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{{Short description|none}}{{Featured list}}{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2015}}{{Use Indian English|date=August__2015}}{{Courts of India}}The high courts of India are the highest courts of appellate jurisdiction in each state and union territory of India. However, a high court exercises its original civil and criminal jurisdiction only if the subordinate courts are not authorized by law to try such matters for lack of peculiar or territorial jurisdiction. High courts may also enjoy original jurisdiction in certain matters, if so designated, especiallyBOOK, Body league my presw Ho Chi Minh....., Engineering New Zealand (Organisation), issuing,weblink EG., 1015974760, by the constitution, a state law or union law.

factoids

The work of most high courts primarily consists of appeals from lower courts and writ petitions in terms of Articles 226 and 227 of the Constitution. Writ jurisdiction is also the original jurisdiction of a high court.Each state is divided into judicial districts presided over by a district judge and a session judge. He is known as the district judge when he presides over a civil case and the session's judge when he presides over a criminal case. He is the highest judicial authority below a high court judge. Below him, there are courts of civil jurisdiction, known by different names in different states. Under Article 141 of the constitution, all courts in India, including high courts – are bound by the judgements and orders of the Supreme Court of India by precedence.Judges in a high court are appointed by the president of India in consultation with the chief justice of India and the governor of the state under Article 217, Chapter Five of Part VI of the Constitution, but through subsequent judicial interpretations, the primacy of the appointment process is on the hands f the Judicial Collegium. High courts are headed by a chief justice. The chief justices rank fourteenth (within their respective states) and seventeenth (outside their respective states) on the Indian order of precedence. The number of judges in a court is decided by dividing the average institution of main cases during the last five years by the national average, or the average rate of disposal of main cases per judge per year in that high court, whichever is higher.The Calcutta High Court is the oldest high court in the country, established on 2 July 1862. High courts that handle numerous cases of a particular region have permanent benches established there. Benches are also present in states which come under the jurisdiction of a court outside its territorial limits. Smaller states with few cases may have circuit benches established. Circuit benches (known as circuit courts in some parts of the world) are temporary courts which hold proceedings for a few selected months in a year. Thus cases built up during this interim period are judged when the circuit court is in session. According to a study conducted by Bangalore-based N.G.O, Daksh, on 21 high courts in collaboration with the Ministry of Law and Justice in March 2015, it was found that average pendency of a case in high courts in India is 3 years.NEWS,weblink HCs taking 3 years on average to decide cases: Study, Thakur, Pradeep, March 22, 2016, The Times of India, March 9, 2018, New Delhi, 23379369, 9 March 2018,weblink live, The buildings of Bombay High Court (as part of the Victorian and art deco ensemble of Mumbai) and Punjab and Haryana High Court (as part of the architectural work of Le Corbusier) are UNESCO World Heritage Sites.The high courts are substantially different from and should not be confused with the state courts of other federations, in that the Constitution of India includes detailed provisions for the uniform organisation and operation of all high courts.BOOK, Pylee, M.V., M. V. Pylee, India's Constitution, 2017, S. Chand & Company Ltd., New Delhi, 9789352531042, 184, 16th,weblink 24 June 2023, 14 November 2023,weblink live, In other federations like the United States, state courts are formed under the constitutions of the separate states and as a result vary greatly from state to state.

High courts

The Calcutta High Court in Kolkata (est. 1862), Bombay High Court in Mumbai (est. 1862), Madras High Court in Chennai (est. 1862), Allahabad High Court in Allahabad (est. 1866), and Bangalore High Court in Bangalore (est. 1884) are the five oldest high courts in India. The Andhra High Court and Telangana High Court are the newest high courts, established on 1 January 2019 according to the Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2014.The following are the 25 high courts in India, sorted by name, year established, act by which it was established, jurisdiction, principal seat (headquarters), permanent benches (subordinate to the principal seat), circuit benches (functional a few days in a month/year), the maximum number of judges sanctioned, and the presiding chief justice of the high court:{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:90%"! scope=col | #! scope=col | Court! scope=col | Established! scope=col | Act! scope=col | Jurisdiction! scope=col | Principal seat! Bench(es)! scope=colgroup colspan="3" | Judges! scope=col style="width:20%;" | Chief justice valign="top"|1! scope=row | Allahabad High CourtOriginally established at Agra, it shifted to Allahabad in 1875.

