Democratic-Republican)	style="background-color:{{party color		Andrew Jackson(Democratic Party (United States)	) >		1828 United States presidential election>Election of 1828	First inauguration of Andrew Jackson,March 4, 1829

Andrew Jackson(Democratic Party (United States)>Democratic)	style="background-color:{{party color		Martin Van Buren(Democratic Party (United States)	) >		1836 United States presidential election>Election of 1836	Inauguration of Martin Van Buren,March 4, 1837

Martin Van Buren(Democratic Party (United States)>Democratic)	style="background-color:{{party color		William Henry Harrison(Whig Party (United States)	) >		1840 United States presidential election>Election of 1840	Inauguration of William Henry Harrison,March 4, 1841

John Tyler(Unaffiliated) >	James K. Polk(Democratic Party (United States)>Democratic)		1844 United States presidential election	>| Inauguration of James K. Polk,March 4, 1845

James K. Polk(Democratic Party (United States)>Democratic)	style="background-color:{{party color		Zachary Taylor(Whig Party (United States)	) >	Zachary Taylor#Transition>Transition	1848 United States presidential election	>| Inauguration of Zachary Taylor,March 5, 1849

Millard Fillmore(Whig Party (United States)>Whig)	style="background-color:{{party color		Franklin Pierce(Democratic Party (United States)	) >		1852 United States presidential election>Election of 1852	Inauguration of Franklin Pierce,March 4, 1853

Franklin Pierce(Democratic Party (United States)>Democratic)	style="background-color:{{party color		James Buchanan(Democratic Party (United States)	) >		1856 United States presidential election>Election of 1856	Inauguration of James Buchanan,March 4, 1857

James Buchanan(Democratic Party (United States)>Democratic)	style="background-color:{{party color		Abraham Lincoln(Republican Party (United States)	) >	Presidential transition of Abraham Lincoln>Transition	1860 United States presidential election	>| First inauguration of Abraham Lincoln,March 4, 1861

Andrew Johnson(Democratic Party (United States)>Democratic)	style="background-color:{{party color		Ulysses S. Grant(Republican Party (United States)	) >		1868 United States presidential election>Election of 1868	First inauguration of Ulysses S. Grant,March 4, 1869

Ulysses S. Grant(Republican Party (United States)>Republican)	style="background-color:{{party color		Rutherford B. Hayes(Republican Party (United States)	) >		Electoral Commission (United States)>Electoral Commission rulingMarch 2, 1877	Inauguration of Rutherford B. Hayes ,March 4, 1877

Rutherford B. Hayes(Republican Party (United States)>Republican)	style="background-color:{{party color		James A. Garfield(Republican Party (United States)	) >		1880 United States presidential election>Election of 1880	Inauguration of James A. Garfield,March 4, 1881

Chester A. Arthur(Republican Party (United States)>Republican)	style="background-color:{{party color		Grover Cleveland(Democratic Party (United States)	) >		1884 United States presidential election>Election of 1884	First inauguration of Grover Cleveland,March 4, 1885

Grover Cleveland(Democratic Party (United States)>Democratic)	style="background-color:{{party color		Benjamin Harrison(Republican Party (United States)	) >		1888 United States presidential election>Election of 1888	Inauguration of Benjamin Harrison,March 4, 1889

Benjamin Harrison(Republican Party (United States)>Republican)	style="background-color:{{party color		Grover Cleveland(Democratic Party (United States)	) >		1892 United States presidential election>Election of 1892	Second inauguration of Grover Cleveland,March 4, 1893

Grover Cleveland(Democratic Party (United States)>Democratic)	style="background-color:{{party color		William McKinley(Republican Party (United States)	) >		1896 United States presidential election>Election of 1896	First inauguration of William McKinley,March 4, 1897

Theodore Roosevelt(Republican Party (United States)>Republican)	style="background-color:{{party color		William Howard Taft(Republican Party (United States)	) >	Presidency of William Howard Taft#Transition>Transition	1908 United States presidential election	>| Inauguration of William Howard Taft,March 4, 1909

William Howard Taft(Republican Party (United States)>Republican)	style="background-color:{{party color		Woodrow Wilson(Democratic Party (United States)	) >	Presidential transition of Woodrow Wilson>Transition	1912 United States presidential election	>| First inauguration of Woodrow Wilson,March 4, 1913

Woodrow Wilson(Democratic Party (United States)>Democratic)	style="background-color:{{party color		Warren G. Harding(Republican Party (United States)	) >	Presidential transition of Warren G. Harding>Transition	1920 United States presidential election	>| Inauguration of Warren G. Harding,March 4, 1921

