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{{Short description|State in northeastern India}}{{Use Indian English|date=October 2023}}{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2023}}

factoids

| Animal| Bird| Tree| Flower

State symbols of MizoramMIZORAM AT A GLANCE,mizoram.nic.in/about/glance.htm, National Informatics Centre:Mizoram, 5 May 2015,mizoram.nic.in/about/glance.htm," title="web.archive.org/web/20150630154732mizoram.nic.in/about/glance.htm,">web.archive.org/web/20150630154732mizoram.nic.in/about/glance.htm, 30 June 2015, live,

Vantawng Falls, the Castle of Beino/Boinu, the Cheraw (dance)>Mizo bamboo dance, the ancient petroglyphs in Vangchhia| image_map = IN-MZ.svg

23.36

region:IN-MZ_type:adm1st|display=inline,title}}| region = Northeast India

Union Territory of Mizoram>Union Territory| formation_date1 = | formation_date2 = | formation_date4 = 20 February 1987| capital = Aizawl| largestcity = capital

List of districts of Mizoram>11| Governor = Kambhampati Hari Babu

Lalduhoma (Zoram People’s Movement>ZPM)| party = | judiciary = Gauhati High Court| legislature_type = Unicameral| assembly = Mizoram Legislative Assembly| assembly_seats = 40 seats| rajya_sabha_seats = 1 seat| lok_sabha_seats = 1 seat

WEBSITE=MINISTRY OF STATISTICS AND PROGRAM IMPLEMENTATION {{!, Government Of India

archive-date=4 August 2020

www.mospi.gov.in/sites/default/files/statistical_year_book_india_2015/Table%202.1_5.xls >url-status=dead }}| area_total_km2 = 21081| area_rank = 24th| population_total = 1,252,000| population_as_of = 2023| population_rank = 27th| population_urban = 52.11%| population_rural = 47.89%| population_density = auto

Mizo language>Mizo, English language

MINISTRY OF DEVELOPMENT OF NORTH EASTERN REGION, NORTH EAST INDIA

ACCESS-DATE=24 FEBRUARY 2021

ARCHIVE-DATE=26 JANUARY 2021

URL-STATUS=LIVE, | official_script = Latin script

0.359

lk=r}}| GDP_year = 2023-24| GDP_rank = 32nd

175896|lk=r}}| GDP_per_capita_rank = 17th| Growth_rate = | Growth_year =

WEBSITE=GLOBAL DATA LAB

ACCESS-DATE=25 SEPTEMBER 2018

ARCHIVE-URL=HTTPS://WEB.ARCHIVE.ORG/WEB/20180923120638/HTTPS://HDI.GLOBALDATALAB.ORG/AREADATA/SHDI/

URL-STATUS=LIVE, | HDI_year = 2022| HDI_rank = 10th| literacy = 91.58%| literacy_year = 2011

female>♀/1000 ♂| sexratio_year = 2011| iso_code = IN-MZ| registration_plate = MZ| website = mizoram.gov.in| mammal = Himalayan serow| bird = Mrs. Hume’s pheasant