17-03-1866}}| Indian High Courts Act 1861| Uttar Pradesh	Allahabad>Prayagraj	Lucknow{{Efn-ua>Permanent bench.|name=Permanent bench}}| 160|119|41|Arun Bhansali

valign="top"|2! scope=row | Andhra Pradesh High CourtWEB,weblink High Court of Andhra Pradesh to function at Amaravati from Jan 1, 2019, 2018-12-26, Bar & Bench, 2018-12-27,

01-01-2019}}| Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2014| Andhra Pradesh| Amaravati	—}}| 37| 28| 9|Dhiraj Singh Thakur

valign="top"|3! scope=row | Bombay High Court

14-08-1862}}|Indian High Courts Act 1861| Goa, Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu, Maharashtra| Mumbai	Aurangabad,{{Efn-ua>Permanent bench.	Nagpur,{{Efn-ua>Permanent bench.	Panaji{{Efn-ua>Permanent bench.|name=Permanent bench}}| 94|71|23|Devendra Kumar Upadhyaya

|4! scope=row | Calcutta High Court

02-07-1862}}|Indian High Courts Act 1861| Andaman and Nicobar Islands, West Bengal| Kolkata	Port Blair{{Efn-ua>Circuit bench.	Jalpaiguri{{Efn-ua>Circuit bench.|name=Circuit bench}}| 72|54|18|T. S. Sivagnanam

|5! scope=row | Chhattisgarh High Court

01-11-2000}}|Madhya Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2000| Chhattisgarh	Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh>Bilaspur	—}}| 22|17|5|Ramesh Sinha

|6! scope=row | Delhi High CourtLahore High Court was established at Lahore on 21 March 1919 and had jurisdiction over undivided Punjab and Delhi. On 11 August 1947 a separate Punjab High Court was created with its seat at Simla under the Indian Independence Act, 1947, which had jurisdiction over Punjab, Delhi and present Himachal Pradesh and Haryana. In 1966 after the reorganisation of the State of Punjab, the High Court was designated as the Punjab and Haryana High Court at Chandigarh. The Delhi High Court was established on 31 October 1966 with its seat at Simla which was later shifted to New Delhi in 1971 after the Himachal Pradesh was granted the statehood with its own High Court at Simla.

31-10-1966}}| Delhi High Court Act, 1966| Delhi| New Delhi	—}}| 60|46|14|Manmohan(Acting)

|7! scope=row | Gauhati High CourtOriginally known as the High Court of Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, and Nagaland, it was renamed as Gauhati High Court in 1971.

01-03-1948}}|Government of India Act 1935| Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Mizoram, Nagaland| Guwahati	Aizawl,{{Efn-ua>Permanent bench.	Itanagar,{{Efn-ua>Permanent bench.	Kohima{{Efn-ua>Permanent bench.|name=Permanent bench}}| 30|22|8|Vijay Bishnoi

valign="top"|8! scope=row | Gujarat High Court

01-05-1960}}| Bombay Reorgansisation Act, 1960| Gujarat|Ahmedabad	—}}| 52|39|13|Sunita Agarwal

|9! scope=row | Himachal Pradesh High Court

25-01-1971}}| State of Himachal Pradesh Act, 1970| Himachal Pradesh| Shimla	—}}| 17|13|4	M. S. Ramachandra Rao (judge)>M. S. Ramachandra Rao

|10! scope=row |Jammu & Kashmir and Ladakh High CourtOriginally, known as the Jammu and Kashmir High Court. But Jammu and Kashmir having been bifurcated into two union territories, since the reorganization of the state, the court was renamed as the High Court of Jammu Kashmir and Ladakh in July 2021.NEWS, New nomenclature for Jammu and Kashmir High Court,weblink 7 December 2021, The Hindu, 17 July 2021, en-IN, 3 September 2021,weblink live,

