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{{Short description|Low-cost airline of the United States}}{{Use mdy dates|date=April 2012}}

factoids

class=nowrap class=nowrap #Fleet>290List of JetBlue destinations>114{{NASDAQS&P 600 component}}| ISIN = US4771431016Brewster Building (Queens)>Brewster Building, Long Island City, Queens, New York City, New York, United States 9.615 billion|link=yes}} (2023)-230 million}} (2023)-310 million}} (2023)13.85 billion}} (2023)3.337 billion}} (2023)| num_employees = 24,000+ (2023)www.jetblue.com}}}}JetBlue Airways Corporation (stylized as jetBlue) is a low-cost airline in the United States. It is headquartered in the Long Island City neighborhood of the New York City borough of Queens. It also maintains corporate offices in Utah and Florida."JetBlue's HQ contest down to NYC, Orlando." Crain's New York Business. Retrieved February 13, 2010JetBlue operates over 1,000 flights daily and serves 100 domestic and international network destinations in the Americas and Europe.WEB,weblink Corporate Stats and Facts, April 4, 2014, MediaRoom, JetBlue Airways, April 4, 2019, April 16, 2019,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20190416034720weblink">weblink dead, NEWS, 2018-04-25, JetBlue Adds New Cities and Routes as It Advances West Coast Strategy, Business Wire,weblink live, 2023-11-16,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20180517154048weblink">weblink May 17, 2018, The airline operates out of six hubs, with its primary being New York's John F. Kennedy International Airport. JetBlue has codeshare agreements with member airlines of Oneworld, SkyTeam, and Star Alliance, however having no affiliation to the alliances.

History

1998–2000 founding

JetBlue was incorporated in Delaware in August 1998WEB,weblink 2023 Form 10-K, JetBlue Airways Corporation, United States Securities and Exchange Commission, February 12, 2024, with its headquarters in Forest Hills, Queens. David Neeleman founded the company in August 1999, under the name "NewAir".WEB,weblink JetBlue Airways, JetBlue Airways, April 25, 2012,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20120419100420weblink">weblink April 19, 2012, dead, JetBlue started by following Southwest's approach of offering low-cost travel, but sought to distinguish itself by its amenities, such as in-flight entertainment, TV at every seat, and Sirius XM satellite radio. JetBlue sought to primarily use the Airbus A320 family to ease maintenance, taking a similar approach to Southwest, which primarily uses the Boeing 737.{{citation needed|date=January 2024}}In September 1999, the airline was awarded 75 initial take-off/landing slots at John F. Kennedy International Airport and received its USDOT CPCN authorization in February 2000. It commenced operations on February 11, 2000, with services to Buffalo and Fort Lauderdale.NEWS, Directory: World Airlines, Flight International, 98, April 3, 2007, JetBlue's founders had set out to call the airline "Taxi" and therefore have a yellow livery to associate the airline with New York. The idea was dropped after threats from investor JP Morgan to pull its share ($40 million of the total $128 million) of the airline's initial funding unless the name was changed.The Steady, Strategic Ascent of JetBlue Airways January 11, 2006

