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{{Short description|United States federal judge position}}{{Use mdy dates|date=November 2021}}{{SCOTUS series}}An associate justice of the Supreme Court of the United States is a justice of the Supreme Court of the United States, other than the chief justice of the United States. The number of associate justices is eight, as set by the Judiciary Act of 1869.BOOK, Kermit L., Hall, Judiciary Act of 1869, The Oxford Companion to the Supreme Court of the United States, Kermit L., Hall, James W., Ely, Joel B., Grossman, Oxford University Press, 2005, 548, 9780195176612,weblink October 28, 2018, June 30, 2020,weblink live, Article II, Section 2, Clause 2 of the Constitution of the United States grants plenary power to the president to nominate, and with the advice and consent (confirmation) of the Senate, appoint justices to the Supreme Court. Article III, Section 1 of the Constitution effectively grants life tenure to associate justices, and all other federal judges, which ends only when a justice dies, retires, resigns, or is impeached and convicted.WEB, McMillion, Barry J., Rutkus, Denis Steven, July 6, 2018, Supreme Court Nominations, 1789 to 2017: Actions by the Senate, the Judiciary Committee, and the President,weblink Congressional Research Service, Washington, D.C., October 24, 2018, August 9, 2019,weblink live, Each Supreme Court justice has a single vote in deciding the cases argued before it, and the chief justice's vote counts no more than that of any other justice; however, the chief justice leads the discussion of the case among the justices. Furthermore, the chief justice—when in the majority—decides who writes the court's opinion; otherwise, the senior justice in the majority assigns the writing of a decision. The chief justice also has certain administrative responsibilities that the other justices do not and is paid slightly more ($298,500 per year as of 2023, compared to $285,400 per year for an associate justice).WEB, Judicial Compensation,weblink 2023-04-26, United States Courts, en, Associate justices have seniority in order of the date their respective commissions bear, although the chief justice is always considered to be the most senior justice. If two justices are commissioned on the same day, the elder is designated the senior justice of the two. Currently, the senior associate justice is Clarence Thomas. By tradition, when the justices are in conference deliberating the outcome of cases before the Supreme Court, the justices state their views in order of seniority. The senior associate justice is also tasked with carrying out the chief justice's duties when he is unable to, or if that office is vacant.

Current associate justices

There are currently eight associate justices on the Supreme Court. The justices, ordered by seniority, are:File:Clarence Thomas official SCOTUS portrait.jpg|Clarence Thomas,since October 23, 1991WEB, Justice Clarence Thomas,weblink The Supreme Court Historical Society, Washington, D.C., January 13, 2018, May 15, 2020,weblink dead, File:010 alito.jpg|Samuel Alito,since January 31, 2006WEB, Justice Samuel Anthony Alito, Jr.,weblink The Supreme Court Historical Society, Washington, D.C., January 13, 2018, June 16, 2020,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20200616065838weblink">weblink dead, File:Sonia Sotomayor in SCOTUS robe.jpg|Sonia Sotomayor,since August 8, 2009WEB, Justice Sonia Sotomayor,weblink The Supreme Court Historical Society, Washington, D.C., January 13, 2018, March 4, 2020,weblink dead, File:Elena Kagan Official SCOTUS Portrait (2013).jpg|Elena Kagan,since August 7, 2010WEB, Justice Elena Kagan,weblink The Supreme Court Historical Society, Washington, D.C., January 13, 2018, May 24, 2020,weblink dead, File:Associate Justice Neil Gorsuch Official Portrait.jpg|Neil Gorsuch,since April 10, 2017WEB, Justice Neil M. Gorsuch,weblink The Supreme Court Historical Society, Washington, D.C., January 13, 2018, November 22, 2019,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20191122034749weblink">weblink dead, File:Associate Justice Brett Kavanaugh Official Portrait (full length).jpg|Brett Kavanaugh,since October 6, 2018WEB,weblink Kavanaugh sworn to high court after rancorous confirmation, Fram, Alan, Mascaro, Lisa, Daly, Matthew, October 6, 2018, ap.org, New York, New York, October 6, 2018, June 16, 2020,weblink live, File:Amy Coney Barrett official portrait.jpg|Amy Coney Barrett,since October 27, 2020WEB, Barbara Sprunt, Amy Coney Barrett Confirmed To Supreme Court, Takes Constitutional Oath,weblink NPR, October 26, 2020, October 26, 2020, October 27, 2020,weblink live, File:KBJackson.jpg|alt=|Ketanji Brown Jackson,since June 30, 2022WEB, 2022-06-30, WATCH LIVE: Judge Ketanji Brown Jackson sworn in as first Black woman on Supreme Court,weblink 2022-06-30, PBS NewsHour, en-us,

