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{{Short description|Region administered by India}}{{About|the region administered by India as a union territory|other uses|Jammu and Kashmir (disambiguation){{!}}Jammu and Kashmir|and|Kashmir (disambiguation)}}{{pp|small=yes}}{{EngvarB|date=December 2023}}{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2024}}

factoids

| image_skyline = {{multiple image| border = infobox| total_width = 300| image_style =| perrow = 1/2/2/1| caption_align = center| image1 = Pahalgam Valley.jpg| caption1 = Lidder Valley | image2 = Dal Lake Hazratbal Srinagar.jpg| caption2 = Dal Lake| image3 = Shalimar gardens.jpgShalimar Bagh, Srinagar>Shalimar Gardens| image6 = Gulmarg gondola.JPG| caption6 = Gulmarg| image5 = Cave Temple of Lord Amarnath.jpgAmarnath Temple>Amarnath Cave| image4 = Mata Vaishno Devi Bhawan, Jammu. India.jpg| caption4 = Vaishno Devi Temple}}| image_blank_emblem = | blank_emblem_size = | blank_emblem_type = | image_alt = | image_caption = | image_flag = | image_map1 = File:Kashmir region. LOC 2003626427 - showing sub-regions administered by different countries.jpg| map_alt = Map of the disputed Kashmir region showing areas of control by India, Pakistan, and ChinaKashmir region with the two Indian-administered union territories Jammu and Kashmir and Ladakh shown in tan (color)>tan.frame=yesframe-width=300frame-align=centertype=pointmarker=citystroke-width2=2|stroke-color2=#808080}}| map_caption = Interactive map of Jammu and Kashmir33247424display=inline,title}}| coor_pinpoint = | coordinates_footnotes = List of sovereign states>Administering state| subdivision_name = India| subdivision_type2 = India| subdivision_name2 = | established_title = Union territory| established_date = 31 October 2019Capital city>CapitalsSrinagar (May–October)Jammu (November–April)HTTPS://WWW.THEHINDU.COM/NEWS/NATIONAL/OTHER-STATES/WHAT-IS-THE-DARBAR-MOVE-IN-J-K-ALL-ABOUT/ARTICLE18409452.ECE AUTHOR=THE HINDU NET DESK NEWSPAPER=THE HINDUARCHIVE-URL=HTTPS://WEB.ARCHIVE.ORG/WEB/20171110135648/HTTP://WWW.THEHINDU.COM/NEWS/NATIONAL/OTHER-STATES/WHAT-IS-THE-DARBAR-MOVE-IN-J-K-ALL-ABOUT/ARTICLE18409452.ECE URL-STATUS=LIVE, List of districts in India>Districts| parts_style = paraList of districts of Jammu and Kashmir>20| government_footnotes = | governing_body = Government of Jammu and KashmirList of lieutenant governors of Jammu and Kashmir>Lieutenant Governor| leader_name = Manoj Sinha17th Lok Sabha>National Parliament| leader_name3 = Parliament of India : Lok Sabha (5)High courts of India>High Court| leader_name4 = High Court of Jammu and Kashmir and Ladakh| unit_pref = MetricJammu and Kashmir is a disputed territory between India and Pakistan. Jammu and Kashmir has {{cvtkm2}} of area administered by India and {{cvtkm2}} of area controlled by Pakistan under Azad Kashmir which is claimed by India as part of Jammu and Kashmir.}}| area_total_km2 = 42,241| area_rank = JOURNAL= THE AMERICAN ALPINE JOURNAL FIRST1=JOGINDAR ACCESS-DATE=14 FEBRUARY 2019ARCHIVE-DATE=14 FEBRUARY 2019PAGE=67, pdf of original pages| elevation_max_m = 7,135Nun Kun>Nun Peak| elevation_max_rank = | elevation_min_footnotes = | elevation_min_m = 247| elevation_min_point = Chenab River| elevation_min_rank = | population_total = 12,267,013| population_as_of = 2011TITLE=ONLY J&K WILL USE 2011 CENSUS FOR DELIMITATION ACCESS-DATE=6 NOVEMBER 2020 DATE=29 FEBRUARY 2020, | population_density_km2 = auto| population_rank = | population_note = Vehicle registration plates of India>JKIndian Standard Time>IST| utc_offset1 = +05:30IN-JK)| unemployment_rate = | blank_info_sec1 = {{Increase}} 0.688 (Medium)Human Development Index>HDI {{nobold|(2018)}}| blank1_info_sec1 = Literacy in India>Literacy| blank_info_sec2 = | blank2_name_sec2 = | blank2_info_sec2 = | demographics_type1 = Languages| demographics1_title1 = OfficialKashmiri language>Kashmiri, Dogri language, Urdu, Hindi, English language>EnglishHTTP://EGAZETTE.NIC.IN/WRITEREADDATA/2020/222037.PDF >TITLE=THE JAMMU AND KASHMIR OFFICIAL LANGUAGES ACT, 2020 DATE=27 SEPTEMBER 2020 ARCHIVE-URL=HTTPS://WEB.ARCHIVE.ORG/WEB/20201019215035/HTTP://EGAZETTE.NIC.IN/WRITEREADDATA/2020/222037.PDF DATE=23 SEPTEMBER 2020 ACCESS-DATE=23 SEPTEMBER 2020 ARCHIVE-URL=HTTPS://WEB.ARCHIVE.ORG/WEB/20200924141909/HTTP://RISINGKASHMIR.COM/NEWS/PARLIAMENT-PASSES-JK-OFFICIAL-LANGUAGES-BILL-2020, | demographics1_title2 = SpokenKashmiri language>Kashmiri, Gujari language, Pahari-Pothwari>Pahari, Punjabi language, Bhadarwahi language>Bhadarwahi, Sarazi, Khowar language, Shina language>Shina, Burushaski, Bateri language{{refn>1=PAKISTAN'S "BURUSHASKI" LANGUAGE FINDS NEW RELATIVES >URL=HTTPS://WWW.NPR.ORG/2012/06/20/155454736/PAKISTANS-BURUSHASKI-LANGUAGE-FINDS-NEW-RELATIVESACCESS-DATE=6 AUGUST 2019, HTTPS://BOOKS.GOOGLE.COM/BOOKS?ID=RRBIAAAAQBAJ&PG=PA184 >TITLE=THE PARCHMENT OF KASHMIR: HISTORY, SOCIETY, AND POLITY FIRST=N. PUBLISHER=SPRINGER PAGE=184ARCHIVE-URL=HTTPS://WEB.ARCHIVE.ORG/WEB/20190223184947/HTTPS://BOOKS.GOOGLE.COM/BOOKS?ID=RRBIAAAAQBAJ&LPG=PP1&PG=PA184#V=ONEPAGE&Q&F=FALSE URL-STATUS=LIVE, BHADRAWAHI >ENCYCLOPEDIA=ETHNOLOGUE: LANGUAGES OF THE WORLD PUBLISHER=SIL INTERNATIONAL ACCESS-DATE=6 AUGUST 2019, BATERI >URL=HTTP://WWW.ETHNOLOGUE.COM/LANGUAGE/BTV, SIMONS>FIRST1= GARY F. FIRST2=CHARLES D. YEAR=2017SIL INTERNATIONAL>LOCATION= DALLAS, CRANE>FIRST=ROBERT I.YEAR=1956PAGE=179LAST1=AGGARWAL LAST2=AGRAWAL DATE=1995 ISBN=978-81-7022-557-7ARCHIVE-URL=HTTPS://WEB.ARCHIVE.ORG/WEB/20190224001711/HTTPS://BOOKS.GOOGLE.COM/BOOKS?ID=XNQOJVAAB9CC&LPG=PP1&PG=PA6#V=ONEPAGE&Q&F=FALSE URL-STATUS=LIVE, }}weblink}}| footnotes = | official_name = | module = }}Jammu and Kashmir{{efn|Pronounced variably as {{IPAc-en|ˈ|dʒ|æ|m|uː}} or {{IPAc-en|ˈ|dʒ|ʌ|m|uː}}, {{IPAc-en|ˈ|k|æ|ʃ|m|ɪər}} or {{IPAc-en|k|æ|ʃ|ˈ|m|ɪər}}.{{Citation |last=Jones |first=Daniel |author-link= Daniel Jones (phonetician) |title= English Pronouncing Dictionary |editor=Peter Roach |editor2=James Hartmann |editor3=Jane Setter |place=Cambridge |publisher= Cambridge University Press |orig-date=1917 |year=2003 |isbn=978-3-12-539683-8 }}}} is a region administered by India as a union territory{{citation|last1=Akhtar|first1=Rais|last2=Kirk|first2=William|chapter=Jammu and Kashmir|title=Encyclopaedia Britannica|date=22 March 2021|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.