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{{Short description|Ceremony marking the start of a new presidential term}}{{Use mdy dates|date=April 2019}}{{Use American English|date = March 2019}}File:P20210120CK-1111 (50912592147).jpg|thumb|300px|Presidential inauguration at the western front of the U.S. Capitol facing the National Mall (site since Reagan in 1981) – Joe Biden, January 20, 2021 ]]File:1965 Inauguration of President Lyndon Johnson.jpg|thumb|300px|Presidential inauguration with old overhead ceremonial porch at the eastern front of the U.S. Capitol (Lyndon B. Johnson, January 20, 1965)]]Between 73 and 79 days after the presidential election, the president-elect of the United States is inaugurated as president by taking the presidential oath of office. The inauguration takes place for each new presidential term, even if the president is continuing in office for a second term.The first inauguration of George Washington took place on April 30, 1789. All subsequent public inaugurations from 1793 until 1933 were held on March 4, except in 1821, 1849, 1877, and 1917, when March 4 fell on a Sunday and the public inauguration ceremony took place on Monday, March 5. Since 1937, it has taken place at noon EST on January 20, the first day of the new term, except in 1957, 1985, and 2013, when January 20 fell on a Sunday. In those years, the presidential oath of office was administered on that day privately and then again in a public ceremony the next day, on Monday, January 21. The most recent presidential inauguration was held on January 20, 2021, when Joe Biden assumed office.Recitation of the presidential oath of office is the only component in this ceremony mandated by the United States Constitution (in (Article Two of the United States Constitution#Clause 8: Oath or affirmation|Article II, Section One, Clause 8)). Though it is not a constitutional requirement, the Chief Justice of the United States typically administers the presidential oath of office. Since 1789, the oath has been administered at 59 scheduled public inaugurations, by 15 chief justices, one associate justice, and one New York state judge. Others, in addition to the chief justice, have administered the oath of office to several of the nine vice presidents who have succeeded to the presidency upon their predecessor's death or resignation intra-term.Since the 1981 inauguration of Ronald Reagan, the ceremony has been held at the west front of the United States Capitol facing the National Mall with its iconic Washington Monument and distant Lincoln Memorial. From 1829 through 1977, most swearing-in ceremonies had taken place on a platform over the steps at the Capitol's east portico. They have also been held inside the Old Senate Chamber, the chamber of the House of Representatives, and the Capitol rotunda.WEB,weblink Presidents change, Inauguration Day stays the same, Williams, Brenna Williams, CNN, January 16, 2017, January 29, 2017, The most recent regularly scheduled inauguration not to take place at the Capitol was the fourth inauguration of Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1945, which was held at the White House.Over the years, various traditions have arisen that have expanded the inauguration from a simple oath-taking ceremony to a day-long event, including parades and multiple social gatherings. The ceremony itself is carried live via the major U.S. commercial television and cable news networks; various ones also stream it live on their websites.When a president has assumed office intra-term, the inauguration ceremony has been conducted without pomp or fanfare. To facilitate a quick presidential transition under extraordinary circumstances, the new president takes the oath of office in a simple ceremony and usually addresses the nation afterward. This has happened nine times in United States history: eight times after the previous president had died while in office, and once after the previous president had resigned.

{{anchor|Inaugural ceremonies}}Inauguration ceremonies

{{wide image|Roosevelt-inauguration-1905.jpeg|1000px|Second inauguration of Theodore Roosevelt, 1905}}

Dates

The first inauguration, that of George Washington, took place on April 30, 1789. All subsequent (regular) inaugurations from 1793 until 1933, were held on March 4, the day of the year on which the federal government began operations under the U.S. Constitution in 1789. The exception to this pattern was those years in which March 4 fell on a Sunday. When it did, the public inauguration ceremony would take place on Monday, March 5. This happened on four occasions, in 1821, 1849, 1877, and 1917. Inauguration Day moved to January 20, beginning in 1937, following ratification of the Twentieth Amendment to the Constitution, where it has remained since. A similar Sunday exception and move to Monday is made around this date as well (which happened in 1957, 1985, and 2013).File:President Ronald Reagan Being Sworn in for a Second Term by Chief Justice Warren Burger as Nancy Reagan Observes during the Private Ceremony at the White House.jpg|thumb|President Reagan being sworn in for his second term "privately" on television, January 20, 1985]] This resulted in several anomalies. It has been alleged that in 1849, Senate President pro tempore David Rice Atchison was president for a day, although all scholars dismiss that claim.WEB, David Rice Atchison: (Not) President for a Day: March 4, 1849,weblink Office of the Secretary, United States Senate, Washington, D.C., June 20, 2018, BOOK, From Failing Hands: the Story of Presidential Succession, Feerick, John D., Freund, Paul A., 1965,weblink Fordham University Press, New York City, 100–101, 65-14917, In 1877, due to the controversy over the Compromise of 1877, Rutherford B. Hayes was sworn in secretly on March 3 before Ulysses S. Grant's term ended on March 4—raising the question if the United States had two presidents at the same time for one day. In modern times, the president took the oath on a Sunday in a private ceremony and repeated it the following day with all the pomp and circumstance. In 1985 and 2013, these ceremonies were televised. Irregular inaugurations occurred on nine occasions intra-term, after the death or, in one case, resignation of a president.Inauguration Day, while not a federal holiday, is observed as a holiday by federal employees who would be working in the "Inauguration Day Area" and who are regularly scheduled to perform non-overtime work on Inauguration Day.WEB,weblink US Department of Commerce, Federal, state, and local holidays, January 20, 2017, January 26, 2016,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20160126083035weblink">weblink dead, There is no in-lieu-of holiday for employees or students who are not regularly scheduled to work or attend school on Inauguration Day. The Inauguration Day Area consists of the District of Columbia; Montgomery and Prince George's counties in Maryland; Arlington and Fairfax counties in Virginia (the City of Fairfax is considered part of Fairfax County for this purpose), and the cities of Alexandria and Falls Church in Virginia.