Retired associate justices

An associate justice who leaves the Supreme Court after attaining the age and meeting the service requirements prescribed by federal statute ({{USCode|28|371}}) may retire rather than resign. After retirement, they keep their title, and by custom may also keep a set of chambers in the Supreme Court building, and employ law clerks. The names of retired associate justices continue to appear alongside those of the active justices in the bound volumes of Supreme Court decisions. Federal statute ({{USCode|28|294}}) provides that retired Supreme Court justices may serve—if designated and assigned by the chief justice—on panels of the U.S. courts of appeals, or on the U.S. district courts. Retired justices are not, however, authorized to take part in the consideration or decision of any cases before the Supreme Court (unlike other retired federal judges who may be permitted to do so in their former courts); neither are they known or designated as a "senior judge". When, after his retirement, William O. Douglas attempted to take a more active role than was customary, maintaining that it was his prerogative to do so because of his senior status, he was rebuffed by Chief Justice Warren Burger and admonished by the whole Court.BOOK, Bob Woodward, Woodward, Robert, Scott Armstrong (journalist), Armstrong, Scott, (The Brethren (Woodward and Armstrong book), The Brethren: Inside the Supreme Court), 1979, 480–488, 526, 978-0-7432-7402-9, Simon & Schuster, New York, There are currently three living retired associate justices: David Souter, retired June 29, 2009; Anthony Kennedy, retired July 31, 2018; and Stephen Breyer, retired June 30, 2022. Souter has served on panels of the First Circuit Courts of Appeals following his retirement; Kennedy and Breyer have not performed any judicial duties since retiring.

List of associate justices

Since the Supreme Court was established in 1789, the following 104 persons have served as an associate justice:WEB, Supreme Court Nominations (1789-Present),weblink United States Senate, washington, D.C., February 14, 2022, WEB, Justices 1789 to Present,weblink Supreme Court of the United States, Washington, D.C., February 14, 2022, {| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"! colspan=3 | Associate justice! Seat! class = "unsortable"| Replacing! Date confirmed(Vote)! Tenure{{Efn|name="startend"}}! Appointed by! class = "unsortable"| Prior position{{Efn|name="position"}}

1	100px)| John Rutledge| 1st| (new seat)	September 26, 1789}}(Acclamation)	February 15, 1790}}–March 4, 1791(Resigned){{Efn|name="Rutledge"}}	George Washington	List of Governors of South Carolina>31stgovernor of South Carolina(1779–1782)

2	100px)	William Cushing{{Efn>name="Cushing"}}| 2nd| (new seat)	September 26, 1789}}(Acclamation)	February 2, 1790}}–September 13, 1810{{small|(Died)}}| Chief Justice of theMassachusetts Superior Court(1777–1789)

3	100px)	James Wilson (Founding Father)>James Wilson| 3rd| (new seat)	September 26, 1789}}(Acclamation)	October 5, 1789}}–August 21, 1798{{small|(Died)}}	Constitutional Convention (United States)>Constitutional Convention(1787)

4	100px)	John Blair Jr.>John Blair| 4th| (new seat)	September 26, 1789}}(Acclamation)	February 2, 1790}}–October 25, 1795{{small|(Resigned)}}| Member of theVirginia House of Burgesses(1766–1770)

5	100px)| James Iredell| 5th| (new seat)	February 10, 1790}}(Acclamation)	May 12, 1790}}–October 20, 1799{{small|(Died)}}	Attorney General of North Carolina>attorney general of North Carolina(1779–1782)

6	100px)	Thomas Johnson (jurist)>Thomas Johnson	1st| J. Rutledge	November 7, 1791}}(Acclamation)	September 19, 1791}}{{Efn	(Resigned)}}| 1stgovernor of Maryland(1777–1779)

7	100px)	William Paterson (judge)>William Paterson| T. Johnson	March 4, 1793}}(Acclamation)	March 11, 1793}}–September 8, 1806{{small|(Died)}}	List of Governors of New Jersey>2ndgovernor of New Jersey(1790–1793)

8	100px)	Samuel Chase{{efn>name="impeached"}}| 4th| Blair	January 27, 1796}}(Acclamation)	February 4, 1796}}–June 19, 1811{{small|(Died)}}| Chief Justice of theMaryland General Court(1791–1796)

9	100px)| Bushrod Washington| 3rd| Wilson	December 20, 1798}}(Acclamation)	November 9, 1798}}{{Efn	(Died)}}	John Adams| Delegate to theVirginia Ratifying Convention(1788)

10	100px)| Alfred Moore| 5th| Iredell	December 9, 1799}}(Acclamation)	April 21, 1800}}–January 26, 1804{{small|(Resigned)}}	Attorney General of North Carolina>attorney general of North Carolina(1782–1791)