|chapter-url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Jammu-and-Kashmir|access-date=2 April 2022|quote=The union territory is part of the larger region of Kashmir, which has been the subject of dispute between India, Pakistan, and China since the partition of the subcontinent in 1947. ... The territory that India administered on its side of the line, which contained both Jammu (the seat of the Dogra dynasty) and the Vale of Kashmir, took on the name Jammu and Kashmir. However, both India and Pakistan have continued to claim the entire Kashmir region}} and consists of the southern portion of the larger Kashmir region, which has been the subject of a dispute between India and Pakistan since 1947 and between India and China since 1959.The application of the term "administered" to the various regions of Kashmir and a mention of the Kashmir dispute is supported by the (a) through (e), reflecting in the coverage. Although "controlled" and "held" are also applied neutrally to the names of the disputants or to the regions administered by them, as evidenced in sources (h) through (i) below, "held" is also considered politicised usage, as is the term "occupied," (see (j) below). (a) {{citation|title=Kashmir, region Indian subcontinent|publisher=Encyclopaedia Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Kashmir-region-Indian-subcontinent |access-date=15 August 2019}} (subscription required) Quote: "Kashmir, region of the northwestern Indian subcontinent ... has been the subject of dispute between India and Pakistan since the partition of the Indian subcontinent in 1947. The northern and western portions are administered by Pakistan and comprise three areas: Azad Kashmir, Gilgit, and Baltistan, the last two being part of a territory called the Northern Areas. Administered by India are the southern and southeastern portions, which constitute the state of Jammu and Kashmir but are slated to be split into two union territories."; (b) {{citation|last1=Pletcher|first1=Kenneth|title=Aksai Chin, Plateau Region, Asia|publisher=Encyclopaedia Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Aksai-Chin |access-date=16 August 2019}} (subscription required) Quote: "Aksai Chin, Chinese (Pinyin) Aksayqin, portion of the Kashmir region, at the northernmost extent of the Indian subcontinent in south-central Asia. It constitutes nearly all the territory of the Chinese-administered sector of Kashmir that is claimed by India to be part of the Ladakh area of Jammu and Kashmir state."; (c) {{citation|chapter=Kashmir|title=Encyclopedia Americana|publisher=Scholastic Library Publishing|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l_cWAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA328|year=2006|isbn=978-0-7172-0139-6|page=328}} C. E Bosworth, University of Manchester Quote: "KASHMIR, kash'mer, the northernmost region of the Indian subcontinent, administered partlv by India, partly by Pakistan, and partly by China. The region has been the subject of a bitter dispute between India and Pakistan since they became independent in 1947"; (d) {{citation|last1=Osmańczyk|first1=Edmund Jan|title=Encyclopedia of the United Nations and International Agreements: G to M|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fSIMXHMdfkkC&pg=PA1191|year=2003|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-0-415-93922-5|pages=1191–}} Quote: "Jammu and Kashmir: Territory in northwestern India, subject to a dispute between India and Pakistan. It has borders with Pakistan and China." (e) {{citation|last=Talbot|first=Ian|title=A History of Modern South Asia: Politics, States, Diasporas|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eNg_CwAAQBAJ&pg=PA28|year=2016|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=978-0-300-19694-8|pages=28–29}} Quote: "We move from a disputed international border to a dotted line on the map that represents a military border not recognized in international law. The line of control separates the Indian and Pakistani administered areas of the former Princely State of Jammu and Kashmir."; (f) {{citation|last=Skutsch|first=Carl|editor-last=Ciment|editor-first=James|title=Encyclopedia of Conflicts Since World War II|edition=2nd|year=2015|orig-date=2007|isbn=978-0-7656-8005-1|chapter=China: Border War with India, 1962|location=London and New York|publisher=Routledge|page=573|quote=The situation between the two nations was complicated by the 1957–1959 uprising by Tibetans against Chinese rule. Refugees poured across the Indian border, and the Indian public was outraged. Any compromise with China on the border issue became impossible. Similarly, China was offended that India had given political asylum to the Dalai Lama when he fled across the border in March 1959. In late 1959, there were shots fired between border patrols operating along both the ill-defined McMahon Line and in the Aksai Chin.}} (g) {{citation|last=Clary|first=Christopher|year=2022|title=The Difficult Politics of Peace: Rivalry in Modern South Asia|publisher=Oxford University Press|location = Oxford and New York|isbn=978-0-19-763840-8|page=109|quote=Territorial Dispute: The situation along the Sino-Indian frontier continued to worsen. In late July (1959), an Indian reconnaissance patrol was blocked, "apprehended," and eventually expelled after three weeks in custody at the hands of a larger Chinese force near Khurnak Fort in Aksai Chin. ... Circumstances worsened further in October 1959, when a major class at Kongka Pass in eastern Ladakh led to nine dead and ten captured Indian border personnel, making it by far the most serious Sino-Indian class since India's independence.}} (h) {{citation|last=Bose|first=Sumantra|title=Kashmir: Roots of Conflict, Paths to Peace|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3ACMe9WBdNAC&pg=PA294|year=2009|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-02855-5|pages=294, 291, 293}} Quote: "J&K: Jammu and Kashmir. The former princely state that is the subject of the Kashmir dispute. Besides IJK (Indian-controlled Jammu and Kashmir. The larger and more populous part of the former princely state. It has a population of slightly over 10 million, and comprises three regions: Kashmir Valley, Jammu, and Ladakh.) and AJK ('Azad" (Free) Jammu and Kashmir. The more populous part of Pakistani-controlled J&K, with a population of approximately 2.5 million.), it includes the sparsely populated "Northern Areas" of Gilgit and Baltistan, remote mountainous regions which are directly administered, unlike AJK, by the Pakistani central authorities, and some high-altitude uninhabitable tracts under Chinese control." (i) {{citation|last=Fisher|first=Michael H.|title=An Environmental History of India: From Earliest Times to the Twenty-First Century|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kZVuDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA166|year=2018|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-107-11162-2|page=166}} Quote: "Kashmir's identity remains hotly disputed with a UN-supervised "Line of Control" still separating Pakistani-held Azad ("Free") Kashmir from Indian-held Kashmir."; (j) {{citation|last=Snedden|first=Christopher|title=Understanding Kashmir and Kashmiris|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5amKCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA10|year=2015|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-1-84904-621-3|page=10}} Quote:"Some politicised terms also are used to describe parts of J&K. These terms include the words 'occupied' and 'held'." Provisions for the formation of the union territory of Jammu and Kashmir were contained within the Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act, 2019, which was passed by both houses of the Parliament of India in August 2019. The act re-constituted the former state of Jammu and Kashmir into two union territories, one being Jammu and Kashmir and the other being Ladakh, with effect from 31 October 2019.

