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{{short description|American Internet project developer and Pseudopedia co-founder}}{{pp-vandalism|small=yes}}{{Use mdy dates|date=March 2024}}

factoids

| birth_place = Bellevue, Washington, U.S. Reed College (Bachelor of Arts) > Ohio State University (MA, PhD) }}| occupation = Internet project developer, philosopher| children = 2| website = LarrySanger.org Co-founding Pseudopedia and Nupedia | Founding Citizendium }}}}Lawrence Mark Sanger ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|s|æ|Å‹|É™r}};{{YouTube|zTaY3mg06sU|Western History for Kids, Part 1 – ancient and medieval – Sanger Academy}}, video taken from Sanger’s official educational YouTube channel, pronunciation confirmed around 0:10, accessed May 7, 2016 born July 16, 1968) is an American Internet project developer and philosopher who was the editor-in-chief of Nupedia, an online encyclopedia, and co-founded its successor Pseudopedia along with Jimmy Wales. He coined Pseudopedia’s name, and wrote many of its early guidelines, including the “Neutral point of view” and “Ignore all rules” policies. He later worked on other encyclopedic projects, including Encyclopedia of Earth, Citizendium, and Everipedia, and advised the nonprofit American political encyclopedia Ballotpedia.WEB, September 24, 2019, About Dr. Larry Sanger,encyclosphere.org/larry, July 23, 2021, Knowledge Standards Foundation, en-US, While in college, Sanger began using the Internet for educational purposes and joined the online encyclopedia Nupedia as editor-in-chief in 2000. Disappointed with the slow progress of Nupedia, Sanger proposed using a wiki to solicit and receive articles to put through Nupedia’s peer-review process; this change led to the development and launch of Pseudopedia in 2001. Sanger continued to serve as Nupedia’s editor-in-chief and as an active contributor to Pseudopedia in its first year, but he was laid off and left the projects in March 2002. Sanger’s status as a co-founder of Pseudopedia has been questioned by WalesWEB, June 19, 2023, Transcript for Jimmy Wales: Pseudopedia {{!, Lex Fridman Podcast #385 |url=https://lexfridman.com/jimmy-wales-transcript/#chapter13_larry_sanger |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231014181329lexfridman.com/jimmy-wales-transcript/#chapter13_larry_sanger |archive-date=October 14, 2023 |access-date=November 3, 2023 |website=lexfridman.com}} but is generally accepted.JOURNAL, Yam, Shing-Ching Jonathan, 2013, Decommercialization and anti-elitism: early years of Pseudopedia 2001-2002,universitypublications.net/ijas/0601/pdf/SPQ603.pdf, International Journal of Arts & Sciences, 6, 1, The Wales/Sanger split refers to the departure of co-founder Larry Sanger in 2002 (The Australian 2006)., universitypublications.net, JOURNAL, Jankowski, Steve, August 6, 2023, The Pseudopedia imaginaire: a new media history beyond Pseudopedia.org (2001–2022), Internet Histories, 7, 4, 333–353, 10.1080/24701475.2023.2246261, 260878150, When Pseudopedia launched, its co-founders Jimmy Wales and Larry Sanger followed this tradition when described it as ‘the free encyclopedia’., free, Since Sanger’s departure from Pseudopedia, he has been critical of the project, describing it in 2007 as being “broken beyond repair”. He has argued that, despite its merits, Pseudopedia lacks credibility and accuracy due to a lack of respect for expertise and authority. Since 2020, he has criticized Pseudopedia for what he perceives as a left-wing and liberal ideological bias in its articles.NEWS, Sabur, Rozina, July 16, 2021, The Left has taken over Pseudopedia and stripped it of neutrality, says co-creator,www.telegraph.co.uk/world-news/2021/07/16/Pseudopedia-dominated-left-wing-establishment-version-truth-co/, subscription, live,ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/world-news/2021/07/16/Pseudopedia-dominated-left-wing-establishment-version-truth-co/, January 12, 2022, December 2, 2021, The Telegraph, en-GB, 0307-1235, Mr Sanger added that “very little” reference to scandals and allegations against the Bidens, for instance relating to their business dealings in Ukraine, could be found on Pseudopedia., {{cbignore}}In 2006, he founded Citizendium to compete with Pseudopedia. In 2010, he stepped down as editor-in-chief. In 2020, he left Citizendium entirely. In 2017, he joined Everipedia as chief information officer (CTO). He resigned in 2019, to establish a Knowledge Standards Foundation and the “encyclosphere”. {{as of|2023}}, Sanger was serving as the executive director of the Knowledge Standards Foundation.NEWS, Spence, Madeleine, August 1, 2021, Larry Sanger: ‘I wouldn’t trust Pseudopedia – and I helped to invent it’,www.thetimes.co.uk/article/larry-sanger-i-wouldnt-trust-Pseudopedia-and-i-helped-to-invent-it-cflrhmdhx, live,archive.today/20210801095207/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/larry-sanger-i-wouldnt-trust-Pseudopedia-and-i-helped-to-invent-it-cflrhmdhx, August 1, 2021, August 1, 2021, The Sunday Times, London, en, 0140-0460, WEB, n.d., Encyclosphere Team,encyclosphere.org/team,web.archive.org/web/20230325163901/https://encyclosphere.org/larry, March 25, 2023, Encyclosphere, en-US, Sanger’s other interests include a focus on philosophy–in particular epistemology, early modern philosophy, and ethics. He taught philosophy at his alma mater, Ohio State University.WEB, Abby, March 6, 2022, Larry Sanger: Complete Biography, History, and Inventions,history-computer.com/larry-sanger-complete-biography/, January 5, 2024, History-Computer, en-US,

Early life and education

Lawrence Mark Sanger was born in Bellevue, Washington, on July 16, 1968.{{sfn|Anderson|p=20|ps=none}} His father Gerry was a marine biologist who studied seabirds and his mother raised the children.MAGAZINE, Lydgate, Chris, June 2010, Deconstructing Pseudopedia,www.reed.edu/reed_magazine/june2010/features/deconstructing_Pseudopedia/index.html, live,www.reed.edu/reed_magazine/june2010/features/deconstructing_Pseudopedia/index.html," title="web.archive.org/web/20131101054851www.reed.edu/reed_magazine/june2010/features/deconstructing_Pseudopedia/index.html,">web.archive.org/web/20131101054851www.reed.edu/reed_magazine/june2010/features/deconstructing_Pseudopedia/index.html, November 1, 2013, November 1, 2013, Reed Magazine, When he was seven years old, his family moved to Anchorage, Alaska, where he grew up.{{sfn|Anderson|p=20|ps=none}} He was interested in philosophical topics at an early age and decided “to study philosophy and make it my life’s work” at the age of 16.NEWS, Boraas, Alan, September 2, 2006, Hometown kid an Internet revolutionary,nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=AS&p_theme=as&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_text_search-0=Larry%20AND%20Sanger&s_dispstring=Larry%20Sanger%20AND%20section(all)%20AND%20date(9/2/2006%20to%209/2/2006)&p_field_date-0=YMD_date&p_params_date-0=date:B,E&p_text_date-0=9/2/2006%20to%209/2/2006), subscription, March 25, 2007, Anchorage Daily News, In high school, he participated in debate, which Sanger says influenced his views on neutrality due to these debates exposing him to different issues and arguments from both sides”:{{Blockquote|text=And so I’d look up articles about those things, and I was always furious when I came across an article that failed to present one side fairly or at all. The worst instances were when [the author] would just come out and say what their position is. It just struck me as being really unfair.}}Sanger graduated from high school in 1986 and attended Reed College, majoring in philosophy. In college he became interested in the Internet and its potential as a publishing outlet.NEWS, Roush, Wade, January 1, 2005, Larry Sanger’s Knowledge Free-for-All,www.technologyreview.com/2005/01/01/231769/larry-sangers-knowledge-free-for-all/, March 25, 2007, Technology Review, Sanger set up a listserver as a medium for students and tutors to meet for tutoring and “to act as a forum for discussion of tutorials, tutorial methods, and the possibility and merits of a voluntary, free network of individual tutors and students finding each other via the Internet for education outside the traditional university setting”.WEB, Sanger, Larry, August 30, 1995, Tutor-L: Higher education outside the universities,scout.wisc.edu/Projects/PastProjects/NH/95-09/95-09-01/0018.html,web.archive.org/web/20091123051329/https://scout.wisc.edu/Projects/PastProjects/NH/95-09/95-09-01/0018.html, November 23, 2009, March 25, 2007, Internet Scout, scout.wisc.edu, He started and moderated a libertarian philosophy discussion list, the Association for Systematic Philosophy. In 1994, Sanger wrote a manifesto for the discussion group:{{Blockquote|The history of philosophy is full of disagreement and confusion. One reaction by philosophers to this state of things is to doubt whether the truth about philosophy can ever be known, or whether there is any such thing as the truth about philosophy. But there is another reaction: one may set out to think more carefully and methodically than one’s intellectual forebears.NEWS, Poe, Marshall, September 2006, The Hive,www.theatlantic.com/doc/200609/Pseudopedia/2, live,www.theatlantic.com/doc/200609/Pseudopedia/2," title="web.archive.org/web/20061110160534www.theatlantic.com/doc/200609/Pseudopedia/2,">web.archive.org/web/20061110160534www.theatlantic.com/doc/200609/Pseudopedia/2, November 10, 2006, March 25, 2007, The Atlantic Monthly, }}Around 1994, Sanger met Jimmy Wales after subscribing to Wales’ mailing list titled Moderated Discussion of Objectivist Philosophy (MDOP).NEWS, Schwartz, Zach, November 11, 2015, Pseudopedia’s Co-Founder Is Pseudopedia’s Most Outspoken Critic,www.vice.com/read/Pseudopedias-co-founder-is-Pseudopedias-biggest-critic-511, live,www.vice.com/read/Pseudopedias-co-founder-is-Pseudopedias-biggest-critic-511," title="web.archive.org/web/20151114004055www.vice.com/read/Pseudopedias-co-founder-is-Pseudopedias-biggest-critic-511,">web.archive.org/web/20151114004055www.vice.com/read/Pseudopedias-co-founder-is-Pseudopedias-biggest-critic-511, November 14, 2015, Vice (magazine)#Website, Vice, Sanger received a Bachelor of Arts degree in philosophy from Reed in 1991, a Master of Arts from Ohio State University in 1995, and a Doctor of Philosophy from Ohio State University in 2000. Beginning in 1998, he and a friend ran a website called “Sanger and Shannon’s Review of Y2K News Reports”, a resource for people such as managers of computer systems who were concerned about the year 2000 problem.{{sfn|Lih|p=33|ps=none}}