Locations

Most presidential inaugurations since 1801 have been held in Washington D.C. at the Capitol Building. Prior inaugurations were held, first at Federal Hall in New York City (1789),WEB,weblink Exhibit: President George Washington's inaugural address, January 22, 2009, August 17, 1998, National Archives and Records Administration, George Washington's first inauguration took place at Federal Hall in New York City [...] George Washington's first inaugural address, April 30, 1789, and then at Congress Hall in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (1793 and 1797). Each city was, at the time, the nation's capital. The location for James Monroe's 1817 swearing in was moved to the Old Brick Capitol in Washington due to ongoing restoration work at the Capitol building following the War of 1812.WEB,weblink The 8th Presidential Inauguration: James Monroe, March 4, 1817, Joint Congressional Committee on Inaugural Ceremonies, July 18, 2013, August 9, 2020,weblink dead, Three other inaugurations—Franklin D. Roosevelt's fourth (1945), Harry S. Truman's first (1945), and Gerald Ford's (1974)—were held at the White House.Presidential inaugurations (aside from intra-term ceremonies following the death or resignation of a president) have traditionally been outdoor public ceremonies.WEB, January 20, 2005, Inauguration of the President and Vice President of the United States of America,weblink washingtonpost.com, November 21, 2020, In 1909, William H. Taft's inauguration was moved to the Senate Chamber due to a blizzard.WEB,weblink U.S. Presidential Inaugurations: William Howard Taft (Virtual Programs & Services, Library of Congress), www.loc.gov, en, April 8, 2017, Then, in 1985, the public second inauguration of Ronald Reagan was held indoors in the Capitol Rotunda because of harsh weather conditions.The first inauguration of Andrew Jackson, in 1829, was the first of 35 held on the east front of the Capitol. Since the 1981 first inauguration of Ronald Reagan, they have been held on the Capitol's west front; a move designed to both cut costs and to provide more space for spectators.WEB,weblink The President's Swearing-in Ceremony, Joint Congressional Committee on Inaugural Ceremonies, January 18, 2017, Above the west front inaugural platform are five large United States flags. The current 50-star flag is displayed in the center. On either side are earlier variations of the national flag: two are the official flag adopted by Congress after the admission to the Union of the new president's home state and two are the 13-star flag popularly known as the Betsy Ross flag.WEB,weblink Anton, Pihl, What's With The Flags Behind The President?, January 20, 2017, November 21, 2020,

Organizers

File:Wilson-inaug.jpg|thumb|Inauguration platform under construction for Woodrow WilsonWoodrow WilsonPrior to Inauguration Day, the president-elect will name a Presidential Inaugural Committee. This committee is the legal entity responsible for fundraising for and the planning and coordination of all official events and activities surrounding the inauguration of president and vice president (other than the ceremony), such as the balls and parade.WEB,weblink National Archives, PIC records, August 15, 2016, Since 1901, the Joint Committee on Inaugural Ceremonies has been responsible for the planning and execution of the swearing-in ceremonies. Since 1953, it has also hosted a luncheon at the U.S. Capitol for the new president, vice president, and guests. Three senators and three representatives make up the committee.The Joint Task Force National Capital Region, composed of service members from all branches of the United States Armed Forces, including Reserve and National Guard components, is responsible for all military support to ceremonies and to civil authorities for the inaugural period (in 2017, January 15–24). U.S. military personnel have participated in Inauguration Day ceremonies since 1789 when members of the Continental Army, local militia units and Revolutionary War veterans escorted George Washington to his first inauguration ceremony. Their participation traditionally includes musical units, color guards, salute batteries and honor cordons. Military support to the inauguration honors the new president, who is commander-in-chief of the armed forces, and recognizes civilian control of the military.WEB,weblink JTF-NCR About Us, January 27, 2017, dead,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20161207230111weblink">weblink December 7, 2016,

Attendees

In addition to the public, the attendees at the inauguration generally include the vice president, members of Congress, Supreme Court justices, high-ranking military officers, former presidents and vice-presidents, living Medal of Honor recipients, and other dignitaries. The outgoing president and vice president also customarily attend the ceremony.While most outgoing presidents have appeared on the inaugural platform with their successor, six did not:

• John Adams left Washington rather than attend the 1801 inauguration of Thomas JeffersonNEWS, Naylor, Brian, Trump Won't Attend Inauguration; Congress Pushes Ahead With Capitol Ceremony,weblink NPR, January 8, 2021,
• John Quincy Adams also left town, unwilling to be present for the 1829 inauguration of Andrew Jackson
• Martin Van Buren was, for reasons unknown, not present for the 1841 inauguration of William Henry HarrisonWEB, Shafer, Ronald G., How William Henry Harrison Invented the Inaugural Parade, January 18, 2017,weblink washingtonpost.com, January 9, 2021,
• Andrew Johnson conducted a final cabinet meeting rather than attend the 1869 inauguration of Ulysses S. Grant
• Woodrow Wilson, due to poor health, remained inside the Capitol Building during the 1921 inauguration of Warren G. HardingWEB,weblink Hall, Brett, Taking the Presidential Oath: A Look Back at President Harding's Inauguration 96 Years Ago, January 20, 2017, hardinghome.org, January 9, 2021,
• Donald Trump held a "departure ceremony" and then left Washington, D.C. prior to the 2021 inauguration of Joe Biden

Communication

The way inauguration ceremony events are communicated to the public has changed over the years with each advance in technology. Improvements in mass media technologies have allowed presidents to reach substantially greater numbers of their constituents. In 1829, Andrew Jackson spoke to approximately 10,000 people at his inauguration.WEB,weblink June 14, 1922 Harding becomes first president to be heard on the radio, This Day in History, A&E Television Networks, January 31, 2017, Most recently, in 2017, it is estimated that about 160,000 people were in the National Mall areas in the hour leading up to Donald Trump's swearing in.NEWS, Wallace, Tim, Parlapiano, Alicia, Crowd Scientists Say Women's March in Washington Had 3 Times More People Than Trump's Inauguration,weblink January 22, 2017, The New York Times, January 22, 2017, An additional 30.6 million people in the United States watched it on television,NEWS,weblink Nielsen: 31 million viewers saw Trump's swearing-in, Washington Post, January 21, 2017, January 27, 2017, January 30, 2017,weblink dead, and more than 6.8 million worldwide streamed it live on Twitter.NEWS, Edkins, Brett, Record 6.8 Million Watched Trump's Inauguration On Twitter's Live Stream,weblink January 25, 2017, Forbes, January 24, 2017, Among the inauguration mass communication milestones are:

• 1801 first inauguration of Thomas Jefferson, first newspaper extra of an inaugural address, printed by the National Intelligencer
• 1845 inauguration of James K. Polk, first inauguration to be covered by telegraph, and first known newspaper illustration of a presidential inauguration (The Illustrated London News)
• 1857 inauguration of James Buchanan, first inauguration known to have been photographed
• 1897 first inauguration of William McKinley, first inauguration to be recorded on film
• 1905 second inauguration of Theodore Roosevelt, first time that telephones were installed on the Capitol Grounds for an inauguration
• 1925 second inauguration of Calvin Coolidge, first inauguration to be broadcast nationally by radio
• 1929 inauguration of Herbert Hoover, first inauguration to be recorded by a talking newsreel
• 1949 second inauguration of Harry S. Truman, first inauguration to be televised
• 1961 inauguration of John F. Kennedy, first inauguration to be televised in color
• 1981 first inauguration of Ronald Reagan, first closed-captioning of television broadcast for the deaf and hard of hearing
• 1997 second inauguration of Bill Clinton, first time that the ceremony was broadcast live on the Internet

Ceremony elements

Inauguration procedure is governed by tradition rather than the Constitution, the only constitutionally required procedure being the presidential oath of office (which may be taken anywhere, with anyone in attendance who can legally witness an oath, and at any time prior to the actual beginning of the new president's term).Terri Bimes, ed. Michael A. Genovese, Encyclopedia of the American Presidency, p 262-63. Traditionally, the president-elect arrives at the White House and then proceeds to the Capitol Building with the out-going president. Around or after 12 noon, the president takes the oath of office, usually administered by the chief justice of the United States, and then delivers the inaugural address.

Oaths of office

File:US President Barack Obama taking his Oath of Office - 2009Jan20.jpg|thumb|left|Barack Obama takes the oath of office from Chief Justice John Roberts during his 2009 presidential inauguration on January 20, 2009.]]{{listen|title=First inauguration of Barack Obama (January 20, 2009)|filename=Barack Obama inaugural address.ogv|description =Video of the first inauguration of Barack Obama.|title2=First inauguration of Barack Obama (January 20, 2009)|filename2=Barack Obama inauguration speech 2009.ogg|description2=audio only version}}The vice president is sworn into office in the same ceremony as the president. Prior to 1937, the vice presidential oath was administered in the Senate Chamber (in keeping with the vice president's position as president of the Senate). The oath is administered to the vice president first. Immediately afterwards, the United States Marine Band will perform four "ruffles and flourishes", followed by "Hail, Columbia". Unlike the presidential oath, however, the Constitution does not specify specific words that must be spoken. Several variants of the oath have been used since 1789. The current form, which is also recited by senators, representatives, and other government officers, has been in use since 1884:{{cquote|I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will support and defend the Constitution of the United States against all enemies, foreign and domestic; that I will bear true faith and allegiance to the same; that I take this obligation freely, without any mental reservation or purpose of evasion; and that I will well and faithfully discharge the duties of the office on which I am about to enter. So help me God.{{usc|5|3331}}}}At noon, the new presidential and vice presidential terms begin. At about that time, the president recites the constitutionally mandated oath of office:{{cquote|I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully execute the office of President of the United States, and will to the best of my ability, preserve, protect, and defend the Constitution of the United States.}}According to Washington Irving's biography of George Washington, after reciting the oath at his (and the nation's) first inauguration, Washington added the words "so help me God".WEB,weblink Presidential Inaugurations Past and Present: A Look at the History Behind the Pomp and Circumstance, 2002-2009-fpc.state.gov, November 7, 2012, February 22, 2013,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20130222000457weblink">weblink dead, However, the only contemporaneous source that fully reproduced Washington's oath completely lacks the religious codicil.Documentary History of the First Federal Congress, Vol. 15, pages 404–405 The first newspaper report that actually described the exact words used in an oath of office, Chester Arthur's in 1881,NEWS,weblink The New Administration: President Arthur Formally Inaugurated, September 22, 1881, The New York Times, repeated the "query-response" method where the words, "so help me God" were a personal prayer, not a part of the constitutional oath. The time of adoption of the current procedure, where both the chief justice and the president speak the oath, is unknown.The oath of office was administered to Washington in 1789 by Robert Livingston, Chancellor of New York State. Four years later, the oath was administered by Supreme Court associate justice William Cushing. Since the 1797 inauguration of John Adams, it has become customary for the new president to be sworn into office by the Chief Justice of the United States. Others have administered the oath on occasions when a new president assumed office intra-term due to the incumbent's death or resignation. William Cranch, chief judge of the U.S. Circuit Court, administered the oath of office to John Tyler in 1841 when he succeeded to the presidency upon William Henry Harrison's death, and to Millard Fillmore in 1850 when Zachary Taylor died. In 1923, upon being informed of Warren Harding's death, while visiting his family home in Plymouth Notch, Vermont, Calvin Coolidge was sworn in as president by his father, John Calvin Coolidge, Sr., a notary public.Glenn D. Kittler, Hail to the Chief!: The Inauguration Days of our Presidents, 1965, page 167Porter H. Dale, The Calvin Coolidge Inauguration Revisited: An Eyewitness Account by Congressman Porter H. Dale, republished in Vermont History magazine, 1994, Volume 62, pages 214-222 Most recently, federal judge Sarah T. Hughes administered the oath of office to Lyndon B. Johnson aboard Air Force One after John F. Kennedy's assassination on November 22, 1963.Since 1789 there have been 59 inaugural ceremonies to mark the commencement of a new four-year term of a president of the United States, and an additional nine marking the start of a partial presidential term following the intra-term death or resignation of an incumbent president. With the 2021 inauguration of Joe Biden, the oath has been taken 73 different times by 45 people. This numerical discrepancy results chiefly from two factors: a president must take the oath at the beginning of each term of office, and, because the day of inauguration has sometimes fallen on a Sunday, five presidents have taken the oath privately before the public inaugural ceremonies.WEB,weblink Inauguration at the U.S. Capitol, Architect of the Capitol, January 22, 2017, There is no requirement that any book, or in particular a book of sacred text, be used to administer the oath, and none is mentioned in the Constitution. By convention, incoming presidents raise their right hand and place the left on a Bible or other book while taking the oath of office. While most have, John Quincy Adams did not use a Bible when taking the oath in 1825;WEB,weblink U.S. Presidential Inaugurations: John Quincy Adams, Web guides, Library of Congress, January 29, 2017, neither did Theodore Roosevelt in 1901.WEB,weblink U.S. Presidential Inaugurations: Theodore Roosevelt, Web guides, Library of Congress, January 29, 2017, In 1853, Franklin Pierce affirmed the oath of office rather than swear it.WEB,weblink U.S. Presidential Inaugurations: Franklin Pierce, Web guides, Library of Congress, January 22, 2024, More recently, a Catholic missal was used for Lyndon B. Johnson's 1963 swearing in ceremony.NEWS, Glass, Andrew J., Catholic Church Missal, Not Bible, Used by Johnson for Oath at Dallas, The Washington Post, February 26, 1967,weblink June 15, 2014, WEB, Usborne, Simon, The LBJ missal: Why a prayer book given to John F Kennedy was used to swear in the 36th US President, The Independent (UK), The Independent, November 16, 2013,weblink June 15, 2014, Bibles of historical significance have sometimes been used at inaugurations. George H. W. Bush, Jimmy Carter and Dwight D. Eisenhower used the George Washington Inaugural Bible. Barack Obama placed his hand upon the Lincoln Bible for his oaths in 2009 and 2013,WEB,weblink President-elect Barack Obama to be Sworn in Using Lincoln's Bible, Presidential Inaugural Committee, December 23, 2008, dead,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20090119012923weblink">weblink January 19, 2009, as did Donald Trump in 2017.NEWS,weblink The symbolism of Trump's two inaugural Bible choices, from Lincoln to his mother, The Washington Post, Katie, Mettler, January 18, 2017, January 29, 2017, Joe Biden placed his hand upon a large leather-bound family Bible.WEB, Schumaker, Erin, January 20, 2021, The significance of the Bible Joe Biden is using on Inauguration Day,weblink ABC News, abcnews.go.com, January 21, 2021, {{listen|filename=Four Ruffles and Flourishes (pause) and Hail To The Chief -short version-.ogg|title=Four ruffles and flourishes played before "Hail to the Chief"}}Immediately after the presidential oath, the United States Marine Band will perform four "ruffles and flourishes", followed by "Hail to the Chief", while simultaneously, a 21-gun salute is fired using artillery pieces from the Presidential Guns Salute Battery, 3rd United States Infantry Regiment "The Old Guard" located in Taft Park, north of the Capitol. The actual gun salute begins with the first "ruffle and flourish", and "run long" (i.e. the salute concludes after "Hail to the Chief" has ended). The Marine Band, which is believed to have made its inaugural debut in 1801 for Thomas Jefferson's first inauguration, is the only musical unit to participate in all three components of the presidential inauguration: the swearing-in ceremony, the inaugural parade, and an inaugural ball. During the ceremony, the band is positioned directly below the presidential podium at the U.S. Capitol.WEB,weblink Presidential Inauguration 2017, United States Marine Corps, January 27, 2017,