11	100px)	William Johnson (judge)>William Johnson| 5th| Moore	March 24, 1804}}(Acclamation)	May 7, 1804}}–August 4, 1834{{small|(Died)}}	Thomas Jefferson| Speaker of the South Carolina House of Representatives(1798–1800)

12	100px)| Henry Brockholst Livingston| 1st| Paterson	December 17, 1806}}(Acclamation)	January 20, 1807}}{{Efn	(Died)}}| Justice of theNew York Supreme Court(1802–1807)

13	100px)| Thomas Todd| 6th| (new seat)	March 2, 1807}}(Acclamation)	March 4, 1807}}–February 7, 1826{{small|(Died)}}| Chief Justice of theKentucky Court of Appeals(1806–1807)

14	100px)| Gabriel Duvall| 4th| Chase	November 18, 1811}}(Acclamation)	November 23, 1811}}–January 12, 1835{{small|(Resigned)}}	James Madison	United States House of Representatives>U.S. representative forMaryland's 2nd district(1794–1796)

15	100px)| Joseph Story| 2nd| Cushing	November 18, 1811}}(Acclamation)	February 3, 1812}}–September 10, 1845{{small|(Died)}}	United States House of Representatives>U.S. representative forMassachusetts's 2nd district(1808–1809)

16	100px)| Smith Thompson| 1st| Livingston	December 9, 1823}}(Acclamation)	September 1, 1823}}{{Efn	(Died)}}| James Monroe	United States Secretary of the Navy>United States secretary of the Navy(1819–1823)

17	100px)| Robert Trimble	6th| Todd	May 9, 1826}}(25–5)	June 16, 1826}}–August 25, 1828{{small|(Died)}}| John Quincy Adams	United States District Court for the District of Kentucky>United States District Courtfor the District of Kentucky(1817–1826)

18	100px)| John McLean| Trimble	March 7, 1829}}(Acclamation)	March 12, 1829}}–April 4, 1861{{small|(Died)}}	Andrew Jackson	United States Postmaster General>United States postmaster general(1823–1829)

19	100px)	Henry Baldwin (judge)>Henry Baldwin| 3rd| Washington	January 6, 1830}}(41–2)	January 18, 1830}}–April 21, 1844{{small|(Died)}}	United States House of Representatives>U.S. representative forPennsylvania's 14th district(1817–1822)

20	100px)| James Moore Wayne| 5th| W. Johnson	January 9, 1835}}(Acclamation)	January 14, 1835}}–July 5, 1867{{small	(Seat abolished)}}	United States House of Representatives>U.S. representative forGeorgia's at-large district(1829–1835)

21	100px)| Philip P. Barbour| 4th| Duvall	March 15, 1836}}(30–11)	May 12, 1836}}–February 25, 1841{{small|(Died)}}	United States District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia>United States District Courtfor the Eastern District of Virginia(1830–1836)

22	100px)| John Catron| 7th| (new seat)	March 8, 1837}}(28–15)	May 1, 1837}}–May 30, 1865{{small	(Seat abolished)}}	Tennessee Supreme Court of Errors and Appeals>Tennessee Supreme Courtof Errors and Appeals(1824–1834)

23	100px)| John McKinley| 8th| (new seat)	September 25, 1837}}(Acclamation)	January 9, 1838}}{{Efn	(Died)}}	Martin Van Buren	United States Senate>United States senatorfrom Alabama(1826–1831, 1837)

24	100px)| Peter Vivian Daniel| 4th| Barbour	March 2, 1841}}(25–5)	January 10, 1842}}–May 31, 1860{{small|(Died)}}	United States District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia>United States District Courtfor the Eastern District of Virginia(1836–1841)

25	100px)| Samuel Nelson| 1st| Thompson	February 14, 1845}}(Acclamation)	February 27, 1845}}–November 28, 1872{{small|(Retired)}}| John Tyler| Chief Justice of the New York Supreme Court(1831–1845)

26	100px)| Levi Woodbury| 2nd| Story	January 31, 1846}}(Acclamation)	September 23, 1845}}{{Efn	(Died)}}	James K. Polk	United States Secretary of the Treasury>United States secretary of the treasury(1834–1841)

27	100px)| Robert Cooper Grier| 3rd| Baldwin	August 4, 1846}}(Acclamation)	August 10, 1846}}–January 31, 1870{{small|(Retired)}}	Allegheny County, Pennsylvania>Allegheny County(1833–1846)

28	100px)| Benjamin Robbins Curtis| 2nd| Woodbury	December 20, 1851}}(Acclamation)	October 10, 1851}}{{Efn	(Resigned)}}| Millard Fillmore	Massachusetts House of Representatives>Massachusetts state representative