2000s

JetBlue was one of only a few U.S. airlines that made a profit during the sharp downturn in airline travel following the September 11 attacks.NEWS,weblink JetBlue, Exception Among Airlines, Is Likely to Post a Profit, The New York Times, Laurence, Zuckerman, November 7, 2001, June 5, 2008, The company's planned initial public offering was put on hold due to the attacks and subsequent downturn. The IPO took place in April 2002.NEWS,weblink JetBlue IPO soars in debut, Steve, Gelsi, MarketWatch, August 30, 2021, The airline sector responded to JetBlue and Southwest's market presence by starting mini-rival carriers: Delta Air Lines started Song, and United Airlines launched another rival called Ted. Song has since been disbanded and was reabsorbed by Delta and Ted reabsorbed by United.NEWS,weblink More Cuts as United Grounds Low-Cost Carrier, The New York Times, Micheline, Maynard, June 5, 2008, June 4, 2008, File:Neeleman.jpg|thumb|upright|JetBlue Founder David NeelemanDavid NeelemanIn October 2005, JetBlue's quarterly profit had plunged from US$8.1 million to $2.7 million largely due to rising fuel costs. Operational issues, fuel prices, and low fares, JetBlue's hallmark, were bringing its financial performance down. In addition, with higher costs related to the airline's numerous amenities, JetBlue was becoming less competitive.{{citation needed|date=April 2019}}For many years, analysts had predicted that JetBlue's growth rate would become unsustainable. Despite this, the airline continued to add planes and routes to the fleet at a brisk pace. In addition in 2006, the IAM (International Association of Machinists) attempted to unionize JetBlue's ramp service workers, in a move that was described by JetBlue's COO Dave Barger as "pretty hypocritical", as the IAM opposed JetBlue's creation when it was founded as New Air in 1998. The union organizing petition was dismissed by the National Mediation Board because fewer than 35 percent of eligible employees supported an election.{{citation needed|date=April 2019}}JetBlue experienced its first-ever quarterly loss during the fourth quarter of 2005 when the airline lost $42.4 million, enough to make them unprofitable for the entire year of 2005. The loss was the airline's first since going public in 2002. In addition to that, JetBlue forecasted a loss for 2006, citing high fuel prices, operating inefficiency, and fleet costs. During the first quarter report, CEO David Neeleman, President Dave Barger, and then-CFO John Owen released JetBlue's "Return to Profitability" ("RTP") plan, stating in detail how they would curtail costs and improve revenue to regain profitability. The plan called for $50 million in annual cost cuts and a push to boost revenue by $30 million. In October 2006, JetBlue announced a net loss of $500,000 for the third quarter, and a plan to regain that loss by deferring some of their E190 deliveries and by selling five of their A320s.{{citation needed|date=April 2019}}In December 2006, JetBlue, as part of their RTP plan, removed a row of seats from their A320s to lighten the aircraft by 904 lb (410 kg) and reduce the cabin crew size from four to three (per FAA regulation requiring one flight attendant per 50 seats), thus offsetting the lost revenue from the removal of seats, and further lightening the aircraft, resulting in less fuel burned.NEWS, 2006-12-14, Taking the JetBlue Experience to New Heights -- New A320 Cabin Configuration Will Give Customers More Inches of Legroom Than Any Other Airlines' Coach Cabin, JetBlue Airways Corporation,weblink live, 2023-11-16,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20191004010225weblink">weblink October 4, 2019, In January 2007, JetBlue returned to profitability with a fourth quarter profit in 2006, reversing a quarterly loss in the year-earlier period. As part of the RTP plan, 2006's full-year loss was $1 million compared to 2005's full-year loss of $20 million. JetBlue was one of the few major airlines to post a profit in that quarter.{{Citation needed|date=October 2019}}While its financial performance started showing signs of improvement, in February 2007, JetBlue faced a crisis, when the blizzard of 2007 hit the Northeast and Midwest, throwing the airline's operations into chaos. Because JetBlue followed the practice of never cancelling flights, it desisted from calling flights off, even when the ice storm hit and the airline was forced to keep several planes on the ground. Because of this, passengers were kept waiting at the airports for their flights to take off. In some cases, passengers who had already boarded their planes were kept waiting on the apron for several hours and were not allowed to disembark. However, after all this, the airline was eventually forced to cancel most of its flights because of prevailing weather conditions.JetBlue Airways: Growing Pains? ICMR Case Study. Retrieved November 2, 2010. This reportedly cost JetBlue $30 million.JetBlue fiasco: $30M price tag Retrieved November 2, 2010.File:David Barger.JPG|thumb|uprightFollowing the February 2007 incident in which the airline was forced to cancel nearly 1,700 flights due to winter storms, JetBlue's board of directors replaced founder and chief executive officer David Neeleman with Dave Barger.NEWS, 2007-05-11, A Change in the Cockpit at JetBlue, Bloomberg News,weblink 2023-11-16, He had politicked the board, while Neeleman was busy publicly apologizing. Barger's ascendancy caused widespread demoralization in the ranks.NEWS,weblink Another suicidal board? How DuPont's directors failed Ellen Kullman, October 13, 2015, Fortune magazine, November 10, 2015, He became JetBlue's new chief executive officer on May 10, 2007.NEWS, May 10, 2007, JetBlue Airways Names Dave Barger President and Chief Executive Officer; Founder David Neeleman Will Continue to Serve as Chairman of the Board, JetBlue Airways Corporation,weblink 2023-11-16, Neeleman, the company's founder and largest individual investor, became a nonexecutive chairman as a result of the change.NEWS,weblink Jettisoned at JetBlue, May 11, 2007, New York Daily News, Daily News, New York, October 12, 2010, In 2007, JetBlue was also facing reliability problems with its Embraer 190 fleet. For a couple of months, JetBlue contracted ExpressJet to operate four Embraer 145 regional jets on behalf of JetBlue. While this was going on, two E-190 aircraft at a time were sent to an Embraer maintenance facility in Nashville, Tennessee.WEB,weblink Embraer tackles JetBlue E-190 software glitches – 3/13/2007, Flight Global, 2007-03-13, 2014-01-17, ExpressJet operated routes between Boston Logan and Buffalo, New York, and Washington Dulles, and between New York–JFK and Columbus, Ohio (since terminated), and Richmond, Virginia.NEWS, Polek, Gregory, 2007-03-26, XJet ERJ 145s Spell JetBlue E190s, Aviation International News,weblink 2023-11-16, In July 2007, the airline partnered with 20th Century Fox's film The Simpsons Movie to become the "Official Airline of Springfield".WEB,weblink The Simpsons to appear in 7-Elevens, fly JetBlue, DMNews.com, July 3, 2007, 2018-12-22, In addition a contest was held in which the grand prize would be a trip on JetBlue to Los Angeles to attend the premiere of the film. The airline's website was also redecorated with characters and their favorite JetBlue destinations and the company was taken over by the show/film's businessman villain Montgomery Burns.mydesert.com | The Desert Sun | Palm Springs news, community, entertainment, yellow pages and classifieds. Serving Palm Springs, California. The Desert Sun. Retrieved December 22, 2010. {{dead link|date=May 2017}}In August 2007, the airline added exclusive content from The New York Times in the form of an in-flight video magazine, conducted by Times journalists and content from NYTimes.com.WEB,weblink Product Placement News, March 5, 2011, dead,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20070929011548weblink">weblink September 29, 2007, On November 8, 2007, JetBlue appointed Ed Barnes as interim CFO, following the resignation of former CFO John Harvey.WEB, November 8, 2007, JetBlue Names Ed Barnes Interim Chief