Inaugural address

{{Listen|filename=The Inauguration of the 46th President of the United States-q5iCPKDp4V4.webm|title=Inaugural address of President Joe Biden.! {{abbr|No.|Sequential numbering of quadrennial inaugurations}} !! Date !! Event{{efn|Events (inaugurations) sort alphabetically by president's last name.}} !! Location !! Oath administered by !! data-sort-type="number" |Address lengthWEB, Peters, Gerhard,weblink Inaugural Addresses (including length in words) Washington – Trump, The American Presidency Project, University of California, Santa Barbara, August 3, 2017, style="background:#FFF;"style="background:#FFF;"style="background:#FFF;"style="background:#FFF;"style="background:#FFF;"style="background:#FFF;"style="background:#FFF;"style="background:#FFF;"style="background:#FFF;"style="background:#FFF;"style="background:#FFF;"style="background:#FFF;"style="background:#FFF;"style="background:#FFF;"style="background:#FFF;"style="background:#FFF;"style="background:#FFF;"style="background:#FFF;"style="background:#FFF;"style="background:#FFF;"style="background:#FFF;"style="background:#FFF;"style="background:#FFF;"style="background:#FFF;"style="background:#FFF;"style="background:#FFF;"style="background:#FFF;"style="background:#FFF;"style="background:#FFF;"style="background:#FFF;"style="background:#FFF;"style="background:#FFF;"style="background:#FFF;"style="background:#FFF;"style="background:#FFF;"style="background:#FFF;"style="background:#FFF;"style="background:#FFF;"style="background:#FFF;"style="background:#FFF;"style="background:#FFF;"style="background:#FFF;"style="background:#FFF;"style="background:#FFF;"style="background:#FFF;"style="background:#FFF;"style="background:#FFF;"style="background:#FFF;"style="background:#FFF;"style="background:#FFF;"style="background:#FFF;"style="background:#FFF;"style="background:#FFF;"style="background:#FFF;"style="background:#FFF;"style="background:#FFF;"style="background:#FFF;"style="background:#FFF;"style="background:#FFF;"