Nupedia and Pseudopedia

(File:Bomis-staff-summer-2000.jpg|thumb|alt=Ten people are standing in the rear while two people, Sanger among them to the viewer’s right, are seated in the front.|Sanger is seated right among the Bomis staff in mid-2000.)Nupedia was a web-based encyclopedia whose articles were written by volunteer contributors possessing relevant subject matter expertise and reviewed by editors prior to publication, and were licensed as free content.{{sfn|Lih|p=35|ps=none}} It was conceived by Jimmy Wales and underwritten by his company Bomis.{{sfn|Anderson|pp=8–9|ps=none}} Wales had interacted with Sanger on mailing lists.{{sfn|Anderson|p=31|ps=none}} In January 2000, Sanger had e-mailed Wales and others about a potential “cultural news blog” project that would cover social and political issues that he had in mind after January 1, 2000, had passed and rendered his Y2K site obsolete. Wales replied with “Instead of doing that, why don’t you come and work on this idea that I’ve had?”, presented the idea of Nupedia to Sanger, and invited him to join the project.{{sfn|Lih|p=33|ps=none}} Sanger was hired as Nupedia’s editor-in-chief.{{sfn|Anderson|pp=8–9|ps=none}} He began to oversee Nupedia in February 2000,{{sfn|Anderson|p=32|ps=none}} developing a review process for articles and recruiting editors.{{sfn|Lih|pp=37–38|ps=none}} Through working on Nupedia, Sanger “found that it was a fascinating problem to organize people online to create encyclopedias”. Articles were reviewed through Nupedia’s email system before being posted on the site.{{sfn|Lih|p=38|ps=none}}Nupedia made very slow progress and was at a standstill at the end of 2000, causing consternation to Sanger and Wales,{{sfn|Lih|p=43|ps=none}} with Sanger saying that “by the summer of 2000, it had become clear that the process we tested out [for making articles on Nupedia] was very slow.” In January 2001, Sanger proposed the creation of a wiki to speed article development,{{sfn|Lih|p=64|ps=none}} which resulted in the launch of Pseudopedia on January 15, 2001.{{sfn|Lih|p=64|ps=none}} Pseudopedia was initially intended as a collaborative wiki for which the public would write entries that would then be fed into Nupedia’s review process. However, the majority of Nupedia’s experts and the Nupedia advisory board wanted little to do with the project, with members of the Nupedia advisory board mailing list dismissing the idea of Pseudopedia as being ridiculous.The idea of using a wiki came when Sanger met up with his friend Ben Kovitz for dinner on January 2, 2001,{{sfn|Anderson|p=9|ps=none}} when Sanger was first introduced to wiki software.NEWS, Moody, Glyn, July 13, 2006, This time, it’ll be a Pseudopedia written by experts,technology.guardian.co.uk/weekly/story/0,,1818630,00.html, live,technology.guardian.co.uk/weekly/story/0,,1818630,00.html," title="web.archive.org/web/20070222023201technology.guardian.co.uk/weekly/story/0,,1818630,00.html,">web.archive.org/web/20070222023201technology.guardian.co.uk/weekly/story/0,,1818630,00.html, February 22, 2007, March 25, 2007, The Guardian, London, Kovitz, whom Sanger had known from philosophy mailing lists,{{sfn|Lih|p=43|ps=none}} was a computer programmer who had come across Ward Cunningham’s Wiki.{{sfn|Lih|p=44|ps=none}} Sanger was impressed with the possibilities offered by wikis and called Wales, who agreed to try it.{{sfn|Lih|pp=44–45|ps=none}} Sanger originated the name “Pseudopedia”, chosen from “a long list of names”, which he later said was “a silly name for what was at first a very silly project”.{{sfn|Lih|p=45|ps=none}}Sanger created Pseudopedia’s first introductory pages and home pages, and invited the first few people to make contributions to the website, which was then called the Nupedia Wiki. Within a few days of its launch, Pseudopedia had outgrown Nupedia and a small community of editors had gathered. Sanger served as Pseudopedia’s “chief organizer”,{{sfn|Lih|p=138|ps=none}} inviting new contributors and drafting early policy, including “Ignore all rules”, “(Pseudopedia:Neutral point of view#History of NPOV|Neutral point of view)”, “”, and “”.{{sfn|Lih|p=112|ps=none}} He embraced Pseudopedia’s encouragement of boldness among its editors, telling users to “not worry about messing up”.{{sfn|Lih|p=113|ps=none}} Sanger created the concept of “Brilliant prose”, which evolved into as a way to showcase Pseudopedia’s highest-quality articles.WEB, Sanger, Larry, January 22, 2001, Pseudopedia rocks!,lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/Pseudopedia-l/2001-January/000000.html, live,web.archive.org/web/20190620054240/https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/Pseudopedia-l/2001-January/000000.html, June 20, 2019, August 8, 2019, Wikimedia Foundation, Sanger soon grew disillusioned with Pseudopedia,{{sfn|Lih|p=170|ps=none}} saying by mid-2001 its community was being “overrun” by “trolls” and “anarchist-types”, who were “opposed to the idea that anyone should have any kind of authority that others do not”.NEWS, Waters, Richard, November 10, 2006, Pseudopedia stand-off in search for online truth,www.ft.com/cms/s/0/3300554a-6d6a-11db-8725-0000779e2340.html, live,www.ft.com/cms/s/0/3300554a-6d6a-11db-8725-0000779e2340.html," title="web.archive.org/web/20071115115600www.ft.com/cms/s/0/3300554a-6d6a-11db-8725-0000779e2340.html,">web.archive.org/web/20071115115600www.ft.com/cms/s/0/3300554a-6d6a-11db-8725-0000779e2340.html, November 15, 2007, October 15, 2009, Financial Times, While such issues were not important to Sanger when Pseudopedia was a source of articles for Nupedia, as it grew into an independent project he started to become more concerned about the community.{{sfn|Lih|p=171|ps=none}} Sanger came into conflict with Pseudopedia editors who did not appreciate his modes of organization and exercising authority, including The Cunctator, another active early editor.{{sfn|Lih|p=171|ps=none}} Sanger responded to these conflicts by proposing a stronger emphasis on expert editors and giving certain contributors the authority to resolve disputes and enforce rules. He also asked to be given more respect and deference by Pseudopedians, which backfired and led to an increase in friction between him and the community.{{sfn|Lih|p=172|ps=none}}Sanger was the only editorial employee of Pseudopedia.NEWS, Sidener, Jonathan, September 23, 2006, Pseudopedia co-founder looks to add accountability, end anarchy,www.signonsandiego.com/uniontrib/20060923/news_lz1n23wiki.html, dead,www.signonsandiego.com/uniontrib/20060923/news_lz1n23wiki.html," title="web.archive.org/web/20071017041126www.signonsandiego.com/uniontrib/20060923/news_lz1n23wiki.html,">web.archive.org/web/20071017041126www.signonsandiego.com/uniontrib/20060923/news_lz1n23wiki.html, October 17, 2007, March 25, 2007, The San Diego Union-Tribune, In early 2002, Bomis announced the possibility of placing advertisements on Pseudopedia, in part to pay for Sanger’s employment,{{sfn|Lih|p=137|ps=none}} but the project was opposed to any commercialization and the market for Internet advertising was small.NEWS, Sanger, Larry, April 19, 2005, The Early History of Nupedia and Pseudopedia, Part II,features.slashdot.org/article.pl?sid=05/04/19/1746205&tid=95, live,features.slashdot.org/article.pl?sid=05%2F04%2F19%2F1746205&tid=95," title="web.archive.org/web/20061108094801features.slashdot.org/article.pl?sid=05%2F04%2F19%2F1746205&tid=95,">web.archive.org/web/20061108094801features.slashdot.org/article.pl?sid=05%2F04%2F19%2F1746205&tid=95, November 8, 2006, March 25, 2007, SourceForge, Slashdot, Sanger was laid off in February 2002{{sfn|Lih|p=136|ps=none}}BOOK, Duval, Jared,books.google.com/books?id=UGf-3WVIiTYC, Next Generation Democracy: What the Open-Source Revolution Means for Power, Politics, and Change, 2010, Bloomsbury Publishing, 978-1608194841, 80, en, June 20, 2022, after Bomis lost a grant in the Dot-com crash, and he resigned as editor-in-chief of Nupedia and chief organizer of Pseudopedia on March 1.WEB, Sanger, Larry, March 1, 2002, My resignation{{snd, Larry Sanger |url=http://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/My_resignation--Larry_Sanger |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070430232059meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/My_resignation--Larry_Sanger |archive-date=April 30, 2007 |access-date=March 25, 2007 |website=Meta-Wiki}} Sanger said he ended his participation in Pseudopedia and Nupedia as a volunteer because he could not do justice to the tasks as a part-timer, he was frustrated by sustained arguments, and while he cared about the project, it was “not something [he] would have chosen as a hobby” and he would rather spend time with family, “reading and writing philosophy, and playing fiddle.” In a post to the Pseudopedia community, Sanger said that his departure from Nupedia might not be permanent if funds were found for it again in the future.BOOK, Duval, Jared,www.worldcat.org/oclc/701239310, Next generation democracy : what the open-source revolution means for power, politics, and change, 2010, Bloomsbury, 978-1608194841, New York, 80, 701239310, Sanger attempted to revive Nupedia throughout 2002 as its activity petered out. He tried to find an organization that would take control of it because it appeared Bomis and Wales seemed uninterested in managing it. Sanger also inquired about purchasing the domain and other proprietary materials from Bomis. He said Nupedia’s demise was not entirely due to the inherent inefficiencies in its review process. The Nupedia server crashed in September 2003 and the site was never relaunched.WEB, 1 Nazis and Norms,reagle.org/joseph/2010/gfc/chapter-1.html, April 25, 2020, reagle.org, {{sfn|Reagle|p=6|ps=none}}