Calvin Coolidge(Republican Party (United States)>Republican)	style="background-color:{{party color		Herbert Hoover(Republican Party (United States)	) >	Presidential transition of Herbert Hoover>Transition	1928 United States presidential election	>| Inauguration of Herbert Hoover,March 4, 1929

Herbert Hoover(Republican Party (United States)>Republican)	style="background-color:{{party color		Franklin D. Roosevelt(Democratic Party (United States)	) >	Presidential transition of Franklin D. Roosevelt>Transition	1932 United States presidential election	>| First inauguration of Franklin D. Roosevelt,March 4, 1933

Harry S. Truman(Democratic Party (United States)>Democratic)	style="background-color:{{party color		Dwight D. Eisenhower(Republican Party (United States)	) >	Presidential transition of Dwight D. Eisenhower>Transition	1952 United States presidential election	>| First inauguration of Dwight D. Eisenhower,January 20, 1953

Dwight D. Eisenhower(Republican Party (United States)>Republican)	style="background-color:{{party color		John F. Kennedy(Democratic Party (United States)	) >	Presidential transition of John F. Kennedy>Transition	1960 United States presidential election	>| Inauguration of John F. Kennedy,January 20, 1961

Lyndon B. Johnson(Democratic Party (United States)>Democratic)	style="background-color:{{party color		Richard Nixon(Republican Party (United States)	) >	Presidential transition of Richard Nixon>Transition	1968 United States presidential election	>| First inauguration of Richard Nixon,January 20, 1969

Gerald Ford(Republican Party (United States)>Republican)	style="background-color:{{party color		Jimmy Carter(Democratic Party (United States)	) >	Presidential transition of Jimmy Carter>Transition	1976 United States presidential election	>| Inauguration of Jimmy Carter,January 20, 1977

Jimmy Carter(Democratic Party (United States)>Democratic)	style="background-color:{{party color		Ronald Reagan(Republican Party (United States)	) >	Presidential transition of Ronald Reagan>Transition	1980 United States presidential election	>| First inauguration of Ronald Reagan,January 20, 1981

Ronald Reagan(Republican Party (United States)>Republican)	style="background-color:{{party color		George H. W. Bush(Republican Party (United States)	) >	Presidential transition of George H. W. Bush>Transition	1988 United States presidential election	>| Inauguration of George H. W. Bush,January 20, 1989

George H. W. Bush(Republican Party (United States)>Republican)	style="background-color:{{party color		Bill Clinton(Democratic Party (United States)	) >	Presidential transition of Bill Clinton>Transition	1992 United States presidential election	>| First inauguration of Bill Clinton,January 20, 1993

Bill Clinton(Democratic Party (United States)>Democratic)	style="background-color:{{party color		George W. Bush(Republican Party (United States)	) >	Presidential transition of George W. Bush>Transition	United States Supreme Court	decision in Bush v. GoreDecember 12, 2000 >| First inauguration of George W. Bush,January 20, 2001

George W. Bush(Republican Party (United States)>Republican)	style="background-color:{{party color		Barack Obama(Democratic Party (United States)	) >	Presidential transition of Barack Obama>Transition	2008 United States presidential election	>| First inauguration of Barack Obama,January 20, 2009

Barack Obama(Democratic Party (United States)>Democratic)	style="background-color:{{party color		Donald Trump(Republican Party (United States)	) >	Presidential transition of Donald Trump>Transition	Election of 2016|Inauguration of Donald Trump,January 20, 2017

Donald Trump(Republican Party (United States)>Republican)	style="background-color:{{party color		Joe Biden(Democratic Party (United States)	) >	Presidential transition of Joe Biden>Transition	2020 United States presidential election	>|Inauguration of Joe Biden, January 20, 2021

See also

• Contingent election, procedure used in U.S. presidential elections in cases where no candidate wins an absolute majority of votes in the Electoral College
• Midnight regulations, rules created by an outgoing administration before it leaves office
• Former Presidents Act
• Political transition team

References

{{reflist|2}}

Further reading

• WEB,crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/R/R46602, Presidential Transition Act: Provisions and Funding, Congressional Research Service, 2020-11-13,
• Brown, Heath (2023). “Status and expertise: A typology of US presidential transition team members”. Presidential Studies Quarterly.

External links

• 2024 Presidential Transition Directory from the General Services Administration
• presidentialtransition.usa.gov/" title="web.archive.org/web/20161111190024presidentialtransition.usa.gov/">Presidential Transition Directory archived website from the General Services Administration
• Presidential Transition Act of 1963 as amended (PDF/details) in the GPO Statute Compilations collection

{{United States presidential transitions}}{{Lists of US presidents and vice presidents}}