29	100px)| John Archibald Campbell| 8th| McKinley	March 22, 1853}}(Acclamation)	April 11, 1853}}–April 30, 1861{{small|(Resigned)}}| Franklin Pierce	Alabama House of Representatives>Alabama state representative

30	100px)| Nathan Clifford| 2nd| Curtis	January 12, 1858}}(26–23)	January 21, 1858}}–July 25, 1881{{small|(Died)}}| James Buchanan	United States Attorney General>United States attorney general(1846–1848)

31	100px)| Noah Haynes Swayne| 6th| McLean	January 24, 1862}}(38–1)	January 27, 1862}}–January 24, 1881{{small|(Retired)}}	Abraham Lincoln	United States Attorney>U.S. attorney for theDistrict of Ohio(1830–1834)

32	100px)| Samuel Freeman Miller| 4th| Daniel	July 16, 1862}}(Acclamation)	July 21, 1862}}–October 13, 1890{{small|(Died)}}| Lawyer,Private practice

33	100px)	David Davis (Supreme Court justice)>David Davis| 8th| Campbell	December 8, 1862}}(Acclamation)	December 10, 1862}}{{Efn	(Resigned)}}	Illinois circuit courts>Illinois 3rd Circuit Court(1848–1862)

34	100px)| Stephen Johnson Field| 9th| (new seat)	March 10, 1863}}(Acclamation)	May 20, 1863}}–December 1, 1897{{small|(Retired)}}	Supreme Court of California#List of chief justices>chief justice of California(1859–1863)

35	100px)	William Strong (Pennsylvania judge)>William Strong| 3rd| Grier	February 18, 1870}}(Acclamation)	March 14, 1870}}–December 14, 1880{{small|(Retired)}}	Ulysses S. Grant	United States House of Representatives>U.S. representative forPennsylvania's 9th district(1847–1851)

36	100px)| Joseph P. Bradley| 10th| (new seat)	March 21, 1870}}(46–9)	March 23, 1870}}–January 22, 1892{{small|(Died)}}| Lawyer,Private practice

37	100px)| Ward Hunt| 1st| Nelson	December 11, 1872}}(Acclamation)	January 9, 1873}}–January 27, 1882{{small|(Retired)}}| Chief Judge of theNew York Court of Appeals(1868–1872)

38	100px)| John Marshall Harlan| 8th| Davis	December 10, 1877}}(Acclamation)	November 29, 1877}}–October 14, 1911{{small|(Died)}}	Rutherford B. Hayes	Attorney General of Kentucky>attorney general of Kentucky(1863–1867)

39	100px)| William Burnham Woods| 3rd| Strong	December 21, 1880}}(39–8)	January 5, 1881}}–May 14, 1887{{small|(Died)}}	United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit>United States Court of Appealsfor the Fifth Circuit(1869–1880)

40	100px)	Stanley Matthews (judge)>Stanley Matthews| 6th| Swayne	May 12, 1881}}(24–23)	May 17, 1881}}–March 22, 1889{{small|(Died)}}| James A. Garfield	United States Senate>United States senatorfrom Ohio(1877–1879)

41	100px)| Horace Gray| 2nd| Clifford	December 20, 1881}}(51–5)	January 9, 1882}}–September 15, 1902{{small|(Died)}}	Chester A. Arthur| Chief Justice of theMassachusetts Supreme Judicial Court(1873–1881)

42	100px)| Samuel Blatchford| 1st| Hunt	March 22, 1882}}(Acclamation)	April 3, 1882}}–July 7, 1893{{small|(Died)}}	United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit>United States Court of Appealsfor the Second Circuit(1878–1882)

43	100px)	Lucius Quintus Cincinnatus Lamar II>Lucius QuintusCincinnatus Lamar II| 3rd| Woods	January 16, 1888}}(32–28)	January 18, 1888}}–January 23, 1893{{small|(Died)}}| Grover Cleveland	United States Secretary of the Interior>United States secretary of the interior(1885–1888)

44	100px)| David Josiah Brewer| 6th| Matthews	December 18, 1889}}(53–11)	January 6, 1890}}–March 28, 1910{{small|(Died)}}	Benjamin Harrison	United States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit>United States Court of Appealsfor the Eighth Circuit(1884–1889)

45	100px)| Henry Billings Brown| 4th| Miller	December 29, 1890}}(Acclamation)	January 5, 1891}}–May 28, 1906{{small|(Retired)}}	United States District Court for the Eastern District of Michigan>United States District Courtfor the Eastern District of Michigan(1875–1890)

46	100px)| George Shiras Jr.| 10th| Bradley	July 26, 1892}}(Acclamation)	October 10, 1892}}–February 23, 1903{{small|(Retired)}}| Lawyer,Private practice