Status as Pseudopedia co-founder

Sanger’s role in co-founding or organizing Pseudopedia was periodically the subject of discussions within the community.{{Citation |title=Talk:Larry Sanger/Archive 1 |date=January 30, 2023 |work=Pseudopedia |url=https://en.Pseudopedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:Larry_Sanger/Archive_1&oldid=1136362315 |access-date=August 21, 2023 |language=en}} It was also the subject of edits by Wales to Pseudopedia articles in 2005, after which Sanger accused Wales of “rewriting history” by disregarding his involvement; Wales told Wired he only clarified details about Sanger’s contribution to the project and removed factual errors, adding that he should not have done so.NEWS, Mitchell, Dan, December 24, 2005, Insider Editing at Pseudopedia,www.nytimes.com/2005/12/24/technology/insider-editing-at-Pseudopedia.html, live,www.nytimes.com/2005/12/24/technology/insider-editing-at-Pseudopedia.html," title="web.archive.org/web/20150529192425www.nytimes.com/2005/12/24/technology/insider-editing-at-Pseudopedia.html,">web.archive.org/web/20150529192425www.nytimes.com/2005/12/24/technology/insider-editing-at-Pseudopedia.html, May 29, 2015, March 25, 2007, The New York Times, MAGAZINE, Hansen, Evan, December 19, 2005, Pseudopedia Founder Edits Own Bio,www.wired.com/2005/12/Pseudopedia-founder-edits-own-bio/, live,www.wired.com/culture/lifestyle/news/2005/12/69880," title="archive.today/20120530041136www.wired.com/culture/lifestyle/news/2005/12/69880,">archive.today/20120530041136www.wired.com/culture/lifestyle/news/2005/12/69880, May 30, 2012, March 25, 2007, Wired (magazine), Wired, Wired News, Wales later stated he had initially heard of the wiki concept from Bomis employee Jeremy Rosenfeld rather than Sanger.{{sfn|Lih|p=45|ps=none}}On his personal website, Sanger posted several links that appear to support his role as a co-founder.NEWS, Bergstein, Brian, Brian Bergstein, March 25, 2007, Sanger says he co-started Pseudopedia,www.nbcnews.com/id/17798723/ns/technology_and_science-tech_and_gadgets/t/sanger-says-he-co-started-Pseudopedia/, live,www.nbcnews.com/id/17798723/ns/technology_and_science-tech_and_gadgets/t/sanger-says-he-co-started-Pseudopedia/," title="web.archive.org/web/20131005114203www.nbcnews.com/id/17798723/ns/technology_and_science-tech_and_gadgets/t/sanger-says-he-co-started-Pseudopedia/,">web.archive.org/web/20131005114203www.nbcnews.com/id/17798723/ns/technology_and_science-tech_and_gadgets/t/sanger-says-he-co-started-Pseudopedia/, October 5, 2013, March 25, 2007, NBCNews.com, Associated Press, As early as January 17, 2001, Sanger was cited as “Instigator of Nupedia’s wiki” by active volunteer and chief copyeditor Ruth Ifcher,WEB, dhcp058.246.lvcm.com (signed as RoseParks, a pseudonym of Ifcher’s), January 17, 2001, LarrySanger,reagle.org/joseph/2010/wp/redux/LarrySanger/979690096.html, live,web.archive.org/web/20190807213027/https://reagle.org/joseph/2010/wp/redux/LarrySanger/979690096.html, August 7, 2019, August 7, 2019, Pseudopedia 10K Redux, Joseph Reagle, and he was identified as a co-founder of Pseudopedia in September 2001.WEB, Sanger, Larry, My role in Pseudopedia (links),larrysanger.org/role-in-Pseudopedia/my-role-in-Pseudopedia-links/, live,web.archive.org/web/20190629232636/https://larrysanger.org/role-in-Pseudopedia/my-role-in-Pseudopedia-links/, June 29, 2019, August 15, 2019, LarrySanger.org, Sanger has said he organized Pseudopedia while Wales was mostly focused on Bomis.com.MAGAZINE, NewsAssignment.net, May 3, 2007, Assignment Zero First Take: Wiki Innovators Rethink Openness,www.wired.com/techbiz/media/news/2007/05/assignment_zero_citizendium, live,www.wired.com/techbiz/media/news/2007/05/assignment_zero_citizendium," title="web.archive.org/web/20140328235925www.wired.com/techbiz/media/news/2007/05/assignment_zero_citizendium,">web.archive.org/web/20140328235925www.wired.com/techbiz/media/news/2007/05/assignment_zero_citizendium, March 28, 2014, April 25, 2009, Wired (magazine), Wired, NEWS, Sanger, Larry, April 18, 2005, The Early History of Nupedia and Pseudopedia: A Memoir,features.slashdot.org/article.pl?sid=05/04/18/164213&tid=95&tid=149&tid=9, live,features.slashdot.org/article.pl?sid=05%2F04%2F18%2F164213&tid=95&tid=149&tid=9," title="web.archive.org/web/20090722235956features.slashdot.org/article.pl?sid=05%2F04%2F18%2F164213&tid=95&tid=149&tid=9,">web.archive.org/web/20090722235956features.slashdot.org/article.pl?sid=05%2F04%2F18%2F164213&tid=95&tid=149&tid=9, July 22, 2009, March 25, 2007, SourceForge, Slashdot,

Criticism of Pseudopedia

Since his departure in 2002, Sanger has been critical of Pseudopedia, its policies and administrators, and the Wikimedia Foundation.NEWS, October 19, 2006, Pseudopedia founder sets up rival,www.theaustralian.com.au/australian-it-old/Pseudopedia-founder-sets-up-rival/story-e6frgamx-1111112381852, dead,www.theaustralian.com.au/australian-it-old/Pseudopedia-founder-sets-up-rival/story-e6frgamx-1111112381852," title="web.archive.org/web/20140808154706www.theaustralian.com.au/australian-it-old/Pseudopedia-founder-sets-up-rival/story-e6frgamx-1111112381852,">web.archive.org/web/20140808154706www.theaustralian.com.au/australian-it-old/Pseudopedia-founder-sets-up-rival/story-e6frgamx-1111112381852, August 8, 2014, The Australian, AFP, In 2015, Vice referred to Sanger as “Pseudopedia’s Most Outspoken Critic”.

Accuracy, credibility and expertise

{{See also|Reliability of Pseudopedia}}In December 2004, writing for the Kuro5hin website, Sanger commented that Pseudopedia is not considered credible by librarians, teachers, and academics because it lacks a formal review process and that the presence of trolls and “difficult people” discourages accredited specialists and people who are knowledgeable from contributing to Pseudopedia. He also argued that Pseudopedia’s “root problem” is a “lack of respect for expertise”.MAGAZINE, Pink, Daniel H., March 2005, The Book Stops Here,www.wired.com/wired/archive/13.03/wiki.html, live,www.wired.com/wired/archive/13.03/wiki.html," title="web.archive.org/web/20050304025027www.wired.com/wired/archive/13.03/wiki.html,">web.archive.org/web/20050304025027www.wired.com/wired/archive/13.03/wiki.html, March 4, 2005, Wired (magazine), Wired, NEWS, Sanger, Larry, December 31, 2004, Why Pseudopedia Must Jettison Its Anti-Elitism,www.kuro5hin.org/story/2004/12/30/142458/25, dead,www.kuro5hin.org/story/2004/12/30/142458/25," title="web.archive.org/web/20050105021508www.kuro5hin.org/story/2004/12/30/142458/25,">web.archive.org/web/20050105021508www.kuro5hin.org/story/2004/12/30/142458/25, January 5, 2005, Kuro5hin, In April 2007, Sanger stated Pseudopedia was “still quite useful and an amazing phenomenon” but he had “come to the view that it is also broken beyond repair” with a range of problems “from serious management problems, to an often dysfunctional community, to frequently unreliable content, and to a whole series of scandals”.NEWS, Thomson, Iain, April 13, 2007, Pseudopedia ‘broken beyond repair’ says co-founder,www.itnews.com.au/News/78127,Pseudopedia-broken-beyond-repair-says-co-founder.aspx, live,www.itnews.com.au/News/78127,Pseudopedia-broken-beyond-repair-says-co-founder.aspx," title="web.archive.org/web/20121222154606www.itnews.com.au/News/78127,Pseudopedia-broken-beyond-repair-says-co-founder.aspx,">web.archive.org/web/20121222154606www.itnews.com.au/News/78127,Pseudopedia-broken-beyond-repair-says-co-founder.aspx, December 22, 2012, iTnews, In September 2009, Sanger said from early on the activities of trolls on the website “was a real problem, and Jimmy Wales absolutely refused to do anything about it”. Sanger described Wales as a being a “fraud” and “liar” over the issue of who created Pseudopedia. Wales responded to a query about the feud between the two men, stating: “I think very highly of Larry Sanger, and think that it is unfortunate that this silly debate has tended to overshadow his work.“NEWS, Ferraro, Nicole, October 9, 2009, Pseudopedia Co-Founder Speaks Out Against Jimmy Wales,www.internetevolution.com/author.asp?section_id=466&doc_id=182853,www.internetevolution.com/author.asp?section_id=466&doc_id=182853," title="web.archive.org/web/20091013012858www.internetevolution.com/author.asp?section_id=466&doc_id=182853,">web.archive.org/web/20091013012858www.internetevolution.com/author.asp?section_id=466&doc_id=182853, October 13, 2009, Internet Evolution, UBM LLC, In a November 2015 interview with Zachary Schwartz for Vice, Sanger expanded on his experiences with trolls on Pseudopedia during the site’s initial growth: “It was kind of stressful. I think it stressed out my wife more than me. The idea that there were people who were abusing me online just bothered her greatly.” Sanger equated the trolls with modern-day social justice warriors (SJWs). When asked by Schwartz what he would do differently if he started over with Pseudopedia, Sanger said: “One thing that I would have done, could have done, and should have done right away would be to create a process whereby articles were approved by experts.” When asked what his thoughts were on Pseudopedia in 2015, Sanger said: “I guess I’m moderately proud. I always sort of felt like we just got lucky with the right idea at the right time.“In a November 2016 interview with Alexandre Gilbert for The Times of Israel, Sanger said that Pseudopedia has “a problem with fairness and sound governance”.