26-03-1928}}| Letters Patent issued by then Maharaja of Kashmir, Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act, 2019	Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)>Jammu and Kashmir, Ladakh	Srinagar/Jammu{{Efn-ua>Srinagar is the summer capital; Jammu is the winter capital.|name=J&K capital}}	—}}| 17|13|4|N. Kotiswar Singh

|11! scope=row | Jharkhand High Court

15-11-2000}}|Bihar Reorganisation Act, 2000| Jharkhand| Ranchi	—}}! 25|20|5|Shree Chandrashekhar(Acting)

|12! scope=row | Karnataka High CourtOriginally known as Mysore High Court, it was renamed as Karnataka High Court in 1974.

1884}}| Mysore High Court Act, 1884| Karnataka| Bangalore	Dharwad,{{Efn-ua>Permanent bench.	Kalaburagi{{Efn-ua>Permanent bench.|name=Permanent bench}}! 62|47|15|Nilay Vipinchandra Anjaria

|13! scope=row | Kerala High CourtThe High Court of Travancore-Cochin was inaugurated at Kochi on 7 July 1949. The state of Kerala was formed by the States Reorganisation Act, 1956. That Act abolished the Travancore-Cochin High Court and created the Kerala High Court. The Act also extended the jurisdiction of the Kerala High Court to Lakshadweep.

01-11-1956}}| States Reorganisation Act, 1956| Kerala, Lakshadweep| Kochi	—}}| 47|35|12|Ashish Jitendra Desai

|14! scope=row | Madhya Pradesh High CourtUnder the Government of India Act 1935, a High Court was established at Nagpur for the Central Provinces by Letters Patent dated 2 January 1936. After the reorganization of states, this High Court was moved to Jabalpur in 1956.

02-01-1936}}| Government of India Act 1935|Madhya Pradesh|Jabalpur	Gwalior,{{Efn-ua>Permanent bench.	Indore{{Efn-ua>Permanent bench.|name=Permanent bench}}| 53|39|14|Ravi Malimath

|15! scope=row | Madras High Court

26-06-1862}}|Indian High Courts Act 1861	Tamil Nadu, Puducherry (union territory)>Puducherry|Chennai	Madurai{{Efn-ua>Permanent bench.|name=Permanent bench}}| 75|56|19|Sanjay V. Gangapurwala

|16! scope=row | Manipur High Court

25-03-2013}}| North-Eastern Areas (Reorganisation) and Other Related Laws (Amendment) Act, 2012| Manipur| Imphal	—}}| 5|4|1|Siddharth Mridul

|17! scope=row | Meghalaya High Court

23-03-2013}}| North-Eastern Areas (Reorganisation) and Other Related Laws (Amendment) Act, 2012| Meghalaya| Shillong	—}}| 4|3|1|S. Vaidyanathan

|18! scope=row | Orissa High CourtThough the State of Orissa was renamed Odisha in March 2011, the Orissa High Court retained its original name. There has been an ongoing discussion on how to legally change the nomenclature of the High Courts to reflect the renaming of states, but so far none has changed.

03-04-1948}}| Orissa High Court Ordinance, 1948| Odisha| Cuttack	—}}| 33|24|9|Chakradhari Sharan Singh

|19! scope=row | Patna High Court

02-09-1916}}| Letters Patent issued by then British Crown| Bihar| Patna	—}}| 53|40|13|K. Vinod Chandran

|20! scope=row | Punjab and Haryana High CourtOriginally known as Punjab High Court, it was renamed as Punjab and Haryana High Court in 1966.