Renanthera imschootiana>Red Vanda

Mesua ferrea>Indian rose chestnut| image_highway = SH IN-MZ.png

List of state highways in Mizoram>SH 1- SH 11}}Mizoram ({{IPAc-en|lang|pron|audio=Mizorampron.ogg|m|ɪ|ˈ|z|ɔːr|É™|m}}) is a landlocked state in northeast India, with Aizawl as its seat of government and largest city. Within India’s northeast region, it is the southernmost state, sharing borders with three of the Seven Sister States, namely Tripura, Assam and Manipur, and also shares a {{convert|722|km|adj=on}} border with the neighbouring countries of Bangladesh and Myanmar.WEB,dipr.mizoram.gov.in/page/about-mizoram, About Mizoram,dipr.mizoram.gov.in/page/about-mizoram," title="web.archive.org/web/20140620093508dipr.mizoram.gov.in/page/about-mizoram,">web.archive.org/web/20140620093508dipr.mizoram.gov.in/page/about-mizoram, 20 June 2014, Directorate Of Information & Public Relations, Government of Mizoram, 30 Oct 2023, The state spans over an area of approximately 21,087 square kilometres, of which approximately 91% is forested. With an estimated population of 1.25 million in 2023, it is the second least populous state in the country.WEB,statisticstimes.com/demographics/india/indian-states-population.php, Indian states 2023 population estimates, 2023-12-01, www.main.mohfw.gov.in, en-in, 2024-03-29, Like several other northeastern states of India, Mizoram was previously part of Assam until 1972, when it was carved out as a Union Territory. In 1986, the Indian Parliament adopted the 53rd amendment of the Indian Constitution, which allowed for the creation of the State of Mizoram on 20 February 1987, as India’s 23rd state.About 95% of Mizoram’s population descends from a diverse tribal origin. Mizos first began to settle the area in the 16th century, coming in waves of immigration from Southeast Asia. This immigration lasted through the 18th century.J.M. Lloyd, History of the Church in Mizoram: Harvest in the Hills (Aizawl: Synod publication Board, 1991, 2), {{OCLC|29798339}}. Among all of the states of India, Mizoram has the highest concentration of tribal people. The Mizoram people are currently protected under the Indian constitution as a Scheduled Tribe. Mizoram is one of three states of India with a Christian majority (87%).{{Citation | url =censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Census_data_finder/C_Series/Population_by_religious_communities.htm | contribution = Mizoram | title = Population by religious communities | publisher = Census | place = IN | year = 2001 | access-date = 11 October 2013 | archive-url =www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Census_data_finder/C_Series/Population_by_religious_communities.htm" title="web.archive.org/web/20100701214405www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Census_data_finder/C_Series/Population_by_religious_communities.htm">web.archive.org/web/20100701214405www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Census_data_finder/C_Series/Population_by_religious_communities.htm | archive-date = 1 July 2010 | url-status = live | df = dmy-all }}.Mizoram is a highly literate agrarian economy. Slash-and-burn farming, also known as jhum, is the most common form of farming in the state. In recent years, the jhum farming practices have been steadily replaced with a significant horticulture and bamboo products industry. The state’s gross state domestic product for 2012 was estimated at {{INRConvert|69.91|b|lk=r}}. About 20% of Mizoram’s population lives below the poverty line, with 35% rural poverty as of 2014. The state has about 871 kilometres of national highways, with NH–54 and NH–150 connecting it to Assam and Manipur respectively. It is also a growing transit point for trade with Myanmar and Bangladesh. Etymology The term Mizoram is derived from two Mizo words: Mizo and ram. ‘Mizo’ is the endonym of the native inhabitants and ‘ram’ means ‘land’. Thus “Mizoram” means “land of the Mizos” or “Mizo land”.Sajnani, Encyclopaedia of Tourism Resources in India, Volume 1, {{ISBN|81-78350173}}, p. 241.Lalthangliana B (2001) The History of Mizos in India, Burma and Bangladesh. History File:First Shell Fired At Howsatta’s Village - ILN 1889.jpg|thumb|upright|One of the many battles between British troops and British-aligned tribes of Mizoram against a Lusei clan in Mizoram. This sketch is by Lieutenant Cole in 1889 titled “Looshai expedition”.]]The origin of the Mizos, like those of many other tribes in the northeastern India, is shrouded in mystery. The people living in the Mizo Hills were generally referred to as the Cucis or Kukis by their neighbouring ethnic groups which was also a term adopted by the British writers. The claim that ‘The Kukis are the earliest known residents of the Mizo hills area,’ must be read in this light.BOOK, Suhas, Chatterjee, Making of Mizoram: Role of Laldenga,books.google.com/books?id=GI-1rMckfpEC&pg=PA1, 28 August 2013, 1994, M.D. Publications, 978-81-85880-38-9, 1,books.google.com/books?id=GI-1rMckfpEC&pg=PA1," title="web.archive.org/web/20131231142843books.google.com/books?id=GI-1rMckfpEC&pg=PA1,">web.archive.org/web/20131231142843books.google.com/books?id=GI-1rMckfpEC&pg=PA1, 31 December 2013, live, dmy-all, The majority of the tribes classified as “Mizo” today most likely migrated to their present territories from the neighbouring countries in several waves, starting around 1500 CE.BOOK, Rodent Outbreaks: Ecology and Impacts,books.google.com/books?id=yaI0NFQb36UC&pg=PA22, Grant, Singleton, Steve, Belmain, Peter, Brown, Bill, Hardy, 28 August 2013, 2010, International Rice Research Institute, 978-971-22-0257-5, 22–,books.google.com/books?id=yaI0NFQb36UC&pg=PA22," title="web.archive.org/web/20131231142819books.google.com/books?id=yaI0NFQb36UC&pg=PA22,">web.archive.org/web/20131231142819books.google.com/books?id=yaI0NFQb36UC&pg=PA22, 31 December 2013, live, dmy-all, Before the British Raj, the various Mizo clans lived in autonomous villages. The tribal chiefs enjoyed an eminent position in the gerontocratic Mizo society. The various clans and subclans practised slash-and-burn, locally called jhum cultivation - a form of subsistence agriculture.RAMAKRISHNAN and PATNAIK, Jhum: Slash and Burn Cultivation {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180907082559www.jstor.org/stable/23002231 |date=7 September 2018 }}, India International Centre Quarterly, Vol. 19, No. 1/2, INDIGENOUS VISION: PEOPLES OF INDIA ATTITUDES TO THE ENVIRONMENT (SPRING-SUMMER 1992), pp. 215-220 The chiefs were the absolute rulers of their respective clans’ territories (ram), although they remained under the nominal political jurisdictions of the rulers of Manipur, Tripura and Burma.BOOK, Suhas, Chatterjee, Mizo Chiefs and the Chiefdom,books.google.com/books?id=YON9iVgsDRUC&pg=PA1, 28 August 2013, 1 January 1995, M.D. Publications, 978-81-85880-72-3, 1–3,web.archive.org/web/20160609201244/https://books.google.com/books?id=YON9iVgsDRUC&pg=PA1, 9 June 2016, live, dmy-all, Prior to 1895, the year that the British Raj gained political control over Mizoram, there were many reports of head-hunting in the Mizoram area via tribal raids led by the village chieftains. Head-hunting was a practice which often involved the ambushing of a rival tribe, the taking of slaves and the cutting off of the heads of the defenders. These heads would sometimes be displayed at the entrances to the tribal village of the victors.John Shakespeare, {{Google book|N0PXAAAAMAAJ|The Lushei Kuki Clans}}, pages 60, 144-158, 200-220 British era (1840s to 1940s) Some of the earliest records of raids and intertribal conflicts are from the early 19th century.C. Nunthara (2002), Mizoram: Society and Polity, {{ISBN|978-8173870590}}, pp 51-55 In the 1840s, Captain Blackwood of Britain marched into the Mizo Hills with his troops to punish a Palian tribal chief for raiding British interests in India. A few years later, Captain Lester was wounded in a battle with the Lusei tribe in the region that is now Mizoram. In 1849, a Lusei tribal raid killed 29 members of the Thadou tribe and added 42 captives to their clan. Colonel Lister retaliated in 1850, with the co-operation of the Thadou tribe, an event historically called the First British invasion, burning down a Lusei village of 800 tribal houses and freeing 400 Thadou captives.Lalrinnunga Hmar (2010), MIGRATION AND SOCIAL FORMATION OF THE MIZO, PhD Thesis (Awarded), THE NORTH EASTER HILL UNIVERSITY SHILLONG, Chapter 5, pages 115-140 British historical records on the Mizo Hills state that similar inter-ethnic tribal raids continued for decades after the First British Invasion. Such raids would be for the purpose of seeking out loot, slaves or retaliation for earlier lost battles.The Mizo Hills formally became part of British India in 1895, and practices such as head-hunting were banned in Mizoram as well as neighbouring regions.Ved Prakash (2007), Encyclopaedia of North-East India, Vol. 1 ({{ISBN|978-81-269-0703-8}}), 4 ({{ISBN|978-81-269-0706-9}}) & 5 ({{ISBN|978-81-269-0707-6}}) The northern and southern Mizo Hills became the Lushai Hills, with Aizawl as their headquarters by declaring the whole area as an “excluded area” till India got independence from the British.Mizoram History {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721173040www.mizoram.nic.in/about/history.htm |date=21 July 2011 }}, National Informatics Centre, Government of India (2012) At the time of the British conquest, there were around 60 chiefs. Post 1947 By the time India gained independence from the British Empire, the number of tribal chiefs had increased to over 200. The educated elites among the Mizos campaigned against the tribal chiefdoms under the banner of the Mizo Union. As a result of their campaign, the hereditary rights of the 259 chiefs were abolished under the Assam-Lushai District (“Acquisition of Chief’s Rights“) Act, 1954. Village courts were re-implemented in the Mizo region along with other parts of Assam. Few Christian missionaries came to Mizoram during the colonial period knowing that the rural hill population was busy fighting among different tribes. The missionaries propagated Christianity with the support of the British government. As a result, majority of the population converted to Christianity and changed their faiths without any resistance. The Mizos were particularly dissatisfied with the government’s inadequate response to the 1959–60 mautam famine. The Mizo National Famine Front, a body formed for famine relief in 1959, later developed into a new political organisation, the Mizo National Front (MNF) in 1961. A period of protests and armed insurgency followed in the 1960s, which resulted in the MNF seeking independence from India.In 1971, the government agreed to convert Mizo District into a Union Territory, which became Mizoram in 1972. In 1986, Mizoram Peace Accord (1986) was agreed between the Government and the MNF. In 1986, the Indian Parliament adopted the 53rd amendment of the Indian Constitution, which allowed for the creation of the State of Mizoram on 20 February 1987, as India’s 23rd state.NEWS, Mizoram To Be 23rd State Of India, Tribal Customs Protected,apnews.com/3ad643fb331a404302e1b02172ded7b5, 20 August 2012, APN News,www.apnewsarchive.com/1986/Mizoram-To-Be-23rd-State-Of-India-Tribal-Customs-Protected/id-3ad643fb331a404302e1b02172ded7b5," title="web.archive.org/web/20130728192739www.apnewsarchive.com/1986/Mizoram-To-Be-23rd-State-Of-India-Tribal-Customs-Protected/id-3ad643fb331a404302e1b02172ded7b5,">web.archive.org/web/20130728192739www.apnewsarchive.com/1986/Mizoram-To-Be-23rd-State-Of-India-Tribal-Customs-Protected/id-3ad643fb331a404302e1b02172ded7b5, 28 July 2013, live, BOOK, Alfred, Stepan, Juan J, Linz, Yogendra, Yadav, Crafting State-Nations: India and Other Multinational Democracies,books.google.com/books?id=kGUuOdeCiXQC&pg=PA105, 28 August 2013, 20 January 2011, JHU Press, 978-0-8018-9723-8, 105–,books.google.com/books?id=kGUuOdeCiXQC&pg=PA105," title="web.archive.org/web/20131231142846books.google.com/books?id=kGUuOdeCiXQC&pg=PA105,">web.archive.org/web/20131231142846books.google.com/books?id=kGUuOdeCiXQC&pg=PA105, 31 December 2013, live, dmy-all, Mizoram was given two seats in the Parliament, one each in the Lok Sabha and in the Rajya Sabha.BOOK, Baruah, Sanjib, Durable Disorder: Understanding the Politics of Northeast India, 2007, Oxford University Press, Geography (file:Tuirihiau falls, Mizoram 2.jpg|thumb|Tuirihiau falls)Mizoram is a landlocked state in North East India whose southern part shares 722 kilometres long international borders with Myanmar and Bangladesh, and northern part share domestic borders with Manipur, Assam and Tripura. It is the fifth smallest state of India with {{convert|21087|sqkm|sqmi|abbr=on}}. It extends from 21°56’N to 24°31’N, and 92°16’E to 93°26’E.Rintluanga Pachuau, pagal Mizoram: A Study in Comprehensive Geography, {{ISBN|978-81-7211-264-6}}, Chapter 3 The tropic of cancer runs through the state nearly at its middle. The maximum north–south distance is 285 km, while maximum east–west stretch is 115 km.Mizoram is a land of rolling hills, valleys, rivers and lakes. As many as 21 major hill ranges or peaks of different heights run through the length and breadth of the state, with plains scattered here and there. The average height of the hills to the west of the state is about {{convert|1000|m|ft}}. These gradually rise up to {{convert|1300|m|ft}} to the east. Some areas, however, have higher ranges which go up to a height of over {{convert|2000|m|ft}}. Phawngpui Tlang also known as the Blue Mountain, situated in the southeastern part of the state, is the highest peak in Mizoram at {{convert|2210|m|ft}}.Hamlet Bareh, Encyclopaedia of North-East India: Mizoram, Volume 5, {{ISBN|8170997925}}, pp 173-175 About 76% of the state is covered by forests, 8% is fallows land, 3% is barren and considered uncultivable area, while cultivable and sown area constitutes the rest.Hydro Electric Power Policy of Mizoram {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903093148power.mizoram.gov.in/uploads/files/hydro-power-policy-of-mizoram.pdf |date=3 September 2014 }} Government of Mizoram (2010), page 2 Slash-and-burn or jhum cultivation, though discouraged, remains in practice in Mizoram and affects its topography.T. R. Shankar Raman, Effect of Slash-and-Burn Shifting Cultivation on Rainforest Birds in Mizoram, Northeast India Conservation Biology, Vol. 15, No. 3 (Jun. 2001), pp. 685-698Grogan, P., Lalnunmawia, F., & Tripathi, S. K. (2012), Shifting cultivation in steeply sloped regions: a review of management options and research priorities for Mizoram state Northeast India, Agroforestry systems, 84(2), 163-177 A report by Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change in 2021 states that Mizoram has the highest forest cover as a percentage of its geographical area of any Indian state, being 84.53% forest.WEB, Forest Survey report 2021 released; increase of 2,261 sq km in the total forest and tree cover of the country in last two years.,pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1789635, pib.gov.in, 28 February 2022, 28 February 2022,web.archive.org/web/20220228161544/https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1789635, live, {{multiple image | direction = vertical | align = right | width = 225px | footer = Tlawng River (top) and Tuipui river of Mizoram | image1 = Tlawng River.JPG | image2 =Toipui, Tuipui river Mizoram India.jpg }} Mizoram terrain is, according to the Geological Survey of India, an immature topography, and the physiographic expression consists of several almost north–south longitudinal valleys containing series of small and flat hummocks, mostly anticlinal, parallel to sub-parallel hill ranges and narrow adjoining synclinal valleys with series of topographic highs. The general geology of western Mizoram consists of repetitive succession of Neogene sedimentary rocks of the Surma Group and Tipam Formation such as sandstone, siltstone, mudstone and rare pockets of shell limestone. The eastern part is the Barail Group. Mizoram lies in seismic zone V, according to the India Meteorological Department; as with other northeastern states of India, this means the state has the highest risk of earthquakes relative to other parts of India.MAP, India Meteorological Department, Seismic zoning map,www.imd.gov.in/section/seismo/static/seismo-zone.htm, 20 June 2014, dead,www.imd.gov.in/section/seismo/static/seismo-zone.htm," title="web.archive.org/web/20140603143951www.imd.gov.in/section/seismo/static/seismo-zone.htm,">web.archive.org/web/20140603143951www.imd.gov.in/section/seismo/static/seismo-zone.htm, 3 June 2014, The biggest river in Mizoram is Chhimtuipui, also known as Kaladan (or Kolodyne). It originates in Chin state in Burma and passes through Saiha and Lawngtlai districts in the southern tip of Mizoram, goes back to Burma’s Rakhine state. Although many more rivers and streams drain the hill ranges, the most important and useful rivers are the Tlawng, Tut, Tuirial and Tuivawl which flow through the northern territory and eventually join the Barak River in Cachar District. The rivers have a gentle drainage gradient particularly in the south. Climate Mizoram has a mild climate, being relatively cool in summer {{convert|20|to|29|C|F}} but progressively warmer, most probably due to climate change, with summer temperatures crossing 30 degrees Celsius and winter temperatures ranging from {{convert|7|to|22|C|F}}. The region is influenced by monsoons, raining heavily from May to September with little rain in the dry (cold) season. The climate pattern is moist tropical to moist sub-tropical, with average state rainfall {{convert|254|cm|in}} per annum. In the capital Aizawl, rainfall is about {{convert|215|cm|in}} and in Lunglei, another major centre, about {{convert|350|cm|in}}.REPORT, Geology and mineral resources of Manipur, Mizoram, Nagaland and Tripura,www.portal.gsi.gov.in/gsiImages/information/miscpub30-4-2_man-mizo-naga-tripura.pdf, Geological Survey of India, Government of India, Miscellaneous publication No. 30 Part IV, 1 (Part-2), 2011, 20 June 2014, dead,www.portal.gsi.gov.in/gsiImages/information/miscpub30-4-2_man-mizo-naga-tripura.pdf," title="web.archive.org/web/20130510091749www.portal.gsi.gov.in/gsiImages/information/miscpub30-4-2_man-mizo-naga-tripura.pdf,">web.archive.org/web/20130510091749www.portal.gsi.gov.in/gsiImages/information/miscpub30-4-2_man-mizo-naga-tripura.pdf, 10 May 2013, dmy-all, The state is in a region where cyclones and landslides can cause weather-related emergencies.Mizoram {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140329161431www.ndma.gov.in/en/mizoram-sdma-office |date=29 March 2014 }} National Disaster Management Authority, Govt of India (2011){{Weather box|collapsed= |open= yes|metric first=yes|single line= yes|location= Aizawl, the capital of Mizoram|temperature colour=