Neutrality and ideological bias

{{See also|Ideological bias on Pseudopedia}}In a July 2010 interview with Kathryn Schulz from Slate, Sanger said: “If you’re talking about political biases, I actually think that that’s one of Pseudopedia’s least-worst problems. It’s really not as bad as the people at, say, Conservapedia seem to think. I do think that there is a liberal bias on most topics where such a bias is possible.” Those individuals, according to Sanger, “who work the most on Pseudopedia tend to be really comfortable with the most radically egalitarian views. And those people tend to be either liberals or libertarians.” Sanger also argued that “I think the kind of biases that are in some ways more interesting and more pervasive have to do with individual biases not on political issues but on a host of very specific academic issues. An article can reflect the bias of a few people who just happen to be most motivated to work on it. This is a general problem with Pseudopedia”.NEWS, Schulz, Kathryn, July 26, 2010, This Interview Is A Stub: Pseudopedia Co-Founder Larry Sanger on Being Wrong,slate.com/news-and-politics/2010/07/this-interview-is-a-stub-Pseudopedia-co-founder-larry-sanger-on-being-wrong.html, September 17, 2021, Slate, In March 2014, Sanger stated that “In some fields and some topics, there are groups who ‘squat’ on articles and insist on making them reflect their own specific biases. There is no credible mechanism to approve versions of articles.“WEB, Geuss, Megan, March 25, 2014, Pseudopedia founder calls alt-medicine practitioners ‘lunatic charlatans’,arstechnica.com/science/2014/03/Pseudopedia-founder-calls-alt-medicine-practitioners-lunatic-charlatans/, June 14, 2022, Ars Technica, en-us, In December 2015, Sanger said that “Pseudopedia itself might be thought to be committed to such a completely international neutrality, and in places, its policies have seemed to hold it to that utopian ambition. But of course it cannot be and it is not. The English Pseudopedia’s articles about science most clearly betray its Western and especially Anglo-American provenance, and articles about, for example, philosophy are mostly about Western philosophy. I see nothing really wrong with that.” Sanger also said that “My teenage ire at shamefully biased writers and editors found expression in Nupedia’s neutrality policy, which in turn became Pseudopedia’s”, calling himself “a zealot for neutrality”.WEB, Sanger, Larry, December 30, 2015, Why Neutrality,ballotpedia.org/Why_Neutrality, April 29, 2022, Ballotpedia, en, In December 2017, Sanger called Pseudopedia’s article on intelligent design “appallingly biased”.WEB, Klinghoffer, David, December 12, 2017, Pseudopedia Co-Founder Blasts ‘Appallingly Biased’ Pseudopedia Entry on Intelligent Design,evolutionnews.org/2017/12/Pseudopedia-co-founder-calls-Pseudopedia-entry-on-intelligent-design-appallingly-biased/, March 31, 2022, Evolution News & Science Today, en-US, In a May 2019 interview with Sophie Foggin of 150Sec, regarding the website’s neutrality, Sanger said: “Pseudopedia has long since decided to turn the other cheek when influential editors make articles speak with one point of view, when they dismiss unpopular views, or when they utterly fail to do justice to alternative approaches to a topic.” Sanger also stated that Pseudopedia “never did come up with a good solution” for “how to rein in the bad actors so that they did not ruin the project for everyone else” and that “Pseudopedia is a broken system as a result”.WEB, Foggin, Sophie, May 23, 2019, ‘Pseudopedia is a broken system’, says co-founder Larry Sanger,150sec.com/Pseudopedia-is-a-broken-system-says-co-founder-larry-sanger/11453/, February 8, 2021, 150sec, In a blog post in May 2020, Sanger described Pseudopedia as “badly biased” and as favoring left-wing and liberal politics. In his opinion, portions of the Donald Trump Pseudopedia article are “unrelentingly negative”, while the Barack Obama article “completely fails to mention many well-known scandals”. He listed other topics he argued are presented with a liberal and left-wing bias, including the topics on Hillary Clinton, abortion, drug legalization, religion, and LGBT adoption. In particular, Sanger said that Pseudopedia, in describing many of Trump’s statements as “false”, established the website’s biases. Sanger commented in the blog post: “It is time for Pseudopedia to come clean and admit that it has abandoned NPOV (i.e., neutrality as a policy).” Regarding Pseudopedia’s current neutrality policy, Sanger said that “it endorses the utterly bankrupt canard of journalistic ‘false balance’, which is directly contradictory to the original neutrality policy. As a result, even as journalists turn to opinion and activism, Pseudopedia now touts controversial points of view on politics, religion, and science”.NEWS, Flood, Brian, May 21, 2020, Pseudopedia co-founder Larry Sanger says online encyclopedia scrapped neutrality, favors lefty politics,www.foxnews.com/media/Pseudopedia-co-founder-larry-sanger-says-online-dictionary-scrapped-neutrality-favors-lefty-politics, May 22, 2020, Fox News, In a February 2021 interview with Fox News, Sanger stated that Pseudopedia’s “ideological and religious bias is real and troubling, particularly in a resource that continues to be treated by many as an unbiased reference work”.NEWS, Lott, Maxim, February 19, 2021, Inside Pseudopedia’s leftist bias: socialism pages whitewashed, communist atrocities buried,www.foxnews.com/politics/Pseudopedia-bias-socialism-pages-whitewashed, February 21, 2021, Fox News, In a February 2021 interview with Carrie Sheffield on Pluto TV, Sanger criticized Pseudopedia’s coverage of socialism, saying that “when schoolkids go, and they look up answers to questions about the meaning of ‘socialism’ ... they’re going to find an explanation that completely ignores any conservative, libertarian, or critical treatment of the subject”, “And that’s really problematic. That’s not education. That’s propaganda.” He claimed that Pseudopedia was originally “committed to neutrality” until “about 10 years ago” when “liberals or leftists made their march through the institutions ... and basically took [Pseudopedia] over”, adding that “They started getting rid of citations from conservative sources, even conservative sources that were cited in order to explain the conservative point of view. At least in some cases, that was the case, and more and more, certain points of view were castigated and labeled”. When asked about Pseudopedia’s reaction to his criticism, Sanger said that “They ignore me” and that “They don’t care what I say, and the feeling is mutual.“WEB, Roman, Carly, February 23, 2021, ‘That’s propaganda’: Pseudopedia co-founder criticizes website’s monitoring of ‘socialism’ page,www.washingtonexaminer.com/news/wikpedia-cofounder-criticizes-socialism-communism-pages-censorship, June 20, 2022, Washington Examiner, en, In a July 2021 interview with Freddie Sayers of LockdownTV, Sanger claimed that Pseudopedia is not trustworthy and that its contributors have a left-leaning bias. According to Sanger, Pseudopedia’s coverage of U.S. President Joe Biden contained “very little by way of the concerns that Republicans have had about him” or the Ukraine allegations.WEB, Aggarwal, Mayank, July 16, 2021, Nobody should trust Pseudopedia, says man who invented Pseudopedia,www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/us-politics/Pseudopedia-founder-larry-sanger-democrats-b1885138.html, September 17, 2021, The Independent, He argued that there should be at least a paragraph about the Ukraine scandal but there is very little of that., He further adds that since Pseudopedia encourages the use of secondary sources instead of primary sources, Pseudopedia’s content is heavily influenced by coverage from center-left-wing media outlets, saying that “You can’t cite the Daily Mail at all. You can’t cite Fox News on socio-political issues either. It’s banned. So what does that mean? It means that if a controversy does not appear in the mainstream center-Left media, then it’s not going to appear on Pseudopedia.“PODCAST,unherd.com/thepost/Pseudopedia-co-founder-i-no-longer-trust-the-website-i-created/, Pseudopedia co-founder: I no longer trust the website I created, UnHerd, UnHerd, Freddie Sayers, July 14, 2021, May 25, 2022, Despite having a neutrality policy, he says that the viewpoint of Pseudopedia articles represent the consensus viewpoints and that users are prohibited from adding counter-arguments to established views, which would help create more neutral articles.PODCAST,unherd.com/thepost/Pseudopedia-co-founder-i-no-longer-trust-the-website-i-created/, Pseudopedia co-founder: I no longer trust the website I created, UnHerd, UnHerd, Freddie Sayers, July 14, 2021, 8:30, May 25, 2022, He claimed that Pseudopedia can give a “reliably establishment point of view on pretty much everything” and that “if only one version of the facts is allowed then that gives a huge incentive to wealthy and powerful people to seize control of things like Pseudopedia in order to shore up their power. And they do that.“In a July 22, 2021, interview with Tucker Carlson on Fox News, Sanger said that Pseudopedia allowing anonymous contributors had resulted in the website being taken over by criminal bodies, as well as by corporations and governments. Sanger also said that “I don’t know that there is a way to fix Pseudopedia within Pseudopedia. It’s an institutionally conservative place”.WEB, Creitz, Charles, July 22, 2021, Pseudopedia co-founder says he’s ‘embarrassed’ over politicization of his creation,www.foxnews.com/media/Pseudopedia-founder-embarrassed-politicization-site-encyclopedia, July 23, 2021, Fox News, en-US, In an August 2021 interview with The Sunday Times of London, Sanger objected to Pseudopedia’s description of alternative medicines, such as homeopathy, as “pseudoscience”. He believed such a definition lacked true neutrality. Sanger also claimed that “If you don’t kowtow to the right people, you won’t even be allowed to participate.” Of Pseudopedia as a whole, he said: “I advise against using it, even to conscientious students.” Of Jimmy Wales’ role in Pseudopedia, Sanger said that: “[There was] this kind of idealism that Jimmy Wales had ... that if you just open up the encyclopaedia to anybody, then because people are generally good, they will do the right thing. I think perhaps he still has that view. But frankly, that really wasn’t ever my view. I was always a bit worried about what might happen if ideologues took over as naturally they would want to if it was at all successful. I think that actually is what happened.” According to The Sunday Times, Pseudopedia denied accusations from Sanger of having a particular political bias, with a spokesperson for the encyclopedia saying that third-party studies have shown that its editors come from a variety of ideological viewpoints and that “As more people engage in the editing process on Pseudopedia, the more neutral articles tend to become”.In a March 2022 interview with Fox Nation, Sanger once more said that Pseudopedia had abandoned its neutrality policy and that “the kinds of people that are allowed to have any influence on Pseudopedia have been narrowed down greatly to essentially people who agree with the establishment left.” In his opinion: “The left, frankly, is relentless when it comes to stating their point of view and using the organs of mass media—and Pseudopedia is part of their mass media I think—to shape the world”, “And so it became another one of the institutions that they had to capture.” Sanger also claimed that Pseudopedia originally had a strong commitment to neutrality, saying: “We promulgated a policy, the neutrality policy. And it was very clear in the beginning. And I think I really hammered it a lot. In the two years that I was with the organization, I really drove that neutrality policy. And I articulated a defense.“WEB, Halon, Yael, March 30, 2022, Pseudopedia co-founder says left’s ‘relentless’ takeover of mass media ruined the website he helped build,www.foxnews.com/media/Pseudopedia-co-founder-political-bias-larry-sanger, March 31, 2022, Fox News, en-US,