Joe Biden after being Oath of office of the president of the United States>sworn in as the List of presidents of the United States	president of the United States on January 20, 2021.>format=WebM}}Newly sworn-in presidents usually give a speech referred to as an inaugural address. As with many inaugural customs, this one was started by George Washington in 1789. After taking his oath of office on the balcony of Federal Hall, he proceeded to the Senate chamber where he read a speech before members of Congress and other dignitaries. Every president since Washington has delivered an inaugural address. While many of the early presidents read their addresses before taking the oath, current custom dictates that the chief justice administer the oath first, followed by the president's speech. William McKinley requested the change in 1897, so that he could reiterate the words of the oath at the close of his first inaugural address.William Henry Harrison delivered the longest inaugural address, at 8,445 words, in 1841. John Adams' 1797 address, which totaled 2,308 words, contained the longest sentence, at 737 words. In 1793, Washington gave the shortest inaugural address on record, just 135 words.WEB,weblink Inaugural Address, Joint Congressional Committee on Inaugural Ceremonies, January 23, 2017, {{PD-notice}}Most presidents use their inaugural address to present their vision of America and to set forth their goals for the nation. Some of the most eloquent and powerful speeches are still quoted today. In 1865, in the waning days of the Civil War, Abraham Lincoln stated, "With malice toward none, with charity for all, with firmness in the right as God gives us to see the right, let us strive on to finish the work we are in, to bind up the nation's wounds, to care for him who shall have borne the battle and for his widow and his orphan, to do all which may achieve and cherish a just and lasting peace among ourselves and with all nations." In 1933, Franklin D. Roosevelt avowed, "the only thing we have to fear is fear itself.” And in 1961, John F. Kennedy declared, "And so my fellow Americans: ask not what your country can do for you – ask what you can do for your country."On the eight occasions where the new president succeeded to the office upon their predecessor's death intra-term, none gave an address, but each did address Congress soon thereafter. When Gerald Ford became president in 1974, following the resignation of Richard Nixon, he addressed the nation after taking the oath, but he characterized his speech as "Not an inaugural address, not a fireside chat, not a campaign speech{{snd}}just a little straight talk among friends".WEB,weblink Gerald R. Ford's Remarks on Taking the Oath of Office as President, Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library and Museum, November 18, 2008, November 10, 2008,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20081110192301weblink">weblink dead, ({{Cws |title=Full text |link=Gerald Ford's assumption of the Presidency|nobullet=yes}}) Prayers {{further|Prayers at United States presidential inaugurations}}File:Invocation at 1981 Reagan inauguration.jpg|thumb|right|The Reverend Donn Moomaw delivers the invocation at the first inauguration of Ronald Reaganfirst inauguration of Ronald ReaganSince 1937, the ceremony has incorporated one or more prayers.WEB,weblink Presidential Inaugurations Past and Present: A Look at the History Behind the Pomp and Circumstance, WEB,weblink Appendix D: Inaugural Clergy, Newdow, Since 1933 an associated prayer service either public or private attended by the president-elect has often taken place on the morning of the day.WEB,weblink Morning Worship Service, At times a major public or broadcast prayer service takes place after the main ceremony most recently on the next day.WEB, Washington National Cathedral: Presidential Inaugural Prayer Services, Washington National Cathedral,weblink January 16, 2009, dead,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20090120055714weblink">weblink January 20, 2009, mdy-all, Poems File:Angelou at Clinton inauguration.jpg|thumb|Maya Angelou delivering her poem "On the Pulse of MorningOn the Pulse of MorningSix inaugural ceremonies since 1961 have included a reading by a poet.NEWS, Michael E. Ruane, Selection Provides Civil Rights Symmetry,weblink Washington Post, December 17, 2008, January 15, 2009, The following poetry readings have taken place: Inauguration of John F. Kennedy (1961): Robert Frost read part of "Dedication" and recited "The Gift Outright"Tuten, Nancy Lewis; Zubizarreta, John (2001). The Robert Frost Encyclopedia. Greenwood Publishing Group, {{ISBN|9780313294648}} First inauguration of Bill Clinton (1993): Maya Angelou read her poem "On the Pulse of Morning"Kelloway, Kate. (January 24, 1993). "Poet for the New America," The Observer. Second inauguration of Bill Clinton (1997): Miller Williams read his poem "Of History and Hope"NEWS, Rosenthal, Harry, Poet Addresses Inaugural Event,weblink February 1, 2013, The Washington Post, January 20, 1997, First inauguration of Barack Obama (2009): Elizabeth Alexander read her poem "Praise Song for the Day"NEWS, Katharine Q. Seelye, Poet Chosen for Inauguration Is Aiming for a Work That Transcends the Moment,weblink The New York Times, December 21, 2008, January 15, 2009, Second inauguration of Barack Obama (2013): Richard Blanco read his poem "One Today"NEWS, Bruce, Mary, 'One Today': Full Text of Richard Blanco Inaugural Poem,weblink January 22, 2013, ABC News, January 21, 2013, Inauguration of Joe Biden (2021): Amanda Gorman read her poem "The Hill We Climb"NEWS, Domonoske, Camila, Poet Amanda Gorman Reads 'The Hill We Climb',weblink January 20, 2021, NPR, January 20, 2021, Other elements Over the years, various inauguration traditions have arisen that have expanded the event from a simple oath-taking ceremony to a day-long one, including parades, speeches, and balls. In fact, contemporary inaugural celebrations typically span 10 days, from five days before the inauguration to five days after. On some occasions however, either due to the preferences of the new president or to other constraining circumstances, they have been scaled back. Such was the case in 1945, because of rationing in effect during World War II. More recently, in 1973, the celebrations marking Richard Nixon's second inauguration were altered because of the death of former president Lyndon B. Johnson two days after the ceremony. All pending events were cancelled so preparations for Johnson's state funeral could begin. Because of the construction work on the center steps of the East Front, Johnson's casket was taken up the Senate wing steps of the Capitol when taken into the rotunda to lie in state. When it was brought out, it came out through the