Jan high C=20.4

Feb high C=21.7

Mar high C=25.2

Apr high C=26.8

May high C=26.3

Jun high C=25.5

Jul high C=25.3

Aug high C=25.5

Sep high C=25.7

Oct high C=24.7

Nov high C=23.0

Dec high C=21.0

year high C=

Jan low C=11.4

Feb low C=12.8

Mar low C=15.6

Apr low C=17.5

May low C=18.1

Jun low C=18.9

Jul low C=19.1

Aug low C=19.1

Sep low C=19.2

Oct low C=18.0

Nov low C=15.1

Dec low C=12.2

year low C=|precipitation colour=

Jan precipitation cm= |Jan precipitation mm=13.4

Feb precipitation cm= |Feb precipitation mm=23.4

Mar precipitation cm= |Mar precipitation mm=73.4

Apr precipitation cm= |Apr precipitation mm=167.7

May precipitation cm= |May precipitation mm=289.0

Jun precipitation cm= |Jun precipitation mm=406.1

Jul precipitation cm= |Jul precipitation mm=320.4

Aug precipitation cm= |Aug precipitation mm=320.6

Sep precipitation cm= |Sep precipitation mm=305.2

Oct precipitation cm= |Oct precipitation mm=183.7

Nov precipitation cm= |Nov precipitation mm=43.2

Dec precipitation cm= |Dec precipitation mm=15.3

year precipitation cm= |year precipitation mm=

PUBLISHER=INDIA METEOROLOGY DEPARTMENT

ACCESS-DATE=20 JUNE 2014

ARCHIVE-URL=HTTPS://WEB.ARCHIVE.ORG/WEB/20150413020426/HTTP://WWW.IMD.GOV.IN/DOC/CLIMATEIMP.PDF, 13 April 2015, }} Biodiversity{| class“toccolours” style@margin:1em; float:right; width:25%;”

Serow (Saza) >

50px)

Mrs. Hume’s pheasant (Vavu)>

50px)

Mesua ferrea>Indian rose chestnut (Herhse)

(File:MesuaFerrea_IronWood.jpg|50px)

Red Vanda (Senhri)>

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{{multiple image Mizoram has the third highest total forest cover with {{formatnum:1594000}} hectares ({{formatnum:3940000}} acres), and highest percentage area (90.68%) covered by forests, among the states of India, according to 2011 Forest Survey of India. Tropical semi-evergreen, tropical moist deciduous, subtropical broadleaved hill and subtropical pine forests are the most common vegetation types found in Mizoram. Bamboo is common in the state, typically intermixed with other forest vegetation; about 9,245 km2 (44%) of the state’s area is bamboo bearing. The state and central governments of India have cooperated to reserve and protect 67% of the land covered by forests, and additional 15% by management. Only 17% of the land is non-forested area for cultivation, industry, mining, housing and other commercial human activity. Satellite data suggests 91% of state’s geographical area is covered by forests.9.19 Mizoram {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131126034506www.fsi.org.in/cover_2011/mizoram.pdf |date=26 November 2013 }} India State of Forest Report 2011, Govt of India (2012)Jhum cultivation, or slash-and-burn practice, was a historic tradition in Mizoram and a threat to its forest cover. This practice has reduced in recent decades, due to a government-supported initiative to support horticultural crops such as pineapple and banana plantations.(File:Neptunia oleracea-IMG 1661.jpg|thumb|Neptunia oleracea)Mizoram is host to numerous species of birds, wildlife and flora. About 640 species of birds have been identified in the state, many of which are endemic to the Himalayan foothills and southeast Asia. Of the birds found in Mizoram forests, 27 are on the worldwide threatened species lists and eight are on the critically endangered list.Birds of Meghalaya {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150122054357avibase.bsc-eoc.org/checklist.jsp?region=INneml&list=howardmoore |date=22 January 2015 }} Avibase (2013) Prominent birds spotted in Mizoram include those from the families of Phasianidae, Anatidae, Ciconiidae, Threskiornithidae, Ardeidae, Pelecanidae, Phalacrocoracidae, Falconidae, Accipitridae, Otididae, Rallidae, Heliornithidae, Turnicidae, Burhinidae, Charadriidae, Scolopacidae, Jacanidae, Laridae, Columbidae, Psittacidae, Cuculidae, Strigidae, Caprimulgidae, Apodidae, Alcedinidae, Meropidae, Bucerotidae, Ramphastidae, Picidae, Pittidae, Laniidae, Campephagidae, Dicruridae, Corvidae, Paridae, Hirundinidae, Cisticolidae, Pycnonotidae, Sylviidae, Timaliidae, Sittidae, Sturnidae, Turdidae, Dicaedae, Chloropseidae, Ploceidae, Motacillidae, Fringillidae, Nectariniidae and Muscicapidae.The state is also host to a variety of fauna, just like its sister northeastern Indian states. Mammal species observed in the Mizoram forests include slow loris (Nycticebus coucang), red serow (Capricornis rubidus), which is the state animal, goral (Nemorhaedus goral), tiger (Panthera tigris), leopard (Panthera pardus), clouded leopard (“Neofelis nebulosi“), leopard cat (Prionailurus bengalensis), Bengal fox (Vulpes bengalensis), and Asiatic black bear (Ursus thibetanus). Primates seen include stump-tailed macaque (Macaca arctoides), hoolock gibbon (Hylobates hoolock), Phayre’s leaf monkey (Trachypithecus phayrei) and capped langur (Trachypithecus pileatus). The state is also home to many reptiles, amphibians, fish and invertebrates.Pawar, S. and Birand, A. (2001), A survey of amphibians, reptiles and birds in Northeast India, CERC Technical Report 6, Centre for Ecological Research and Conservation, MysoreChoudhury (2001), Primates in Northeast India: An overview of their Distribution and Conservation Status, In: ENVIS Bulletin: Wildlife and Protected Areas, Non-Human Primates of India. (Editor: Gupta) 1(1): 92-101The state has two national parks and six wildlife sanctuaries – Blue Mountain (Phawngpui) National Park, Dampa Tiger Reserve (largest), Lengteng Wildlife Sanctuary, Murlen National Park, Ngengpui Wildlife Sanctuary, Tawi Wildlife Sanctuary, Khawnglung Wildlife Sanctuary, and Thorangtlang Wildlife Sanctuary.WEB,tourism.mizoram.gov.in/page/wildlife-sanctuary.html, Wildlife Sanctuary,tourism.mizoram.gov.in/page/wildlife-sanctuary.html," title="web.archive.org/web/20140718022426tourism.mizoram.gov.in/page/wildlife-sanctuary.html,">web.archive.org/web/20140718022426tourism.mizoram.gov.in/page/wildlife-sanctuary.html, 18 July 2014, Department of Tourism, Government of Mizoram, 2013, 30 Oct 2023,

Demographics

{{Historical populationCensus of IndiaHTTPS://WWW.CENSUSINDIA.GOV.IN/2011CENSUS/PCA/A2_DATA_TABLE.HTMLWEBSITE=WWW.CENSUSINDIA.GOV.INARCHIVE-DATE=10 OCTOBER 2021URL-STATUS=LIVE, 82434 91204 98406 124404 152786 196202 266063 332390 493757 689573 888573 1091014| percentages=pagr}}Mizoram has a population of 1,091,014 with 552,339 males and 538,675 females.WEB,www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2-vol2/data_files/Mizoram/Chapter_2.pdf, CHAPTER 2 SIZE, GROWTH RATE AND RURAL-URBAN DISTRIBUTION OF POPULATION IN MIZORAM, Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India, 20 June 2014,www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2-vol2/data_files/Mizoram/Chapter_2.pdf," title="web.archive.org/web/20131113201758www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2-vol2/data_files/Mizoram/Chapter_2.pdf,">web.archive.org/web/20131113201758www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2-vol2/data_files/Mizoram/Chapter_2.pdf, 13 November 2013, live, This reflects a 22.8% growth since 2001 census; still, Mizoram is second least populated state of India. The sex ratio of the state is 976 females per thousand males, higher than the national ratio 940. The density of population is 52 persons per square kilometre.WEB,censusindia.gov.in/2011census/censusinfodashboard/stock/profiles/en/IND015_Mizoram.pdf, Mizoram Profile, Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India, 20 June 2014,censusindia.gov.in/2011census/censusinfodashboard/stock/profiles/en/IND015_Mizoram.pdf," title="web.archive.org/web/20160324140658censusindia.gov.in/2011census/censusinfodashboard/stock/profiles/en/IND015_Mizoram.pdf,">web.archive.org/web/20160324140658censusindia.gov.in/2011census/censusinfodashboard/stock/profiles/en/IND015_Mizoram.pdf, 24 March 2016, live, The literacy rate of Mizoram in 2011 was 91.58 per cent,WEB, State of Literacy,censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/data_files/india/Final_PPT_2011_chapter6.pdf, censusindia.gov.in, 110,web.archive.org/web/20121113155245/https://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/data_files/india/Final_PPT_2011_chapter6.pdf, 13 November 2012, 11 June 2023, higher than the national average 74.04 per cent, and second best among all the states of India. About 52% of Mizoram population lives in urban areas, much higher than India’s average. Over one third of the population of Mizoram lives in Aizawl district, which hosts the capital.WEB, Classification of urban areas and rural areas in Mizoram,mizoram.nic.in/printing/508/227.pdf, The Mizoram Gazette, 27 August 2012, dead,mizoram.nic.in/printing/508/227.pdf," title="web.archive.org/web/20130412010645mizoram.nic.in/printing/508/227.pdf,">web.archive.org/web/20130412010645mizoram.nic.in/printing/508/227.pdf, 12 April 2013, dmy-all, WEB, Alphabetical list of towns & their population, Mizoram,censusindia.gov.in/towns/miz_towns.pdf, Census, India, 27 August 2012,www.censusindia.gov.in/towns/miz_towns.pdf," title="web.archive.org/web/20120927073924www.censusindia.gov.in/towns/miz_towns.pdf,">web.archive.org/web/20120927073924www.censusindia.gov.in/towns/miz_towns.pdf, 27 September 2012, live, dmy-all,

Largest cities or towns

{{Largest cities | city_1 = Aizawl | city_2 = Lunglei | city_3 = Champhai | city_4 = Saiha | city_5 = Kolasib | city_6 = Serchhip | city_7 = Lawngtlai | city_8 = Saitual | city_9 = Khawzawl | city_10 = Vairengte }}

Ethnic groups

The great majority of Mizoram’s population consists of several ethnic tribes who are either culturally or linguistically linked. These ethnic groups are collectively known as Mizos (Mi means People, Zo meaning the name of a progenitor; Mizo thus is People of Zo originMichael Sailo (2006), Administration of Justice in Mizoram, {{ISBN|978-8183240598}}, Chapter 2).Sometime in the 16th century CE, the first batch of Mizo crossed Tiau River and settled in Mizoram and they were called as Kukis by Bengalis. The term Kuki mean the inhabitants of the interior and inaccessible mountain tracts. Sometimes grouped as Kuki-Chin tribes, The First batch were called Old Kukis, which are the Biate, Ranglong and the Hrangkhol, and the second batch that followed include Lushei (or Lusei), Paite, Lai, Mara, Ralte, Hmar, Thadou, Shendus, and several other.THE LAND SYSTEMS OF MIZORAM {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714155933landrevenue.mizoram.gov.in/uploads/files/historical-evolution-of-mizoram.pdf |date=14 July 2014 }}, Govt of Mizoram (2007)The Bru (Reang), Chakma, Tanchangya are some non-Kuki tribes of Mizoram, with some suggestion that some of these are Indo-Aryan in their origins. The Bnei Menashe tribe claim Jewish descent.Zote, Mona (2005), Heaven in Hell: A paradox {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180913002342www.jstor.org/stable/23006028 |date=13 September 2018 }}, India International Centre Quarterly, Vol. 32, No. 2/3, pp 203-212.The diversity of tribal groups reflects the historical immigration patterns. Different tribes and sub-tribes arrived in the present Mizoram, in successive waves and settled down in different parts of the state. Further, as they arrived, there were raids, fear of raids and intertribal feuds. The resulting isolation and separation created numerous tribes and sub-tribes.Other than tribal groups, other ethnic groups inhabit Mizoram including Bengalis and Nepalis. Nepali Gorkhas, for example, were encouraged to settle in Aizawl area and other parts of Mizoram during the British colonial times. Thousands of their descendants are now residents of Mizoram.Hamlet Bareh, Encyclopaedia of North-East India: Mizoram, Volume 5, {{ISBN|8170997925}}, pp 260-261