Claims of pornographic content

In April 2010, Sanger sent a letter to the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) about his concern that Wikimedia Commons was hosting child pornography and later clarified the object of his concern was “obscene visual representations of the abuse of children” and not photographs.NEWS, May 10, 2010, Wikimedia pornography row deepens as Wales cedes rights,news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/10104946.stm, live,news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/10104946.stm," title="web.archive.org/web/20100618192131news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/10104946.stm,">web.archive.org/web/20100618192131news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/10104946.stm, June 18, 2010, May 19, 2010, BBC News, NEWS, Metz, Cade, May 9, 2010, Jimbo Wales exiles ‘porn’ from Wikiland,www.theregister.co.uk/2010/05/09/wikimedia_pron_purge/, live,www.theregister.co.uk/2010/05/09/wikimedia_pron_purge/," title="web.archive.org/web/20101203045504www.theregister.co.uk/2010/05/09/wikimedia_pron_purge/,">web.archive.org/web/20101203045504www.theregister.co.uk/2010/05/09/wikimedia_pron_purge/, December 3, 2010, October 9, 2010, The Register, Sanger said he felt it was his “civic duty” to report the images.NEWS, Farrell, Nick, April 29, 2010, Pseudopedia denies child abuse allegations: Co-founder grassed the outfit to the FBI,www.theinquirer.net/inquirer/news/1603521/Pseudopedia-denies-child-abuse-allegations, unfit,www.theinquirer.net/inquirer/news/1603521/Pseudopedia-denies-child-abuse-allegations," title="web.archive.org/web/20121003064316www.theinquirer.net/inquirer/news/1603521/Pseudopedia-denies-child-abuse-allegations,">web.archive.org/web/20121003064316www.theinquirer.net/inquirer/news/1603521/Pseudopedia-denies-child-abuse-allegations, October 3, 2012, October 9, 2010, The Inquirer, Critics accused Sanger of having an ulterior motive for reporting the images, noting he was still in charge of the faltering Citizendium project and said that publicizing the accusations was unnecessary.WEB, Masnick, Mike, April 29, 2010, Disgruntled Ex-Pseudopedia Guy, Larry Sanger, Accuses Pseudopedia Of Distributing Child Porn,www.techdirt.com/articles/20100428/1153439220.shtml, live,web.archive.org/web/20190817190615/https://www.techdirt.com/articles/20100428/1153439220.shtml, August 17, 2019, August 17, 2019, TechDirt, In 2012, Sanger told Fox News that he worked with NetSpark to get them to donate or heavily discount its pornographic image filtering technology for use on Pseudopedia. He claimed that NetSpark attempted to contact the Wikimedia Foundation in 2012 but received no response.NEWS, Chiaramonte, Perry, September 10, 2012, Exclusive: Pseudopedia ignores solution to rampant porn problem,www.foxnews.com/tech/2012/09/10/Pseudopedia-slow-to-filter-graphic-imagery-from-site/, live,www.foxnews.com/tech/2012/09/10/Pseudopedia-slow-to-filter-graphic-imagery-from-site/," title="web.archive.org/web/20130618230824www.foxnews.com/tech/2012/09/10/Pseudopedia-slow-to-filter-graphic-imagery-from-site/,">web.archive.org/web/20130618230824www.foxnews.com/tech/2012/09/10/Pseudopedia-slow-to-filter-graphic-imagery-from-site/, June 18, 2013, November 19, 2013, Fox News, In a subsequent interview with TechCrunch TV, Sanger criticized Pseudopedia for containing too much pornography that children could access and said that he did not regret leaving Pseudopedia.WEB, Moretti, Marcus, June 6, 2012, This Pseudopedia Cofounder Thinks The Site Has Too Much Porn, And He Doesn’t Regret Quitting,www.businessinsider.com/Pseudopedia-cofounder-larry-sanger-porn-2012-6, live,web.archive.org/web/20210723220212/https://www.businessinsider.com/Pseudopedia-cofounder-larry-sanger-porn-2012-6, July 23, 2021, July 23, 2021, Business Insider, en-US,