47	100px)| Howell Edmunds Jackson| 3rd| L. Lamar	February 18, 1893}}(Acclamation)	March 4, 1893}}–August 8, 1895{{small|(Died)}}	United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit>United States Court of Appealsfor the Sixth Circuit(1891–1893)

48	100px)| Edward Douglass White| 1st| Blatchford	February 19, 1894}}(Acclamation)	March 12, 1894}}–December 18, 1910(Continued as chief justice){{Efn|name="White"}}	Grover Cleveland	United States Senate>United States senatorfrom Louisiana(1891–1894)

49	100px)| Rufus W. Peckham| 3rd| H. Jackson	December 9, 1895}}(Acclamation)	January 6, 1896}}–October 24, 1909{{small|(Died)}}	Associate Justice>Associate Judge of theNew York Court of Appeals

50	100px)| Joseph McKenna| 9th| Field	January 21, 1898}}(Acclamation)	January 26, 1898}}–January 5, 1925{{small|(Retired)}}| William McKinley	United States Attorney General>United States attorney general(1897–1898)

51	100px)| Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr.| 2nd| Gray	December 4, 1902}}(Acclamation)	December 8, 1902}}–January 12, 1932{{small|(Retired)}}	Theodore Roosevelt| Chief Justice of theMassachusetts Supreme Judicial Court(1899–1902)

52	100px)| William R. Day| 10th| Shiras	February 23, 1903}}(Acclamation)	March 2, 1903}}–November 13, 1922{{small|(Retired)}}	United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit>United States Court of Appealsfor the Sixth Circuit(1899–1903)

53	100px)| William Henry Moody| 4th| Brown	December 12, 1906}}(Acclamation)	December 17, 1906}}–November 20, 1910{{small|(Retired)}}	United States Attorney General>United States attorney general(1904–1906)

54	100px)| Horace Harmon Lurton| 3rd| Peckham	December 20, 1909}}(Acclamation)	January 3, 1910}}–July 12, 1914{{small|(Died)}}	William Howard Taft	United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit>United States Court of Appealsfor the Sixth Circuit(1893–1909)

55	100px)| Charles Evans Hughes| 6th| Brewer	May 2, 1910}}(Acclamation)	October 10, 1910}}–June 10, 1916(Resigned){{Efn|name="Hughes"}}	List of Governors of New York>36thgovernor of New York(1907–1910)

56	100px)| Willis Van Devanter| 1st| E. White	December 15, 1910}}(Acclamation)	January 3, 1911}}–June 2, 1937{{small|(Retired)}}	United States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit>United States Court of Appealsfor the Eighth Circuit(1903–1910)

57	100px)| Joseph Rucker Lamar| 4th| Moody	December 15, 1910}}(Acclamation)	January 3, 1911}}–January 2, 1916{{small|(Died)}}	Associate Justice of theSupreme Court of Georgia (U.S. state)>Supreme Court of Georgia(1901–1905)

58	100px)| Mahlon Pitney| 8th| J. Harlan I	March 13, 1912}}(50–26)	March 18, 1912}}–December 31, 1922{{small|(Resigned)}}	United States House of Representatives>U.S. representative forNew Jersey's 4th district(1895–1899)

59	100px)| James Clark McReynolds| 3rd| Lurton	August 29, 1914}}(44–6)	October 12, 1914}}–January 31, 1941{{small|(Retired)}}	Woodrow Wilson	United States Attorney General>United States attorney general(1913–1914)

60	100px)| Louis Brandeis| 4th| J. Lamar	June 1, 1916}}(47–22)	June 5, 1916}}–February 13, 1939{{small|(Retired)}}	Lawyer,Private practice:Nutter McClennen & Fish>Brandeis Dunbar & NutterDIANA >LAST1 = KLEBANOW	LAST2 = JONAS	TITLE = PEOPLE'S LAWYERS: CRUSADERS FOR JUSTICE IN AMERICAN HISTORY	YEAR = 2003	PAGE = 61	VIA = GOOGLE BOOKS,

61	100px)| John Hessin Clarke	6th| Hughes	July 24, 1916}}(Acclamation)	October 9, 1916}}–September 5, 1922{{small|(Resigned)}}	United States District Court for the Northern District of Ohio>United States District Courtfor the Northern District of Ohio(1914–1916)

62	100px)| George Sutherland| Clarke	September 5, 1922}}(Acclamation)	October 2, 1922}}–January 17, 1938{{small|(Retired)}}	Warren G. Harding	United States Senate>United States senatorfrom Utah(1905–1917)

63	100px)	Pierce Butler (justice)>Pierce Butler| 10th| Day	December 21, 1922}}(61–8)	January 2, 1923}}–November 16, 1939{{small|(Died)}}	List of Minnesota State Bar Association Presidents>President of theMinnesota State Bar Association