Protected demographic category

File:Mizo girls in Mizo traditional dress.jpg|thumb|Mizo girls in Lushei tribe traditional dress.]]According to 2011 census, Mizoram had 1,036,115 people (nearly 95% of total) classified as Scheduled Tribe, the highest concentration of protected tribal people in all states of India.Demographic Status of Scheduled Tribe Population of India {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130903101121www.tribal.gov.in/WriteReadData/CMS/Documents/201306110208002203443DemographicStatusofScheduledTribePopulationofIndia.pdf |date=3 September 2013 }} Table 1.1, Ministry of Tribal Affairs, Govt of India (2013)SCHEDULED TRIBES Chapter 4.2 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150616053238planningcommission.nic.in/plans/planrel/fiveyr/10th/volume2/v2_ch4_2.pdf |date=16 June 2015 }} Planning Commission, Govt of India (2012) This demographic classification, given to Mizoram tribes since the 1950s, has provided reservations and extra resources in education and government job opportunities, a preferential treatment as a means to accelerate their integration with mainstream society.Scheduled Tribes {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140620031439tribal.nic.in/Content/IntroductionScheduledTribes.aspx |date=20 June 2014 }} Ministry of Tribal Affairs, Govt of India (2013)

Languages

{{Pie chart| thumb = rightLAST=ORGIACCESS-DATE=9 AUGUST 2018ARCHIVE-DATE=15 AUGUST 2018WEBSITE=CENSUS.GOV.IN ARCHIVE-DATE=12 JANUARY 2020 URL-STATUS=LIVE, Mizo language>Mizo color1 = redChakma language>Chakma color2 = purpleMara language>Mara color3 = lightcoralKokborok language>Tripuri color4 = goldHakha Chin language>Pawi color5 = greenPaite language>Paite color6 = dodgerblueHmar language>Hmar color7 = pinkBengali language>Bengali color8 = darkcyanvalue9 = 3.85 |color9 = powderblue}}Mizo and English are the official languages of the state.WEB, 2 November 2021, Ministry of Development of Northeastern Region, Mizoram State Information,mdoner.gov.in/about-north-east/mizoram, 9 November 2021, Ministry of Development of Northeastern Region, 11 November 2021,web.archive.org/web/20211111092907/https://mdoner.gov.in/about-north-east/mizoram, live,

Religion

{{Pie chart|thumb = rightWEBSITE=CENSUS OF INDIA, 2011ARCHIVE-URL=HTTPS://WEB.ARCHIVE.ORG/WEB/20150825155850/HTTP://WWW.CENSUSINDIA.GOV.IN/2011CENSUS/C-01/DDW00C-01%20MDDS.XLS, 25 August 2015, Christianity in Mizoram>Christianity|value1 = 87.16|color1 = BlueBuddhism in Mizoram>Buddhism|value2 = 8.51|color2 = GoldHinduism in Mizoram>Hinduism|value3 = 2.75|color3 = darkorangeIslam in Mizoram>Islam|value4 = 1.35|color4 = Green|label5 = Other or not religious|value5 = 0.23|color5 = Black}}The majority (87%) of Mizos are Christians in various denominations, predominantly Presbyterian. Mizoram has a significant Theravada Buddhist population of 8.5%, who are mainly Chakma people, making them the largest religious minority in the region, followed by Hindus at 2.7% according to the 2011 census. There are several thousand people, mostly ethnic Mizo, who have converted to Judaism claiming to be one of the lost Judaic tribe group Bnei Menashe, with descent from the biblical Menasseh.

Christianity

File:Solomon’s Temple on a cloudy day.jpg|thumb|left|Solomon’s Temple, AizawlSolomon’s Temple, AizawlThe major Christian denomination is the Mizoram Presbyterian Church, which was established by the Welsh missionary David Evan Jones starting in 1894.T Raatan, Encyclopaedia of North-east India: Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur, Mizoram; {{ISBN|978-8178350684}} By the time India gained independence from British Empire, some 80% of Lushei tribe people had converted to Christianity.C. Nunthara (2002), Mizoram: Society and Polity, {{ISBN|978-8173870590}}, pp 59-63 The Mizoram Presbyterian Church is one of the constituted bodies of the General Assembly of the Presbyterian Church of India at Shillong in Meghalaya; it became the dominant Christian group in north Mizoram hills. In the southern hills of Mizoram, the Baptist Church had the dominant following.

Buddhism

According to 2011 census report, there are 93,411 people who follow Buddhism in Mizoram. The Chakmas and Tanchangya have been Buddhist since the mid-18th century.BOOK, Pu C., Chawngkunga, Chakma Settlement in Mizoram, State Central Library, Aizawl, Mizoram, 11, 12,indianculture.gov.in/ebooks/chakma-settlement-mizoram, en, 12 March 2023, 28 March 2024,web.archive.org/web/20240328170937/https://indianculture.gov.in/ebooks/chakma-settlement-mizoram, live,

Hinduism

According to the 2011 census, there were 30,136 Hindus in Mizoram or about 2.75% of the population.

Others

{{see also|Mizo religion}}There are also a few Mizos who practice Judaism (866 according to the 2001 census) and a modernised traditional Mizo religion called Hnam sakhua, which places a special emphasis on Mizo culture and seeks to revive traditional Mizo values while opposing the influence of Christianity on Mizo people.WEB,www.panchayatportals.gov.in/web/department-of-panchyati-raj-mizoram/hidden/-/asset_publisher/h7cmn7e306iI/content/about-mizoram, About Mizoram, Dept of Panchayati Raj, Government of Mizoram, 28 March 2019, 28 March 2019,web.archive.org/web/20190328052720/https://www.panchayatportals.gov.in/web/department-of-panchyati-raj-mizoram/hidden/-/asset_publisher/h7cmn7e306iI/content/about-mizoram, live, A total of 1,367 people practised the Mizo religion according to the 2001 census. This number included, in addition to the original Mizo religion (755 people), adherents of other tribal religions such as Lalchhungkua (279), Lalhnam (122), and Nunna Lalchhungkua (211).Table ST-14a, Indian Census 2001

Politics

(File:Mizoram Assembly House.jpg|thumb|Mizoram Assembly House)Originally village land, locally called ram, was the property of the tribal chief. The institution of chieftainship began in the 16th century. Each village behaved like a small state, and the chief was called Lal. The rule was hereditary, and there were no written laws (the first script for Mizo language was developed by Christian Missionaries Lorraine and Savidge about 1895).After annexation by the British in the 1890s, the northern part of Mizoram was administered as the Lushai Hills district of Assam, while southern Mizoram was part of Bengal. In 1898, the southern part was transferred from Bengal to Assam. The colonial power retained the chiefs and Mizo customs, including the socially stratified hereditary transfer of political power. In 1937, under Section 6 of the Scheduled District Act, the British administration consolidated executive and legislative political power to the Deputy Commissioner and District magistrates, with village chiefs in advisory role. The political and judiciary powers of chiefs were neither final nor exclusive, thereafter. Rulings could be appealed to courts staffed with British officials. After India gained independence from the colonial rule, the region was granted autonomous status in 1952, where Mizo people formulated their own laws and delivered judicial decisions. The region was renamed as Mizo District within Assam State in April 1954 and in that year, the institution of hereditary chieftainship was abolished, and instead village courts/council were set up.The representatives of the Lushai Hills Autonomous District Council and the Mizo Union pleaded with the States Reorganisation Commission (SRC) to integrate the Mizo-dominated areas of Tripura and Manipur with the District Council in Assam. The tribal leaders in the northeast were unhappy with the final SRC recommendations and met in Aizawl in 1955 to form a new political party, Eastern India Tribal Union (EITU).Dommen, A. J. (1967). Separatist Tendencies in Eastern India. Asian Survey, Vol. 7, No. 10 (Oct. 1967), 726-739(File:Mizoram University Entrance.JPG|thumb|left|Mizoram Peace Accord was signed in June 1986. The Accord granted political freedoms by making Mizoram a full state of India, and included infrastructure provisions such as a High Court and establishment of Mizoram University (shown).Memorandum of Settlement (Mizoram Accord) {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161013222318peacemaker.un.org/india-mizoram-accord86 |date=13 October 2016 }}, United Nations)In the 1950s, the fears of Assamese hegemony and perceived lack of government concern led to growing discontent among the Mizos. The Mizos were particularly dissatisfied with the government’s inadequate response to the 1959–60 mautam famine. The Mizo National Famine Front, a body formed for famine relief in 1959, later developed into a new political organisation, the Mizo National Front (MNF) in 1961.BOOK, Braja BihārÄ«, Kumāra, Small States Syndrome in India,books.google.com/books?id=nKqF_AgDd4gC&pg=PA75, 28 August 2013, 1 January 1998, Concept, 978-81-7022-691-8, 75,books.google.com/books?id=nKqF_AgDd4gC&pg=PA75," title="web.archive.org/web/20131231142829books.google.com/books?id=nKqF_AgDd4gC&pg=PA75,">web.archive.org/web/20131231142829books.google.com/books?id=nKqF_AgDd4gC&pg=PA75, 31 December 2013, live, dmy-all, The Front sought sovereign independence for the Mizo territory, staging an armed insurrection with the 28 February 1966 uprising against the government. The revolt was suppressed by the government of India, which carried out airstrikes in Aizawl and surrounding areas.BOOK, Lalchungnunga, Mizoram politics of regionalism and national integration, 1994, Reliance, {{Citation | url =www.newslink.in/2007/03/06/memories-of-inferno-still-remain-fresh | title = Memories of inferno still remain fresh | date = 6 March 2007 | newspaper = News link | place = IN | access-date = 17 April 2009 | archive-url =www.newslink.in/2007/03/06/memories-of-inferno-still-remain-fresh" title="web.archive.org/web/20160303171951www.newslink.in/2007/03/06/memories-of-inferno-still-remain-fresh">web.archive.org/web/20160303171951www.newslink.in/2007/03/06/memories-of-inferno-still-remain-fresh | archive-date = 3 March 2016 | url-status = live | df = dmy-all }}.Assam state was split, re-organised into multiple political regions, Mizo hills area was declared Mizoram after the insurgency, and it received status as a Union Territory in 1972. A Peace Accord was signed between central government and insurgent groups of Mizoram on 30 June 1986. Per the accord, insurgents surrendered their arms and Mizoram became the 23rd state of India in 1986, formalised the following year. The first election of Mizoram Legislative Assembly was held on 16 February 1987. Elections have been held at 5-year intervals since then. Elections were held for 40 seats of legislative assembly on 28 November 2018. The voter turnout was 80%. The Mizo National Front led by Zoramthanga was elected to power.WEB, Assembly Elections December 2013 Results, ECI, Election Commission of India,eciresults.ap.nic.in,eciresults.ap.nic.in/," title="web.archive.org/web/20131215221429eciresults.ap.nic.in/,">web.archive.org/web/20131215221429eciresults.ap.nic.in/, 15 December 2013, dead, 4 May 2017, Kambhampati Hari Babu is the governor of Mizoram since November 2021.NEWS, Kaushik, Krishn, 6 July 2021, Ahead of cabinet reshuffle, Thawarchand Gehlot appointed as Karnataka Governor, Sreedharan Pillai as Goa Governor,indianexpress.com/article/india/president-appoints-governor-karnataka-haryana-goa-7391341/, The Indian Express, 24 May 2022, 25 September 2022,web.archive.org/web/20220925092451/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/president-appoints-governor-karnataka-haryana-goa-7391341/, live,