House wing steps of the Capitol.NEWS, Foley, Thomas, Thousands in Washington Brave Cold to Say Goodbye to Johnson, Los Angeles Times, January 25, 1973, A1, In 2021, due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the festivities were scaled back. Congressional luncheon (File:2009 Obama inauguration luncheon.jpg|thumb|Barack Obama's 2009 inaugural luncheon)Since 1953, the president and vice president have been guests of honor at a luncheon held by the leadership of the United States Congress immediately following the inaugural ceremony. The luncheon is held in Statuary Hall and is organized by the Joint Congressional Committee on Inaugural Ceremonies, and attended by the leadership of both houses of Congress as well as guests of the president and vice president. By tradition, the outgoing president and vice president will not attend. In 2021, due to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, the luncheon was replaced by a gift-giving ceremony. Inaugural parade File:Garfield inauguration.jpg|thumb|The Inaugural Parade on Pennsylvania Avenue passes the presidential reviewing stand in front of the White HouseWhite HouseFile:President George W. Bush and Mrs. Laura Bush Lead the Inaugural Parade down Pennsylvania Avenue en Route the White House.jpg|thumb|300px|Inauguration Day, January 20, 2005: President George W. Bush and First Lady Laura BushLaura BushFollowing the arrival of the presidential entourage to the White House, it is customary for the president, vice-president, their respective families and leading members of the government and military to review an inaugural parade from an enclosed stand at the edge of the North Lawn, a custom begun by James Garfield in 1881. The parade, which proceeds along {{convert|1.5|mi}} of Pennsylvania Avenue in front of the stand and the Front Lawn in view of the presidential party, features both military and civilian participants from all 50 states and the District of Columbia; this parade largely evolved from the post-inaugural procession to the White House, and occurred as far back as Jefferson's second inauguration in 1805, when workers from the Washington Navy Yard, accompanied by military music, marched with the presidentWEB,weblink Marine Band Inauguration History, Marine Band Public Affairs Office, January 27, 2017, on foot as he rode on horseback from the Capitol to the White House. By the time of William Henry Harrison's inauguration in 1841, political clubs and marching societies would regularly travel to Washington for the parade. That year was also the first in which floats were part of the parade. It was at Lincoln's second inauguration, in 1865, that Native Americans and African Americans participated in the inaugural parade for the first time.BOOK, Bendat, Jim, Democracy's Big Day: The Inauguration of Our President, 1789-2013, iUniverse, 2012, 106–108,weblink 978-1-935278-47-4, Women were involved for the first time in 1917.NEWS,weblink From Washington to Trump: Inauguration firsts, Rossman, Sean, January 20, 2017, USA Today, January 27, 2017, In 1829, following his first inaugural parade, Andrew Jackson held a public reception at the White House, during which 20,000 people created such a crush that Jackson had to escape through a window. Nevertheless, White House receptions continued until lengthy afternoon parades created scheduling problems. Reviving the idea in 1989, President George H. W. Bush invited the public to a "White House American Welcome" on the day after the inaugural.WEB,weblink Presidential Inaugurations: Celebrate New Times, The White House Historical Association, January 27, 2017, Grover Cleveland’s 1885 inaugural parade lasted three hours and showcased 25,000 marchers. Eighty years later, Lyndon Johnson’s parade included 52 select bands. Dwight D. Eisenhower's 1953 parade included about 22,000 service men and women and 5,000 civilians, which included 50 state and organization floats costing $100,000. There were also 65 musical units, 350 horses, 3 elephants, an Alaskan dog team, and the 280-millimeter atomic cannon.WEB,weblink 1953 Presidential Inauguration, Eisenhower Presidential Library, Museum & Boyhood Home, January 27, 2017, dead,weblink April 1, 2015, In 1977, Jimmy Carter became the first president to set out by foot for more than a mile on the route to the White House. The walk has become a tradition that has been matched in ceremony if not in length by the presidents who followed.NEWS,weblink The Inaugural Parade, and the Presidents Who Walked It, Hauser, January 19, 2017, The New York Times, January 27, 2017, Twice during the 20th century, an inaugural parade down Pennsylvania Avenue was not held. In 1945, at the height of World War II, Franklin D. Roosevelt's fourth Inauguration was simple and austere with no fanfare or formal celebration following the event. There was no parade because of gas rationing and a lumber shortage.WEB,weblink The 40th Presidential Inauguration Franklin D. Roosevelt January 20, 1945, The Joint Congressional Committee on Inaugural Ceremonies, January 31, 2017, September 23, 2017,weblink dead, In 1985, with the temperature near {{convert|7|F}},NEWS,weblink Spokesman-Review, (Spokane, Washington), Associated Press, Reagan: Peace with mighty defense, January 22, 1985, A1, WEB,weblink Inauguration of President Ronald Wilson Reagan, 1985, 2018-03-26, dead,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20121006180020weblink">weblink 2012-10-06, all outdoor events for Ronald Reagan's second inauguration were canceled or moved indoors. Interfaith national prayer service File:P012213PS-0244 (8475772087).jpg|thumb|Barack Obama, Michelle Obama, Joe Biden, and Jill BidenJill BidenA tradition of an interfaith national prayer service, usually the day after the inauguration, dates back to George Washington and since Franklin Delano Roosevelt, the prayer service has been held at the Washington National Cathedral.NEWS,weblink On His First Full Day, Obama Tackles Sobering Challenges, January 28, 2009, January 21, 2009, The New York Times, Knowlton, Brian, This is not the same as the Inaugural Prayer, a tradition also begun by Washington, when on June 1, 1789, Methodist bishops Francis Asbury and Thomas Coke, Rev. John Dickins, the pastor of Old St. George's (America's oldest Methodist Church) and Major Thomas Morrell, one of President Washington's former aides-de-camp called upon Washington in New York City.I The Journal and Letters of Francis Asbury Chap. 18. This tradition resumed in 1985 with President Reagan and continues under the auspices of a Presidential Inaugural Prayer Committee based at Old St. George's. Inaugural balls The first Inaugural Ball was held on the night of James Madison's first inauguration in 1809. Tickets were $4 and it took place at Long's