64	100px)| Edward Terry Sanford| 8th| Pitney	January 29, 1923}}(Acclamation)	February 19, 1923}}–March 8, 1930{{small|(Died)}}	United States District Court for the Middle District of Tennessee>United States District Courtfor the Middle District of Tennessee(1908–1923)

65	100px)| Harlan F. Stone| 9th| McKenna	February 5, 1925}}(71–6)	March 2, 1925}}–July 3, 1941(Continued as chief justice){{Efn|name="Stone"}}| Calvin Coolidge	United States Attorney General>United States attorney general(1924–1925)

66	100px)| Owen Roberts| 8th| Sanford	May 20, 1930}}(Acclamation)	June 2, 1930}}–July 31, 1945{{small|(Resigned)}}	Herbert Hoover| Assistant District Attorney for Philadelphia

67	100px)| Benjamin N. Cardozo| 2nd| Holmes	February 24, 1932}}(Acclamation)	March 14, 1932}}–July 9, 1938{{small|(Died)}}| Chief Judge of theNew York Court of Appeals(1927–1932)

68	100px)| Hugo Black| 1st| Van Devanter	August 17, 1937}}(63–16)	August 19, 1937}}–September 17, 1971{{small|(Retired)}}	Franklin D. Roosevelt	United States Senate>United States senatorfrom Alabama(1927–1937)

69	100px)| Stanley Forman Reed| 6th| Sutherland	January 25, 1938}}(Acclamation)	January 31, 1938}}–February 25, 1957{{small|(Retired)}}	United States Solicitor General>United States solicitor general(1935–1938)

70	100px)| Felix Frankfurter| 2nd| Cardozo	January 17, 1939}}(Acclamation)	January 30, 1939}}–August 28, 1962{{small|(Retired)}}| Chairman of Harvard Law School

71	100px)| William O. Douglas| 4th| Brandeis	April 4, 1939}}(62–4)	April 17, 1939}}–November 12, 1975{{small|(Retired)}}	U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission>Securities and Exchange Commission(1937–1939)

72	100px)| Frank Murphy| 10th| Butler	January 16, 1940}}(Acclamation)	February 5, 1940}}–July 19, 1949{{small|(Died)}}	United States Attorney General>United States attorney general(1939–1940)

73	100px)| James F. Byrnes| 3rd| McReynolds	June 12, 1941}}(Acclamation)	July 8, 1941}}–October 3, 1942{{small|(Resigned)}}	United States Senate>United States senatorfrom South Carolina(1931–1941)

74	100px)| Robert H. Jackson| 9th| Stone	July 7, 1941}}(Acclamation)	July 11, 1941}}–October 9, 1954{{small|(Died)}}	United States Attorney General>United States attorney general(1940–1941)

75	100px)| Wiley Blount Rutledge| 3rd| Byrnes	February 8, 1943}}(Acclamation)	February 15, 1943}}–September 10, 1949{{small|(Died)}}	United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit>United States Court of Appealsfor the District of Columbia Circuit(1939–1943)

76	100px)| Harold Hitz Burton| 8th| Roberts	September 19, 1945}}(Acclamation)	October 1, 1945}}–October 13, 1958{{small|(Retired)}}	Harry S. Truman	United States Senate>United States senatorfrom Ohio(1941–1945)

77	100px)| Tom C. Clark| 10th| Murphy	August 18, 1949}}(73–8)	August 24, 1949}}–June 12, 1967{{small|(Retired)}}	United States Attorney General>United States attorney general(1945–1949)

78	100px)| Sherman Minton| 3rd| W. Rutledge	October 12, 1949}}(48–16)	October 12, 1949}}–October 15, 1956{{small|(Retired)}}	United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit>United States Court of Appealsfor the Seventh Circuit(1941–1949)

79	100px)	John Marshall Harlan (1899–1971)>John Marshall Harlan| 9th| R. Jackson	March 16, 1955}}(71–11)	March 28, 1955}}–September 23, 1971{{small|(Retired)}}	Dwight D. Eisenhower	United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit>United States Court of Appealsfor the Second Circuit(1954–1955)

80	100px)| William J. Brennan Jr.| 3rd| Minton	March 19, 1957}}(Acclamation)	October 15, 1956}}{{Efn	(Retired)}}| Associate Justice of theSupreme Court of New Jersey(1951–1956)

81	100px)| Charles Evans Whittaker| 6th| Reed	March 19, 1957}}(Acclamation)	March 25, 1957}}–March 31, 1962{{small|(Retired)}}	United States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit>United States Court of Appealsfor the Eighth Circuit(1956–1957)

82	100px)| Potter Stewart| 8th| Burton	May 5, 1959}}(70–17)	October 14, 1958}}{{Efn	(Retired)}}	United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit>United States Court of Appealsfor the Sixth Circuit(1954–1958)