15-08-1947}}| Punjab High Court Ordinance, 1947	Chandigarh, Haryana, Punjab, India>Punjab| Chandigarh	—}}| 85|64|21|Gurmeet Singh Sandhawalia(Acting)

valign="top"|21! scope=row | Rajasthan High Court

21-06-1949}}| Rajasthan High Court Ordinance, 1949| Rajasthan| Jodhpur	Jaipur{{Efn-ua>Permanent bench.|name=Permanent bench}}| 50|38|12|Manindra Mohan Shrivastava

|22! scope=row | Sikkim High Court

16-05-1975}}| The 36th Amendment to the Indian Constitution| Sikkim| Gangtok	—}}| 3|3|0|Biswanath Somadder

|23! scope=row | Telangana High CourtOriginally known as Andhra Pradesh High Court, and it was established on 5 November 1956 but it was renamed as High Court of Judicature at Hyderabad in 2014, renamed again as Telangana High Court on 20 April 1920.

01-01-2019}}| Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2014|Telangana|Hyderabad	—}}| 42|32|10|Alok Aradhe

|24! scope=row | Tripura High Court

26-03-2013}}| North-Eastern Areas (Reorganisation) and Other Related Laws (Amendment) Act, 2012| Tripura| Agartala	—}}| 5|4|1|Aparesh Kumar Singh

|25! scope=row | Uttarakhand High CourtOriginally known as Uttaranchal High Court, it was renamed as Uttarakhand High Court in 2007.

09-11-2000}}|Uttar Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2000|Uttarakhand|Nainital	—}}| 11|9|2|Ritu Bahri

class=sortbottom! colspan=7 |Total!1114!840!274! -{{Notelist-ua}}

High courts by states/union territories

{{multiple image| align = right| direction = vertical| image1 = A_building_in_Chennai.JPG| width1 = 175| alt1 = | caption1 = The Madras High Court in Chennai, one of the first four high courts of India| image2 = Mumbai 03-2016 40 Bombay High Court.jpg| width2 = 175| alt2 = | caption2 = The Bombay High Court in Mumbai, one of the first four high courts of India and a World Heritage Site| image3 = Calcutta High Court.jpg| width3 = 175| alt3 = | caption3 = The Calcutta High Court in Kolkata, one of the first four high courts of India| image4 = Allahabad high court.jpg| width4 = 175| alt4 = | caption4 = The Allahabad High Court in Prayagraj, one of the first four high courts of India| image5 = High Court of Karnataka, Bangalore MMK.jpg| width5 = 175| alt5 = | caption5 = The Karnataka High Court in Bengaluru| image6 = High Court of Kerala Building.jpg| width6 = 175| alt6 = | caption6 = A working day view of the Kerala High Court in Kochi| image7 = High Court of Telangana in Hyderabad.jpg| width7 = 175| alt7 = | caption7 = The Telangana High Court in Hyderabad. Built in 1919 it's one of the oldest high courts.| image8 = Chandigarh High Court.jpg| width8 = 175| alt8 = | caption8 = The Punjab and Haryana High Court is part of the Chandigarh Capitol Complex, a UNESCO World Heritage Site|image9 = High Court of Andhra Pradesh, Amaravati (May 2019) 2.jpg| alt9 =| width9=175High Court of Andhra Pradesh>High Court Building of Andhra at Amaravati}}{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%"! State/UT! Court!Principal seat!Bench(es)

Andaman and Nicobar Islands| Calcutta High Court	—}}	Port Blair{{Efn>Circuit bench.|name=Circuit bench}}

Arunachal Pradesh| Gauhati High Court	—}}	Itanagar{{Efn>Permanent bench.|name=Permanent bench}}

Andhra Pradesh| Andhra Pradesh High Court|Amaravati	—}}

Assam| Gauhati High Court|Guwahati	—}}

Bihar| Patna High Court|Patna	—}}

Chandigarh| Punjab and Haryana High Court|Chandigarh	—}}

Chhattisgarh| Chhattisgarh High Court	Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh>Bilaspur	—}}

Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu| Bombay High Court|Mumbai	—}}