Terminology

Jammu and Kashmir is named after the two regions it encompasses {{ndash}} the Jammu region and the Kashmir Valley. As per Government of India, Kashmir region encompasses the region under Indian control and the territory under Pakistan control known as "Pakistan-occupied Kashmir" (POK).BOOK, Christopher, Snedden, Christopher Snedden, Kashmir: The Unwritten History, HarperCollins India, 2013, 978-93-5029-898-5, 2–3, NEWS,weblink The enigma of terminology,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20151016082903weblink">weblink 16 October 2015, The Hindu, 27 January 2014, While Pakistan considers the Indian controlled territory as a part of "Indian-occupied Kashmir" (IOK) or "Indian-held Kashmir" (IHK),WEB, Ali, Zain,weblink Pakistani flag hoisted, pro-freedom slogans chanted in Indian Occupied Kashmir – Daily Pakistan Global, En.dailypakistan.com.pk, 13 September 2015, 17 November 2015,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20151118114311weblink">weblink 18 November 2015, live, WEB,weblink Pakistani flag hoisted once again in Indian Occupied Kashmir, Dunya News, 11 September 2015, 17 November 2015, neutral sources use "Indian-administered Kashmir"/"Pakistan-administered Kashmir" and "Indian-controlled Kashmir"/"Pakistan-controlled Kashmir" to demarcate the areas.South Asia: fourth report of session 2006–07 by Great Britain: Parliament: House of Commons: Foreign Affairs Committee page 37

History

{{For|the 1954–2019 history|Jammu and Kashmir (state)#History}}{{For|the pre-1954 history|Kashmir#History}}The state of Jammu and Kashmir was accorded special status by Article 370 of the Constitution of India. In contrast to other states of India, Jammu and Kashmir had its own constitution, flag, and administrative autonomy.{{citation |author=K. Venkataramanan |title=How the status of Jammu and Kashmir is being changed |newspaper=The Hindu |date=5 August 2019 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/explained-how-the-status-of-jammu-and-kashmir-is-being-changed/article28822866.ece?homepage=true}} Indian citizens from other states were not allowed to purchase land or property in Jammu and Kashmir.NEWS,weblink Article 370 and 35(A) revoked: How it would change the face of Kashmir, The Economic Times, 5 August 2019, Jammu and Kashmir had three distinct areas: Hindu-majority Jammu region, Muslim-majority Kashmir Valley, and Buddhist-dominated Ladakh.Article 370: What happened with Kashmir and why it matters. BBC (6 August 2019). Retrieved 7 August 2019. Unrest and violence persisted in the Kashmiri Valley and, following a disputed state election in 1987, an insurgency persisted in protest over autonomy and rights.WEB, Jeelani, Mushtaq A., Kashmir: A History Littered With Rigged Elections,weblink Media Monitors Network, 24 February 2017, 25 June 2001, live,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20160304051443weblink">weblink 4 March 2016, The Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) came to power in the 2014 Indian general election and five years later included in their 2019 election manifesto the revocation of Article 370 of the Constitution of India, in order to bring Jammu and Kashmir to equal status with other states.A resolution to repeal Article 370 was passed by both the houses of the Parliament of India in August 2019. At the same time, a reorganisation act was also passed, which would reconstitute the state into two union territories, Jammu and Kashmir and Ladakh.NEWS,weblink Parliament Live | Lok Sabha passes Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Bill, Ayes: 370, Noes 70, 6 August 2019, The Hindu, 6 August 2019, The reorganisation took effect from 31 October 2019.{{citation|url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2019/210412.pdf|title=In exercise of the powers conferred by clause a of section 2 of the Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act.|date=9 August 2019|access-date=9 August 2019|author=Ministry of Home Affairs|work=The Gazette of India}}In September 2019, nearly 4,000 people, including two former Chief Ministers and hundreds of other politicians, were arrested by the Indian authorities in Kashmir;NEWS, Thousands detained in Indian Kashmir crackdown, official data reveals,weblink Reuters, 12 September 2019, Devjyot, Ghoshal, Alasdair, Pal, the state was put under a lockdown and communication and internet services were suspended.NEWS, Kashmir in lockdown after autonomy scrapped,weblink 6 June 2021, BBC News, 6 August 2019, NEWS, Live Updates: Supreme Court Backs Centre On Scrapping Of Jammu & Kashmir Special Status,weblink 11 December 2023, NDTV, 11 December 2023,

Geography

Topography

File:Kashmir top.jpg|thumb|200px|left|Topographic mapTopographic mapJammu and Kashmir is home to several valleys such as the Kashmir Valley, Tawi Valley, Chenab Valley, Poonch Valley, Sind Valley, and Lidder Valley.WEB, Vij, Shivam, 5 May 2017, Kashmir Is A Prison With Three Walls,weblinkweblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20170505073150weblink">weblink 5 May 2017, 9 August 2019, HuffPost, Alt URL The Kashmir valley is {{convert|100|km|mi|abbr=on}} wide and {{convert|15520.3|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} in area.WEB,weblink Indus: The water flow can't be stopped, Mohan, Guruswamy, The Asian Age, 28 September 2016, 9 August 2019, The Himalayas divide the Kashmir valley from the Tibetan plateau while the Pir Panjal range, which encloses the valley from the west and the south, separates it from the Punjab Plain of the Indo-Gangetic Plain.WEB,weblink A Tryst of the Heart and History along the Karakoram Highway, Asma, Khan, Greater Kashmir, 26 April 2018, 9 August 2019, Along the northeastern flank of the Valley runs the main range of the Himalayas.WEB,weblink Why India and Pakistan keep fighting over Kashmir – the history of the Kashmir conflict, Mihai, Andrei, GME Science, 11 March 2019, 9 August 2019, This valley has an average height of {{convert|1850|m|ft}} above sea-level, but the surrounding Pir Panjal range has an average elevation of {{convert|10000|ft|m}}.NEWS,weblink Doorway of the gods: Himalaya crosses five countries, Vrinda, J. Ramanan, The Hindu, 21 December 2017, 9 August 2019, The Jhelum River is the major Himalayan river which flows through the Kashmir valley.ENCYCLOPEDIA,weblink Jhelum River, Encyclopædia Britannica, 15 December 2015, 9 August 2019, The southern Jammu region is mostly mountainous, with the Shivaliks, the middle and the great Himalayas running parallel to each other in a southeast–northwest direction. A narrow southwestern strip constitutes fertile plains. The Chenab, Tawi and Ravi are important rivers flowing through the Jammu region.WEB,weblink Flooding alert issued as India releases water, The Nation (Pakistan), The Nation, Agencies, 29 July 2019, 9 August 2019, File:Banihal Pass, Jammu and Kashmir, India.jpg|thumb|200px|View from the Banihal pass; the pass connects the Vale of Kashmir (left) with the mountainous Jammu region (right)]]

Climate

The climate of Jammu and Kashmir varies with altitude and across regions. Southern and southwestern areas have a sub tropical climate, with hot summers and cool winters. This region receives most of its rainfall during the monsoon season. In the east and north, summers are usually pleasant. The effect of the monsoon diminishes in areas lying to the leeward side of the Pir Panjal, such as the Kashmir valley, and much of the rainfall happens in the spring season due to western disturbances. Winters are cold, with temperatures reaching sub-zero levels. Snowfall is common in the valley and the mountain areas.