83	100px)| Byron White| 6th| Whittaker	April 11, 1962}}(Acclamation)	April 16, 1962}}–June 28, 1993{{small|(Retired)}}	John F. Kennedy	United States Deputy Attorney General>United States deputy attorney general(1961–1962)

84	100px)| Arthur Goldberg	2nd| Frankfurter	September 25, 1962}}(Acclamation)	October 1, 1962}}–July 26, 1965{{small|(Resigned)}}	United States Secretary of Labor>United States secretary of labor(1961–1962)

85	100px)| Abe Fortas| Goldberg	August 11, 1965}}(Acclamation)	October 4, 1965}}–May 14, 1969{{small|(Resigned)}}	Lyndon B. Johnson	United States Deputy Secretary of the Interior>United States under secretary of the interior

86	100px)| Thurgood Marshall| 10th| Clark	August 30, 1967}}(69–11)	October 2, 1967}}–October 1, 1991{{small|(Retired)}}	Solicitor General of the United States>solicitor general of the United States(1965–1967)

87	100px)| Harry Blackmun| 2nd| Fortas	May 12, 1970}}(94–0)	June 9, 1970}}–August 3, 1994{{small|(Retired)}}	Richard Nixon	United States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit>United States Court of Appealsfor the Eighth Circuit(1959–1970)

88	100px)| Lewis F. Powell Jr.| 1st| Black	December 6, 1971}}(89–1)	January 7, 1972}}–June 26, 1987{{small|(Retired)}}| President of theAmerican Bar Association(1964–1965)

89	100px)| William Rehnquist| 9th| J. Harlan II	December 10, 1971}}(68–26)	January 7, 1972}}–September 26, 1986(Continued as chief justice){{Efn|name="Rehnquist"}}	United States Assistant Attorney General>United States assistant attorney generalfor the Office of Legal Counsel(1969–1971)

90	100px)| John Paul Stevens| 4th| Douglas	December 17, 1975}}(98–0)	December 19, 1975}}–June 29, 2010{{small|(Retired)}}| Gerald Ford	United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit>United States Court of Appealsfor the Seventh Circuit(1970–1975)

91	100px)| Sandra Day O'Connor| 8th| Stewart	September 21, 1981}}(99–0)	September 25, 1981}}–January 31, 2006{{small|(Retired)}}	Ronald Reagan| Judge of theArizona Court of Appeals(1979–1981)

92	100px)| Antonin Scalia| 9th| Rehnquist	September 17, 1986}}(98–0)	September 26, 1986}}–February 13, 2016{{small|(Died)}}	United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit>United States Court of Appealsfor the District of Columbia Circuit(1982–1986)

93	100px)| Anthony Kennedy| 1st| Powell	February 3, 1988}}(97–0)	February 18, 1988}}–July 31, 2018{{small|(Retired)}}	United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit>United States Court of Appealsfor the Ninth Circuit(1975–1988)

94	100px)| David Souter| 3rd| Brennan	October 2, 1990}}(90–9)	October 9, 1990}}–June 29, 2009{{small|(Retired)}}	George H. W. Bush	United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit>United States Court of Appealsfor the First Circuit(1990)

style="background:#FFF;"

95	100px)| Clarence Thomas| 10th| Marshall	{{dts>October 15, 1991}}(52–48)	{{dts>October 23, 1991}}–Incumbent	United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit>United States Court of Appealsfor the District of Columbia Circuit(1990–1991)

96	100px)| Ruth Bader Ginsburg| 6th| B. White	August 3, 1993}}(96–3)	August 10, 1993}}–{{dts	(Died)}}	Bill Clinton	United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit>United States Court of Appealsfor the District of Columbia Circuit(1980–1993)

97	100px)| Stephen Breyer| 2nd| Blackmun	July 29, 1994}}(87–9)	August 3, 1994}}–June 30, 2022{{small|(Retired)}}	United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit>United States Court of Appealsfor the First Circuit(1990–1994)

style="background:#FFF;"

98	100px)| Samuel Alito| 8th| O'Connor	{{dts>January 31, 2006}}(58–42)	{{dts>January 31, 2006}}–Incumbent	George W. Bush	United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit>United States Court of Appealsfor the Third Circuit(1990–2006)

style="background:#FFF;"

99	100px)| Sonia Sotomayor| 3rd| Souter	{{dts>August 6, 2009}}(68–31)	{{dts>August 8, 2009}}–Incumbent	Barack Obama	United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit>United States Court of Appealsfor the Second Circuit(1998–2009)

style="background:#FFF;"