Financial Officer,weblink live,weblink" title="archive.today/20120721202112weblink">weblink July 21, 2012, 2023-11-16, JetBlue Airways Corporation, On December 13, 2007, JetBlue and Germany-based Lufthansa announced JetBlue's intent to sell 19% of JetBlue to Lufthansa, pending approval from US regulators. Following the acquisition, Lufthansa stated they planned to seek operational cooperation with JetBlue.NEWS, Peterson, Kyle, 2007-12-14, UPDATE 3-Lufthansa to buy 19 pct stake in JetBlue, Reuters,weblink 2023-11-16, Lufthansa planned to offer connections to JetBlue flights in Boston, New York (JFK), and Orlando International Airport (no longer a connection).Lufthansa Partnership July 30, 2008 After making a codeshare agreement with Lufthansa that went into effect in 2010, JetBlue transitioned to the Sabre reservation system used by Lufthansa,/ Lufthansa Takes JetBlue Under Its Wings. (December 14, 2007). Retrieved April 25, 2014. enabling the airlines to sell tickets on each other's flights, transfer luggage and passengers between the two carriers, and combine frequent flyer programs.NEWS, Snyder, Brett, 2009-02-23, JetBlue Leaves Open Skies for Sabre, CBS News,weblink live, 2023-11-16,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20090226062759weblink">weblink February 26, 2009, By making use of JetBlue's North America routes as a feeder network, the agreement put Lufthansa in a position to operate quasi-hubs in New York–JFK and Boston Logan.In the March edition of Airways Magazine, it was announced that once JetBlue partnered with Yahoo! and with BlackBerry producer Research in Motion, that the airline would offer free, limited Wi-Fi capabilities on a single aircraft, N651JB, an Airbus A320-232 dubbed "BetaBlue". People could access e-mail with a Wi-Fi capable Blackberry, or use Yahoo!'s e-mail and instant messaging with a Wi-Fi capable laptop, while in flight over the US. LiveTV in Melbourne, Florida, created and operated the "BetaBlue" prototype. The "BetaBlue" system utilized the bandwidth and infrastructure of defunct Airfone.NEWS, 2007-12-11, Photo Release -- BetaBlue Flies High With In-flight E-mail and Instant Messaging: JetBlue Airways Joins With LiveTV, Yahoo! and RIM to Become the First U.S. Domestic Carrier to Provide Free In-flight Connectivity, JetBlue Airways Corporation,weblink live, 2023-11-16,weblink" title="archive.today/20131031153532weblink">weblink 31 Oct 2013, In 2008, JetBlue partnered with Irish flag carrier Aer Lingus to allow passengers to switch between airlines on a single ticket for flights with connections in either New York JFK or Boston. Unlike traditional codeshare agreements, the partnership did not allow the airlines to directly sell seats on each other's flights. Therefore, customers initiated the purchase on one airline's website, and then were transferred to the other airline's website to complete the transaction.NEWS, August 10, 2007, Ireland's Aer Lingus forms alliance with JetBlue, Reuters,weblink November 17, 2023,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20080507114410weblink">weblink May 7, 2008, NEWS, Carey, Susan, Michaels, Daniel, February 1, 2008, JetBlue and Aer Lingus to Set Partnership, The Wall Street Journal,weblink live, 2023-11-17,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20080204045144weblink">weblink February 4, 2008, On March 19, 2008, JetBlue added Orlando, Florida, as a gateway focus city to international destinations in the Caribbean, Mexico, and South America. New international routes from Orlando International Airport include Cancún, Mexico; Bridgetown, Barbados; Bogotá, Colombia; Nassau, Bahamas; San José, Costa Rica; and Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic. In conjunction with the addition of new routes the airline continued significant expansion of operations at Orlando International Airport including a 292-room lodge that houses trainees attending the existing "JetBlue University" training facility, which opened in 2015.NEWS, 2008-03-19, JetBlue Plans New Focus City At Orlando International Airport, JetBlue Airways Corporation,weblink live, November 17, 2023,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20191004011250weblink">weblink October 4, 2019, On May 21, 2008, JetBlue named Joel Peterson chairman and Frank Sica vice chairman of its board of directors, replacing David Neeleman, who had stepped down as CEO in 2007.NEWS,weblink The Wall Street Journal, JetBlue Solidifies Succession Plan, May 21, 2008, Kathy, Shwiff, NEWS, 2008-05-21, JetBlue's Board of Directors Elects Joel Peterson Chairman, Frank Sica Vice-Chairman, JetBlue Airways Corporation,weblink live, November 17, 2023,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20191004011751weblink">weblink October 4, 2019, On August 4, 2008, the Associated Press reported that JetBlue would replace their recycled pillows and blankets with an "eco-friendly" pillow and blanket package that passengers would have to purchase for use. This decision was in a series of moves designed to increase revenue. JetBlue told the Associated Press that it expected to collect $40 million from passengers selecting seats with extra legroom and $20 million from passengers paying $15 to check a second bag. In September 2008, JetBlue began charging passengers $10–30 for an extended-leg-room seat depending on the length of the flight.NEWS, Associated Press, JetBlue to charge $7 for pillow, blanket, Dail News, New York, August 4, 2008,weblinkweblink October 4, 2019, live, October 3, 2019, WEB, Optional Services and Fees, JetBlue Airways,weblinkweblink October 4, 2019, live, October 3, 2019, In September 2008, JetBlue began operating Republican vice presidential candidate Sarah Palin's campaign aircraft, an E190.WEB, Gillum, Jack, September 5, 2008, Tucson-based company delivers campaign jet to Palin,weblink live,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20080906125550weblink">weblink September 6, 2008, November 17, 2023, tucson.com, NEWS, November 7, 2008, Palin campaign plane returned to JetBlue, ABC News,weblink November 17, 2023, File:JFKTerminal5EntryHall.jpg|thumb|The entry hall of Terminal 5 at John F. Kennedy International AirportJohn F. Kennedy International AirportOn October 22, 2008, JetBlue opened its new primary hub at John F. Kennedy International Airport (JFK), Terminal 5, or simply T5, costing approximately $800 million to build.NEWS, Maynard, Micheline, JetBlue Twitters its New Terminal, The New York Times, October 22, 2008,weblink September 27, 2019, The first flight arrived from Bob Hope Airport (B6 #358) at 5:06am followed by arrivals from Oakland International Airport and Long Beach Airport, respectively.WEB, 2023-07-28, JetBlue Special Assistance,weblink 2023-11-18, WEB, November 17, 2023, JetBlue Terminal 5 at JFK,weblink November 17, 2023, JetBlue, The new T5 replaced JetBlue's old hub at JFK Terminal 6. The last flight to operate out of T6 was a departure to Rafael Hernández Airport in Aguadilla, Puerto Rico, departing at 11:59pm.In 2009, JetBlue announced that it was looking for a new headquarters location, and was considering moving either within the New York City metropolitan area or to the Orlando, Florida, area.Clarke, Sarah K. and Scott Powers. "Orlando is a front-runner for JetBlue headquarters." Orlando Sentinel. October 13, 2009. Retrieved on October 14, 2009. In April 2009, Helen Marshall, the president of the Borough of Queens, said that the City of New York was trying to keep JetBlue in the city.NEWS, January 14, 2009, Queens Borough President Helen Marshall tries to calm financial fears in State of the Borough speech, New York Daily News,weblink 2023-11-18, On October 13, 2009, the airline unveiled a modification to its livery in commemoration of the upcoming tenth anniversary of the airline in February 2010. Besides a new tail design, the revised livery includes larger "billboard" titles extending down over the passenger windows at the front of the aircraft. The logo word 'jetBlue' was no longer silver and blue but a dark, navy blue.Photos: Airbus A320-232 Aircraft Pictures. Airliners.net. Retrieved December 22, 2010.