Administrative divisions

(File:J,K and L - Indian Union Territories.jpg|thumb|Jammu and Kashmir union territory (J and K) is bordered in carmine colour. Ladakh union territory (L) is bordered in blue colour.)The union territory of Jammu and Kashmir consists of two divisions: Jammu Division and Kashmir Division, and is further divided into 20 districts.WEB,weblink Ministry of Home Affairs:: Department of Jammu & Kashmir Affairs, 28 August 2008,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20081208212815weblink">weblink 8 December 2008, {| class="wikitable sortable"!| Division!| Name!| Headquarters!| Area (km2)!| Area (sq miles)!| Rural Area (km2)!| Urban Area (km2)!|!rowspan=11|JammuKathua district Kathua2502sqmi0|adj=ri0}} {{round2}} {{round2}} HTTPS://CENSUSINDIA.GOV.IN/2011CENSUS/DCHB/DCHB_A/01/0107_PART_A_DCHB_KATHUA.PDF >PAGE=8 TITLE=DISTRICT CENSUS HANDBOOK KATHUA ACCESS-DATE=21 NOVEMBER 2020, style="vertical-align:top;"Jammu district Jammu2342sqmi0|adj=ri0}} {{round2}} {{round2}}HTTPS://CENSUSINDIA.GOV.IN/2011CENSUS/DCHB/DCHB_A/01/0121_PART_A_DCHB_JAMMU.PDF >PAGES=13, 51, 116 TITLE=DISTRICT CENSUS HANDBOOK JAMMU, PART A ACCESS-DATE=21 NOVEMBER 2020, HTTPS://WWW.CENSUSINDIA.GOV.IN/2011CENSUS/DCHB/0121_PART_B_DCHB_JAMMU.PDF >PAGES=13, 24 TITLE=DISTRICT CENSUS HANDBOOK JAMMU, PART B ACCESS-DATE=21 NOVEMBER 2020, style="vertical-align:top;"Samba district Samba904sqmi0|adj=ri0}} {{round2}} {{round2}}HTTPS://WWW.CENSUSINDIA.GOV.IN/2011CENSUS/DCHB/DCHB_A/01/0122_PART_A_DCHB_SAMBA.PDF >PAGES=9, 34, 36, 100 TITLE=DISTRICT CENSUS HANDBOOK SAMBA, PART A ACCESS-DATE=21 NOVEMBER 2020, HTTPS://WWW.CENSUSINDIA.GOV.IN/2011CENSUS/DCHB/0122_PART_B_DCHB_SAMBA.PDF >PAGES=10, 12, 22 TITLE=DISTRICT CENSUS HANDBOOK SAMBA, PART B ACCESS-DATE=21 NOVEMBER 2020, style="vertical-align:top;"Udhampur district Udhampur2637.00sqmi0|adj=ri0}} {{round2}} {{round2}}HTTPS://WWW.CENSUSINDIA.GOV.IN/2011CENSUS/DCHB/0119_PART_B_DCHB_UDHAMPUR.PDF >PAGES=12, 22 TITLE=DISTRICT CENSUS HANDBOOK UDHAMPUR ACCESS-DATE=21 NOVEMBER 2020, style="vertical-align:top;"Reasi district Reasi1719sqmi0|adj=ri0}} {{round2}} {{round2}}HTTPS://WWW.CENSUSINDIA.GOV.IN/2011CENSUS/DCHB/DCHB_A/01/0120_PART_A_DCHB_REASI.PDF >PAGES=9, 37, 88 TITLE=DISTRICT CENSUS HANDBOOK REASI, PART A ACCESS-DATE=21 NOVEMBER 2020, HTTPS://WWW.CENSUSINDIA.GOV.IN/2011CENSUS/DCHB/0120_PART_B_DCHB_REASI.PDF >PAGES=9, 13, 24 TITLE=DISTRICT CENSUS HANDBOOK REASI, PART B ACCESS-DATE=21 NOVEMBER 2020, style="vertical-align:top;"Rajouri district Rajouri2630sqmi0|adj=ri0}} {{round2}} {{round2}}HTTPS://CENSUSINDIA.GOV.IN/2011CENSUS/DCHB/DCHB_A/01/0106_PART_A_DCHB_RAJOURI.PDF >PAGES=11, 107 TITLE=DISTRICT CENSUS HANDBOOK RAJOURI, PART A ACCESS-DATE=21 NOVEMBER 2020, HTTPS://WWW.CENSUSINDIA.GOV.IN/2011CENSUS/DCHB/0106_PART_B_DCHB_RAJOURI.PDF >PAGES=9, 10, 12, 22 TITLE=DISTRICT CENSUS HANDBOOK RAJOURI, PART B ACCESS-DATE=21 NOVEMBER 2020, style="vertical-align:top;"Poonch district Poonch1674sqmi0|adj=ri0}} {{round2}} {{round2}}HTTPS://WWW.CENSUSINDIA.GOV.IN/2011CENSUS/DCHB/DCHB_A/01/0105_PART_A_DCHB_PUNCH.PDF >PAGES=9, 99 TITLE=DISTRICT CENSUS HANDBOOK PUNCH, PART A ACCESS-DATE=21 NOVEMBER 2020, HTTPS://WWW.CENSUSINDIA.GOV.IN/2011CENSUS/DCHB/0105_PART_B_DCHB_PUNCH.PDF >PAGES=11, 13, 24 TITLE=DISTRICT CENSUS HANDBOOK PUNCH, PART B ACCESS-DATE=21 NOVEMBER 2020, style="vertical-align:top;"Doda district Doda8912.00sqmi0|adj=ri0}} {{round2}} {{round2}}HTTPS://CENSUSINDIA.GOV.IN/2011CENSUS/DCHB/0116_PART_B_DCHB_DODA.PDF >PAGES=9, 12, 99 TITLE=DISTRICT CENSUS HANDBOOK DODA, PART B ACCESS-DATE=21 NOVEMBER 2020, style="vertical-align:top;"Ramban district Ramban1329.00sqmi0|adj=ri0}} {{round2}} {{round2}}HTTPS://WWW.CENSUSINDIA.GOV.IN/2011CENSUS/DCHB/0117_PART_B_DCHB_RAMBAN.PDF >PAGES=10, 12 TITLE=DISTRICT CENSUS HANDBOOK RAMBAN, PART B ACCESS-DATE=21 NOVEMBER 2020, style="vertical-align:top;"Kishtwar district Kishtwar1644.00sqmi0|adj=ri0}} {{round2}} {{round2}}HTTPS://WWW.CENSUSINDIA.GOV.IN/2011CENSUS/DCHB/0118_PART_B_DCHB_KISHTWAR.PDF >PAGES=9, 10, 22 TITLE=DISTRICT CENSUS HANDBOOK KISHTWAR, PART B ACCESS-DATE=21 NOVEMBER 2020, Part B page 9 says the rural area is {{cvtkm2}}, whilst pages 10 and 22 says {{cvtkm2}}.!colspan=2|Total for division!26,293!10,151!{{round|25794.95|2}}!