Administration

{| class=“wikitable floatleft” style="text-align: center;”!DistrictDistricts {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040130015404mizoram.nic.in/ |date=30 January 2004 }} Government of Mizoram!Population(2011)!Population Densityper km2Aizawl district>Aizawl| 400,309| 117Lunglei district>Lunglei| 161,428 | 35Champhai district>Champhai| 125,745| 37Lawngtlai district>Lawngtlai| 117,894| 39Mamit district>Mamit| 86,364| 29Kolasib district>Kolasib| 83,955| 56Serchhip district>Serchhip| 64,937| 47Saiha district>Saiha| 56,574| 52Khawzawl district> Khawzawl| 36,381|Hnahthial district> Hnathial| 28,468|Saitual district> Saitual| 11,619|(File:Mizoramdistrictsmap.png|right|thumb|Districts of Mizoram)The Mizoram State Legislative Assembly has 40 seats and the Village Councils are the grassroots of democracy and leadership in Mizoram. The state has a chief minister, council of ministers with a portfolio of ministries responsible for different priorities and role of the government.Council of Ministers {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140624163948mizoram.nic.in/gov/minister.htm |date=24 June 2014 }} Govt of MizoramThere are eleven districts in Mizoram. A district of Mizoram is headed by a Deputy Commissioner who is in charge of the administration in that particular district. The Deputy Commissioner is the executive head of the district, responsible for implementing government regulations, the law and order situation in the district, as well as being responsible for tax collection for the government.A Superintendent of Police is responsible for the police administration of each district.Districts in Mizoram {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131006040655www.mizoram.gov.in/web/guest/districts |date=6 October 2013 }} Govt of Mizoram (2012)The Lunglei town is managed by Lunglei Municipal Council.NEWS, PTI, 3 April 2023, Opposition ZPM sweeps Lunglei civic polls in major setback to Mizoram’s ruling MNF,theprint.in/india/opposition-zpm-sweeps-lunglei-civic-polls-in-major-setback-to-mizorams-ruling-mnf/1494470/, 5 April 2023, ThePrint, 5 April 2023,web.archive.org/web/20230405062847/https://theprint.in/india/opposition-zpm-sweeps-lunglei-civic-polls-in-major-setback-to-mizorams-ruling-mnf/1494470/, live,

Economy

(File:View of the ridgetop city of Aizawl, state capital of Mizoram.jpg|left|thumb|Aizawl The capital city of Mizoram)Mizoram gross state domestic product (GSDP) in 2011-2012 was about {{INRConvert|69.91|b}}. The state’s gross state domestic product (GSDP) growth rate was nearly 10% annually over 2001-2013 period. As of 2019, the state’s GSDP was US$ 3.57 billion.{{citation needed|date=January 2022}} With international borders with Bangladesh and Myanmar, it is an important port state for southeast Asian imports to India, as well as exports from India.The biggest contributors to state’s GSDP growth are Agriculture, Public Administration and Construction work.NEWS, Mizoram GSDP a thang chak NLUP inrêlbawlna sum a tam lo,vanglaini.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=13838:mizoram-gsdp-a-thang-chak-nlup-inrelbawlna-sum-a-tam-lo-pl-thanga&catid=99:tualchhung&Itemid=2, 24 August 2012, Vanglaini,www.vanglaini.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=13838:mizoram-gsdp-a-thang-chak-nlup-inrelbawlna-sum-a-tam-lo-pl-thanga&catid=99:tualchhung&Itemid=2," title="web.archive.org/web/20131017165537www.vanglaini.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=13838:mizoram-gsdp-a-thang-chak-nlup-inrelbawlna-sum-a-tam-lo-pl-thanga&catid=99:tualchhung&Itemid=2,">web.archive.org/web/20131017165537www.vanglaini.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=13838:mizoram-gsdp-a-thang-chak-nlup-inrelbawlna-sum-a-tam-lo-pl-thanga&catid=99:tualchhung&Itemid=2, 17 October 2013, live, dmy-all, Tertiary sector of service sector continued to have the contribution to the GSDP with its share hovering between 58 per cent and 60 per cent during the past decade.NEWS, Mizoram per capita income,www.indianexpress.com/news/mizoram-per-capita-income-rs-50-021/768758/, 20 August 2012, Indian Express,www.indianexpress.com/news/mizoram-per-capita-income-rs-50-021/768758/," title="web.archive.org/web/20110406031208www.indianexpress.com/news/mizoram-per-capita-income-rs-50-021/768758/,">web.archive.org/web/20110406031208www.indianexpress.com/news/mizoram-per-capita-income-rs-50-021/768758/, 6 April 2011, live, dmy-all, As of 2013, according to the Reserve Bank of India, 20.4% of total state population is below poverty line, about same as the 21.9% average for India. Rural poverty is significantly higher in Mizoram, with 35.4% below the poverty line compared to India’s rural poverty average of 25.7; while in urban areas of Mizoram, 6.4% are below the poverty line.WEB,www.rbi.org.in/scripts/PublicationsView.aspx?id=15283, See 2012 data in 3rd set of Table 162, Number and Percentage of Population Below Poverty Line, Reserve Bank of India, Government of India, 2013, 20 April 2014, dead,www.rbi.org.in/scripts/PublicationsView.aspx?id=15283," title="web.archive.org/web/20140407102043www.rbi.org.in/scripts/PublicationsView.aspx?id=15283,">web.archive.org/web/20140407102043www.rbi.org.in/scripts/PublicationsView.aspx?id=15283, 7 April 2014, Mizoram has a highly literate work force, with literacy rate of nearly 90% and widespread use of English. The state has a total of 4,300 kilometres of roads of which 927 kilometres are high quality national highways and 700 kilometres of state highways. The state is developing its Kolodyne River for navigation and international trade. Mizoram’s airport is at the capital city of Aizawl. The state is a power deficit state, with plans to develop its hydroelectric potential. After agriculture, the major employer of its people include handloom and horticulture industries. Tourism is a growth industry. In 2008, the state had nearly 7,000 registered companies. The state government has been implementing Special Economic Zones (SEZs) to encourage economic growth.Mizoram Economy {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303233831www.ibef.org/download/Mizoram_190111.pdf |date=3 March 2016 }} IBEF, New Delhi (2010)

Agriculture

(File:Serchhip Zawlpui.jpg|thumb|A paddy field in Zawlpui, Serchhip)Between 55% and 60% of the working population of the state is annually deployed on agriculture.Agriculture Statistical Abstract 2012-2013 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808052945agriculturemizoram.nic.in/Documents/Agriculture_Statiscal_Abstract_2012_13.pdf |date=8 August 2014 }} Directorate of Agriculture, Government of Mizoram (2013) The sector’s contribution to the gross state domestic product was 30% in 1994, just 14% in 2009 due to economic growth of other sectors.Birthal, Unlocking the potential of Agriculture in northeastern hill region of India, Ind. Journal of Agri. Econ., Vol 65, No. 3, July-Sept 2010, pp 335Agriculture has traditionally been a subsistence profession in Mizoram. It is seen as a means for generate food for one’s family, ignoring its potential for commerce, growth and prosperity. Rice remains the largest crop grown in Mizoram by gross value of output.Dikshit, K. R., & Dikshit, J. K. (2014), Agriculture in North-East India: Past and Present, In North-East India: Land, People and Economy (pp. 587-637), {{ISBN|978-94-007-7054-6}}, Springer Netherlands Fruits have grown to become the second largest category, followed by condiments and spices.

Jhum practice

Before 1947, agriculture in Mizoram predominantly used to be slash-and-burn driven Jhum cultivation. This was discouraged by the state government, and the practice has been slowly declining.NEWS, Mizoram to implement new land use policy,www.sify.com/news/mizoram-to-implement-new-land-use-policy-news-national-kdrtkededhc.html, 20 August 2012, Sify News,www.sify.com/news/mizoram-to-implement-new-land-use-policy-news-national-kdrtkededhc.html," title="web.archive.org/web/20130510071435www.sify.com/news/mizoram-to-implement-new-land-use-policy-news-national-kdrtkededhc.html,">web.archive.org/web/20130510071435www.sify.com/news/mizoram-to-implement-new-land-use-policy-news-national-kdrtkededhc.html, 10 May 2013, dead, A 2012 report estimates the proportion of shifting cultivation area in Mizoram to be about 30% - predominant part of which was for rice production (56% to 63% depending on the year). Despite dedicating largest amount of labour, jhum cultivated and non-jhum crop area to rice, the yields are low; Mizoram average rice yields per acre is about 70% of India’s average rice yield per acre and 32% of India’s best yield. Mizoram produces about 26% of rice it consumes every year, and it buys the deficit from other states of India.The crop area used for jhum cultivation rotates in Mizoram; that is, the area slashed and burnt for a crop is abandoned for a few years and then jhumias return to slash and burn the same plot after a few years of non-use. The primary reasons for cyclical jhum cultivation includes, according to Goswami et al.Goswami, K., Choudhury, H. K., & Saikia, J. (2012), Factors influencing farmers’ adoption of slash and burn agriculture in North East India, Forest Policy and Economics, 15, pp 146-151

Horticulture

(File:Oil palm in Mamit.JPG|thumb|upright|Oil palm in Mamit)In horticulture and floriculture, Mizoram is a significant producer and global exporter of Anthurium (over 7 million a year) and roses. It is also a significant producer and domestic supplier of banana, ginger, turmeric, passion fruit, orange and chowchow. Mizoram has accomplished this horticulture success and exports in 2009, with just 6% of its cultivated land dedicated to horticulture and floriculture, indicating a large potential for further growth and economic integration with other Indian states as well export driven economy.Economic and Financial Developments in Mizoram {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140406213724rbidocs.rbi.org.in/rdocs/Speeches/PDFs/MIZSP19122013.pdf |date=6 April 2014 }} Reserve Bank of India (2013) In 2013, the area dedicated to horticulture and floriculture increased to 9.4% of 1.2 million hectares potential.Economic Survey, Mizoram 2012-13 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150428073027www.mizoram.gov.in/documents/19/1e418678-5683-4eb0-a809-42c143257876 |date=28 April 2015 }} Planning & Programme Implementation, Department Government of Mizoram (2013)The agricultural productivity is very low in Mizoram. The state gets a lot of rain, but its soil is porous and irrigation infrastructure very inadequate; this has affected it crop yield and reliability.State Agriculture Plan {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140716135331agriculturemizoram.nic.in/sap.html |date=16 July 2014 }} Agriculture Department, Government of Mizoram (2013) The yield issue that can be addressed by building irrigation infrastructure and adoption of better crop technologies. The state also has very low consumption of fertiliser and pesticides, which scholarsKumar et al. (2013), Prospects of organic agriculture in eastern himalayan region-A case study of Mizoram, Progressive Agriculture, Vol 13, Issue 2, pp 139-150 suggest offers an opportunity for organic farming particularly of vegetables and fruits.