2010s

In 2010, JetBlue entered into interline booking agreements with South African Airways and American Airlines to facilitate luggage transfers between airlines for passengers with connecting flights on a different carrier.NEWS, 2010-05-07, JetBlue Airways and South African Airways Proudly Announce New Interline Agreement, PR Newswire,weblink live, 2023-11-18,weblink" title="archive.today/20120714143936weblink">weblink July 14, 2012, The agreement with American included JetBlue's 18 destinations not served by American and American's 12 international flights out of New York–JFK and Boston Logan.NEWS, 2010-03-31, American Airlines and JetBlue Airways Sign Agreement to Collaborate at Key East Coast Gateways, JetBlue Airways Corporation,weblink 2023-11-18, In addition, American gave JetBlue eight round trips slots out of Washington National in D.C. and two out of Westchester, New York. In return, JetBlue gave American six round trips out of New York–JFK. The agreement with American Airlines has since ended according to JetBlue's website.weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20100605022735weblink">BlueTales » JetBlue » Connecting Customers to more destinations worldwide. Blog.hellojetblue.com (March 31, 2010). Retrieved December 22, 2010.In January 2010, the CEO of JetBlue, Dave Barger, and Governor of Florida Charlie Crist met in Tallahassee, Florida, to discuss a possible move of the airline's headquarters to Orlando.NEWS, Hernandez, Barbara, 2010-01-20, JetBlue's Move to Orlando May Be Gambit, CBS News,weblink live, 2023-11-18,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20100123193843weblink">weblink January 23, 2010, On March 22, 2010, JetBlue announced it headquarters would remain in the New York City area, in Long Island City,NEWS, Bomkamp, Samantha, March 23, 2010, JetBlue to remain 'New York's Hometown Airline', The Seattle Times,weblink 2023-11-18, because of the airline's historical links to the city, the cost of staff relocations, the airline's desire to retain access to financial markets, and because Aer Lingus and Lufthansa, JetBlue's marketing partners, fly into JFK Airport.NEWS, McGeehan, Patrick, 2010-03-23, JetBlue to Move West Within Queens, Not South to Orlando, The New York Times,weblink live, subscription, 2023-11-18,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20100325091024weblink">weblink 25 Mar 2010, JetBlue planned to combine its Forest Hills and Darien, Connecticut, offices, together about 1,000 employees, into about {{convert|200000|sqft|sqm}} in the Brewster Building by mid-2012.NEWS, 2010-03-22, JetBlue Plants Its Flag in New York City with New Headquarters Location, PR Newswire,weblink live, 2023-11-18,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20191004014233weblink">weblink October 4, 2019, On March 22, 2010, JetBlue turned down incentives from the City of Orlando and announced its headquarters would keep its Forest Hills office,WEB, March 12, 2010, Twitter status,weblink JetBlue Airways, NEWS, Mutzabaugh, Ben, March 22, 2010, JetBlue turns down Orlando incentives, will keep headquarters in New York City, USA Today,weblink WEB, January 20, 2010, JetBlue CEO talks of moving headquarters to Orlando,weblink FlyerTalk, NEWS, Bomkamp, Samantha, March 22, 2010, JetBlue to remain New York's 'hometown' airline, USA Today, Associated Press,weblink start leasing and using a new office in the Brewster Building in Long Island City, New York.PRESS RELEASE, JetBlue Plants Its Flag in New York City with New Headquarters Location, JetBlue Airways, March 22, 2010,weblinkweblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20191004013124weblink">weblink October 4, 2019, live, October 3, 2019, NEWS, McGeehan, Patrick, March 22, 2010, JetBlue to Remain 'New York's Hometown Airline', The New York Times, Associated Press,weblink March 5, 2011, in Queens Plaza in Long Island City, move its headquarters there in mid-2012,NEWS, McGeehan, Patrick, March 22, 2010, JetBlue to Move West Within Queens, Not South to Orlando, The New York Times,weblink March 5, 2011, and start a joint branding deal with New York State using the iconic I Love NY logo.On October 18, 2011, CFO Ed Barnes resigned, effective immediately. The company's treasurer, Mark Powers, was appointed interim CFO until a replacement for Barnes could be found.NEWS,weblink JetBlue CFO Ed Barnes Resigns, October 18, 2011, NYCAviation, Matt, Molnar, In 2011, JetBlue made interline agreements with Virgin Atlantic and Jet Airways, both of which have since been terminated.WEB, Airline Spotlight: JetBlue Airways Soars,weblink March 2, 2015, Flight Network, NEWS, JetBlue and Jet Airways to Partner on Interline Service to Brussels and... – NEW YORK, Nov. 2, 2011,weblink March 31, 2012, PR Newswire, New York, India, Belgium, PRNewswire, On June 13, 2012, JetBlue ranked "Highest in Customer Satisfaction Among Low Cost Carriers in North America" by J.D. Power and Associates for the eighth year in a row."JetBlue Awarded Seventh Consecutive Customer Satisfaction J.D. Power and Associates Honor", JetBlue Airways {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110812151919weblink |date=August 12, 2011 }}, June 16, 2011.File:JetBlueA321ceoN980JT SANFebruary2019.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1|alt=A white plane with the words "jetBlue" painted at the front and a blue-green tailfin approaches landing with its landing gear deployed as it soars above houses below|JetBlue launched its Mint premium cabin service in 2013 with new Airbus A321Airbus A321In October 2013, JetBlue introduced Mint, a premium cabin service on transcontinental and select Caribbean flights. The service began in 2014, using the Airbus A321-231 aircraft ordered by JetBlue. These planes are outfitted with winglets, as well as with "lie flat" seats, and moveable partitions that can create small suites on the airplane.Rabinowitz, Jason, "Two steps ahead", Aviation Week and Space Technology, October 7, 2013, p. 35 Called "Mint" by JetBlue, these planes are configured with 16 business-class seats and 143 economy seats, instead of an all-economy configuration of 190 seats.WEB,weblink Mint™: JetBlue's refreshing take on a premium experience, JetBlue Airways, April 3, 2015, On April 22, 2014, JetBlue's pilots voted to unionize for the first time since the airline was founded, with 71% casting ballots in favor of joining the ALPA.NEWS,weblink JetBlue pilots vote to unionize, Patrick, Sheridan, April 22, 2014, April 22, 2014, CNNMoney, On September 18, 2014, Dave Barger announced his resignation from the company effective February 16, 2015, following several reports that investors and the board were unhappy with his performance.NEWS,weblink JetBlue CEO Fires Back at Wall Street Analysts, August 26, 2014, Bloomberg Business, February 18, 2015, NEWS,weblink Six Reasons JetBlue's CEO Probably Won't Stick Around, May 7, 2014, Bloomberg Business, February 18, 2015, He was replaced on the board and as CEO by Robin Hayes.NEWS,weblink JetBlue's CEO vies to please passengers, stocks, February 16, 2015, The Salt Lake Tribune, February 18, 2015, During the last few days of June and the first few days of July 2015, JetBlue began charging for bags in certain booking classes, leaving Southwest Airlines the only major U.S. carrier to not charge for bags. For the classes in which bag check fees were charged (generally the lowest class of fares offered; JetBlue offered three classes of fares), the cost was $20 for the first bag and $35 for the second, which was the lowest in the United States besides Frontier Airlines with similar prices.WEB,weblink JetBlue Baggage Fees, February 11, 2016, On May 6, 2015, JetBlue was one of the first airlines to be granted a license to commence charter flights to Cuba, with flights departing from New York City.NEWS, May 6, 2015, US approves ferry service between Cuba and Florida, BBC News,weblink May 29, 2015, The weekly charter service began on July 3, 2015, with 150-seat Airbus A320s.WEB, Winship, Tim, May 8, 2015, Cuba: JetBlue Announces New Routes to Havana,weblink Smarter Travel, NEWS, Julie Kliegman, July 4, 2015, JetBlue first major airline to offer direct NYC-Cuba flights,weblink July 4, 2015, The Week, New York, In July 2016, JetBlue announced commercial flights from the United States to Cuba would commence in late August.WEB,weblink JetBlue Announces $99 Flight to Cuba, Starting August 31, Talty, Alexandra, July 29, 2016, Forbes, 2016-07-30, NEWS,weblink JetBlue: First Cuba flights will launch next month, Mutzabaugh, Ben, July 28, 2016, USA Today, Fort Lauderdale, 2016-08-01, On August 31, 2016, JetBlue Flight 387 from Fort Lauderdale–Hollywood International Airport to Abel Santamaría Airport, in Santa Clara, became the first scheduled commercial flight between the United States and Cuba in 55 years.NEWS, Gomez, Alan, First U.S. commercial flight in 5 decades lands in Cuba,weblink August 31, 2016, USA Today, Fort Lauderdale, August 31, 2016, JetBlue Flight 387 was the first regularly scheduled commercial flight between the Cold War foes in 55 years, Only charter flights were allowed under previous rules, which required that passengers had to arrive more than four hours before the scheduled departure and often endure long lines for documentation checks, late flight arrivals, and pay high baggage fees.NEWS, Robles, Frances, Scheduled Flights to Cuba From U.S. Begin Again, Now With Jet Engines,weblink August 31, 2016, The New York Times, Fort Lauderdale, August 31, 2016, In 2016, JetBlue had bid for but was unsuccessful in acquiring Virgin America, which was instead acquired by Alaska Air Group.NEWS, Zhang, Benjamin,weblink Retrieved May 7, 2017, Business Insider, New York, 2016-04-09, 2017-11-06, In November 2016, JetBlue painted one of their Airbus A320 aircraft, N763JB, in a 1960s retrojet livery, dubbed "What's Old is Blue Again". The livery's maiden flight was on Friday, from New York JFK to Palm Springs.NEWS, Mutzabaugh, Ben, First look: JetBlue unveils special 'RetroJet' paint scheme,weblink January 4, 2017, USA Today, New York, November 15, 2016, 117, In July 2017, JetBlue announced it was taking qualifications to develop a terminal at JFK that would not only occupy terminal 5 but also the space of terminals 6 and 7.PRESS RELEASE, JetBlue Issues Request for Qualifications to Developers for JFK Airport Terminal Project, JetBlue Airways Corporation, New York, July 21, 2017,weblinkweblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20191004013400weblink">weblink October 4, 2019, live, October 3, 2019, In April 2018, JetBlue announced their return to Ontario International Airport in southern California after ten years, as well as new service to Steamboat Springs in Colorado, and Bozeman in Montana.In April 2019, JetBlue announced that it would launch transatlantic flights to London from Boston and New York. The airline added that it would be converting 13 orders for the A321neo into the longer range Airbus A321LR to serve the new routes.NEWS, JetBlue converts to 13 A321LRs, commits to London service,weblink April 11, 2019, Yeo, Ghim-Lay, FlightGlobal, London, DVV Media Group, On May 1, 2019, JetBlue named Michael Stromer as Chief Product Officer, Technology. Stromer was selected to lead the design and execution of the digital commerce web and mobile applications that support revenue initiatives; technology for airport, customer support (reservations), system operations, technical operations, flight, and inflight teams, as well as back office products.WEB, JetBlue Names Michael Stromer Chief Product Officer, Technology, May 2019,weblink May 1, 2019, Business Wire, On May 29, 2019, JetBlue and Southwest Airlines ranked "Highest in Customer Satisfaction Among Low Cost Carriers" in a tie by J.D. Power in the North America Airline Satisfaction Study.PRESS RELEASE,weblink 2019 North America Airline Satisfaction Study, jillian.breska, 2019-05-28, J.D. Power, 2019-05-30, NEWS, Gilbertson, Dawn, May 29, 2019, Southwest, JetBlue top J.D. Power airline rankings, USA Today,weblink live, 2023-11-18,weblink October 4, 2019, On October 18, 2019, JetBlue and Norwegian Air Shuttle announced plans for an interline agreement that would permit sales of jointly-issued tickets, which if approved between the two airlines, would come into effect during 2020. The partnership was to take advantage of each airline having substantial pre-existing presence at New York–JFK, Boston, and Fort Lauderdale airports.NEWS, Klesty, Victoria, Solsvik, Terje, October 17, 2019, Norwegian Air, JetBlue tie up to expand transatlantic network,weblink October 18, 2019, Oslo, Reuters,

