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legitimacy of the State of Israel
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legitimacy of the State of Israel
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{{Short description|Question of whether Israeli political authority is legitimate or not}}{{pp-30-500|small=yes}}File:Emblem of Israel.svg|thumb|200px|The Israeli national emblem, showcasing a menorah surrounded by olive branches with “Israel” written in Hebrew below it.]]{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2016}}{{Use Oxford spelling|date=July 2022}}Since the Israeli Declaration of Independence in 1948, a number of countries and individuals have challenged the country’s political legitimacy. Under international law, Israel has always met the standards for recognition as a sovereign state.{{page needed|date=January 2024}} However, over the course of the ArabâIsraeli conflict, the country’s authority has been questioned on a number of fronts. Critics of Israel may be motivated by their opposition to the country’s right to exist or, since the 1967 ArabâIsraeli War, their disapproval of the established power structure within the Israeli-occupied territories. Some have called for Israel’s destruction.On 11 May 1949, Israel was admitted to the United Nations (UN) as a full member state.WEB,www.un.org/en/members/, un.org/en/members/ 3 July 2006, JOURNAL,domino.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/1ce874ab1832a53e852570bb006dfaf6/0b3ab8d2a7c0273d8525694b00726d1b, The United Nations, Two Hundred and Seventh Plenary Meeting, 11 May 1949, 13 July 2007, dead,domino.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/1ce874ab1832a53e852570bb006dfaf6/0b3ab8d2a7c0273d8525694b00726d1b," title="web.archive.org/web/20070912101430domino.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/1ce874ab1832a53e852570bb006dfaf6/0b3ab8d2a7c0273d8525694b00726d1b,">web.archive.org/web/20070912101430domino.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/1ce874ab1832a53e852570bb006dfaf6/0b3ab8d2a7c0273d8525694b00726d1b, 12 September 2007, It also has bilateral ties with each of the Permanent Five. {{As of|2022}}, 28 of the 193 UN member states do not recognize Israeli sovereignty; the Muslim world accounts for 25 of the 28 non-recognizing countries, with Cuba, North Korea, and Venezuela representing the remainder. Most of the governments opposed to Israel have cited the ongoing IsraeliâPalestinian conflict as the basis for their stance.In the early 1990s, Israeli prime minister Yitzhak Rabin and Palestinian political leader Yasser Arafat exchanged the Letters of Mutual Recognition. Pursuant to this correspondence, the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) formally recognized Israel’s right to exist as a sovereign state while Israel formally recognized the PLO as a legitimate entity representing the Palestinian people. This development set the stage for negotiations towards achieving a two-state solution (i.e., Israel alongside the State of Palestine) through what would become known as the Oslo Accords, as part of the IsraeliâPalestinian peace process.- the content below is remote from Wikipedia
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Diplomatic normalization and legitimacy
From an international relations perspective, Israel meets basic standards for legitimacy as a state.Edward M. Siegel, ed., Israel’s Legitimacy in Law and History (New York: Center for Near East Policy), 1993{{page needed|date=April 2013}}{{as of|2020}}, 30 United Nations member states do not recognise the State of Israel: 13 of the 21 UN members in the Arab League: Algeria, Comoros, Djibouti, Iraq, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, Syria, Tunisia, and Yemen; a further nine members of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation: Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Brunei, Indonesia, Iran, Malaysia, Mali, Niger, and Pakistan; and Cuba, North Korea and Venezuela.WEB, United States Congress, H. RES. 1249,www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/BILLS-110hres1249ih/pdf/BILLS-110hres1249ih.pdf, 5 June 2008, Since the publication of this document, Maldives has recognized Israel. On the other hand, nine members of the Arab League recognise Israel: Bahrain,WEB, 11 September 2020, Bahrain becomes latest Arab nation to recognize Israel,apnews.com/e21e371f1b406b209f93df5973d1fa46, 2020-09-11, AP NEWS, Egypt,JOURNAL, Sadat and the Road to Jerusalem: Bold Gestures and Risk