{{round|498.05|2}}!!rowspan=11 |KashmirAnantnag district Anantnag3574sqmi0|adj=ri0}} {{round2}} {{round2}}HTTPS://CENSUSINDIA.GOV.IN/2011CENSUS/DCHB/DCHB_A/01/0114_PART_A_DCHB_ANANTNAG.PDF >PAGE=9 TITLE=DISTRICT CENSUS HANDBOOK ANANTNAG, PART A ACCESS-DATE=21 NOVEMBER 2020, HTTPS://CENSUSINDIA.GOV.IN/2011CENSUS/DCHB/0114_PART_B_DCHB_ANANTNAG.PDF >PAGES=12, 22 TITLE=DISTRICT CENSUS HANDBOOK ANANTNAG, PART B ACCESS-DATE=21 NOVEMBER 2020, style="vertical-align:top;"Kulgam district Kulgam410sqmi0|adj=ri0}} {{round2}} {{round2}}HTTPS://CENSUSINDIA.GOV.IN/2011CENSUS/DCHB/DCHB_A/01/0115_PART_A_DCHB_KULGAM.PDF >PAGE=10 TITLE=DISTRICT CENSUS HANDBOOK KULGAM, PART A ACCESS-DATE=21 NOVEMBER 2020, HTTPS://CENSUSINDIA.GOV.IN/2011CENSUS/DCHB/0115_PART_B_DCHB_KULGAM.PDF >PAGES=12, 22 TITLE=DISTRICT CENSUS HANDBOOK KULGAM, PART B ACCESS-DATE=21 NOVEMBER 2020, Part B page 12 says the area of the district is {{cvtkm2}}, but page 22 says {{cvtkm2}}.style="vertical-align:top;"Pulwama district Pulwama1086.00sqmi0|adj=ri0}} {{round2}} {{round2}}HTTPS://WWW.CENSUSINDIA.GOV.IN/2011CENSUS/DCHB/0112_PART_B_DCHB_PULWAMA.PDF >PAGES=12, 22 TITLE=DISTRICT CENSUS HANDBOOK PULWAMA, PART B ACCESS-DATE=21 NOVEMBER 2020, style="vertical-align:top;"Shopian district Shopian312.00sqmi0|adj=ri0}} {{round2}} {{round2}}HTTPS://WWW.CENSUSINDIA.GOV.IN/2011CENSUS/DCHB/DCHB_A/01/0113_PART_A_DCHB_SHUPIYAN.PDF >PAGE=10 TITLE=DISTRICT CENSUS HANDBOOK SHUPIYAN, PART A ACCESS-DATE=21 NOVEMBER 2020, HTTPS://CENSUSINDIA.GOV.IN/2011CENSUS/DCHB/0113_PART_B_DCHB_SUPHIYAN.PDF >PAGES=12, 22 TITLE=DISTRICT CENSUS HANDBOOK SHUPIYAN, PART B ACCESS-DATE=21 NOVEMBER 2020, Part B pages 12 and 22 say the district area is {{cvtkm2}}, but Part A page 10 says {{cvtkm2}}.style="vertical-align:top;"Budgam district Budgam1361sqmi0|adj=ri0}} {{round2}} {{round2}}HTTPS://CENSUSINDIA.GOV.IN/2011CENSUS/DCHB/DCHB_A/01/0102_PART_A_DCHB_BADGAM.PDF >PAGES=10, 46 TITLE=DISTRICT CENSUS HANDBOOK BADGAM, PART A ACCESS-DATE=21 NOVEMBER 2020, HTTPS://CENSUSINDIA.GOV.IN/2011CENSUS/DCHB/0102_PART_B_DCHB_BADGAM.PDF >PAGES=11, 12, 22 TITLE=DISTRICT CENSUS HANDBOOK BADGAM, PART B ACCESS-DATE=21 NOVEMBER 2020, Part A says the district area is {{cvtkm2}}, Part B says {{cvtkm2}} (page 11) and {{cvtkm2}} (page 12s and 22).style="vertical-align:top;"Srinagar district Srinagar1978.95sqmi0|adj=ri0}} {{round2}} {{round2}}HTTPS://CENSUSINDIA.GOV.IN/2011CENSUS/DCHB/DCHB_A/01/0110_PART_A_DCHB_SRINAGAR.PDF >PAGES=11, 48 TITLE=DISTRICT CENSUS HANDBOOK SRINAGAR, PART A ACCESS-DATE=21 NOVEMBER 2020, Part A page 48 says the district area was {{cvtkm2}} in 2001 and {{cvtkm2}} in 2011.style="vertical-align:top;"Ganderbal district Ganderbal259sqmi0|adj=ri0}} {{round2}} {{round2}}HTTPS://WWW.CENSUSINDIA.GOV.IN/2011CENSUS/DCHB/0111_PART_B_DCHB_GANDERBAL.PDF >PAGES=11, 12 AND 22 TITLE=DISTRICT CENSUS HANDBOOK GANDERBAL, PART B ACCESS-DATE=21 NOVEMBER 2020, Part B page 11 says the district area is {{cvtkm2}}, but pages 12 and 22 say {{cvtkm2}}.style="vertical-align:top;"Bandipora district Bandipora345sqmi0|adj=ri0}} {{round2}} {{round2}}HTTPS://WWW.CENSUSINDIA.GOV.IN/2011CENSUS/DCHB/DCHB_A/01/0109_PART_A_DCHB_BANDIPORE.PDF >PAGES=10, 47 TITLE=DISTRICT CENSUS HANDBOOK BANDIPORA, PART A ACCESS-DATE=21 NOVEMBER 2020, HTTPS://CENSUSINDIA.GOV.IN/2011CENSUS/DCHB/0109_PART_B_DCHB_BANDIPORE.PDF >PAGES=11, 20 TITLE=DISTRICT CENSUS HANDBOOK BANDIPORA, PART B ACCESS-DATE=21 NOVEMBER 2020, style="vertical-align:top;"Baramulla district Baramulla4243sqmi0|adj=ri0}} {{round2}} {{round2}}HTTPS://CENSUSINDIA.GOV.IN/2011CENSUS/DCHB/DCHB_A/01/0108_PART_A_DCHB_BARAMULA.PDF >PAGE=11 TITLE=DISTRICT CENSUS HANDBOOK BARAMULLA, PART A ACCESS-DATE=21 NOVEMBER 2020, HTTPS://CENSUSINDIA.GOV.IN/2011CENSUS/DCHB/0108_PART_B_DCHB_BARAMULA.PDF>PAGE=22 TITLE=DISTRICT CENSUS HANDBOOK BARAMULLA, PART B ACCESS-DATE=21 NOVEMBER 2020, style="vertical-align:top;"Kupwara district Kupwara2379sqmi0|adj=ri0}} {{round2}} {{round2}}HTTPS://CENSUSINDIA.GOV.IN/2011CENSUS/DCHB/DCHB_A/01/0101_PART_A_DCHB_KUPWARA.PDF >PAGE=7 TITLE=DISTRICT CENSUS HANDBOOK KUPWARA, PART A ACCESS-DATE=21 NOVEMBER 2020, HTTPS://CENSUSINDIA.GOV.IN/2011CENSUS/DCHB/0101_PART_B_DCHB_KUPWARA.PDF>PAGES=11, 12 TITLE=DISTRICT CENSUS HANDBOOK KUPWARA, PART B ACCESS-DATE=21 NOVEMBER 2020, !!colspan=2|Total for division!15,948!6,156!{{round|15226.41|2}}!{{round|721.54|2}}!