2020s

In January 2020, JetBlue announced its intentions to start becoming carbon neutral on all domestic flights.NEWS, Stevens, Pippa, 2020-01-06, JetBlue announces plans to become carbon neutral on domestic flights in a first for the US airline industry,weblink 2020-11-22, CNBC, New York City, New York, NBCUniversal News Group, en, WEB, January 6, 2020, JetBlue Prepares its Business for a New Climate Reality,weblink 2023-11-18, Business Wire, In February 2020, Joel Peterson announced his intention to retire from the airline's board of directors at the end of his current term, and was succeeded by Peter Boneparth in May 2020. Peterson had been part of the airline's board of directors since 1999 and served as chairman since 2008.NEWS, 2020-02-18, JetBlue Announces Changes to Board of Directors Aligned with New Governance Guidelines, JetBlue Airways Corporation,weblink 2023-11-18, JetBlue made changes to its operations due to the COVID-19 pandemic and its associated impacts on aviation. This included the reduction of passenger capacity by blocking middle seats on its Airbus A320 and A321 aircraft, and aisle seats on the Embraer 190.{{citation needed|date=January 2024}} As a result of the economic effects caused by the pandemic, the company launched voluntary separation and extended time off programs. By August 2020, JetBlue, along with Southwest Airlines, implemented strict policies for the wearing of face masks, which did not allow for medical exemptions, as part of its procedures during the COVID-19 pandemic.NEWS, 2020-08-08, Strict mask rules? Empty middle seats? We compare airlines' COVID-19 policies,weblink 2020-08-12, Martín, Hugo, Los Angeles Times, Los Angeles, en-US, The airline also announced that it would also continue to block middle seats through at least mid-October.NEWS, 2020-08-05, JetBlue says it will continue to block middle seats through mid-October as COVID-19 precaution,weblink Suh, Hyeji, Fox News, Phoenix, Arizona, Phoenix, Fox Television Stations, en-US, In June 2020, the airline announced several new routes across its network, including point-to-point routes between the northeastern United States and Florida, and new transcontinental routes from Newark Liberty International Airport.NEWS, June 18, 2020, JetBlue Will Add 30 New Routes, Launch Mint® at Newark, Business Wire,weblink 2023-11-18, Along with the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on aviation, the airline announced that over 60% of its employees were interested in taking early retirement or long-term leave from the firm.{{citation needed|date=January 2024}}On July 9, 2020, JetBlue announced the imminent closure of its base at Long Beach Airport and transfer of the base's operations to Los Angeles International Airport from October 6, 2020.NEWS, Ruiz, Jason, July 9, 2020, JetBlue to pull out of Long Beach Airport starting in October, Long Beach Post, Long Beach,weblink July 9, 2020, JetBlue had spent years negotiating to create a U.S. Customs and Border Protection station at the airport, and in 2017, despite a favorable recommendation from the city administration, the city council voted against the plan. The city and the airline also had disputes over late landings and slot usage.WEB,weblink JetBlue will end service in Long Beach in October, transfer routes to LAX, July 9, 2020, WEB,weblink JetBlue shocked by Long Beach rejection of international flights, USA Today, On July 16, 2020, American Airlines joined JetBlue in a strategic partnership called the "Northeast Alliance," which allowed the two carriers to share passengers and revenue and coordinate schedules for flights to and from New York's three major airports and Boston.NEWS, July 16, 2020, JetBlue and American Airlines Announce Strategic Partnership to Create More Competitive Options and Choice for Customers in the Northeast, Business Wire,weblink 2023-11-16, JOURNAL, 2023-09-01, Assessing the impacts of northeast alliance between American airlines and JetBlue airways,weblink 2023-11-16, 10.1016/j.tranpol.2023.06.011, Zou, Li, Yu, Chunyan, Friedenzohn, Daniel, Transport Policy, 140, 42–53, 259411895, While the deal with American had the blessing of the Trump administration, the Department of Justice under President Biden, along with six states and the District of Columbia, initiated an antitrust lawsuit in 2022.NEWS,weblink The US government is challenging a big airline alliance, with Boston at the center of the case, The Boston Globe, Boston, subscription, September 26, 2022, Chesto, Jon, On May 19, 2023, the court ruled against the airlines, holding that the JetBlue–American partnership was anticompetitive and ordering it to be unwound.WEB,weblink American Airlines, JetBlue alliance was 'a naked agreement not to compete with one another,' judge rules, WEB,weblink American Airlines, JetBlue lose DOJ antitrust challenge against partnership, Politico, May 19, 2023, Despite American announcing it would appeal, JetBlue said it would follow the judge's order and terminate their three-year alliance. JetBlue said ending the alliance would render "entirely moot" the Justice Department's objections that led to its separate lawsuit to block JetBlue's proposed merger with Spirit Airlines, which would be the largest in the US airline industry since 2013.NEWS, Singh, Rajesh Kumar, Shepardson, David, Bartz, Diane, Bartz, Diane, 2023-07-06, JetBlue says it will end alliance with American to save Spirit merger deal, Reuters,weblink 2023-10-28, JetBlue is dumping American Airlines in a last-ditch attempt to win approval for its Spirit Airlines acquisition American said it "respected JetBlue's decision to focus on its other antitrust and regulatory challenges" but still planned to proceed with its appeal.American Airlines statement on the Northeast Alliance Experts said abandoning the partnership with American may only marginally help JetBlue when the Spirit case goes to trial in October 2023.NEWS, Singh, Rajesh Kumar, Bartz, Diane, Bartz, Diane, 2023-07-06, Analysis: Will abandoning American help JetBlue's Spirit merger? Not by much, Reuters,weblink 2023-10-28, On February 1, 2021, JetBlue introduced its new Mint product called Mint Suite, which was to be configured on its entire Airbus A321LR fleet for its future transatlantic flights to London, and on some of its A321neo aircraft for select flights initially to Los Angeles. On April 21, 2021, JetBlue announced that the airline would be expanding into Canada, announcing new routes between Vancouver and both New York City and Boston.WEB,weblink JetBlue to launch new routes from Vancouver to New York City and Boston in 2022 | Venture, dailyhive.com, August 30, 2021, On April 26, 2021, JetBlue held its inaugural Airbus A220-300 flight which flew from Boston Logan International Airport to Tampa International Airport.PRESS RELEASE, JetBlue's First Airbus A220-300 Featuring Incredible Comfort, Lower Operating Costs and Superior Performance Enters Scheduled Service, April 26, 2021, JetBlue Corporation,weblink December 22, 2023, On May 19, 2021, JetBlue confirmed the start dates and destination airports for its planned flights to London, and by extension its first flights to Europe. The airline announced that it would operate services from New York (JFK) to both London Heathrow and Gatwick airports, and that the services would launch on August 11 and September 29, 2021, respectively.WEB, January 5, 2023, JetBlue Enhances Transatlantic Flight Schedule with All-New Daylight Service from New York to London,weblink December 22, 2023, JetBlue Newsroom, en-US, In turn, the airline's planned flights between London and Boston were postponed to 2022.PRESS RELEASE,weblink JetBlue Set to Bring Transatlantic Travelers Low Fares, New Choices and Incredible Service as It Lands at Both London Heathrow and London Gatwick, JetBlue Investor Relations, May 19, 2021, December 22, 2023, JetBlue, In May 2022, JetBlue's offer for Spirit Airlines, made in response to an offer from Frontier Airlines, was rejected, citing "an unacceptable level of closing risk" even with an enhanced offer.NEWS, Sider, Alison, 2022-05-02, Spirit Airlines Rejects JetBlue Bid, Sticks With Frontier Deal, en-US, Wall Street Journal, New York City, New York, subscription,weblink 2022-05-03, 0099-9660, NEWS, Kelleher, Suzanne Rowan, JetBlue Sweetens Its Bid—But Spirit Airlines Says It Still Prefers Its Other Suitor,weblink 2022-05-03, Forbes, New York, en, NEWS, Chris Isidore, Spirit rejects JetBlue's offer, saying it wants less lucrative deal with Frontier,weblink 2022-05-03, CNN Business, New York, Warner Bros. Discovery, May 2, 2022, NEWS, Chokshi, Niraj, 2022-05-02, Spirit Airlines rejects JetBlue's acquisition offer., en-US, The New York Times, New York,weblink 2022-05-03, 0362-4331, Later that month, JetBlue announced its intentions to execute a hostile takeover of Spirit.NEWS,weblink JetBlue launches hostile takeover for Spirit, Isidore, Chris, Morrow, Allison, CNN Business, New York, Warner Bros. Discovery, NEWS, Aratani, Lori, Duncan, Ian,weblink JetBlue launches another bid for Spirit Airlines, The Washington Post, New York, 2022-05-16, 2022-05-26, On July 28, JetBlue announced it had reached an agreement to purchase Spirit Airlines for $3.8 billion.WEB, JetBlue and Spirit to Create a National Low-Fare Challenger to the Dominant Big Four Airlines,weblink NEWS,weblink JetBlue to buy Spirit for $3.8 billion in push to become the fifth-largest US carrier, July 28, 2022, Josephs, Leslie, CNBC, New York, NBCUniversal News Group, The U.S. Department of Justice's Antitrust Division has sought to block the deal, taking JetBlue to court over the sale.NEWS, Raymond, Nate, October 31, 2023, US seeks to block JetBlue's Spirit Airlines deal at trial, en, Reuters,weblink October 31, 2023, In legal filings, the Justice Department claims that the merger will result in "higher fares, fewer seats, and harm millions of consumers".NEWS,weblink US sues to stop JetBlue's deal for Spirit, cites consumer harm, March 7, 2023, Bartz, Diane, Shepardson, David, Reuters, Thomas Reuters, WEB, Isidore, Chris, 2023-03-07, US Justice Department sues to block JetBlue's purchase of Spirit Airlines {{!, CNN Business |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/03/07/business/justice-department-jetblue-spirit-antitrust/index.html |access-date=2023-03-07 |website=CNN |language=en}}In September 2022, JetBlue's venture subsidiary relaunched with a new name: JetBlue Ventures.PRESS RELEASE, Mattina, Sarah, 2022-09-21, Now introducing: JetBlue Ventures,weblink 2022-10-05, JetBlue Airways Corporation, New York, Medium, en, In November 2022, JetBlue confirmed plans to fly from New York (JFK) to Paris (CDG) starting in summer 2023. It said it then plans to add service from Boston Logan after.WEB, April 3, 2021, Say Bonjour to JetBlue Flights from New York To Paris On Sale Today,weblink December 22, 2023, JetBlue Newsroom, en, In April 2023, JetBlue continued its international expansion, announcing that it would add Amsterdam to its list of international destinations with a new route from John F. Kennedy International Airport to Amsterdam Airport Schiphol in late summer 2023. Robin Hayes, JetBlue CEO, said that the New York to Amsterdam route is "long overdue for some competition."WEB, Bachelor, Blanc, November 14, 2023, Amsterdam Will No Longer Restrict JetBlue Flights,weblink December 22, 2023, Afar, In October 2023, JetBlue announced it would add flights from both Boston and New York (JFK) to Dublin, Ireland, and New York (JFK) to Edinburgh, Scotland, in 2024. Service from Boston to Amsterdam would also begin that year.WEB,weblink A Celtic Combo: JetBlue Announces Seasonal Flights to Dublin and Edinburgh on Sale Today, JetBlue.com, October 25, 2023, The announcement will bring JetBlue's list of transatlantic destinations to six.WEB, Cappetta, Michael, October 26, 2023, JetBlue Announces New Seasonal Service to Dublin and Edinburgh,weblink Travel + Leisure, 0041-2007, The Spirit case went to trial on October 31, 2023.WEB, Conti, Mark, 2023-11-03, JetBlue's $3.8B merger with Spirit goes to court. Who will win?,weblink 2023-11-06, Northeastern Global News, en-US, JetBlue argued that if it acquired Spirit and thus grew its fleet by 70%, it would be more able to compete with the Big Four airlines. The Justice Department argued that an independent Spirit fills a role for price-conscious consumers that needs to be protected. JetBlue said the vacuum Spirit would leave in the market would be filled by growth from other budget carriers. The Justice Department said that was unlikely because the limits to growth that airlines face, such as shortages of planes and pilots, affect all airlines, including the discount carriers.NEWS,weblink Biden administration takes on JetBlue as its fight against industry consolidation goes to court, Koenig, David, Associated Press, October 31, 2023, November 6, 2023, In a ruling on January 16, 2024, a federal judge blocked JetBlue's acquisition of Spirit Airlines.NEWS,weblink Federal Judge Blocks JetBlue's $3.8 Billion Acquisition of Spirit Airlines, Michaels, David, WSJ, January 16, 2024, January 16, 2024, The two airlines initially said they would appeal, but on March 4, 2024, they announced they were calling off the merger, with JetBlue paying Spirit a breakup fee of $69 million and Spirit's shareholders $400 million.JetBlue and Spirit Call Off Their $3.8 Billion MergerWEB, Isidore, Chris, 2024-03-04, JetBlue pulls out of deal to buy Spirit Airlines {{!, CNN Business |url=https://www.cnn.com/2024/03/04/business/jetblue-ends-spirit-deal/index.html |access-date=2024-03-04 |website=CNN |language=en}}In January 2024, JetBlue announced that CEO Robin Hayes will step down effective February 12 and would be replaced by president Joanna Geraghty.NEWS, 2024-01-08, JetBlue CEO Robin Hayes to Step Down in February,weblink 2024-01-09, Bloomberg.com, en, She will become the first woman to lead a major US airline. On February 7, 2024, the airline announced that Marty St. George, would return to the airline as president starting on February 26, 2024, after leaving the airline back in 2020 to be the COO of LATAM Airlines Group.WEB, 2024-02-07, Marty St. George Is Returning to JetBlue,weblink 2024-02-07, www.travelmarketreport.com, en, {{Update after|2024|02|12}}