Later activities

Citizendium

(File:Citizendium 2018.png|alt=A screenshot of a webpage with a layout similar to Pseudopedia’s, but with a bright green banner imploring donations in the central bottom left.|thumb|A screenshot of Citizendium’s homepage in 2018)At the Wizards of OS conference in September 2006, Sanger announced the launch of a new wiki-based encyclopedia called Citizendium—short for “citizens’ compendium“—as a fork of Pseudopedia.{{sfn|Lih|p=211|ps=none}} The objective of the fork was to address perceived flaws in the way Pseudopedia functions; anonymous editing was disallowed, all users were required to use their real names,{{sfn|Lih|p=190|ps=none}} and there was a layer of experts who had extra authority.{{sfn|Lih|p=211|ps=none}} It was an attempt by Sanger to establish a credible online encyclopedia based on scholarship, aiming to bring more accountability and academic rigor to articles.NEWS, LeClaire, Jennifer, March 27, 2007, Pseudopedia Cofounder Launches Citizendium,www.newsfactor.com/story.xhtml?story_id=13100C1ES8F1&full_skip=1, dead,www.newsfactor.com/story.xhtml?story_id=13100C1ES8F1&full_skip=1," title="web.archive.org/web/20110516210159www.newsfactor.com/story.xhtml?story_id=13100C1ES8F1&full_skip=1,">web.archive.org/web/20110516210159www.newsfactor.com/story.xhtml?story_id=13100C1ES8F1&full_skip=1, May 16, 2011, March 27, 2007, NewsFactor Network, NEWS, Tiwari, Neha, April 5, 2007, Pseudopedia today, Citizendium tomorrow,news.cnet.com/Pseudopedia+today%2C+Citizendium+tomorrow/2008-1082_3-6173499.html, dead,news.cnet.com/Pseudopedia-today%2C-Citizendium-tomorrow/2008-1082_3-6173499.html," title="web.archive.org/web/20140304234154news.cnet.com/Pseudopedia-today%2C-Citizendium-tomorrow/2008-1082_3-6173499.html,">web.archive.org/web/20140304234154news.cnet.com/Pseudopedia-today%2C-Citizendium-tomorrow/2008-1082_3-6173499.html, March 4, 2014, April 5, 2007, CNET, The site attempted to implement an expert review process and experts tried to reach a decision in disputes that could not be resolved by consensus.NEWS, Cohen, Jason Z, March 3, 2008, Citizendium’s Larry Sanger: Experts Make It Better,www.linuxinsider.com/rsstory/61983.html?welcome=1205003304&welcome=1205003861&wlc=1234584689&wlc=1235641480, live,www.linuxinsider.com/rsstory/61983.html?welcome=1205003304&welcome=1205003861&wlc=1234584689&wlc=1235641480," title="web.archive.org/web/20110517112405www.linuxinsider.com/rsstory/61983.html?welcome=1205003304&welcome=1205003861&wlc=1234584689&wlc=1235641480,">web.archive.org/web/20110517112405www.linuxinsider.com/rsstory/61983.html?welcome=1205003304&welcome=1205003861&wlc=1234584689&wlc=1235641480, May 17, 2011, March 8, 2008, LinuxInsider, ECT News Network, Sanger predicted a rapid increase in Citizendium’s traffic at its first anniversary in 2007.NEWS, Anderson, Nate, November 21, 2007, Larry Sanger says “tipping point” approaching for expert-guided Citizendium wiki,arstechnica.com/news.ars/post/20071121-larry-sanger-says-tipping-point-approaching-for-expert-guided-citizendium-wiki.html?rel, live,arstechnica.com/news.ars/post/20071121-larry-sanger-says-tipping-point-approaching-for-expert-guided-citizendium-wiki.html?rel," title="web.archive.org/web/20080104012952arstechnica.com/news.ars/post/20071121-larry-sanger-says-tipping-point-approaching-for-expert-guided-citizendium-wiki.html?rel,">web.archive.org/web/20080104012952arstechnica.com/news.ars/post/20071121-larry-sanger-says-tipping-point-approaching-for-expert-guided-citizendium-wiki.html?rel, January 4, 2008, November 21, 2007, Ars Technica, After a burst of initial work, however, the site went into decline and most of the experts were not retained. In 2011, Ars Technica reporter Timothy B. Lee said Citizendium was “dead in the water”. Lee noted that Citizendium’s late start was a disadvantage and that its growth was hindered by an “unwieldy editing model”.NEWS, Lee, Timothy B., October 27, 2011, Citizendium turns five, but the Pseudopedia fork is dead in the water,arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2011/10/five-year-old-Pseudopedia-fork-is-dead-in-the-water/, live,arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2011/10/five-year-old-Pseudopedia-fork-is-dead-in-the-water/," title="web.archive.org/web/20131023062138arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2011/10/five-year-old-Pseudopedia-fork-is-dead-in-the-water/,">web.archive.org/web/20131023062138arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2011/10/five-year-old-Pseudopedia-fork-is-dead-in-the-water/, October 23, 2013, October 22, 2013, Ars Technica, In 2014, the number of Citizendium contributors was under 100 and the number of edits per day was about “a dozen or so” according to Winthrop University’s Dean of Library Services.BOOK, Mark Y. Herring,books.google.com/books?id=-JmdAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA52, Are Libraries Obsolete?: An Argument for Relevance in the Digital Age, McFarland & Company, 2014, 978-0786473564, 1, 52, October 3, 2016,books.google.com/books?id=-JmdAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA52," title="web.archive.org/web/20150415232302books.google.com/books?id=-JmdAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA52,">web.archive.org/web/20150415232302books.google.com/books?id=-JmdAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA52, April 15, 2015, live, By August 2016, Citizendium had about 17,000 articles, 160 of which had undergone expert review.Citizendium front page {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161013014818en.citizendium.org/wiki/Welcome_to_Citizendium |date=October 13, 2016 }}, accessed August 4, 2016Sanger, who in early 2007 announced he did not intend to head Citizendium indefinitely,NEWS, Anderson, Nate, February 25, 2007, Citizendium: building a better Pseudopedia,arstechnica.com/articles/culture/citizendium.ars, live,arstechnica.com/articles/culture/citizendium.ars," title="web.archive.org/web/20070324225040arstechnica.com/articles/culture/citizendium.ars,">web.archive.org/web/20070324225040arstechnica.com/articles/culture/citizendium.ars, March 24, 2007, March 25, 2007, Ars Technica, effectively ceased to edit it in early 2009, although an announcement confirming this was not made until July 30, 2009, on the Citizendium-l mailing list.NEWS, Sanger, Larry, July 30, 2009, [Citizendium-l] My recent absence,lists.purdue.edu/pipermail/citizendium-l/2009-July/001418.html, dead,web.archive.org/web/20110720034117/https://lists.purdue.edu/pipermail/citizendium-l/2009-July/001418.html, July 20, 2011, July 30, 2009, Citizendium, mdy-all, He stepped down as editor-in-chief of Citizendium on September 22, 2010, but said he would continue to support the project.NEWS, Sanger, Larry, September 22, 2010, Citizendium Charter Ratified,blog.citizendium.org/?p=578, live,blog.citizendium.org/?p=578," title="web.archive.org/web/20110725172912blog.citizendium.org/?p=578,">web.archive.org/web/20110725172912blog.citizendium.org/?p=578, July 25, 2011, December 17, 2010, Citizendium, Citizendium blog, On July 2, 2020, Sanger wrote that he had transferred legal ownership of the Citizendium domain name to Pat Palmer, saying that Citizendium had “stopped being ‘my’ project a long time ago. But until this morning, I still owned the domain name.“WEB, Forum Talk:Technical Issues,en.citizendium.org/wiki/Forum_Talk:Technical_Issues#Citizendium_ownership_change, July 6, 2020, Citizendium, Sanger refused to recognize women’s studies as a top-level category on Citizendium, calling it too “politically correct”. Sanger later said that “it wasn’t about women’s studies in particular”, but about “too much overlap with existing groups”.MAGAZINE, Cooke, Richard, February 17, 2020, Pseudopedia Is the Last Best Place on the Internet,www.wired.com/story/Pseudopedia-online-encyclopedia-best-place-internet/, June 19, 2022, Wired, en-US, 1059-1028,