Hotel. Security File:170117-SAFE-Boat-Patrol-GF-573 (32224875122).jpg|thumb|A U.S. Customs and Border ProtectionU.S. Customs and Border ProtectionThe security for the inaugural celebrations is a complex matter, involving the Secret Service, Department of Homeland Security, Federal Protective Service (DHS-FPS), all five branches of the Armed Forces, the Capitol Police, the United States Park Police (USPP), and the Metropolitan Police Department of the District of Columbia (MPDC). Federal law enforcement agencies also sometimes request assistance from various other state and local law-enforcement agencies throughout the United States. Presidential medals File:Presidential Medals 019.jpg|thumb|A presidential medal from the inauguration of Theodore RooseveltTheodore RooseveltBeginning with George Washington, there has been a traditional association with Inauguration festivities and the production of a presidential medal. With the District of Columbia attracting thousands of attendees for inauguration, presidential medals were an inexpensive souvenir for the tourists to remember the occasion. However, the once-simple trinket turned into an official presidential election memento. In 1901, the first Inauguration CommitteeWEB,weblink Presidential Inaugural Committee Announces Inaugural Parade Participant Lineup, January 12, 2017, {{Failed verification|date=February 2021}} on Medals and Badges was established as part of the official Inauguration Committee for the re-election of President McKinley. The Committee saw official medals as a way to raise funding for the festivities. Gold medals were to be produced as gifts for the president, vice president, and committee chair; silver medals were to be created and distributed among Inauguration Committee members, and bronze medals would be for sale for public consumption. McKinley's medal was simple with his portrait on one side and writing on the other side.MacNeil, Neil. The President's medal, 1789–1977. New York: Published in association with the National Portrait Gallery, Smithsonian Institution, by C. N. Potter, 1977.Unlike his predecessor, when Theodore Roosevelt took his oath of office in 1905, he found the previous presidential medal unacceptable. As an art lover and admirer of the ancient Greek high-relief coins, Roosevelt wanted more than a simple medal—he wanted a work of art. To achieve this goal, the president hired Augustus Saint-Gaudens, a famous American sculptor, to design and create his inauguration medal. Saint-Gaudens' obsession with perfection resulted in a forestalled release and the medals were distributed after the actual inauguration. Nonetheless, President Roosevelt was very pleased with the result. Saint-Gaudens' design, executed by Adolph A. Weinman, was cast by Tiffany & Company and was proclaimed an artistic triumph.WEB,weblink History of the Official Inaugural Medal, Levine, H. Joseph, Lori Ferber Collectibles, January 27, 2017, Saint-Gaudens' practice of creating a portrait sculpture of the newly elected president is still used today in presidential medal creation. After the president sits for the sculptor, the resulting clay sketch is turned into a life mask and plaster model. Finishing touches are added and the epoxy cast that is created is used to produce the die cuts. The die cuts are then used to strike the president's portrait on each medal.Levine, H. Joseph. Collectors Guide to Presidential Medals and Memorabilia. Danbury, Conn.: Johnson & Jensen, 1981.From 1929 through 1949, the official medal was struck by the U.S. Mint. This changed in 1953 when the Medallic Art Company was chosen to strike Walker Hancock's portrait of President Eisenhower. The official medals have been struck by private mints ever since. The Smithsonian Institution and The George Washington University hold the two most complete collections of presidential medals in the United States.Gerald Ford's unscheduled inauguration also had a medal.WEB,weblink Gerald R. Ford Presidential Inaugural Medal, Smithsonian American Art Museum, {{anchor|List of inaugural ceremonies}}List of inauguration ceremonies {{for|a listing of all U.S. presidential swearing-in events|Oath of office of the president of the United States}}The 59 inauguration ceremonies marking the start of a new four-year presidential term of office and also the nine marking the start of a partial presidential term following the intra-term death or resignation of an incumbent president are listed in the table below.{|class="wikitable sortable"
	1789	30}}(Thursday)		Front balcony,Federal HallNew York City	, New York (state)>New York	>	title=Full text	nobullet=yes}}
	1793	04}}(Monday)		United States Senate	Chamber,Congress HallPhiladelphia, Pennsylvania >		135 words{{Cws	link=George Washington's Second Inaugural Address|nobullet=yes}}
	1797	04}}(Saturday)		United States House of Representatives	Chamber,Congress Hall >		title=Full text	nobullet=yes}}
	1801	04}}(Wednesday)		Old Senate Chamber	,U.S. CapitolWashington, D.C. >		title=Full text	nobullet=yes}}
	1805	04}}(Monday)		Senate Chamber,U.S. Capitol		2166 words{{Cws	link=Thomas Jefferson's Second Inaugural Address|nobullet=yes}}
	1809	04}}(Saturday)		United States House of Representatives	Chamber,U.S. Capitol >		title=Full text	nobullet=yes}}
	1813	04}}(Thursday)		House Chamber,U.S. Capitol		1211 words{{Cws	link=James Madison's Second Inaugural Address|nobullet=yes}}
	1817	04}}(Tuesday)		Front steps,Old Brick Capitol		3375 words{{Cws	link=James Monroe's First Inaugural Address|nobullet=yes}}
	1821	05}}{{efn	Term began Sunday, March 4.}}(Monday)		House Chamber,U.S. Capitol		4472 words{{Cws	link=James Monroe's Second Inaugural Address|nobullet=yes}}
	1825	04}}(Friday)		House Chamber,U.S. Capitol		2915 words{{Cws	link=John Quincy Adams's Inaugural Address|nobullet=yes}}
	1829	04}}(Wednesday)		East Portico,U.S. Capitol		1128 words{{Cws	link=Andrew Jackson's First Inaugural Address|nobullet=yes}}
	1833	04}}(Monday)		House Chamber,U.S. Capitol		1176 words{{Cws	link=Andrew Jackson's Second Inaugural Address|nobullet=yes}}
	1837	04}}(Saturday)		East Portico,U.S. Capitol		3843 words{{Cws	link=Martin Van Buren's Inaugural Address|nobullet=yes}}
	1841	04}}(Thursday)		East Portico,U.S. Capitol		8460 words{{Cws	link=William Henry Harrison's Inaugural Address|nobullet=yes}}
}}	{{dts	04	Term began when President Harrison died on April 4.}}(Tuesday)	(Extraordinary inauguration)	Brown's Indian Queen Hotel,Washington, D.C.	>	—}}
	1845	04}}(Tuesday)		East Portico,U.S. Capitol		4809 words{{Cws	link=James K. Polk's Inaugural Address|nobullet=yes}}
	1849	05}}{{efn					title=Full text	nobullet=yes}}
}}	{{dts	07	Term began when President Taylor died on July 9.}}(Wednesday)	(Extraordinary inauguration)	United States House of Representatives	Chamber,U.S. Capitol >		—}}