Corporate affairs

Business trends

The key trends for JetBlue over recent years are (as of the financial year ending December 31):{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"|+!!2015!2016!2017!2018!2019!2020!2021!2022Net income (US$m)|677|759|1,147|189|569red|−1,354}}red|−182}}{{color>red|−362}}Number of employeesJETBLUE AIRWAYS NUMBER OF EMPLOYEES 2010–2023 {{!, JBLU >url=https://www.macrotrends.net/stocks/charts/JBLU/jetblue-airways/number-of-employees website=www.macrotrends.net}}|16,862|18,406|19,978|20,892|21,569|20,742|19,466|20,901Number of passengers (m)|35.1|38.3|40.0|42.1|42.7|14.3|30.1|39.6Average fare (US$)|167|166|168|175|182|191|186|217Load factor (%)|84.7|85.1|84.3|84.8|84.0|56.9|76.0|81.5Fleet size|215|227|243|253|259|267|282|290ReferencesACCESS-DATE=OCTOBER 7, 2023, JetBlue, ACCESS-DATE=OCTOBER 7, 2023, JetBlue, ACCESS-DATE=OCTOBER 7, 2023, JetBlue, ACCESS-DATE=OCTOBER 7, 2023, JetBlue, ACCESS-DATE=OCTOBER 7, 2023, JetBlue, ACCESS-DATE=OCTOBER 7, 2023, JetBlue, ACCESS-DATE=OCTOBER 7, 2023, JetBlue, ACCESS-DATE=OCTOBER 7, 2023, JetBlue,

Headquarters and offices

File:Jetblue Metlife 27-01 QPN jeh.jpg|thumb|JetBlue's current headquarters, at the Brewster Building at 27-01 Queens Plaza North]](File:80-02 Kew Gardens Road.jpg|thumb|JetBlue's former headquarters at 80-02 Kew Gardens Road)(File:118-29 Queens Boulevard.jpg|thumb|JetBlue's former headquarters at 118-35 Queens Boulevard)JetBlue's headquarters are in the Brewster Building in Long Island City, New York—a building designed by architects Stephenson & Wheeler for the Brewster automobile factory in 1911. JetBlue previously had its headquarters at 80–02 Kew Gardens Road,WEB, Cuozzo, Steve, December 24, 2002, JETBLUE TRIPLES SIZE OF ITS QUEENS OFFICES,weblink December 22, 2023, New York Post, and then in the Forest Hills Tower, both in Forest Hills, Queens, New York City,WEB, February 7, 2011, JetBlue Goes the Extra Mile: The Official Airline of the Boston Marathon® Offers Four Qualified Runners Another Chance to Run on Patriots' Day,weblink December 22, 2023, PR Newswire, {{convert|6|mi|km}} from the current office in Long Island City.WEB, Fuhgeddaboudit!,weblink December 22, 2023, Tripadvisor, JetBlue also maintains field offices in Salt Lake City and in Orlando (which is on the property of Orlando International Airport and occupies the airline's training academy).WEB, JetBlue Airways Corporation in Salt Lake City , UT,weblink 2021-02-16, YP.com, en, NEWS, Jack Witthaus, Richard Bilbao, Exclusive: JetBlue explores massive new investment near airport, Orlando Business Journal,weblink 2021-02-16,

Leadership

JetBlue's current leadership team is as follows:

• Chairman: Peter Boneparth (since May 2020)
• Chief Executive Officer: Joanna Geraghty (since February 2024)WEB, 2024-01-08, JetBlue's CEO is stepping down, and he'll be replaced by the first woman to lead a big US airline,weblink 2024-01-26, AP News, en,
• President: Marty St. George (since February 2024)

Former Chairmen of the Board

1. David Neeleman (1998–2008)
2. Joel Peterson (2008–2020)

Former Chief Executive Officers

1. David Neeleman (1998–2007)
2. David Barger (2007–2015)
3. Robin Hayes (2015–2024)

Business model

JetBlue operates with most of the features of a low-cost carrier (LCC), for example (and as referred to in their Annual Report),WEB, February 20, 2019, 2018 Annual Report,weblink May 7, 2019, August 19, 2019,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20190819053605weblink">weblink dead, a fleet of new and efficient aircraft of (mainly) one model, high aircraft utilization, point-to-point routes (with several aircraft bases), relatively low distribution costs, and without membership of a major airline alliance.However, in JetBlue's business model, the airline offers more than one class of cabin, provides free in-flight entertainment and refreshments, and maintains codeshare agreements with several other airlines.Researchers from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology coined the term "JetBlue Effect" in 2013, describing how fares would drop after JetBlue entered a market.WEB, Smaller Airlines Seek Mergers to Compete With Industry Giants,weblink December 5, 2023, The New York Times,

Marketing strategy

JetBlue's first major advertising campaign incorporated phrases like "Unbelievable" and "We like you, too". Full-page newspaper advertisements boasted low fares, new aircraft, leather seats, spacious legroom, and a customer-service-oriented staff committed to "bringing humanity back to air travel".WEB, JetBlue Business Travel,weblink December 22, 2023, JetBlue, JetBlue became the first airline to offer all passengers personalized in-flight entertainment. In April 2000, flat-screen monitors installed in every seatback allowed customers live access to over 20 DirecTV channels at no additional cost.WEB, September 9, 2002, JetBlue Airways to Acquire LiveTV, LLC, Provider of Airline's Inflight Satellite TV Entertainment System,weblink December 22, 2023, JetBlue Investor Relations, As JetBlue gained market share, they found a position where they competed with other low-cost carriers as well as major carriers. Amenities such as their live in-flight television, free and unlimited snack offerings, comfortable legroom, and unique promotions fostered an image of impeccable customer service that rivaled the major airlines, while competitive low fares made them a threat to low-cost, no-frills carriers as well.WEB, April 4, 2023, Photo Release -- JetBlue and Bliss Spa Say Buh-Bye to Red-Eye, Hello to Shut-Eye Service,weblink December 22, 2023, JetBlue Newsroom,

Subsidiaries and investments

JetBlue Ventures

{{Further|Carbon capture and utilization|Carbon footprint|Electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide|Heterogeneous catalysis}}JetBlue VenturesWEB, Home – JetBlue Ventures,weblink December 22, 2023, JetBlue Ventures, is the airlines venture capital subsidiary. It was established in February 2016 as JetBlue Technology Ventures (JTV).WEB, SEC-Show,weblink July 8, 2017, otp.investis.com, October 7, 2017,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20171007020834weblink">weblink dead, The subsidiary's primary objective is to invests in and partners with early-stage startups in the travel, hospitality, and transportation space with a mission is to improve the end-to-end experience of travelers everywhere.{{As of|2018|11}}, JTV has invested in 21 startups, including hybrid planes,WEB, April 5, 2017, This Startup Backed By JetBlue And Boeing Plans On Flying Electric Planes By The Early 2020s,weblink July 8, 2017, machine learning algorithms,WEB, March 25, 2016, JetBlue Technology Ventures Selects Silicon Valley-Based FLYR as Its First Strategic Investment,weblink July 8, 2017, businesswire.com, and ground transportation.WEB, JetBlue Technology Ventures Announces Investment In Ground Transportation Services Startup, Mozio – PYMNTS.com,weblink dead,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20170529121018weblink">weblink May 29, 2017, July 8, 2017, Investments range in size from $250,000 to $1 million.WEB, Rao, Leena, Why Is JetBlue In Silicon Valley?,weblink July 8, 2017, Fortune, JetBlue Technology Ventures, along with Toyota Ventures and Parley for the Oceans, is among the corporate investors that have invested $40 million in the Air Company, a carbon negative vodka distiller and perfume and hand sanitizer manufacturer that uses heterogeneous catalysis to convert captured carbon into ethanol.NEWS, Olick, Diana, May 16, 2022, This start-up makes vodka out of CO2 emissions, and it's backed by Toyota and JetBlue, CNBC,weblink August 3, 2022,