Forestry, fisheries and sericulture

Mizoram is one of the leading producers of bamboo in India, has 27 species of bamboo, and supplies 14% of India’s commercial bamboo. Forest products contribute about 5% to the state’s gross product. The state produces about 5,200 metric tonnes of fish a year, about 12% of potential that can be sustainably achieved. Sericulture is an important handicraft industry engaged by nearly 8,000 families in over 300 Mizo villages.Mizoram Snapshot {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140702191426www.ibef.org/states/Mizoram.aspx |date=2 July 2014 }} IBEF India(File:אנטוריום1.JPG|thumb|Mizoram produces over 7 million tonnes of Anthurium (shown), supplying the domestic market as well as exporting it to UAE, UK and Japan. The majority of producers and income earners from this business are Mizoram women.Singh and Punitha, Entrepreneurship Development through Anthurium Flower – A Case Study of Mizoram, North-East India, Indian Res. J. Ext. Edu. 12 (3), September 2012, pp 74-78)

Industry

Mizoram has two industrial estates at Zuangtui and Kolasib. Another software technology park is being established in Mizoram University campus.NEWS, Northeast’s fourth software technology park in Mizoram,www.assamtribune.com/scripts/detailsnew.asp?id=may0612/at0153, 20 August 2012, Assam Tribune,www.assamtribune.com/scripts/detailsnew.asp?id=may0612%2Fat0153," title="web.archive.org/web/20150716234449www.assamtribune.com/scripts/detailsnew.asp?id=may0612%2Fat0153,">web.archive.org/web/20150716234449www.assamtribune.com/scripts/detailsnew.asp?id=may0612%2Fat0153, 16 July 2015, live, The state government has acquired 127 acres of land in Khawnuam for development of the Indo-Myanmar border trade township.

Education infrastructure

(File:SHSS building.jpg|thumb|left|A school campus in Mizoram)The first primary school was set up in 1898 at Aizawl by Christian missionaries. The state has long enjoyed higher literacy rates than average literacy rates for India. In 1961, the literacy was 51%.C. Nunthara (2002), Mizoram: Society and Polity, {{ISBN|978-8173870590}}, pp 37-39 By 2011 census, it had reached 92%, compared to 74% average for India. Mizoram is second only to Kerala.WEB, India Gov, India 2010 - A Reference Annual,india.gov.in/knowindia/profile.php?id=13, India Gov Website, 10 August 2012,india.gov.in/knowindia/profile.php?id=13," title="web.archive.org/web/20120927023601india.gov.in/knowindia/profile.php?id=13,">web.archive.org/web/20120927023601india.gov.in/knowindia/profile.php?id=13, 27 September 2012, live, There were 3,894 schools in Mizoram as of 2012. Of these, 42% are publicly owned and managed by Central/State governments, 28% are private without government subsidies, 21% are private with government subsidies, and the rest are primary and middle schools that are government financed by run by three Autonomous District Councils of Mizoram. The teacher-pupil ratio is about 1:20 for primary, 1:9 for middle School, 1:13 for high, and 1:15 for higher secondary schools.There are several educational establishments under the umbrella of the Ministry of Education, including universities, colleges and other institutions. Within Mizoram University, there are 29 undergraduate departments including 2 professional institutions affiliated with the university. The state had 22 other colleges, and the total college enrolment was approximately 10,600 students in 2012. Other well known institutes are National Institute of Technology Mizoram, ICFAI University, Mizoram, College of Veterinary Sciences & Animal Husbandry, Selesih, Aizawl, Mizoram and Regional Institute of Paramedical and Nursing Aizawl.

Energy infrastructure

Mizoram is not self-sufficient in power. In 2012, the state had a demand for 107 MW of power, but had an effective installed capacity of only 29.35 MW. To bridge the gap, it purchased electricity from the national grid.Annual Report For 2011-12 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150428072850power.mizoram.gov.in/uploads/files/annual-report-2011-12.pdf |date=28 April 2015 }} Power & Electricity Department, Government of Mizoram (2013)The hydroelectric power potential of Mizoram was assessed to be about 3600 MW in 2010,Hydro Electric Power Policy Of Mizoram - 2010 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903093148power.mizoram.gov.in/uploads/files/hydro-power-policy-of-mizoram.pdf |date=3 September 2014 }} Govt of Mizoram and about 4500 MW in 2012.Hydro Power Potential & its Development {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150428073205power.mizoram.gov.in/page/hydro-power-potential-its-development.html |date=28 April 2015 }}, Power & Electricity Department, Government Of Mizoram If even half of this is realised, the state could supply all its citizens and industry with 24/7 electricity, as well as earn income by selling surplus power to the national grid. The topography of Mizoram hydroelectric resources is ideal for power projects. The following rivers are suited for hydel projects with minimal impact on its biosphere – Tuivai, Tuivawl, Tlawng, Tut, Serlui, Tuirial, Kolodyne, Tuichang, Tuipui, Tiau and Mat. Beyond the major rivers, Mizoram has many small but perennial streams and rivulets with ideal condition for developing micro/mini and small hydroelectric projects. The state has proposed projects to attract private investments on Build, Own, Operate and Transfer (BOOT) basis with financial assistance in rehabilitating its citizens were they to be affected by the project. The largest proposed project is expected to be on Kolodyne (460 MW), and there are dozens of small to micro projects that have been identified.The main energy infrastructures in Mizoram are:

• Tuirial Dam 60 MW.NEWS, PM Modi inaugurates Tuirial hydropower project, says Mizoram is power-surplus state,www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/pm-modi-inaugurates-tuirial-hydropower-project-says-mizoram-is-power-surplus-state/story-RvSQLyHREstFlz6FP1nZAN.html, 2 June 2023, Hindustan Times, PTI, 16 December 2017, en, 2 June 2023,web.archive.org/web/20230602125537/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/pm-modi-inaugurates-tuirial-hydropower-project-says-mizoram-is-power-surplus-state/story-RvSQLyHREstFlz6FP1nZAN.html, live,
• Serlui B Dam 12 MW.NEWS, Serlui B A Milestone in the Power Sector,www.easternpanorama.in/index.php/cover-story/61-2010/september/1130-serlui-b-a-milestone-in-the-power-sector, 2 June 2023, Eastern Panorama, 5 September 2010, en-gb, 5 May 2023,www.easternpanorama.in/index.php/cover-story/61-2010/september/1130-serlui-b-a-milestone-in-the-power-sector," title="web.archive.org/web/20230505112533www.easternpanorama.in/index.php/cover-story/61-2010/september/1130-serlui-b-a-milestone-in-the-power-sector,">web.archive.org/web/20230505112533www.easternpanorama.in/index.php/cover-story/61-2010/september/1130-serlui-b-a-milestone-in-the-power-sector, live,
• Vankal Solar Park 20 MW.NEWS, Bawitlung, Mala, Mizoram enters India’s solar map, becomes first in Northeast to house largest solar park,www.indiatodayne.in/mizoram/story/mizoram-enters-indias-solar-map-becomes-first-in-northeast-to-house-largest-solar-park-549340-2023-04-27, 2 June 2023, India Today NE, 27 April 2023, en, 15 June 2023,web.archive.org/web/20230615062901/https://www.indiatodayne.in/mizoram/story/mizoram-enters-indias-solar-map-becomes-first-in-northeast-to-house-largest-solar-park-549340-2023-04-27, live,

Transport infrastructure

{{multiple image

• Road Network: In 2012, Mizoram had a road network of around {{convert|8500|km|mi}} including unsurfaced village roads to surfaced national highways; and there were 106,000 registered motor vehicles. The village roads are primarily single lane or unmetalled tracks that are typically lightly trafficked. Mizoram had 871 kilometres of national highways, 1,663 kilometres of state highways and 2,320 kilometres of surfaced district roads. All of Mizoram’s 23 urban centres and 59% of its 764 villages are connected by all weather roads. However, landslide and weather damage to these roads is significant in parts.Dilapidated roads snap Mizoram lifeline {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150707200500www.assamtribune.com/scripts/detailsnew.asp?id=oct1413%2Foth06 |date=7 July 2015 }} The Assam Tribune

(File:Lengpui Airport Building.JPG|thumb|Lengpui Airport Building)

• Airport: Mizoram has an airport, Lengpui Airport (IATA: AJL), near Aizawl and its runway is 3,130 feet long at an elevation of 1,000 feet.Aijawl airport {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121017140307theairdb.com/airport/AJL.html |date=17 October 2012 }} The Air Database (2011)

• Helicopter: A Helicopter service by Pawan Hans has been started which connects the Aizawl with Lunglei, Lawngtlai, Saiha, Chawngte, Serchhip, Champhai, Kolasib, Khawzawl, Mamit and Hnahthial.WEB, Mizorama helicopter service Tur chief minister in Hawng,dipr.mizoram.gov.in/press-release/mizorama-helicopter-service-tur-chief-minister-in-hawng, Mizoram DIPR, 14 August 2012, dead,dipr.mizoram.gov.in/press-release/mizorama-helicopter-service-tur-chief-minister-in-hawng," title="web.archive.org/web/20131212015939dipr.mizoram.gov.in/press-release/mizorama-helicopter-service-tur-chief-minister-in-hawng,">web.archive.org/web/20131212015939dipr.mizoram.gov.in/press-release/mizorama-helicopter-service-tur-chief-minister-in-hawng, 12 December 2013, NEWS, Nilaini atangin ‘Helicopter Service,www.thezozamtimes.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=5455:nilaini-atangin-helicopter-service&catid=43:news&Itemid=63,www.thezozamtimes.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=5455:nilaini-atangin-helicopter-service&catid=43:news&Itemid=63," title="web.archive.org/web/20150923163051www.thezozamtimes.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=5455:nilaini-atangin-helicopter-service&catid=43:news&Itemid=63,">web.archive.org/web/20150923163051www.thezozamtimes.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=5455:nilaini-atangin-helicopter-service&catid=43:news&Itemid=63, dead, 23 September 2015, 20 August 2012, The Zozam Times,
• Water Ways: Mizoram is in the process of developing water ways with the port of Akyab Sittwe in Burma along its biggest river, Chhimtuipui. It drains into Burma’s Rakhine state, and finally enters the Bay of Bengal at Akyab, which is a popular port in Sittwe, Burma. The Indian government considers it a priority to set up inland water ways along this river to trade with Burma. The project is known as the Kaladan Multi-modal Transit Transport Project.Kaladan Multi-modal Transit Transport Project {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140628080601mdoner.gov.in/content/introduction-1 |date=28 June 2014 }} Ministry of Development of Northeastern Region, Govt of India India is investing $103 million to develop the Sittwe port on Burma’s northern coast, about {{convert|160|km|mi}} from Mizoram. State Peace and Development Council of Burma has committed $10 million for the venture.{{Citation | url =www.financialexpress.com/fe_full_story.php?content_id=153748 | title = Govt to spend $100 million on linking Mizoram to Burma | newspaper = Financial Express | url-status = dead | archive-url =www.financialexpress.com/fe_full_story.php?content_id=153748" title="web.archive.org/web/20070218035330www.financialexpress.com/fe_full_story.php?content_id=153748">web.archive.org/web/20070218035330www.financialexpress.com/fe_full_story.php?content_id=153748 | archive-date = 18 February 2007 | df = dmy-all }}. The project is expected to be complete in 2015, and consists of two parts. First, river Kaladan (or Kolodyne, Chhimtuipui) is being dredged and widened from the port at Sittwe to Paletwa, in Chin province, adjacent to Mizoram. This 160 km inland waterway will enable cargo ships to enter, upload and offload freight in Paletwa, Myanmar; this is expected to be complete in 2014. As second part of the project, being constructed in parallel, includes a 62 km two-lane highway from Paletwa (also known as Kaletwa or Setpyitpyin) to Lomasu, Mizoram. Additionally, an all weather multilane 100 km road from Lomasu to Lawngtlai in Mizoram is being built to connect it with the Indian National Highway 54. This part of the project is slated to be complete by 2015. Once complete, this project is expected to economically benefit trade and horticulture exports of Mizoram, as well as improve economic access to 60 million people of landlocked northeast India and Myanmar.Nava Thakuria, Northeast India Anticipates Seaport {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140525032542thediplomat.com/2014/01/northeast-india-anticipates-seaport/ |date=25 May 2014 }}, The Diplomat (20 January 2014)