Transport

Air

File:Lapangan terbang Srinagar.jpg|thumb|Srinagar Airport, SrinagarSrinagarJammu and Kashmir has two major airports at the two capitals of the territory: Jammu Airport at Jammu and Srinagar Airport at Srinagar, which is also the only international airport in the territory. These airports have regular flights to Delhi, Mumbai, Bangalore, Chandigarh and other major cities of the country.

Railway

(File:Srinagar railway station.jpg|thumb|left|Srinagar railway station)File:Jammu Srinagar Highway.jpg|thumb|Jammu–Srinagar National HighwayJammu–Srinagar National HighwayThe under-construction Jammu-Baramulla line of the Northern Railways is the only railway line in the territory. Once complete, the line will connect the two regions of Jammu and Kashmir and will also provide a rail link to the Kashmir valley from other parts of the country.

Road

The Jammu–Srinagar National Highway, a segment of the NH44, is the main highway in the territory connecting the two capitals by road. National Highways 1, 144, 144A, 444, 501, 701 and 701A are the other NHs in the territory.

Demographics

As per the 2011 census, Jammu and Kashmir has a total population of 12,267,013. The sex ratio is 889 females per 1000 males. Around 924,485 (7.54%) of the population is scheduled caste and 1,275,106 (10.39%) belong to the scheduled tribes, mainly Gujjar, Bakerwal, and Gaddi. The SCs are mostly concentrated in the Jammu region. The region also has a minority Christian community.{{bar box|title=Religions in Jammu and Kashmir (2011)|titlebar=#FCD116|left1=Religion|right1=Percent(%)|float=right|bars={{bar percent|Muslim|Green|68.8}}{{bar percent|Hindu|darkorange|28.8}}{{bar percent|Sikh|darkkhaki|1.9}}{{bar percent|Christian|purple|0.28}}{{bar percent|Other or not stated|grey|0.2}}}}

Religion

Muslims constitute the majority of the population of Jammu and Kashmir with a large Hindu minority.WEB, Table C-16 Population by Religion: Jammu and Kashmir,weblink censusindia.gov.in, Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India, The Kashmir Division is predominantly Muslim (96.41%) with a small Hindu (2.45%) and Sikh (0.81%) population. Only 808 Kashmiri Hindu Pandit families remain in the valley after their forced displacement by Islamic militants.NEWS, Ali, Sajid, Pandey, Tanushree, 8 June 2022,weblink 'Locked up like animals' – Pandits want to flee Kashmir, hope it's their last exodus, The Print, 12 August 2023, Shias are mostly concentrated in the Budgam district, where they form about 30-40% of the population.WEB,weblink Are Kashmiri Shias The Next Pandits?, 14 November 2013, 21 May 2014,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20150621185324weblink">weblink 21 June 2015, NEWS, Iyer-Mitra, Abhijit, 27 September 2019, After scrapping of Article 370, Shias in Kashmir are in a state of relief and caution,weblink 11 September 2021, ThePrint, The Jammu Division is predominantly Hindu (66%) with a significant Muslim population (30%). The Muslims form a majority in the Rajouri (63%), Poonch (90%), Doda (54%), Kishtwar (58%) and Ramban (71%) districts of Jammu, while the Hindus form a majority in Kathua (88%), Samba (86%), Jammu (84%) and Udhampur (88%) districts. Reasi district has an almost equal number of Hindus and Muslims.WEB, Population by religion community – 2011,weblink Census of India, 2011, The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20150825155850weblink">weblink 25 August 2015, The Dogras and various organisations of Hindu-majority Jammu region have demanded a separate state after bifurcation of the territory, on the basis of cultural, linguistic and religious differences from neighbouring Kashmiris (who are predominantly Muslim by faith).WEB,weblink Explained: Protests For Jammu's Statehood, The Idea Of Jammu & Kashmir's Trifurcation, And RSS 2002 Resolution, WEB,weblink Movement launched across Jammu for 'separate State', The, Pioneer, The Pioneer, WEB,weblink IkkJutt activists detained after protests demanding separate state for Jammu, 18 July 2022,

Language

{{Pie chart|caption= Languages in Jammu & Kashmir 2011 Census of India.Kashmiri language>Kashmiri color1 = limegreenDogri language>Dogri color2 = redGujari language>Gojri color3 = turquoisePahari language>Pahari color4 = pinkHindi >value5 = 2.28 |color5 = orangePunjabi language>Punjabi color6 = lightcoralvalue7 =5.38 |color7 = grey}}Kashmiri is the most-spoken language, is mainly spoken in the Kashmir Valley and in the upper reaches of the Chenab Valley, with a sizeable number of speakers in Jammu City. Dogri, related to Punjabi and Pahari, is spoken throughout the plains areas of Jammu division, as well as in parts of the hills. The hill people speak several languages. In the Pir Panjal Range, bordering Pakistan-administered Kashmir, the main language is Pahari-Pothwari, a western variety of Punjabi, as well as Gojri, the language of the Gujjar tribe. In the eastern hills of Jammu division are spoken various Western Pahari languages such as Siraji and Bhaderwahi, which merge with the dialects of western Himachal Pradesh.WEB, Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Jammu and Kashmir,weblink censusindia.gov.in, Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India, Urdu is also widely understood and spoken, particularly in the Kashmir region where it acts as the lingua franca alongside Kashmiri and also serves as a medium of instruction along with English, while Hindi is taught and understood in the southern areas of Jammu.{{citation needed|date=November 2023}}

Education

(File:University_Convocation_Complex,_University_of_Kashmir.png|thumb|left|University of Kashmir)According to the 2011 census, the literacy rate in Jammu and Kashmir was 67.17%, male literacy was 75%, while female literacy was at 56.43%.University of Kashmir located in Srinagar is the main university in the territory. Other universities include University of Jammu, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Shri Mata Vaishno Devi University, Islamic University of Science & Technology, etc. Major institutions of higher education are NIT Srinagar, IIT Jammu, IIM Jammu, NIFT Srinagar and IHM Srinagar. Medical colleges include SKIMS, and the Government Medical College in Srinagar and All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Vijaypur, Jammu.

Government and politics

The union territory of Jammu and Kashmir is administered under the provisions of (:s:Constitution of India/Part VIII#Article 239|Article 239) of the Constitution of India. Article 239A, originally formulated for the union territory of Puduchery, is also applicable to Jammu and Kashmir.Jammu & Kashmir Reorganisation Bill passed by Rajya Sabha: Key takeaways, The Indian Express, 5 August 2019.

Executive branch

The President of India appoints a Lieutenant Governor for the union territory.A Council of Ministers led by a Chief Minister is appointed by the Lieutenant Governor from the membership of the legislative assembly. Their role is to advise the Lieutenant Governor in the exercise of functions in matters under the jurisdiction of the legislative assembly. In other matters, the Lieutenant Governor is empowered to act in his own capacity.

Legislative branch

The legislative branch of government is a unicameral legislative assembly, whose tenure is five years. The legislative assembly may make laws for any of the matters in the State List of the Constitution of India except "public order" and "police", which will remain the preserve of the central Government of India. The Lieutenant Governor also has the power to promulgate ordinances which have the same force as the acts of the legislative assembly.Elections for the Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly are to be held to be expected in 2024 along with general election.WEB,weblink Jammu and Kashmir assembly election in 2021 after delimitation: EC sources, 29 August 2019, Zee News,

Judicial branch

FILE:Stamp of India - 2006 - Colnect 158978 - High Court of Jammu - Kashmir.jpeg|thumb|The Jammu and Kashmir High CourtJammu and Kashmir High CourtThe union territory is under the jurisdiction of the Jammu and Kashmir High Court, which also serves as the high court for Ladakh. Police services are provided by the Jammu and Kashmir Police.WEB,weblink Salient Features Of Jammu & Kashmir Reorganization Bill [Read Bill], Devesh, Iti, Ratan, Johri, 7 August 2019, LiveLaw.in: All about law, 7 August 2019,

Parties

The main political parties active in the region are the Jammu & Kashmir National Conference (President: Farooq Abdullah) the Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party (President: Mehbooba Mufti) the Bharatiya Janata Party (State President: Ravinder Raina), the Indian National Congress (State President: Ghulam Ahmad Mir), and the Jammu and Kashmir People's Conference (President: Sajjad Gani Lone). Other parties with a presence in the region include the Communist Party of India (Marxist), the Jammu and Kashmir National Panthers Party, and the Jammu and Kashmir Apni Party (President: Altaf Bukhari).