Acceptance in the Search for Peace, Shahin, Berenji, July 1, 2020, International Security, 45, 1, 127â163, 10.1162/isec_a_00381, 220633972, free, Jordan,WEB, Israel-Jordan Peace Treaty,www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Peace+Process/Guide+to+the+Peace+Process/Main+Points+of+Israel-Jordan+Peace+Treaty.htm, Mauritania,NEWS, Israel and Mauritania to Establish Diplomatic Relations,www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/About+the+Ministry/MFA+Spokesman/1999/Israel+and+Mauritania+to+Establish+Diplomatic+Rela.htm, 5 August 2011, Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 27 October 1999, Morocco,NEWS, 2020-12-10, Morocco latest country to normalise ties with Israel in US-brokered deal, en-GB, BBC News,www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-55266089, 2020-12-13, Oman,WEB, Israel’s Diplomatic Missions Abroad: Status of relations,www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/About+the+Ministry/Diplomatic+missions/Israel-s+Diplomatic+Missions+Abroad.htm, 5 August 2011, Sudan,NEWS, Schwartz, Felicia, 23 October 2020, Israel, Sudan Agree to Normalize Ties in U.S.-Brokered Deal, The Wall Street Journal,www.wsj.com/articles/israel-sudan-agree-to-normalize-ties-in-u-s-brokered-deal-11603469178, 12 December 2020, United Arab EmiratesNEWS, Haaretz, ‘Historic Diplomatic Breakthrough’: Read the Full Statement on Israel-UAE Agreement, 13 August 2020,www.haaretz.com/israel-news/historic-diplomatic-breakthrough-read-the-full-statement-on-israel-uae-agreement-1.9070792, and Palestine;Khartoum Resolution (1 September 1967), League of Arab States. and most of the non-Arab members of Organisation of Islamic Cooperation also recognise Israel.File:Hussein Clinton Rabin.jpg|thumb|280px|right|A handshake between Hussein I of Jordan and Yitzhak Rabin, accompanied by Bill ClintonBill ClintonIn the 1990s, Islamic and leftist movements in Jordan attacked the IsraelâJordan Treaty of Peace as legitimization.Paul L. Scham and Russell E. Lucas. “‘Normalization’ and ‘Anti-Normalization’ in Jordan: The Public Debate{{Dead link|date=February 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}” Middle East Review of International Affairs, Vol. 5, No. 3 (September 2001) Significant minorities in Jordan see Israel as an illegitimate state, and reversing the normalization of diplomatic relations was central to Jordanian discourse.Mustafa Hamarneh, Rosemary Hollis, Khalil Shikaki. Jordanian-Palestinian Relations â Where to? Four Scenarios for the Future. Royal Institute of International Affairs, 1997. p. 8In 2002 the Arab League unanimously adopted the Arab Peace Initiative at their Beirut summit. The comprehensive peace plan called for full normalization of Arab-Israeli relations in return for full Israeli withdrawal from the territories occupied in June 1967.BOOK, Robertson, L, Security and Environment in the Mediterranean: Conceptualising Security and Environmental Conflicts, 2003, Springer, 3540401075, 340,books.google.com/books?id=XvnEatBzEU8C&q=Arab%20Peace%20Plan%20full%20normalisation%20of%20Israel&pg=PA340, Turki al-Faisal of Saudi Arabia said that in endorsing the initiative every Arab state had “made clear that they will pay the price for peace, not only by recognising Israel as a legitimate state in the area, but also to normalise relations with it and end the state of hostilities that had existed since 1948.“NEWS, Black, Ian, Time to resurrect the Arab peace plan,www.theguardian.com/world/2008/oct/18/middle-east, 1 April 2013, 18 October 2008, WEB, About ORG,oxfordresearchgroup.org.uk/about, Oxford Research group, 1 April 2013,Palestinian Authority and Hamas
File:Bill Clinton, Yitzhak Rabin, Yasser Arafat at the White House 1993-09-13.jpg|right|thumb|280px|Yitzhak Rabin, Bill Clinton, and Yasser ArafatYasser ArafatFollowing the Oslo I Accord in 1993, the Palestinian Authority and Israel conditionally recognized each other’s right to govern specific areas of the country. This boosted Israel’s legal authority and legitimacy on the international stage.Burhan Dajani. “The September 1993 Israeli-PLO Documents: A Textual Analysis”. Journal of Palestine Studies Vol. 23, No. 3 (Spring, 1994), pp. 5â23 Palestinian Authority leader Mahmoud Abbas said while speaking at the UN regarding Palestinian recognition, “We did not come here seeking to delegitimize a state established years ago, and that is Israel.“NEWS,edition.cnn.com/2012/11/29/world/meast/palestinian-united-nations, David Ariosto and Michael Pearson, U.N. approves Palestinian ‘observer state’ bid, CNN, 30 November 2012, 30 March 2013, Hamas, in contrast, does not recognize Israel as a legitimate government. Furthermore, Hamas denies the legitimacy of the Oslo I Accord.NEWS,www.haaretz.com/news/haniyeh-calls-for-formation-of-palestinian-state-on-1967-lines-1.207641, Haniyeh calls for formation of Palestinian state on 1967 lines, Haaretz, 19 December 2006, Associated Press, 16 April 2014,Rhetoric of delegitimization