Education

(File:ATC, Mizoram.jpg|thumb|left|Aizawl Theological College){{See also|List of institutions of higher education in Mizoram}}

Culture

The growth of Christianity, scholars state,Z. Hlawndo, A STUDY OF THE CULTURAL FACTORS IN THE FOREIGN MISSIONS THINKING OF THE MIZORAM PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH, PhD Thesis (Awarded), University of Birmingham (2011) was shaped from a foundation of cultural, religious and socio-political structure.A consequence of Hnatlang was the culture of Tlawmngaihna, which does not have a direct English translation. Tlawmngaihna as cultural concept incorporates behaviour that is self-sacrificing, self-denying, doing what an occasion demands unselfishly and without concern for inconvenience caused, persevering, stoical, stout-hearted, plucky, brave, firm, independent, loath to lose one’s good reputation.James Dokhuma, “Tlawmngaihna” in Meichher, Vol XI, No. 11, April 1976Nevill Parry, {{Google books|ZZsJAQAAIAAJ|Lushai Custom: A monograph on customs and ceremonies}}K. Thanzauva, Mizo Tlawmngaihna and Nishkama Karma, in United Theological College Magazine, 1984.Several other cultural elements of ancient Mizo tribes, some of which became less prevalent after arrival of Christianity, included:Suhas Chatterjee (1995), Mizo Chiefs and the Chiefdom, {{ISBN|978-8185880723}}

• Zawlbuk: a place near the chief’s home, which served as defence camp in times of war, as well as “bachelor house” where the youth gathered and centre of village life.
• Pathian: the term for god, to whom prayers and hymns were recited. The evil spirits were called ramhuai.
• Nula-rim: the method of courtship in ancient culture. Courtship, pre-marital sex and polygamy were accepted. The man and the woman could have many partners. If the woman got pregnant, the man was required either marry or pay a substantial sum called Sawnman. If the woman’s parents discover the relationship, they had a right to demand a payment called Khumpuikaiman. While pre-marital sex was accepted, a woman who was virgin at marriage was more highly esteemed than one who wasn’t.
• Pathlawi: a divorced man.
• Ramri lehkha: a boundary drawing that identified a chief’s tenured land called ram. Only the chief owned the land, and this ownership was hereditary. The tribe and village worked and harvested the land.

Traditional festivals

(File:Zamluang.jpg|thumb|Darkhuang, Zamluang or jamluang – a traditional musical instrument found in Mizoram.Other instruments include khuang (drum), dar (cymbals), as well as bamboo-based phenglawng, tuium and tawtawrawt.Thanmawia HERITAGE OF MIZO TRADITIONAL MUSIC (AN OVERVIEW) {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150428073505www.dipr.mizoram.gov.in/article/heritage-of-mizo-traditional-music-(an-overview) |date=28 April 2015 }} Government of Mizoram)Traditional festivals in Mizoram often revolved around stages of jhum cultivation or the seasons.Rintluanga Pachuau, Mizoram: A Study in Comprehensive Geography, {{ISBN|81-7211-264-5}}, pp 8-10 Community festivals were called kut in the local language, and there were major and minor kuts such as Chapchar Kut, Thalfavang Kut, Mim Kut and Pawl Kut. Chapchar Kut was the festival of spring (February/March), just before jhum started and land was cut-and-burnt for a new crop. Chapchar Kut was most anticipated by youth, a major festival and involved dancing and feasts. Thalfavang Kut celebrated completion of weeding of the jhum crop fields.Thalfavang Kut {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718023958tourism.mizoram.gov.in/page/thalfavang-kut.html |date=18 July 2014 }} Department of Tourism, Mizoram GovernmentChapchar Kut was reintroduced and revived in 1973 by Mizo people to celebrate their heritage. Before Christianity arrived in Mizoram, home-brewed alcohol and many meat delicacies were part of the Chapchar celebrations. Now, with Mizoram’s state law as a dry state, the youth busy themselves with music and community dancing.Chapchar Kut {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140627011510mizoram.nic.in/about/chapcharkut.htm |date=27 June 2014 }} Government of Mizoram Along with reviving traditional festivals, the community has been reviving the traditional dances at these festivals, for example, dances such as Cheraw, Khuallam, Chheihlam and Chai.CHAPCHAR KUT {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718022416tourism.mizoram.gov.in/page/chapchar-kut.html |date=18 July 2014 }} Dept of Tourism, Govt of Mizoram

Performing arts

File:Chapchar Kut cheraw dance 2014.webm|thumb|left|Chapchar Kut cheraw dancecheraw danceMizoram has many traditional dances, such as:

• Cheraw – a dance that involves men holding bamboo close to the floor. They tap the sticks open and close with the rhythm of the music. Women in colourful dresses dance on top, stepping in between and out of the bamboo with the music. It requires coordination and skill.
• Khual Lam – a mixed-gender dance that traditionally celebrated successfully hunting with swaying cloth with singing and music.Kurian, J. C., & Varte, R. T. (1995), CREROW AND KHUALLAM DANCES OF MIZOS, Encyclopaedic Profile of Indian Tribes, Vol 1, {{ISBN|978-8171412983}}, Chapter 8

(File:Dance of Mizoram.jpg|thumb|Dance of Mizoram)

• Chheih Lam – typically performed over cool evenings with rice beer, people sit in a circle with two or more dancers in the centre; they sing with impromptu often humorous compositions about recent events or guests between them with music and dancers keeping up. The song was called Chheih Hla. Mizo people have tried to introduce the Chheih Lam during church sermons with controversy.Zama, Margaret (2006), Globalization and the Mizo Story {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150423165709indianfolklore.org/journals/index.php/IFL/article/view/311/329 |date=23 April 2015 }}, Indian Folklife, No 22, pp 10-11
• Chai Lam – an important dance at the Chapchar Kut, this places the musicians in the centre while men and women in colourful dresses alternate and form a circle; the women held the men at their waist, while men held the women at their shoulders; they step forward to move in circles while swaying left and right with the music. A song may be sung which is also called Chai.

Sports

(File:Lammual Stadium.jpg|thumb|left|Lammual Stadium)Mizoram’s first football league debuted in October 2012. The Mizoram Premiere League had eight teams during the 2012–2013 season and is the highest level league in Mizoram. The eight clubs include Aizawl, Chanmari, Dinthar, FC Kulikawn, Luangmual, Mizoram, RS Annexe, and Reitlang. The season starts each year in October and wraps up with the finals in March.WEB, Khanna, Rakesh, Mizoram with Rakesh Khanna: Wandering through the busy streets of the capital of Mizoram--its colourful neighbourhoods leaning jauntily on the steep hillsides, with hardly a piece of litter in sight--you will realise that there’s a lot going on in the city,www.proquest.com/docview/1285445467, Living Media India, Limited, {{ProQuest, 1285445467, |access-date=25 May 2022 |archive-date=6 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406070006www.proquest.com/docview/1285445467 |url-status=live }}

Tourism

(File:Kawpi Waterfall - panoramio.jpg|thumb|upright|Kawpi Waterfall){{see also|Tourism in North East India}}

Domestic tourists

The state requires Indian citizens to have an Inner Line Permit. This is available from the Liaison officer, government of Mizoram in Kolkata, Silchar, Shillong, Guwahati and New Delhi. Those arriving by air can obtain a 15-day visit pass at Lengpui airport, Aizawl by submitting photographs and paying the fee of {{INRConvert|120}}.ENTRY FORMALITIES {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718021705tourism.mizoram.gov.in/page/entry-formalities.html |date=18 July 2014 }} Department of Tourism, Govt of Mizoram

International tourists

Almost all foreign nationals can get the required Protected Area Permit on arrival, and face the same requirements as domestic tourists. However, they additionally have to register themselves with state police within 24 hours of arrival, a formality that most resorts can provide. Citizens of Afghanistan, China and Pakistan and foreign nationals having their origin in these countries are required to get the pass through the Indian consulate or from the Ministry of Home Affairs in New Delhi, before they arrive in Mizoram.

Attractions

Mizoram is a place with flora and fauna rich landscape and pleasant climate.Choudhury, A.U. (2008) A pocket guide to the birds of Mizoram. Gibbon Books & The Rhino Foundation for Nature in North East India, Guwahati, IN. 122pp. [Supported by Oriental Bird Club, UK]The state is a bird watcher’s destination. For Mrs. Hume’s pheasant (Syrmaticus humiae), Mizoram is a stronghold.Choudhury, A.U. (2002). Survey of Mrs Hume’s pheasant in North East India. Technical Report No. 5. The Rhino Foundation for Nature in NE India, Guwahati, IN. 30pp. [Final report to the Oriental Bird Club, UK] Wild water buffalo, Sumatran rhinoceros, elephants and other mammals have been spotted in the past.{{Citation | last = Choudhury | first = AU | year = 1997 | title = The status of the Sumatran rhinoceros in north-eastern India | journal = Oryx | volume = 31 | issue = 2 | pages = 151–52 | doi=10.1017/s0030605300022043| doi-access = free }}.Choudhury, A.U. (2010). The vanishing herds: wild water buffalo. Gibbon Books & The Rhino Foundation for Nature in NE India, Guwahati, IN. 184pp. [Supported by CEPF & Taiwan Forestry Bureau]{{Citation | last = Choudhury | first = AU | year = 2001 | title = The wild elephant Elephas maximus in Mizoram | journal = J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. | volume = 98 | number = 3 | pages = 439–41}}.