	1853	04}}(Friday)		East Portico,U.S. Capitol		3336 words{{Cws	link=Franklin Pierce's Inaugural Address|nobullet=yes}}
	1857	04}}(Wednesday)		East Portico,U.S. Capitol		2831 words{{Cws	link=James Buchanan's Inaugural Address|nobullet=yes}}
	1861	04}}(Monday)		East Portico,U.S. Capitol		3637 words{{Cws	link=Abraham Lincoln's First Inaugural Address|nobullet=yes}}
	1865	04}}(Saturday)		East Portico,U.S. Capitol		700 words{{Cws	link=Abraham Lincoln's Second Inaugural Address|nobullet=yes}}
}}	{{dts	04			Raleigh Hotel (Washington D.C.)>Kirkwood House,Washington, D.C.		{{center|—}}
	1869	04}}(Thursday)		East Portico,U.S. Capitol		1127 words{{Cws	link=Ulysses S. Grant's First Inaugural Address|nobullet=yes}}
	1873	04}}(Tuesday)		East Portico,U.S. Capitol		1339 words{{Cws	link=Ulysses S. Grant's Second Inaugural Address|nobullet=yes}}
	1877	05}}{{efn					title=Full text	nobullet=yes}}
	1881	04}}(Friday)		East Portico,U.S. Capitol		2979 words{{Cws	link=James A. Garfield's Inaugural Address|nobullet=yes}}
}}	{{dts	09	Term began when President Garfield died on September 19.}}(Tuesday)		Chester A. Arthur Home,New York, New York		{{center|—}}
	1885	04}}(Wednesday)		East Portico,U.S. Capitol		1686 words{{Cws	link=Grover Cleveland's First Inaugural Address|nobullet=yes}}
	1889	04}}(Monday)		East Portico,U.S. Capitol		4392 words{{Cws	link=Benjamin Harrison's Inaugural Address|nobullet=yes}}
	1893	04}}(Saturday)		East Portico,U.S. Capitol		2015 words{{Cws	link=Grover Cleveland's Second Inaugural Address|nobullet=yes}}
	1897	04}}(Thursday)		Front of Old Senate Chamber	U.S. Capitol >		title=Full text	nobullet=yes}}
	1901	04}}(Monday)		East Portico,U.S. Capitol		2218 words{{Cws	link=William McKinley's Second Inaugural Address|nobullet=yes}}
}}	{{dts	09			Theodore Roosevelt Inaugural National Historic Site>Ansley Wilcox Home,Buffalo, New York		{{center|—}}
	1905	04}}(Saturday)		East Portico,U.S. Capitol		984 words{{Cws	link=Theodore Roosevelt's Inaugural Address|nobullet=yes}}
	1909	04}}(Thursday)		Senate Chamber,U.S. Capitol		5434 words{{Cws	link=William Howard Taft's Inaugural Address|nobullet=yes}}
	1913	04}}(Tuesday)		East Portico,U.S. Capitol	>	title=Full text	nobullet=yes}}
	1917	05}}{{efn					title=Full text	nobullet=yes}}
	1921	04}}(Friday)		East Portico,U.S. Capitol		3329 words{{Cws	link=Warren Harding's Inaugural Address|nobullet=yes}}
}}	{{dts	08	Term began when President Harding died on August 2.}}(Friday)		Coolidge Homestead,Plymouth Notch, Vermont	, Vermont >	justice of the peace	{{center|—}}
	1925	04}}(Wednesday)		East Portico,U.S. Capitol	>	title=Full text	nobullet=yes}}
	1929	04}}(Monday)		East Portico,U.S. Capitol		3672 words{{Cws	link=Herbert Hoover's Inaugural Address|nobullet=yes}}
	1933	04}}(Saturday)		East Portico,U.S. Capitol	>	title=Full text	nobullet=yes}}
	1937	20}}(Wednesday)		East Portico,U.S. Capitol		1800 words{{Cws	link=Franklin Roosevelt's Second Inaugural Address|nobullet=yes}}
	1941	20}}(Monday)		East Portico,U.S. Capitol		1359 words{{Cws	link=Franklin Roosevelt's third Inaugural Address|nobullet=yes}}
	1945	20}}(Saturday)		South Portico,White House		559 words{{Cws	link=Franklin Roosevelt's Fourth Inaugural Address|nobullet=yes}}
}}	{{dts	04			Cabinet Room (White House)>Cabinet Room,White House		{{center|—}}
	1949	20}}(Thursday)		East Portico,U.S. Capitol		2273 words{{Cws	link=Harry S. Truman's Inaugural Address|nobullet=yes}}
	1953	20}}(Tuesday)		East Portico,U.S. Capitol		2459 words{{Cws	link=Dwight Eisenhower's First Inaugural Address|nobullet=yes}}
	1957	21}}{{efn	Term began Sunday, January 20.}}(Monday)		East Portico,U.S. Capitol		1658 words{{Cws	link=Dwight Eisenhower's Second Inaugural Address|nobullet=yes}}
	1961	20}}(Friday)		East Portico,U.S. Capitol		1366 words{{Cws	link=John F. Kennedy's Inaugural Address|nobullet=yes}}
}}	{{dts	11			Air Force One,Dallas Love Field,Dallas, Texas >		—}}
	1965	20}}(Wednesday)		East Portico,U.S. Capitol		1507 words{{Cws	link=Lyndon Johnson's Inaugural Address|nobullet=yes}}
	1969	20}}(Monday)		East Portico,U.S. Capitol		2128 words{{Cws	link=Richard Nixon's First Inaugural Address|nobullet=yes}}
	1973	20}}(Saturday)		East Portico,U.S. Capitol		1803 words{{Cws	link=Richard Nixon's Second Inaugural Address|nobullet=yes}}
}}	{{dts	08			East Room,White House >		title=Full text	nobullet=yes}}
	1977	20}}(Thursday)		East Portico,U.S. Capitol		1229 words{{Cws	link=Jimmy Carter's Inaugural Address|nobullet=yes}}
	1981	20}}(Tuesday)		West Front,U.S. Capitol		2427 words{{Cws	link=Ronald Reagan's First Inaugural Address|nobullet=yes}}
	1985	21}}{{efn			United States Capitol rotunda>Rotunda,U.S. Capitol		2561 words{{Cws	link=Ronald Reagan's Second Inaugural Address|nobullet=yes}}
	1989	20}}(Friday)		West Front,U.S. Capitol		2320 words{{Cws	link=George H. W. Bush's Inaugural Address|nobullet=yes}}
	1993	20}}(Wednesday)		West Front,U.S. Capitol		1598 words{{Cws	link=Bill Clinton's First Inaugural Address|nobullet=yes}}
	1997	20}}(Monday)		West Front,U.S. Capitol		2155 words{{Cws	link=Bill Clinton's Second Inaugural Address|nobullet=yes}}
	2001	20}}(Saturday)		West Front,U.S. Capitol		1592 words{{Cws	link=George W. Bush's First Inaugural Address|nobullet=yes}}
	2005	20}}(Thursday)		West Front,U.S. Capitol		2071 words{{Cws	link=George W. Bush's Second Inaugural Address|nobullet=yes}}
	2009	20}}(Tuesday)		West Front,U.S. Capitol		2395 words{{Cws	link=Barack Obama's First Inaugural Address|nobullet=yes}}
	2013	21}}{{efn					title=Full text	nobullet=yes}}
	2017	20}}(Friday)		West Front,U.S. Capitol		1433 words{{Cws	link=Donald Trump's Inaugural Address|nobullet=yes}}
	2021	20}}(Wednesday)		West Front,U.S. Capitol		2514 words{{Cws	link=Joe Biden's presidential inaugural address|nobullet=yes}}

Notes

{{notelist}}

Graphical timeline of U.S. presidents

{{Timeline US Presidents}}

See also

• United States presidential transition

References

{{Reflist|30em}}

Further reading

• BOOK, Inaugural Addresses of the Presidents of the United States, Bartleby.com, 1989, 1-58734-025-9,
• BOOK, Bendat, Jim, 2008, Democracy's Big Day: The Inauguration of Our President 1789–2009, New York, iUniverse Star, 9781583484661,

External links

{{Commons category|Presidential inaugurations of the United States|U.S. presidential inaugurations}}

• Inauguration Ceremonies, U.S. Senate
• U.S. Presidential Inaugurations: "I Do Solemnly Swear..." A Resource Guide from the Library of Congress
• Full texts of all U.S. Inaugural Addresses at Bartleby.com
• Historical Inauguration Speeches at YouTube from C-SPAN, 12 videos, spanning 1933 through 2013
• Corpus of Political Speeches Free access to political speeches by American and other politicians, developed by Hong Kong Baptist University Library

{{US inaugurations}}{{Lists of US presidents and vice presidents}}{{Authority control}}