Following the Palestinian legislative election of 2006 and Hamas’ governance of the Gaza Strip, the term “delegitimisation” has been frequently applied to rhetoric surrounding the IsraeliâPalestinian conflict.Use of pejorative terminology
Since the Islamic Revolution in 1979, Iran’s official position has been to not recognize the State of Israel, often employing pejorative terminology in its rhetoric, with Iranian officials and state-controlled media frequently refer to Israel as the “Zionist regime” and “Occupied Palestine”.JOURNAL, Jaspal, Rusi, Representing the ‘Zionist Regime’: Mass Communication of Anti-Zionism in the English-Language Iranian Press, British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies, 2014, 41, 3, 287â305, 10.1080/13530194.2014.888261, 2086/8826, 144331371, free, The use of the term “Zionist regime” instead of “State of Israel” in Iranian discourse implies that Israel is not a legitimate sovereign state but rather an oppressive regime. The people of Israel are often labeled not as Israelis but as “Zionists”, furthering the narrative of illegitimacy. Such rhetoric has been consistent in Iranian media, especially in English-language publications targeting international audiences.In contrast, Jordan’s linguistic approach towards Israel underwent a significant transformation following the peace treaty signed on October 26, 1994. Prior to the treaty, Jordanian media employed terms like “Filastiin” (Palestine), “al-ardh al-muhtallah” (the occupied land), and “al-kayaan as-suhyuuni” (the Zionist entity), mirroring the state of war and ideological conflict. However, post-peace, there was a noticeable shift to more neutral terms such as “Israel” and “the state of Israel”.JOURNAL, Pre-Peace and Post-Peace Referring in Jordanian Journalistic Arabic, Names a Journal of Onomastics, December 2010, 58, 4, 191â196, 10.1179/002777310X12852321500149, free, Darwish, Ibrahim,Legitimacy rhetoric as antisemitism
Delegitimization is seen by some observers to be a double standard which separates Israel from other legitimate nations which have imperfect government. Natan Sharansky, head of the Jewish Agency, discussed the three Ds for determining new antisemitism. The third of the three Ds is delegitimization. He explains “when Israel’s fundamental right to exist is denied â alone among all peoples in the world â this too is anti-Semitism.“WEB,jcpa.org/phas/phas-sharansky-f04.htm, Natan Sharansky, 3D Test of Anti-Semitism: Demonization, Double Standards, Delegitimization, Jewish Political Studies Review, Fall 2004, 28 March 2013, Dore Gold, President of the Israeli think tank Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs (JCPA), believes there is a “campaign to delegitimize Israel” based on three themes: a “denial of Israel’s right to security”, “portrayal of Israel as a criminal state”, and “denial of Jewish history”.WEB,kms1.isn.ethz.ch/serviceengine/Files/ISN/116432/ipublicationdocument_singledocument/43f16e77-6ec1-4500-ac2a-45bcadd0b349/en/WholeDoc_Israel60a.pdf, The Challenge to Israel’s Legitimacy, 1 April 2013,kms1.isn.ethz.ch/serviceengine/Files/ISN/116432/ipublicationdocument_singledocument/43f16e77-6ec1-4500-ac2a-45bcadd0b349/en/WholeDoc_Israel60a.pdf," title="web.archive.org/web/20160304001221kms1.isn.ethz.ch/serviceengine/Files/ISN/116432/ipublicationdocument_singledocument/43f16e77-6ec1-4500-ac2a-45bcadd0b349/en/WholeDoc_Israel60a.pdf,">web.archive.org/web/20160304001221kms1.isn.ethz.ch/serviceengine/Files/ISN/116432/ipublicationdocument_singledocument/43f16e77-6ec1-4500-ac2a-45bcadd0b349/en/WholeDoc_Israel60a.pdf, 4 March 2016, dead, Elhanan Yakira, professor of philosophy at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, also considers portrayal of Israel as “criminal” and denial of Jewish history, specifically the Holocaust, to be key to a delegitimizing narrative.Elhanan Yakira. Post-Zionism, Post-Holocaust: Three Essays on Denial, Forgetting, and the Delegitimation of Israel. Cambridge University Press, 2009. {{ISBN|0521127866}}. pp. 36â46 Alan Dershowitz believes that other standard lines of argument include claims of Israel’s “colonial” nature, a belief that statehood was not granted “legally”, the apartheid analogy, and the necessity of a one-state solution.Alan Dershowitz. “Countering Challenges to Israel’s Legitimacy”. Israel’s Rights as a Nation-State in International Diplomacy. Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs, 2011. According to Irwin Cotler, the lopsided number of anti-Israel resolutions passed by the UN is an example of delegitimization.NEWS, Harkov, Lahav,www.jpost.com/DiplomacyAndPolitics/Article.aspx?id=262664, Delegitimization of Israel masked as good vs. evil, Jerusalem Post, 20 March 2012, 30 March 2013, Canadian ex-Foreign Minister John Baird has characterized Israel’s delegitimization as the new antisemitism.NEWS, Keinon, Herb,www.jpost.com/DiplomacyAndPolitics/Article.aspx?id=255816, Delegitimization of Israel is new anti-Semitism, The Jerusalem Post, 31 January 2012, 28 March 2013,Legitimacy rhetoric as distraction
M.J. Rosenberg, writing in 2011 in the Los Angeles Times, argued that the term “delegitimization” is a “distraction”, whose purpose is to divert attention away from world opposition to the “illegitimate” Israeli occupation of the West Bank and blockade of the Gaza Strip, from the “illegal” Israeli settlements, and from “the ever-louder calls for Israel to grant Palestinians equal rights”. He concludes that “It’s not the Palestinians who are delegitimizing Israel, but the Israeli government, which maintains the occupation. And the leading delegitimizer is Netanyahu, whose contemptuous rejection of peace is turning Israel into an international pariah.“NEWS, Rosenberg, M.J., Israel: ‘Delegitimization’ is just a distraction,articles.latimes.com/2011/jul/17/opinion/la-oe-rosenberg-israel-20110717, 26 March 2013, Los Angeles Times, 17 July 2011,Dangers of delegitimization to peace
According to Gerald Steinberg writing for JCPA, attacks on Israel’s legitimacy are a barrier to the IsraeliâPalestinian peace process.NEWS,www.jcpa.org/brief/brief2-6.htm, Starting Over After Oslo, Gerald M. Steinberg, Jerusalem Center for Public Policy, 22 August 2002, 30 March 2013, Amos Yadlin, former head of Israeli intelligence said that “delegitimization of Israel is a graver threat than war.“NEWS, Podolsky, Philip,www.timesofisrael.com/delegitimization-of-israel-a-graver-strategic-threat-than-war-former-intelligence-chief-says/, ‘Delegitimization’ of Israel a graver threat than war, former intelligence chief says, Times of Israel, 26 December 2012, 30 March 2013, Thomas Friedman, writing in The New York Times, says “for 100 years, through violence and delegitimization, Israelis and Palestinians have made sure that the other was never allowed to really feel at home in Israel.“NEWS, Thomas L. Friedman,www.nytimes.com/1993/09/05/weekinreview/promised-land-israel-and-the-palestinians-see-a-way-to-co-exist.html, Promised Land; Israel and the Palestinians See a Way to Co-Exist, The New York Times, 5 September 1993, 28 March 2013, Delegitimization of the adversary, among all the psychological themes, is said to be “one of the major detrimental forces that turns a conflict to be vicious and violent, while preventing its peaceful resolution.“WEB,www.beyondintractability.org/essay/delegitimization/?nid=1080, Daniel Bar-Tal, Delegitimization, Beyondintractability.org, September 2004, 30 March 2013,Legitimacy and Israeli uniqueness
Professor Emanuel Adler of the University of Toronto considers Israel as willing to accept a situation where its legitimacy may be challenged, because it sees itself as occupying a unique place in the world order.Emanuel Adler. Israel in the World: Legitimacy and Exceptionalism. Routledge, 2012. {{ISBN|0415624150}} p. 1 Stacie E. Goddard of Wellesley College argues that the legitimacy of Israeli historical narratives is used as a tool to secure territory.Stacie E. Goddard. Indivisible Territory and the Politics of Legitimacy. Cambridge University Press, 2009. pp. 18â20See also
{{Div col}}- Antisemitism in the Arab world
- Anti-Zionism
- Criticism of Israel
- New antisemitism
- Political status
- Self-determination
- United Nations General Assembly Resolution 3379
References
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}External links
- Delegitimation of Israel and Israel Attachments Among Jewish Young Adults: The College Campus and Other Contributing Factors, a paper by The Jewish People Policy Institute
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