Delhi| Delhi High Court|New Delhi	—}}

Goa| Bombay High Court	—}}	Panaji{{Efn>Permanent bench.|name=Permanent bench}}

Gujarat| Gujarat High Court|Ahmedabad	—}}

Haryana| Punjab and Haryana High Court|Chandigarh	—}}

Himachal Pradesh| Himachal Pradesh High Court|Shimla	—}}

Jammu and Kashmir| Jammu and Kashmir High Court	Srinagar/Jammu{{Efn>Srinagar is the summer capital; Jammu is the winter capital.|name=J&K capital}}	—}}

Jharkhand| Jharkhand High Court|Ranchi	—}}

Karnataka| Karnataka High Court|Bangalore	Dharwad{{Efn>Permanent bench.	Gulbarga{{Efn>Permanent bench.|name=Permanent bench}}

Kerala| Kerala High Court|Kochi	—}}

Ladakh|Jammu and Kashmir High Court	Srinagar/Jammu{{Efn>Srinagar is the summer capital; Jammu is the winter capital.|name=J&K capital}}	—}}

Lakshadweep| Kerala High Court|Kochi	—}}

Madhya Pradesh| Madhya Pradesh High Court|Jabalpur	Gwalior{{Efn>Permanent bench.	Indore{{Efn>Permanent bench.|name=Permanent bench}}

Maharashtra| Bombay High Court|Mumbai	Aurangabad{{Efn>Permanent bench.	Nagpur{{Efn>Permanent bench.|name=Permanent bench}}

Manipur| Manipur High Court|Imphal	—}}

Meghalaya| Meghalaya High Court|Shillong	—}}

Mizoram| Gauhati High Court	—}}	Aizawl{{Efn>Permanent bench.|name=Permanent bench}}

Nagaland| Gauhati High Court	—}}	Kohima{{Efn>Permanent bench.|name=Permanent bench}}

Odisha| Orissa High Court|Cuttack	—}}

Puducherry| Madras High Court|Chennai	—}}

Punjab| Punjab and Haryana High Court|Chandigarh	—}}

Rajasthan| Rajasthan High Court|Jodhpur	Jaipur{{Efn>Permanent bench.|name=Permanent bench}}

Sikkim| Sikkim High Court|Gangtok	—}}

Tamil Nadu| Madras High Court|Chennai	Madurai{{Efn>Permanent bench.|name=Permanent bench}}

Telangana| Telangana High Court|Hyderabad	—}}

Tripura| Tripura High Court|Agartala	—}}

Uttar Pradesh| Allahabad High Court| Allahabad	Lucknow{{Efn>Permanent bench.|name=Permanent bench}}

Uttarakhand	Uttarakhand High Court>Uttaranchal High Court|Nainital	—}}

West Bengal|Calcutta High Court|Kolkata	Jalpaiguri{{Efn>Permanent bench.|name=Permanent bench}}

{{Notelist}}

Courts under a high court

• District Court
• District Munsiff Court
• Courts of Judicial Magistrate of First Class
• Court of Judicial Magistrate of Second Class
• E-courts

See also

• List of current Indian chief justices
• List of sitting judges of the high courts of India
• Pendency of court cases in India

{{Clear}}

References

{{Reflist}}

Further reading

• WEB, Jurisdiction and Seats of Indian High Courts, Eastern Book Company,weblink 2 September 2005,
• WEB,weblink Judge Strength in High Courts Increased, Press Information Bureau–Govt. of India, 2 September 2005,
• WEB, Judiciary, Supreme Court of India,weblink 2 September 2005, dead,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20050829212628weblink">weblink 29 August 2005, dmy-all,
• WEB, Constitution of India, Wikisource,weblink 31 December 2005,
• WEB, Madras High Court,weblink Hcmadras.tn.nic.in, 24 December 2015,
• NEWS,weblink Soon, High Courts in 3 Northeastern States, 11 May 2012, 11 May 2012, The Hindu,
• WEB,weblinkweblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20130508221217weblink">weblink dead, 8 May 2013, The Times of India, New Chief Justice of Delhi High Court to Assume Charge on Wednesday, 6 November 2012,

External links

{{High courts of India}}{{Judiciary of india}}