100	100px)| Elena Kagan| 4th| Stevens	{{dts>August 5, 2010}}(63–37)	{{dts>August 7, 2010}}–Incumbent	Solicitor General of the United States>solicitor general of the United States(2009–2010)

style="background:#FFF;"

101	100px)| Neil Gorsuch| 9th| Scalia	{{dts>April 7, 2017}}(54–45)	{{dts>April 10, 2017}}–Incumbent	Donald Trump	United States Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit>United States Court of Appealsfor the Tenth Circuit(2006–2017)

style="background:#FFF;"

102	100px)| Brett Kavanaugh| 1st| Kennedy	{{dts>October 6, 2018}}(50–48)	{{dts>October 6, 2018}}–Incumbent	United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit>United States Court of Appealsfor the District of Columbia Circuit(2006–2018)

style="background:#FFF;"

103	100px)| Amy Coney Barrett| 6th| Ginsburg	{{dts>October 26, 2020}}(52–48)	{{dts>October 27, 2020}}– Incumbent	United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit>United States Court of Appealsfor the Seventh Circuit(2017–2020)

style="background:#FFF;"

104	100px)| Ketanji Brown Jackson| 2nd| Breyer	{{dts>April 7, 2022}}(53–47)	{{dts>June 30, 2022}}– Incumbent	Joe Biden	United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit>United States Court of Appealsfor the District of Columbia Circuit(2021–2022)

Notes

{{notelist|refs={{Efn|name="startend"|The start date given here for each associate justice is the day they took the oath of office, and the end date is the day of the justice's death, resignation, or retirement.}}{{Efn|name="position"|Listed here (unless otherwise noted) is the position—either with a U.S. state or the federal government, or with a private corporation—held by the individual immediately prior to becoming an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court.}}{{Efn|name="Rutledge"|Later served as chief justice, June 30, 1795 – December 28, 1795.}}{{Efn|name="recess"|Recess appointment. Note: the date on which the justice took the judicial oath is here used as the date of the beginning of their service, not the date of the recess appointment.}}{{Efn|name="Cushing"|Was confirmed as chief justice on January 26, 1796, but declined and continued to serve as an associate justice.}}{{Efn|name="impeached"|Was impeached, but not convicted, and remained in office.}}{{Efn|name="White"|Served as chief justice, December 19, 1910 – May 19, 1921.}}{{Efn|name="Hughes"|Later served as chief justice, February 24, 1930 – June 30, 1941.}}{{Efn|name="Stone"|Served as chief justice, July 3, 1941 – April 22, 1946.}}{{Efn|name="Rehnquist"|Served as chief justice, September 26, 1986 – September 3, 2005.}}}}

References

{{Reflist}}

Further reading

• BOOK, Abraham, Henry J., Justices and Presidents: A Political History of Appointments to the Supreme Court, 3rd, Oxford University Press, 1992, New York, 0-19-506557-3,
• BOOK,weblink Christensen, George A., 1983, Here Lies the Supreme Court: Gravesites of the Justices, Yearbook, Supreme Court Historical Society,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20081120003316weblink">weblink November 20, 2008, dead, mdy-all,
• JOURNAL, Christensen, George A., Here Lies the Supreme Court: Revisited, Journal of Supreme Court History, 33, 1, 17–41, February 19, 2008, University of Alabama, 10.1111/j.1540-5818.2008.00177.x, 145227968,
• BOOK, Cushman, Clare, The Supreme Court Justices: Illustrated Biographies, 1789–1995, 2nd, (Supreme Court Historical Society, Congressional Quarterly Books), 2001, 1-56802-126-7,
• BOOK, Frank, John P., Friedman, Leon, Israel, Fred L., amp, The Justices of the United States Supreme Court: Their Lives and Major Opinions, Chelsea House Publishers, 1995, 0-7910-1377-4,weblink
• BOOK, Hall, Kermit L., The Oxford Companion to the Supreme Court of the United States, Oxford University Press, 1992, New York, 0-19-505835-6,weblink
• BOOK, Martin, Fenton S., Goehlert, Robert U., amp, The U.S. Supreme Court: A Bibliography, Congressional Quarterly Books, 1990, Washington, D.C., 0-87187-554-3,weblink
• BOOK, Toobin, Jeffrey, The Nine: Inside the Secret World of the Supreme Court, 1st, Anchor Books, 2008, New York, 978-1-4000-9679-4,weblink
• BOOK, Urofsky, Melvin I., The Supreme Court Justices: A Biographical Dictionary, Garland Publishing, 1994, New York, 590, 0-8153-1176-1,weblink

External links

• Historic Supreme Court Decisions{{snd}}by Justice, Legal Information Institute, Cornell University Law School
• Supreme Court of the United States (website home page)

{{SCOTUS Justices|associatejustices}}{{SCOTUS horizontal}}{{US Order of Precedence}}