Issues

Chakmaland

Having an estimated population of more than 100,000 per 2011 Indian census, the Chakmas have been demanding to convert the existing Chakma Autonomous District Council in Mizoram into a Union territory .NEWS, Taba Ajum, 21 September 2017, SC verdict on Chakmas, Hajongs could prove catastrophic for Arunachal, Arunachal Times,arunachaltimes.in/index.php/2017/09/21/sc-verdict-on-chakmas-hajongs-could-prove-catastrophic-for-arunachal/, 11 March 2021, 18 May 2021,web.archive.org/web/20210518090422/https://arunachaltimes.in/index.php/2017/09/21/sc-verdict-on-chakmas-hajongs-could-prove-catastrophic-for-arunachal/, live,

Alcohol prohibition

In 1996, the government of Mizoram banned liquor. The church leaders (Mizoram Kohhran Hruaitute Committee) argue that state government should keep the ban and not seek to amend the law, while others argue prohibition should be lifted.WEB,news.webindia123.com/news/articles/India/20090606/1269373.html, Mizoram Church no to liquor ban Act amendment Aizawl, 6 June 2009, webindia123, Suni Systems, 25 December 2012,news.webindia123.com/news/articles/India/20090606/1269373.html," title="web.archive.org/web/20120524145549news.webindia123.com/news/articles/India/20090606/1269373.html,">web.archive.org/web/20120524145549news.webindia123.com/news/articles/India/20090606/1269373.html, 24 May 2012, live, However, it has been difficult to enforce the ban due to the high demand for alcohol.Mizoram likely to lift liquor ban {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140214160447timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/Mizoram-likely-to-lift-liquor-ban-draft-bill-in-house-soon/articleshow/30206676.cms |date=14 February 2014 }} The Times of IndiaIn 2008, the Mizoram Excise and Narcotics (Wine) Rules amended the ban of 1996 to allow the manufacture, export, sale, possession and consumption of wine in Mizoram made from grapes and guavaWEB,police.mizoram.gov.in/uploads/files/mltp-act-wine-rules.pdf, The Mizoram Excise & Narcotics (Wine) Rules, 2008, 12 October 2017,web.archive.org/web/20170707024127/https://police.mizoram.gov.in/uploads/files/mltp-act-wine-rules.pdf, 7 July 2017, dead, which would help the economy of the state, reduce fruit waste from farms, and encourage large scale commercialisation. In 2011 the bill was amended to include apple, ginger, passion fruit, peach and pear wine.Mizoram amends liquor law {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140522123909www.theshillongtimes.com/2011/07/29/mizoram-amends-liquor-law-for-more-wine/ |date=22 May 2014 }} The Shillong TimesIn 2013, the state assembly unanimously passed a resolution to study the impact of liquor prohibition.Mizoram Assembly clears Liquor Prohibition (Amendment) Bill {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141022221948www.business-standard.com/article/politics/mizoram-assembly-clears-liquor-prohibition-amendment-bill-113072300400_1.html |date=22 October 2014 }} Business Standard (23 July 2013) In 2014, the state’s narcotics minister noted that the liquor ban had produced some serious problems in Mizo society due to the drinking of spurious and unhealthy (locally made) liquor, known as zu. The government suggested it would introduce an amended liquor bill allowing retail shops to operate in Aizawl and other district headquarters to sell liquor – but not in bars. Furthermore, they would not consult the powerful church on the issue.The Mizoram Liquor Prohibition and Control bill of 2014 was repealed on 20 March 2019 with the Mizoram Liquor Prohibition Bill 2019,WEB, Mizoram passes Bill for total prohibition,indianexpress.com/article/north-east-india/mizoram/mizoram-passes-bill-for-total-prohibition-5636784/, indianexpress, 21 March 2019,web.archive.org/web/20190321110341/https://indianexpress.com/article/north-east-india/mizoram/mizoram-passes-bill-for-total-prohibition-5636784/, 21 March 2019, live, 21 March 2019, it was a legislation promised by the Mizo National Front.WEB, Mizoram goes dry again as Assembly passes Liquor Prohibition Bill 2019,nenow.in/north-east-news/mizoram-goes-dry-again-as-assembly-passes-liquor-prohibition-bill-2019.html, nenow, 20 March 2019, 21 March 2019,web.archive.org/web/20190321110102/https://nenow.in/north-east-news/mizoram-goes-dry-again-as-assembly-passes-liquor-prohibition-bill-2019.html, 21 March 2019, live,

Rat problems

Every 50 years, the Mautam bamboo blooms and its high-protein seeds lead to an explosion in the black rat population in the jungle, also referred to as the rat flood, which has historically destroyed entire villages’ food supplies after rats move on to farm fields and devour crops. The 1958–59 plague provoked a rural uprising during which the indigenous Mizo people launched a violent 20-year rebellion against the central government. The dispute only saw final resolution in 1986.{{Citation | url =www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/1550612/Indian-farmers-braced-for-rat-plague.html | title = Indian farmers braced for rat plague | newspaper = The daily Telegraph | place = UK | date = 3 May 2007 | last1 = Foster | first1 = Peter | access-date = 5 April 2018 | archive-url =www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/1550612/Indian-farmers-braced-for-rat-plague.html" title="web.archive.org/web/20171003070549www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/1550612/Indian-farmers-braced-for-rat-plague.html">web.archive.org/web/20171003070549www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/1550612/Indian-farmers-braced-for-rat-plague.html | archive-date = 3 October 2017 | url-status = live | df = dmy-all }}. The 48-year rat problem re-occurred in Mizoram over 2006–08.PHOTOS: Rat Attack in India Set Off by Bamboo Flowering {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140524133254news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2009/03/photogalleries/bamboo-rat-plague-missions/ |date=24 May 2014 }} National Geographic (March 2009) The crops suffered massive damage, with yields at 30-year lows; the crop yields recovered sharply to pre-mautam levels in 2009 after the mautam passed.Aplin, K., & Lalsiamliana, J. (2010), Chronicles and impacts of the 2005–09 mautam in Mizoram, in Rodent outbreaks: Ecology and Impacts {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150604004129books.irri.org/9789712202575_content.pdf |date=4 June 2015 }}, International Rice Research Institute, {{ISBN|978-971-22-0257-5}}, pp 13-48

Media and communication

Mizoram’s media is growing quickly. Internet access is average, and private television cable channels are popular.WEB,www.panchayatportals.gov.in/web/department-of-panchyati-raj-mizoram/hidden/-/asset_publisher/h7cmn7e306iI/content/about-mizoram, note,web.archive.org/web/20190328052720/https://www.panchayatportals.gov.in/web/department-of-panchyati-raj-mizoram/hidden/-/asset_publisher/h7cmn7e306iI/content/about-mizoram, 28 March 2019, live, Doordarshan, the national television service of India provides terrestrial broadcasting services and All India Radio broadcast programmes related to the indigenous culture and local news. Broadband access is available. In addition to these, there are several websites in local dialects. Print journalism remains a popular news medium in Mizoram; local newspapers include Vanglaini and Zalen. The Mizoram Post, an English-language daily newspaper published from Silchar (Assam) was the most circulated newspaper in Mizoram, in 2007.WEB, Silchar’s The Mizoram Post is Mizoram’s “largest” paper,www.misual.com/2007/01/18/silchar%E2%80%99s-the-mizoram-post-is-mizoram%E2%80%99s-%E2%80%9Clargest%E2%80%9D-paper/, misual.com, 18 January 2007, 22 December 2020, 12 November 2017,www.misual.com/2007/01/18/silchar%e2%80%99s-the-mizoram-post-is-mizoram%e2%80%99s-%e2%80%9clargest%e2%80%9d-paper/," title="web.archive.org/web/20171112033225www.misual.com/2007/01/18/silchar%e2%80%99s-the-mizoram-post-is-mizoram%e2%80%99s-%e2%80%9clargest%e2%80%9d-paper/,">web.archive.org/web/20171112033225www.misual.com/2007/01/18/silchar%e2%80%99s-the-mizoram-post-is-mizoram%e2%80%99s-%e2%80%9clargest%e2%80%9d-paper/, dead,

Notable people

• Laldenga (d.1990) - Mizo separatist, former party leader of the Mizo National Front (MNF) and 4th Chief Minister of Mizoram.
• Lalduhawma - politician and party leader of the Zoram People’s Movement (ZPM). Former Member of Parliament (Lok Sabha) for Mizoram. 6th and current Chief Minister of Mizoram
• Jeje Lalpekhlua - Mizo Footballer. Player at the Indian Super League (ISL) and Hero I-League. Former Captain of the India national football team.
• Lalremsiami - hockey player representing India in several International Hockey Events.
• Jeremy Lalrinnunga - Mizo Weightlifter who win Gold in International Weightlifting event.
• Robert Lalthlamuana - Mizo Footballer. Player at the Indian Super League (ISL) and Hero I-League.
• Shylo Malsawmtluanga - Mizo Footballer. Former player at the Hero I-League. Current player of the Mizoram Premier League (MPL).
• Lalrindika Ralte - Mizo Footballer. Player at the Indian Super League (ISL) and Hero I-League. Currently the captain of East Bengal F.C.
• Nuchhungi Renthlei (d.2002) - founder of Girls’ Auxiliary, a poet, a singer and a school teacher, the first Mizo woman to receive the Padma Shri award
• H. T. Sangliana, IPS Rtd. - a politician who was a member of the 14th Lok Sabha of India. He represented the Bangalore North Lok Sabha constituency of Karnataka from the BJP.
• Lalsangzuali Sailo (d.2006)- a singer, songwriter, poet, All India Radio “A” grade artist and a recipient of Padma Shree Award.
• Brig. T. Sailo (d.2015) - former Chief Minister of Mizoram. Former party leader of the Mizoram People’s Conference (MPC)
• Lal Thanhawla - former Chief Minister of Mizoram and party leader of the Mizoram Congress Party.
• Ziona (d.2021) - a polygamous man with 38 wives and numerous children and grandchildren.
• Zoramthanga - former Chief Minister of Mizoram and current party leader of the Mizo National Front (MNF).
• Jerry Mawihmingthanga - Mizo footballer who plays as a midfielder or winger for Odisha in the Indian Super League.
• Lallianzuala Chhangte - Mizo footballer who plays as a midfielder or winger for Mumbai in the Indian Super League.

See also

• Outline of India
• Bibliography of India
• Mizo Hlakungpui Mual
• Mizo music

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References

{{Reflist}}

Further reading

1. B. Hamlet, Encyclopaedia of North-East India: Mizoram, Volume 5, {{ISBN|8170997925}}
2. C. Nunthara, Mizoram: Society and Polity, {{ISBN|978-8173870590}}
3. T. Raatan, Encyclopaedia of North-east India: Arunachal Pradesh Manipur Mizoram, {{ISBN|978-8178350684}}
4. Zoramdinthara, Mizo Fiction: Emergence and Development, {{ISBN|978-93-82395-16-4}}

External links

{{commons category}}{{Wikivoyage}}Government

• {{official}}
• Official Tourism Site of Mizoram

General information

• {{curlie|Regional/Asia/India/Mizoram|Mizoram}}
• {{osmrelation-inline|2029046}}

{{Geographic location|Centre = Mizoram|North = Assam|Northeast = Manipur|East = Chin State, Myanmar|Southeast =|South =|Southwest = Chittagong Division, Bangladesh|West = Tripura|Northwest =}}{{Mizoram}}{{North East India}}{{States and territories of India}}{{Authority control}}