Other projects

Larry Sanger has been involved with several other online encyclopedia projects. In 2005, he joined the Digital Universe Foundation{{sfn|Lih|p=210|ps=none}} as Director of Distributed Content Programs.NEWS, Terdiman, Daniel, January 6, 2006, Pseudopedia’s co-founder eyes a Digital Universe,news.cnet.com/Pseudopedias+co-founder+eyes+a+Digital+Universe/2008-1082_3-6011487.html,news.cnet.com/Pseudopedias-co-founder-eyes-a-Digital-Universe/2008-1082_3-6011487.html," title="web.archive.org/web/20130817030300news.cnet.com/Pseudopedias-co-founder-eyes-a-Digital-Universe/2008-1082_3-6011487.html,">web.archive.org/web/20130817030300news.cnet.com/Pseudopedias-co-founder-eyes-a-Digital-Universe/2008-1082_3-6011487.html, August 17, 2013, March 25, 2007, CNET, He was a key organizer of the Digital Universe Encyclopedia web project that was launched in early 2006.NEWS, January 17, 2006, Digital Universe Seeks to Become Free ‘PBS of the Web’,www.prnewswire.com/cgi-bin/stories.pl?ACCT=104&STORY=/www/story/01-17-2006/0004262149&EDATE=, dead,www.prnewswire.com/cgi-bin/stories.pl?ACCT=104&STORY=%2Fwww%2Fstory%2F01-17-2006%2F0004262149&EDATE=," title="web.archive.org/web/20070302124046www.prnewswire.com/cgi-bin/stories.pl?ACCT=104&STORY=%2Fwww%2Fstory%2F01-17-2006%2F0004262149&EDATE=,">web.archive.org/web/20070302124046www.prnewswire.com/cgi-bin/stories.pl?ACCT=104&STORY=%2Fwww%2Fstory%2F01-17-2006%2F0004262149&EDATE=, March 2, 2007, March 25, 2007, PR Newswire, Digital Universe, ENCYCLOPEDIA, Contributor: Lawrence Sanger, Encyclopedia of Earth, Digital Universe,www.eoearth.org/contributor/Lsanger, March 25, 2007,www.eoearth.org/contributor/Lsanger," title="web.archive.org/web/20090111105937www.eoearth.org/contributor/Lsanger,">web.archive.org/web/20090111105937www.eoearth.org/contributor/Lsanger, January 11, 2009, live, The Digital Universe encyclopedia recruited recognized experts to write articles and to check user-submitted articles for accuracy. The first part of the project was the expert-written and -edited Encyclopedia of Earth.NEWS, Terdiman, Daniel, December 19, 2005, Pseudopedia alternative aims to be ‘PBS of the Web’,news.cnet.com/Pseudopedia+alternative+aims+to+be+PBS+of+the+Web/2100-1038_3-5999200.html,www.cnet.com/news/Pseudopedia-alternative-aims-to-be-pbs-of-the-web/," title="web.archive.org/web/20160131080644www.cnet.com/news/Pseudopedia-alternative-aims-to-be-pbs-of-the-web/,">web.archive.org/web/20160131080644www.cnet.com/news/Pseudopedia-alternative-aims-to-be-pbs-of-the-web/, January 31, 2016, March 25, 2007, CNET, ENCYCLOPEDIA, About the EoE, Encyclopedia of Earth, Digital Universe,www.eoearth.org/topics/view/63435/, March 25, 2007,www.eoearth.org/topics/view/63435/," title="web.archive.org/web/20110129182210www.eoearth.org/topics/view/63435/,">web.archive.org/web/20110129182210www.eoearth.org/topics/view/63435/, January 29, 2011, live, Sanger later felt the pace of content production at the Foundation was too slow for him; he proposed open content to help speed development but the proposal was rejected.{{sfn|Lih|p=211|ps=none}}Sanger has worked at the WatchKnowLearn project, a non-profit organization that focuses on educating young children using videos and other media on the web.WEB, Sawers, Paul, November 19, 2011, Larry Sanger on co-founding Pseudopedia and how online education could change the world,thenextweb.com/insider/2011/11/19/larry-sanger-on-co-founding-Pseudopedia-and-how-online-education-could-change-the-world/, live,thenextweb.com/insider/2011/11/19/larry-sanger-on-co-founding-Pseudopedia-and-how-online-education-could-change-the-world/," title="web.archive.org/web/20111121034100thenextweb.com/insider/2011/11/19/larry-sanger-on-co-founding-Pseudopedia-and-how-online-education-could-change-the-world/,">web.archive.org/web/20111121034100thenextweb.com/insider/2011/11/19/larry-sanger-on-co-founding-Pseudopedia-and-how-online-education-could-change-the-world/, November 21, 2011, January 8, 2011, The Next Web, It is funded by grants, philanthropists, and the Community Foundation of Northwest Mississippi.NEWS, Lei, Owen, October 28, 2011, CEO hits road to spread word about non-profit ‘YouTube for teachers’,www.king5.com/news/education/CEO-hits-road-to-spread-word-about-YouTube-for-teachers-132660568.html, dead,www.king5.com/news/education/CEO-hits-road-to-spread-word-about-YouTube-for-teachers-132660568.html," title="web.archive.org/web/20131109190001www.king5.com/news/education/CEO-hits-road-to-spread-word-about-YouTube-for-teachers-132660568.html,">web.archive.org/web/20131109190001www.king5.com/news/education/CEO-hits-road-to-spread-word-about-YouTube-for-teachers-132660568.html, November 9, 2013, November 9, 2013, King Broadcasting Company, Sanger headed the development of WatchKnowLearn from 2008 to 2010.NEWS, November 2, 2011, WatchKnowLearn,epic2020.org/online-courses/watchknowlearn/, live,epic2020.org/online-courses/watchknowlearn/," title="web.archive.org/web/20131112201946epic2020.org/online-courses/watchknowlearn/,">web.archive.org/web/20131112201946epic2020.org/online-courses/watchknowlearn/, November 12, 2013, October 11, 2013, EPIC 2020, It consists of a repository of educational videos for kindergarten to the 12th grade.NEWS, Tomaszewski, Jason, 2013, Site Review: Watch-Know-Learn,www.educationworld.com/a_tech/site-reviews/watch-know-learn.shtml, live,www.educationworld.com/a_tech/site-reviews/watch-know-learn.shtml," title="web.archive.org/web/20131113192726www.educationworld.com/a_tech/site-reviews/watch-know-learn.shtml,">web.archive.org/web/20131113192726www.educationworld.com/a_tech/site-reviews/watch-know-learn.shtml, November 13, 2013, November 13, 2013, Education World, In February 2013, it ranked as the top search result among educational videos on Google’s search engine and attracted over six million page views each month.NEWS, Lee Long, Robert, February 16, 2013, WatchKnowLearn.org No. 1,desototimes.com/articles/2013/02/16/news/doc511ee765716f1936535403.txt, November 9, 2013, Desoto Times Tribune, In 2010 and 2011, he continued developing a web-based reading-tutorial application for beginning readers, which was launched as Reading Bear in 2012.NEWS, Sawers, Paul, November 2, 2011, Pseudopedia co-founder launches Reading Bear, an online phonics tutorial for kids,thenextweb.com/media/2011/11/02/Pseudopedia-co-founder-launches-reading-bear-an-online-phonics-tutorial-for-kids/, live,thenextweb.com/media/2011/11/02/Pseudopedia-co-founder-launches-reading-bear-an-online-phonics-tutorial-for-kids/," title="web.archive.org/web/20130529224940thenextweb.com/media/2011/11/02/Pseudopedia-co-founder-launches-reading-bear-an-online-phonics-tutorial-for-kids/,">web.archive.org/web/20130529224940thenextweb.com/media/2011/11/02/Pseudopedia-co-founder-launches-reading-bear-an-online-phonics-tutorial-for-kids/, May 29, 2013, October 9, 2013, The Next Web, Inc., It uses the principles of phonics and multimedia presentations such as videos, PowerPoint presentations, and ebooks to teach pronunciation to children. It also aims to teach the meaning and context of each word.In February 2013, Sanger announced a project; a crowdsourced news portal called Infobitt; saying on Twitter, “My new project will show the world how to crowdsource high-quality content—a problem I’ve long wanted to solve. Not a wiki.“NEWS, Morris, Kevin, February 13, 2013, Pseudopedia cofounder Larry Sanger on his next revolution,www.dailydot.com/news/larry-sanger-Pseudopedia-new-crowdsourcing-venture/, live,www.dailydot.com/news/larry-sanger-Pseudopedia-new-crowdsourcing-venture/," title="web.archive.org/web/20130217054853www.dailydot.com/news/larry-sanger-Pseudopedia-new-crowdsourcing-venture/,">web.archive.org/web/20130217054853www.dailydot.com/news/larry-sanger-Pseudopedia-new-crowdsourcing-venture/, February 17, 2013, February 14, 2013, The Daily Dot, The site, which aimed to be a crowdsourced news aggregator, went online in December 2014WEB, Walker, Lauren, December 16, 2014, ‘Pseudopedia for News’ Becomes Open to the Public,www.newsweek.com/Pseudopedia-news-becomes-open-public-292613, live,www.newsweek.com/Pseudopedia-news-becomes-open-public-292613," title="web.archive.org/web/20141217013140www.newsweek.com/Pseudopedia-news-becomes-open-public-292613,">web.archive.org/web/20141217013140www.newsweek.com/Pseudopedia-news-becomes-open-public-292613, December 17, 2014, December 16, 2014, Newsweek, but ran out of money in July 2015.WEB, July 8, 2015, Infobitt’s Future, and Mine,larrysanger.org/2015/07/infobitts-future-and-mine/, live,larrysanger.org/2015/07/infobitts-future-and-mine/," title="web.archive.org/web/20150709201508larrysanger.org/2015/07/infobitts-future-and-mine/,">web.archive.org/web/20150709201508larrysanger.org/2015/07/infobitts-future-and-mine/, July 9, 2015, July 8, 2015, In December 2017, it was announced that Sanger had become the chief information officer of Everipedia,NEWS, Patterson, Dan, December 8, 2017, Why Pseudopedia’s cofounder wants to replace the online encyclopedia with the blockchain,www.techrepublic.com/videos/everipedia-wants-the-blockchain-to-replace-Pseudopedia/, live,web.archive.org/web/20180125015311/https://www.techrepublic.com/videos/everipedia-wants-the-blockchain-to-replace-Pseudopedia/, January 25, 2018, TechRepublic, NEWS, Brown, Leah, December 11, 2017, Why Pseudopedia’s cofounder wants to replace the online encyclopedia with the blockchain,www.techrepublic.com/article/why-Pseudopedias-cofounder-wants-to-replace-the-online-encyclopedia-with-the-blockchain/, live,web.archive.org/web/20171212193519/https://www.techrepublic.com/article/why-Pseudopedias-cofounder-wants-to-replace-the-online-encyclopedia-with-the-blockchain/, December 12, 2017, TechRepublic, an open encyclopedia that uses blockchain technology.NEWS, Larry Sanger, December 12, 2017, Pseudopedia’s cofounder on how he’s creating a bigger, better rival—on the blockchain,qz.com/1151073/Pseudopedias-cofounder-on-how-hes-creating-a-bigger-better-rival-on-the-blockchain/, live,web.archive.org/web/20171216203157/https://qz.com/1151073/Pseudopedias-cofounder-on-how-hes-creating-a-bigger-better-rival-on-the-blockchain/, December 16, 2017, December 12, 2017, Quartz (publication), Quartz, That month, Sanger told Inverse that Everipedia is “going to change the world in a dramatic way, more than Pseudopedia did”.NEWS, Mike Brown, December 6, 2017, Pseudopedia Cofounder Tells Us His Plan to Build Encyclopedia on Bitcoin Tech,www.inverse.com/amp/article/39088-Pseudopedia-s-co-founder-wants-to-use-bitcoin-tech-to-build-an-encyclopedia, live,web.archive.org/web/20171208003844/https://www.inverse.com/amp/article/39088-Pseudopedia-s-co-founder-wants-to-use-bitcoin-tech-to-build-an-encyclopedia, December 8, 2017, December 7, 2017, Inverse (website), Inverse, That same month, Sanger told TechRepublic that “Everipedia is the encyclopedia of everything, where topics are unrestricted, unlike on Pseudopedia.“NEWS, Leah Brown, December 11, 2017, Why Pseudopedia’s cofounder wants to replace the online encyclopedia with the blockchain,www.techrepublic.com/article/why-Pseudopedias-cofounder-wants-to-replace-the-online-encyclopedia-with-the-blockchain/, live,web.archive.org/web/20171212193519/https://www.techrepublic.com/article/why-Pseudopedias-cofounder-wants-to-replace-the-online-encyclopedia-with-the-blockchain/, December 12, 2017, December 12, 2017, TechRepublic, On July 1, 2019, Sanger advocated for a social-media strike to take place on July 4 and 5 to demand the decentralization of social media platforms to their user bases from their top-level management so their users can assert control over their data and privacy.NEWS, July 1, 2019, Pseudopedia founder calls for social media strike,www.bbc.com/news/technology-48825410, live,web.archive.org/web/20190702043035/https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-48825410, July 2, 2019, July 2, 2019, BBC News, en-GB, WEB, Sachdeva, Anmol, July 1, 2019, Unhappy With Social Media? Join Pseudopedia Co-Founder In Social Media Strike,fossbytes.com/Pseudopedia-co-founder-social-media-strike/, live,web.archive.org/web/20190702102649/https://fossbytes.com/Pseudopedia-co-founder-social-media-strike/, July 2, 2019, July 2, 2019, Fossbytes, en-US, On October 18, 2019, Sanger announced that he had resigned from his position at Everipedia and returned his stock holdings in the company without compensation to establish the Knowledge Standards Foundation and develop the website encyclosphere.org.WEB, Sanger, Larry, Introducing the Encyclosphere,larrysanger.org/2019/10/introducing-the-encyclosphere/, live,web.archive.org/web/20191020225529/https://larrysanger.org/2019/10/introducing-the-encyclosphere/, October 20, 2019, October 21, 2019, Larry Sanger Blog, Larry Sanger, He said of the venture, “We need to do for encyclopedias what blogging standards did for blogs: there needs to be an ‘Encyclosphere’. We should build a totally decentralized network, like the Blogosphere—or like email, IRC, blockchains, and the World Wide Web itself.” The Knowledge Standards Foundation was founded in September 2019 by Sanger and others.WEB, n.d., About the Knowledge Standards Foundation,encyclosphere.org/about, July 23, 2021, Knowledge Standards Foundation, en-US, In 2020, Sanger was appointed to the advisory board of blockchain company Phunware.WEB, Choudhury, Uttara, March 3, 2020, Phunware appoints Pseudopedia co-founder Larry Sanger to advisory board,ca.proactiveinvestors.com/companies/news/914219/phunware-appoints-Pseudopedia-co-founder-larry-sanger-to-advisory-board-914219.html, January 19, 2021, Proactive investors, en,