Jammu and Kashmir in the Parliament of India

Jammu and Kashmir sends five members (MPs) to the lower house of the Indian parliament (the Lok Sabha) and four members to the upper house (the Rajya Sabha).

Lok Sabha constituencies in Jammu and Kashmir{| class="wikitable sortable"

! Constituency No. !! style="width:180px;" |Constituency !! Reserved for (SC/ST/None)1Baramulla (Lok Sabha constituency)>None2 Srinagar (Lok Sabha constituency)>None3 Anantnag–Rajouri Lok Sabha constituency>None4 Udhampur (Lok Sabha constituency)>None5 Jammu (Lok Sabha constituency)>None

Economy

(file:Kashmiri apple.jpg|thumb|200px|Apples of Kashmir are famous for their taste)Jammu and Kashmir's economy is primarily services-based and agriculture-oriented. The gross domestic product of Jammu and Kashmir was estimated at {{INRConvert|1.76|lc|year=2020}} in 2020–21.WEB,weblink MOSPI State Domestic Product, Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of India, 15 March 2021, 17 April 2021, In the fiscal year 2023–2024, it is expected that Jammu and Kashmir's Gross Domestic Product (GDP) will exceed Rs 2.30 lakh crore, with a growth rate of 10 per cent.NEWS, Akmali, Mukeet, J&K's economy projected to grow 10% in 2023-24,weblink 6 August 2023, Greater Kashmir, 24 March 2023, Along with horticulture and agriculture, tourism is an important industry for Jammu and Kashmir, accounting for about 7% to its economy.WEB,weblink Jammu and Kashmir's tourism flourishes, receives highest footfall in 75 years, 7 October 2022, mint, The Kashmir Valley is known for its sericulture and cold-water fisheries.NEWS,weblink Time for SKUAST-Jammu to start Horti, Dairy Farming, Agri Engineering deptts: LG, 16 March 2021, The Kashmir Images, Wood from Kashmir is used to make high-quality cricket bats, popularly known as Kashmir Willow.NEWS,weblink Jalandhar bats with Pakistani goods, 5 November 2017, The New Indian Express, Major agricultural exports from Jammu and Kashmir include apples, pears, cherries, plums, saffron and walnuts.NEWS,weblink J&K special report: Ready reckoner of top agri-product manufacturers and industry bodies from Jammu & Kashmir, 27 December 2020, Gulf News, The traditional Kashmiri handicrafts industry employs a large workforce of around 340 thousand artisans and has potential for producing export goods. Small-scale cottage industries include carpet weaving, silks, shawls, basketry, pottery, copper and silverware, papier-mâché and walnut wood. The horticulture sector is the next biggest source of income in the economy. The temperature of Jammu and Kashmir is also suited to floriculture and can support various species of flora.(File:1700s Boteh Example from - a Dochalla Shawl in the WOVENSOULS collection.jpg|thumb|Boteh from an Antique Kashmiri Dochalla Shawl)Over 500 mineral blocks are present in Jammu and Kashmir, 261 of which are in the Kashmir Division alone. Kishtwar is known as the 'land of sapphire and saffron'.NEWS,weblink 11 July 2021, Syed Amjad Shah, Greater Kashmir, Kishtwar couple globalising local produce; promoting Kashmiri-Dogra arts and crafts, Resources such as timber, herbs and medicinal shrubs, edibles such as mushroom, chilgoza, black zeera, and saffron are available in the forests. The sapphire reserve mines of Machail, Paddar are a source of mineral wealth.NEWS,weblink 15 March 2020, Kishtwar Ignored Beauty, Daily Excelsior, Jammu and Kashmir is the only administrative unit in India with a large amount of borax and sapphire resources. It possesses 36 per cent of the graphite, 21 per cent marble and 14 per cent of gypsum present in India. Coal, limestone and magnesite are found scattered among the different districts of the union territory.Other minerals of significance that occur are bauxite, ball clay and china clay in Udhampur; bentonite in Jammu; diaspore in Rajouri and Udhampur; graphite in Baramulla; lignite and marble in Kupwara; quartz and silica sand in Anantnag, Doda and Udhampur; and quartzite in Anantnag district. In addition, the Department of Geology and Mining has determined the presence of minerals such as magnetite, dolomite, fuel mineral, decorative building stones, slate, and gemstones. All are materials with commercial and industrial uses in many products and factories.NEWS,weblink New Mining Policy in J&K: Interests of locals are paramount, not revenue, 11 September 2020, The Kashmir Images, In the fiscal year 2019–20, total exports from Jammu and Kashmir amounted to {{INRConvert|188.18|m|year=2020}}.WEB,weblink Jammu And Kashmir Presentation And Economic Growth Report, 29 July 2021, India Brand Equity Foundation, The Jammu & Kashmir Bank, which is listed as a NIFTY 500 conglomerate, is based in the union territory.WEB,weblink The Jammu & Kashmir Bank Ltd. - Stock Price, 2 August 2021, The Financial Express, Jammu and Kashmir is one of the largest recipients of grants from the central government annually.WEB,weblink Demand for Grants of Union Territory of Jammu and Kashmir 2021-22., 2 August 2021, Finance Department Jammu and Kashmir, According to the Sustainable Development Goals Index 2021, 10.35 per cent of the population of Jammu and Kashmir live below the national poverty line, the third-highest among union territories in the country.NEWS,weblink 10.35% Population In J&K Living Below Poverty Line: Survey, 11 June 2021, 11 June 2021, Kashmir Observer,

Apple cultivation

The apple industry is a significant source of employment in Jammu and Kashmir, generating the highest number of jobs. It provides approximately 400 man-days of work per year per hectare of orchards, supporting a workforce of 3.5 million people. Moreover, it contributes approximately 10 per cent to the Gross State Domestic Product (GSDP). In the year 2020–2021, the apple production in Kashmir was reported to be 1,695,000.00 metric tonnes, while in the Jammu Division, it stood at 24,415.69 metric tonnes. The combined apple production for the entire Union Territory of Jammu and Kashmir amounted to 1,719,415.69 metric tonnes. Notably, the Kashmir Valley is the primary contributor to these numbers, accounting for 75 per cent of India's total apple production and exporting around 1.8 million metric tonnes of apples annually.NEWS, Haneef, Mohammad, Kashmir's Apple: An 800-year-old economical backbone of Kashmir,weblink 6 August 2023, Rising Kashmir, 31 March 2023,