Universal Hydrogen

In 2021, JetBlue became the first airline to invest in practical hydrogen-powered flight through its partnership with Universal Hydrogen, a company working on retrofitting current aircraft with tools to allow them to fly on hydrogen power. The company focuses on distributing fuel through modular capsules transported on the existing intermodal freight network, offsetting the need to retrofit airports with their own hydrogen fuel farms. JetBlue's initial investment helped Universal Hydrogen accelerate development and production of its regional aircraft conversion kits.WEB, Universal Hydrogen – JetBlue Technology Ventures,weblink 2022-07-18, JetBlue Technology Ventures, WEB, April 23, 2021, JetBlue invests in Universal Hydrogen to help advance carbon-free flight,weblink 2022-07-18, Renewable Energy World, Universal Hydrogen began its initial rounds of testing in 2022 with an ATR-72.WEB, July 15, 2022, A JetBlue-Backed Hydrogen-Fuel Powered Airplane Is Coming to the US for Testing,weblink 2022-07-18, Yahoo! Life, WEB, July 15, 2022, A JetBlue-Backed Hydrogen-Fuel Powered Airplane Is Coming to the US for Testing,weblink 2022-07-18, Robb Report,

JetBlue Travel Products

JetBlue Travel Products is a subsidiary of JetBlue Airways, established in 2018 WEB, 2019-08-20, JetBlue Travel Products Arrives Home With Opening of Its New 'Inspiration Center' in Fort Lauderdale,weblink 2023-12-07, www.businesswire.com, en, with the primary objective of expanding the airline's offerings beyond air travel. Recognizing the growing demand for comprehensive travel services, JetBlue created this wholly owned subsidiary to specialize in non-air products and enhance the overall travel experience for its customers.In 2020, JetBlue Vacations underwent a significant transformation, introducing new and improved personalization features and perks.WEB, 2020-02-03, With Relaunch of JetBlue Vacations, JetBlue Brings Customization, Savings and a Human Touch to Vacations Packages,weblink 2023-12-07, www.businesswire.com, en, This revamp aimed to distinguish JetBlue Vacations as a premier option for travelers seeking tailored vacation packages which include bundled flights, hotels, cruises and more.The latest addition to JetBlue Travel Products' history occurred in 2021 with the launch of Paisly by JetBlue.WEB, 2023-02-02, With Paisly® by JetBlue, Travelers Can Now Unlock Exclusive Deals at Their Destination, No Matter How They Get There,weblink 2023-12-07, www.businesswire.com, en, This homegrown platform represented JetBlue's expansion into selling non-air travel products, effectively extending the airline's service and loyalty program beyond flights. Paisly serves as a solution to meet the evolving needs of travelers offering hotels, car rentals, activities and travel bags.WEB, 2023-02-28, JetBlue Travel Products Teams Up with Luggage Companies Briggs & Riley and Solo to Launch First Retail Offering on Paisly®,weblink 2023-12-07, www.businesswire.com, en, All while maintaining the high standards of service and customer loyalty synonymous with the JetBlue brand.

LiveTV

LiveTV was a wholly owned subsidiary of JetBlue since 2002. The LiveTV subsidiary provided seat back entertainment systems with Live Satellite Television and Live Satellite Radio to airlines including JetBlue. The subsidiary was sold to Thales for nearly $400 million in June 2014.PRESS RELEASE,weblink JetBlue Completes Sale of LiveTV Subsidiary to Thales Group, JetBlue Newsroom, December 22, 2023, October 6, 2014, JetBlue Corporation,

JSX

On October 25, 2016, the airline JSX (then branded as JetSuiteX) announced that JetBlue had made a minority equity investment in the airline. Part of the agreement also gave JetBlue a seat on JetSuite's board of directors. Reasons for the investment was outlined by CEO Robin Hayes, stating, "Our investment in JetSuite makes sense as we continue to execute on our west coast plan and invest in innovative ideas that reflect the disruptive spirit of JetBlue."WEB, October 25, 2016, JetBlue makes strategic investment in JetSuite,weblink December 22, 2023, Reuters, In JetBlue's first quarter 2018 investor call, JetBlue's CFO Steven Priest confirmed the airline held about 10% of JetSuiteX.WEB, April 24, 2018, JetBlue Airways' (JBLU) CEO Robin Hayes on Q1 2018 Results – Earnings Call Transcript,weblink December 22, 2023, Seeking Alpha, The airline was rebranded from JetSuiteX to JSX in August 2019.NEWS, JetSuiteX Debuts New Brand Identity "JSX" And Launches Ad Campaign Redefining Its Category Of Air Travel As "Hop-On Jet Service", en, PR Newswire, PR Newswire,weblink 9 August 2019,

TWA Flight Center Hotel

The TWA Hotel is the TWA Flight Center structure at JFK airport that was rebuilt into 505-room hotel. The hotel preserves the Eero Saarinen TWA head house while replacing the structures on either side of the head house. Situated in front of JetBlue's JFK terminal, JetBlue has 5–10% ownership of the hotel.NEWS, Morris, Keiko, May 14, 2019, TWA Hotel at Kennedy Airport Targets 200% Occupancy, The Wall Street Journal,weblink July 18, 2019, The hotel is an effective replacement for the Ramada Plaza JFK Hotel on the north end of the airport grounds in Building 144, which closed in 2009.NEWS, Negroni, Christine, February 6, 2018, Updating the Landmark T.W.A. Terminal at J.F.K., This Time as a Hotel, The New York Times,weblink July 18, 2019,

Destinations

{{As of|2024|1}}, JetBlue Airways flies to 104 destinations in the Americas, with most of them in the United States and the Caribbean, a smaller selection of destinations in parts of Central and South America, and four destinations in Europe.WEB,weblink Route Map, JetBlue Airways Corporation, New York, August 22, 2020,

Codeshare agreements

JetBlue has entered into a number of codeshare agreements with other airlines, meaning airlines agree to share certain flights, which both airlines market and publish on their own flight schedules under their respective airline designators and flight numbers.JetBlue codeshares with the following airlines:WEB,weblink Partner airlines – JetBlue, JetBlue Airways Corporation, New York, August 24, 2018, November 4, 2022,weblink dead, {{colbegin|colwidth=25em}}

• Aer Lingus
• Air Serbia
• Azul Brazilian Airlines
• Cape Air
• El Al
• Etihad AirwaysWEB, Etihad to Increase Flights to JFK; Expand Partnership with JetBlue,weblink Travel News Asia, October 5, 2022,
• JSXWEB, Codeshare Agreement Puts JetSuiteX Flights in JetBlue Booking Channels,weblink businesstravelnews, April 23, 2018, May 23, 2018,
• Hawaiian Airlines
• Icelandair
• LOT Polish AirlinesWEB, JetBlue and LOT Polish Airlines, set to restart interline agreement, Pablo Diaz, October 5, 2022weblink >website=Flyer Talk, November 22, 2022,
• Porter Airlines
• Qatar AirwaysWEB, JetBlue Expands Codeshare Agreement with Qatar, Joe Cortez, April 13, 2021,weblink Flyer Talk, April 14, 2021,
• Royal Air Maroc
• Seaborne Airlines
• Silver Airways
• Singapore Airlines
• South African Airways
• Turkish AirlinesWEB,weblink JetBlue Begins Turkish Airlines Codeshare From Feb 2023, Aerorutes, 6 February 2023,