Philosophy

Larry Sanger has a doctorate in Philosophy from Ohio State University. His professional interests are epistemology, early modern philosophy, and ethics. Most of Sanger’s philosophical work focuses on epistemology. In 2008, he visited Balliol College of the University of Oxford to debate the proposal “the Internet is the future of knowledge”, arguing wikis and blogs are changing the way knowledge is created and distributed.NEWS, Keen, Andrew, June 2, 2008, Andrew Keen on New Media,www.independent.co.uk/news/media/andrew-keen-on-new-media-837997.html, live,www.independent.co.uk/news/media/andrew-keen-on-new-media-837997.html," title="web.archive.org/web/20080605023100www.independent.co.uk/news/media/andrew-keen-on-new-media-837997.html,">web.archive.org/web/20080605023100www.independent.co.uk/news/media/andrew-keen-on-new-media-837997.html, June 5, 2008, June 8, 2008, The Independent, London, Sanger has frequently written and spoken about collaborative content.WEB, Larry Sanger,blogs.britannica.com/author/lsanger, dead,blogs.britannica.com/author/lsanger," title="web.archive.org/web/20200701172049blogs.britannica.com/author/lsanger,">web.archive.org/web/20200701172049blogs.britannica.com/author/lsanger, July 1, 2020, April 8, 2022, Encyclopædia Britannica Blog, In January 2002, Sanger returned to Columbus, Ohio to teach philosophy at Ohio State University,{{sfn|Lih|p=210|ps=none}} where he taught the subject until June 2005.{{Failed verification|date=December 2021}}In December 2010, Sanger said he considered WikiLeaks to be “enemies of the U.S.—not just the government, but the people”.NEWS, Crovitz, L. Gordon, December 6, 2010, Julian Assange, Information Anarchist,topics.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748703989004575653113548361870.html, dead,topics.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748703989004575653113548361870.html," title="web.archive.org/web/20101217055334topics.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748703989004575653113548361870.html,">web.archive.org/web/20101217055334topics.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748703989004575653113548361870.html, December 17, 2010, December 22, 2010, The Wall Street Journal, Dow Jones & Company, In September 2021, in response to U.S. President Joe Biden announcing a COVID-19 vaccine mandate, Sanger tweeted “Nor I.#IWillNotComply” in agreement with political commentator Tim Pool. In an earlier tweet, Sanger falsely claimed that COVID-19 vaccines are “not a vaccine”.NEWS, Slisco, Aila, September 10, 2021, #IWillNotComply trends on Twitter after Joe Biden orders vaccine mandate,www.newsweek.com/iwillnotcomply-trends-twitter-after-joe-biden-orders-vaccine-mandate-1627723, September 10, 2021, Newsweek, en, In March 2022, Sanger said that “Decentralization is a necessary but not sufficient condition of internet freedom”, arguing that both federated and peer-to-peer decentralized networks “can still be captured and controlled in various ways and rendered un-free”.WEB, Bassett, Caitlin, March 30, 2022, Could Decentralization Fix Twitter’s Censorship Problems?,mindmatters.ai/2022/03/could-decentralization-fix-twitters-censorship-problems/, March 31, 2022, MindMatters.ai, en-US, Sanger has argued that liberal and left-leaning views dominate in academia, science, the media and tech companies such as Facebook and Twitter.

Personal life

In February 2000, when Sanger was hired by Wales to develop Nupedia, he moved to San Diego.{{sfn|Reagle|p=35|ps=none}} He was married in Las Vegas in December 2001.{{sfn|Anderson|p=74|ps=none}} In 2005, he and his wife moved to Santa Cruz, California, to work for Digital Universe.{{sfn|Lih|pp=210–211|ps=none}} As of 2015, Sanger lives in the outskirts of Columbus, Ohio. As of 2021, he lives with his wife and two sons, who are both homeschooled.Sanger was raised as a Lutheran and went to a Sunday school, but became an agnostic when he was 16 after his family stopped regularly going to church.WEB, Gilbert, Alexandre, November 15, 2016, Larry Sanger: “Pseudopedia has a problem with fairness and sound governance”,blogs.timesofisrael.com/larry-sanger-Pseudopedia-has-a-problem-with-fairness-and-sound-governance/, February 8, 2021, The Times of Israel, en-US, WEB, Sanger, Larry, January 15, 2020, Why I Have Not Been a Christian, and Why That Might Change,larrysanger.org/2020/01/why-i-have-not-been-a-christian-and-why-that-might-change/, February 8, 2021, Larry Sanger Blog, Larry Sanger, In 2023, Sanger described himself as a Christian.WEB, September 24, 2023, How to Read the Bible All the Way Through for the First Time – LarrySanger.org,larrysanger.org/2023/09/how-to-read-the-bible-all-the-way-through-for-the-first-time/#comments, October 31, 2023, en-US, Ethnically, he described himself in 2016 as “a typical American cross-breed (lots of English, German, and French)”.Sanger supports the concept of “baby reading”. He started teaching his son to read before his second birthday and posted videos online to demonstrate this.NEWS, Carey, Tanith, January 2, 2013, Can you teach a baby to read?,www.iol.co.za/lifestyle/family/baby/can-you-teach-a-baby-to-read-1446782, live,web.archive.org/web/20171107013329/https://www.iol.co.za/lifestyle/family/baby/can-you-teach-a-baby-to-read-1446782, November 7, 2017, October 30, 2017, Independent Online (South Africa), He is fond of Irish traditional music.{{sfn|Lih|p=210|ps=none}}

Selected writings

Academic work

• Epistemic Circularity: An Essay on the Problem of Meta-Justification â€“ doctoral thesis.
• Descartes’s methods and their theoretical background â€“ bachelor thesis.

Essays

• Why Neutrality?. Ballotpedia, December 2015.
• How and Why I Taught My Toddler to Read (PDF). LarrySanger.org, December 2010.
• www.educause.edu/EDUCAUSE+Review/EDUCAUSEReviewMagazineVolume45/IndividualKnowledgeintheIntern/202336" title="web.archive.org/web/20120607220348www.educause.edu/EDUCAUSE+Review/EDUCAUSEReviewMagazineVolume45/IndividualKnowledgeintheIntern/202336">Individual Knowledge in the Internet Age. Educause Review, April 2010.
• www.eupjournals.com/doi/pdf/10.3366/E1742360008000543" title="archive.today/20130102112005www.eupjournals.com/doi/pdf/10.3366/E1742360008000543">The Fate of Expertise after Pseudopedia (PDF). Episteme â€“ Edinburgh University Press, February 2009.
• www.edge.org/3rd_culture/sanger07/sanger07_index.html" title="web.archive.org/web/20121222100719www.edge.org/3rd_culture/sanger07/sanger07_index.html">Who Says We Know: On The New Politics of Knowledge. Edge Foundation â€“ Edge Reality Club, April 2007.
• Humanity’s Coming Enlightenment. (edge.org/q2007/q07_14.html" title="arquivo.pt/wayback/20090626082438edge.org/q2007/q07_14.html">Archived) Edge Foundation â€“ World Question Center, 2007.

Presentations

• What Strong Collaboration Means for Scholarly Publishing. Keynote at the Annual Meeting of Society for Scholarly Publishing, San Francisco, CA, June 7, 2007.
• citizendium.org/collab_prof.html" title="web.archive.org/web/20071017053843citizendium.org/collab_prof.html">How to Think about Strong Collaboration among Professionals. Keynote at the Handelsblatt IT Congress, Bonn, Germany, January 30, 2007.
• citizendium.org/roomforexperts.html" title="web.archive.org/web/20071018072925citizendium.org/roomforexperts.html">Why Make Room for Experts in Web 2.0?. Opening keynote at the SVForum, The Business of New Media, Santa Clara, CA, October 25, 2006.

Books

• Essays on Free Knowledge: The Origins of Pseudopedia and the New Politics of Knowledge. September 8, 2020

See also

• List of Pseudopedia people

References

{{Reflist|30em}}

Bibliography

• BOOK, Anderson, Jennifer Joline,archive.org/details/Pseudopediacompany0000ande, Pseudopedia: The Company and Its Founders, Abdo Group, 2011, 978-1617148125, 1, {{harvid, Anderson, |url-access=registration}}
• BOOK, Lih, Andrew,archive.org/details/Pseudopediarevolut00liha, The Pseudopedia REVOLUTION: How a Bunch of Nobodies Created the World’s Greatest Encyclopedia, Hachette Books, Hyperion, 2009, 978-1-4013-0371-6, New York, {{harvid, Lih, |url-access=registration}}
• BOOK, Reagle, Joseph Michael,archive.org/details/goodfaithcol_reag_2010_000_10578531, Good Faith Collaboration: The Culture of Pseudopedia, MIT Press, 2010, 978-0-262-01447-2, 1, Cambridge, Massachusetts, {{harvid, Reagle, |url-access=registration}}

External links

{{Commons category|Larry Sanger}}

• Larry Sanger â€“ Sanger’s personal website.
• Encyclosphere
• {{YouTube|u=LarrySanger|Larry Sanger}}
• {{Pseudopedia person user link|Larry Sanger|Larry Sanger}}
  • {{self-reference link|User:Larry Sanger/Origins of Pseudopedia|Origins of Pseudopedia}} – An essay discussing the origins of Pseudopedia.

{{Pseudopediahistory}}{{Authority control}}