Media

(File:Floating Post Office - Dal Lake - Srinagar- Jammu and Kashmir.jpg|thumb|200px|Floating Post Office, Dal Lake - Srinagar)The Telecom Regulatory Authority of India (TRAI) regulates all major aspects pertaining to media and telecommunications in Jammu and Kashmir.BOOK, The Telecom Regulatory Authority of India Act, 1997,weblink Georg Thieme Verlag, 112, GGKEY:BJ6HEPE0NRE, In addition, the Jammu and Kashmir administration released their media policy in 2020 which enabled government officers to sanction journalists and media organisations for disseminating "fake news", and is valid for the next five years.WEB,weblink Why Journalists Are Worried About the New Media Policy in Jammu and Kashmir, 17 July 2020, The Wire, The policy attracted criticism for allegedly reducing people to "passive recipients of the information the government intends to disseminate."JOURNAL,weblink Economic and Political Weekly, Kashmir Media Policy: Accentuating the Curbs on the Freedom of Press, 19 August 2020, 7–8, The Press Council of India (PCI) expressed concern over the provisions of fake news in the policy, as it "interferes with the free functioning of the press."NEWS,weblink Press Council of India seeks J&K govt reply on 'fake news' in its media policy, The New Indian Express, 17 June 2020, Major periodicals in Jammu and Kashmir include Greater Kashmir, Rising Kashmir, Kashmir Times, Daily Excelsior, Elite Kashmir and Kashmir Monitor.BOOK,weblink Mass Media in India - 2004, Publications Division, Ministry of Information & Broadcasting, 2016, 978-81-230-2338-0, DD Kashir is the state-owned television broadcaster.WEB, Kashmir gets its own version of KBC from today, The Tribune, 29 April 2019,weblink Popular private television channels are ETV Urdu and Gulistan News.WEB, Amid Shutdown, a Private News Channel Connects Thousands in J&K, The Wire, 24 September 2019,weblink In association with All India Radio, DD Kashir has established high power transmitters along the India–Pakistan border.WEB,weblink Rediff on the NeT: AIR, DD to counter Pak propaganda along border areas, Rediff.com, 16 December 1999, Radio Sharda, a worldwide community radio service for Kashmiri Pandits, was started by Ramesh Hangloo.NEWS,weblink The borderline cases of Jammu & Kashmir, Mohan, Archis, 6 February 2016, Business Standard India,weblink 8 November 2017, FM Tadka 95.0, BIG FM 92.7, Radio Mirchi and Red FM 93.5 are private FM radio stations.WEB, FM radio stations and their audiences bloom in restive Kashmir, Asia Times, 25 September 2018,weblink Internet shutdowns are frequent in Jammu and Kashmir. As of February 2021, the region had 300 internet shutdowns since 2012. In 2020 alone, this number was 115, the highest of any year.WEB, India: number of internet shutdowns J&K 2021,weblink 29 July 2021, Statista,

Sports

(File:First ever Khelo India Winter Games.jpg|thumb|Inauguration of the first Khelo India Winter Games)Sports tournaments in Jammu and Kashmir are organised by both the Indian army and police, as well as mainstream political parties and the All Parties Hurriyat Conference. Sportspersons who represent India in tournaments face stigmatisation from separatists.WEB, Gupta, Amit, 16 October 2020, Sports in Kashmir: How 5 journalists run a magazine that focuses on local sports,weblink Mumbai Mirror, Jammu and Kashmir has 18 stadiums, 23 training centres, three indoor sports complexes and 42 government-maintained playing fields.WEB,weblink Department of Youth Services & Sports, Department of Youth Services and Sports, Government of Jammu and Kashmir, 29 November 2019,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20191129051640weblink">weblink 29 November 2019, Srinagar is home to the Sher-i-Kashmir Stadium, a stadium where international cricket matches have been played.WEB,weblink Records / Sher-i-Kashmir Stadium, Srinagar / One-Day Internationals, ESPNcricinfo,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20140813232013weblink">weblink 13 August 2014, The Maulana Azad Stadium in Jammu is one of the home venues for the Jammu and Kashmir cricket team.WEB, Molana Azad Stadium, Jammu,weblink CricketArchive, 1 August 2021, The Bakshi Stadium in Srinagar, named after Bakshi Ghulam Mohammad, hosts football matches.NEWS,weblink J&K stadium hosts football match after 25-year gap, The Times of India, 16 July 2012, 1 August 2021, 11 May 2013,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20130511194756weblink">weblink Institutions such as the Jawahar Institute of Mountaineering and Winter Sports provides mountaineering, skiing and adventure courses.WEB,weblink UT Govt denies pensionary benefits to retired employees of JIM&WS, Daily Excelsior, 5 July 2021, The Royal Springs Golf Course, Srinagar, located on the banks of Dal lake, is considered one of the best golf courses in India.WEB, India,weblink Robert Trent Jones â€“ Golf Architects,weblink 12 December 2013, Jammu and Kashmir was also host to the first Khelo India Winter Games, held in 2020 in Gulmarg.NEWS, Ashiq, Peerzada, 7 March 2020, Khelo India Winter Games kicked off in J&K, The Hindu,weblink 0971-751X, Jammu and Kashmir came first with the most gold medals at 26, followed by the Indian Army team with 8 gold medals.WEB, Iveson, Ali, 15 March 2020, Hosts win 26 gold medals as first-ever Khelo India Winter Games conclude,weblink live,weblink 19 December 2020, Inside the Games, The second edition of the winter games were also held in Gulmarg in 2021, with Jammu and Kashmir coming first again.WEB, 2 March 2021, Spectacular Closing Ceremony of 2nd Khelo India National Winter Games organized at Gulmarg,weblink Kashmir News Service,

Tourism

File:Vaishno.jpg|thumb|200px|Vaishno Devi TempleVaishno Devi TempleSome major tourist attractions in Jammu and Kashmir are Srinagar, the Mughal Gardens, Gulmarg, Pahalgam, Patnitop, Bhaderwah and Jammu. Every year, thousands of Hindu pilgrims visit holy shrines of Vaishno Devi and Amarnath which has had significant impact on the state's economy.NEWS,weblink Online edition of The Hindu, Amarnath Board to study yatra impact on Kashmir economy, 6 June 2009, Chennai, India, 13 September 2007, 9 November 2012,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20121109091413weblink">weblink The Kashmir valley is one of the top tourist destinations in India.NEWS,weblink Online edition of The Hindu, Foreign tourists flock Kashmir, 18 March 2009, Chennai, India, 18 March 2009, 9 November 2012,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20121109091716weblink">weblink Gulmarg, one of the most popular ski resort destinations in India, is also home to the world's highest green golf course.WEB,weblink Fairway to Heaven, Cris Prystay, 26 October 2007, The Wall Street Journal, The decrease in violence in the state has boosted the state's economy, specifically tourism.WEB,weblinkweblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20110716071016weblink">weblink 16 July 2011, Tourists arrival gives boost to J-K economy, Sify, Jammu and Kashmir is also famous for its scenery, flower gardens and apple farms. It attracts tourists for its unique handicrafts and the famous Kashmir shawls.{{fact|date=March 2024}}

Notes

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See also

• Jammu and Kashmir (princely state), for the entity that existed till 1952
• Kashmiriyat
• Kashmiri cinema
• Literature of Kashmir
• Music of Jammu and Kashmir
• Kus Bani Koshur Karorpaet
• AIR Srinagar
• Central University of Kashmir
• Central University of Jammu
• Jammu and Kashmir cricket team
• Real Kashmir F.C.
• Jammu and Kashmir football team
• Jammu and Kashmir Light Infantry
• Jammu and Kashmir Rifles
• Mansar-Surinsar Wildlife Sanctuary

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References

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External links

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• Government of Jammu and Kashmir {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220614035323weblink |date=14 June 2022 }}
• General Administration Department
• Lieutenant Governor of Jammu and Kashmir
• Jammu and Kashmir district portal

{{Jammu and Kashmir topics}}{{Regions and administrative territories of Kashmir}}{{Kashmir Valley}}{{States and Union Territories of India}}{{Authority control}}