{{colend}}

Fleet

Current fleet

{{As of|2024|5|df=US}}, JetBlue operates the following aircraft:WEB, Our planes,weblink September 15, 2023, JetBlue, WEB, April 15, 2024, JetBlue Airways Fleet Details and History,weblink April 15, 2024, Planespotters.net, {{Sticky header}}{| class="wikitable" style="border-collapse:collapse; margin: 1em auto; text-align:center" style="background:#003876; color:black;"! rowspan="2" style="width:125px;" | Aircraft! rowspan="2" style="width:60px;" | In service! rowspan="2" style="width:60px;" | Orders! colspan="5" | Passengers! rowspan="2" | Notes style="background:#003876; color:black;"! style="width:20px;" | J! style="width:20px;" |Y+! style="width:20px;" |Y! style="width:20px;" |Total!Refs|Airbus A220-300|30ACCESS-DATE=SEPTEMBER 15, 2023 DATE=JUNE 16, 2021, Airbus SAS, |—|25|115|140DATE=2021-01-01 URL=HTTPS://WWW.AEROTELEGRAPH.COM/ERSTER-AIRBUS-A220-JETBLUE-ERHAELT-EIN-NEUJAHRESGESCHENK WEBSITE=AEROTELEGRAPH, de-CH, |Replacing all Embraer 190.Airbus A320-200|10——42|108|150ACCESS-DATE=2023-09-14, www.seatguru.com, |Older aircraft planned to be purchased off lease and retrofit.|120|120|162ACCESS-DATE=2023-09-14, www.seatguru.com, |Airbus A321-200|35—16|Mint configuration}}|41|102|159ACCESS-DATE=2023-09-14, www.seatguru.com, ||28|—|42|158|200ACCESS-DATE=2023-09-14, www.seatguru.com, ||Airbus A321LR|10ACCESS-DATE=3 MAY 2021, ch-aviation.com, 24|Mint Suite configuration}}|24|90|138ACCESS-DATE=2023-09-14, www.jetblue.com, |Airbus A321neo|8|3516|Mint Suite configuration}}42|102|160ACCESS-DATE=2023-09-14, www.jetblue.com, ||16|—|—|158|200|PW1100G engine issues.JETBLUE EXPECTS AVERAGE OF 11 GROUNDED AIRCRAFT DUE TO PRATT & WHITNEY ENGINE ISSUES: CFO ACCESS-DATE=25 MARCH 2024, Flightglobal.com, |Airbus A321XLR|—URL=HTTPS://WWW.AIRBUS.COM/SITES/G/FILES/JLCBTA136/FILES/9B2DD8DE5CEDC53977E676163CC84323_EN-JETBLUE-A321XLR-A220.PDFLANGUAGE=EN, TBA||Deliveries from mid 2025.|Embraer 190|28|—|—|16|84|100ACCESS-DATE=2023-09-14, www.seatguru.com, PUBLISHER=AWIN FIRST LAST=FLOTTAU ACCESS-DATE=12 NOVEMBER 2018 ARCHIVE-URL=HTTPS://WEB.ARCHIVE.ORG/WEB/20181010095515/HTTP://AVIATIONWEEK.COM/COMMERCIAL-AVIATION/JETBLUE-CEO-LAMENTS-EMBRAER-190-COSTS weblink 15, 2022 URL=HTTPS://NEWS.JETBLUE.COM/LATEST-NEWS/PRESS-RELEASE-DETAILS/2022/JETBLUE-ADDS-30-AIRBUS-A220S-TO-ORDER-BOOK-FURTHER-ENHANCING-THE-FINANCIAL-AND-OPERATIONAL-PERFORMANCE-OF-ITS-NEXT-GENERATION-FLEET-02-15-2022/DEFAULT.ASPX ARCHIVE-DATE= WEBSITE=JETBLUE NEWSROOM, JETBLUE EARNINGS >URL=HTTPS://S202.Q4CDN.COM/853609783/FILES/DOC_FINANCIALS/2023/Q4/4Q23-EARNINGS-PRESENTATION-VF.PDF, !Total!285!121! colspan="6" |{{multiple image| align = center| direction = horizontal| width = 175| image1 = JetBlue Airways Airbus A220-300 N3008J (Rob Dewar) approaching JFK Airport.jpg| caption1 = Airbus A220-300| image2 = Airbus A320-232 ‘N597JB’ JetBlue (28752118542).jpg| caption2 = Airbus A320-200| image3 = JetBlue A321 (N4062J).jpg| caption3 = Airbus A321neo| image4 = JetBlue Embraer 190 N238JB Photo 3.jpg| caption4 = Embraer 190}}

Fleet development

Since 2011 JetBlue has made multiple order and order differentials. At first the airline intended to revamp its fleet with the introduction of 40 Airbus A320neo. The airline has made multiple changes to its order books with ordering multiple Airbus A321 aircraft and later converting almost all of its A320neo orders to ones for the Airbus A321neo.WEB, June 21, 2011, JetBlue Announces Revised Fleet Delivery Schedule,weblink December 22, 2023, PR Newswire, en, WEB, 2011-06-21, JetBlue Orders 40 New Airbus A320neo and 30 A321 Aircraft, Will Add Winglets to Entire Fleet,weblink 2022-10-22, NYCAviation, en-US, WEB, October 23, 2013, JetBlue Announces Fleet Restructuring,weblink December 22, 2023, PR Newswire, en, From 2018 to 2019, the airline made multiple changes to its fleet plans, with the airline intending to replace all of its aging Embraer 190 aircraft with the Airbus A220-300. The airline later modified its Airbus A321neo orders to introduce the Airbus A321XLR aircraft to its fleet.WEB, JetBlue Selects Airbus A220-300 as Key Component of Its Next Generation Fleet,weblink 2022-10-22, mediaroom.jetblue.com, en, June 28, 2020,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20200628195655weblink">weblink dead, WEB, June 20, 2019, JetBlue Orders 13 Airbus A321XLR Aircraft to Support Its Focus City Strategy with Transatlantic Flying,weblink December 22, 2023, JetBlue Newsroom, en, In 2020, JetBlue welcomed its first Airbus A220, and in 2021, the A321LR was added to the fleet.WEB, jetBlue to order 60+60 A220s, converts A320neo to A321neo,weblink 2022-10-22, ch-aviation, en, The airline expects to welcome the Airbus A321XLR aircraft to its fleet in 2024.WEB, June 20, 2019, jetBlue orders A321neo(XLR)s, bumps A220 order book,weblink ch-aviation, ch-aviation GmbH,

Services

Seating

(File:JetBlue A220 interior.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1|alt=The inside of a plane is shown, with two seats per row on the left and three seats per row on the right. Each seat also has a personal television screen in front of it. The overall color scheme is gray.|The Core cabin in a JetBlue A220)On most of its aircraft, JetBlue offers a uniquely unified cabin experience called Core. In Core, some rows offer Customers 7 extra inches of legroom, referred to as Even More Space seats.WEB, Even More Space,weblink 2022-10-05, JetBlue, The Core cabin includes leather seats, complimentary Wi-Fi, complimentary snacks and non-alcoholic drinks, and entertainment screens with DirecTV, Sirius XM Radio, and movies.WEB, JetBlue {{!, Help Inflight entertainment |url=http://help.jetblue.com/SRVS/CGI-BIN/webisapi.dll?New,Kb=askBlue,case=obj(382289) |access-date=2018-06-23 |website=help.jetblue.com}}WEB, JetBlue Airways and Dunkin' Donuts Extend Partnership,weblink 2018-06-23, Dunkin' Donuts, The airline re-styled Core seats in 2014 with the debut of JetBlue's first Airbus A321.WEB, January 25, 2016, With All New Cabin Design, JetBlue Introduces Fully Connected In-Seat Experience From Gate to Gate,weblink December 22, 2023, BusinessWire, en, The revamped Core seats started to appear on the airline's A320 aircraft in 2018, with further modifications in 2019.WEB, JetBlue Brings Humanity Back to Air Travel All Over Again With Highly Anticipated A320 Interior Cabin Restyling,weblink 2022-10-05, blueir.investproductions.com, en, July 14, 2020,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20200714223142weblink">weblink dead, This seat design carried over to JetBlue's Airbus A220 aircraft upon launch.WEB, JetBlue's First Airbus A220-300 Featuring Incredible Comfort, Lower Operating Costs and Superior Performance Enters Scheduled Service,weblink 2022-10-05, blueir.investproductions.com, en, April 26, 2021,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20210426234155weblink">weblink dead, JetBlue's E190s are not undergoing retrofitting due to the airline's plan to phase the aircraft type out of service by 2026.WEB, JetBlue Selects Airbus A220-300 as Key Component of Its Next Generation Fleet,weblink 2022-10-05, blueir.investproductions.com, en, February 23, 2022,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20220223051934weblink">weblink dead,

Mint

In 2014, the airline introduced its version of a business class cabin, called Mint.NEWS, March 5, 2019, JetBlue set to launch London to US flights, Independent,weblink live, subscription, March 6, 2019,weblink June 8, 2022, The service was originally available only on transcontinental domestic routes on select Airbus A321s starting in 2014. The seat design includes fully lie-flat seats, some of which have sliding panels for more privacy.Mint has since been expanded to select Caribbean routes, and in 2021, a newly reimagined version of the service and seating was announced.WEB, JetBlue Unveils Completely Reimagined Mint, Setting the Stage to Change the Transatlantic Market with Exceptional Experience, Competitive Fares,weblink 2022-10-05, blueir.investproductions.com, en, February 1, 2021,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20210201140742weblink">weblink dead,

In-flight entertainment

JetBlue's in-flight entertainment options consist of gate-to-gate Fly-Fi internet access, over 100 channels of DIRECTV, Sirius XM Radio, and movies, and on the Airbus A321 and newer retrofitted Airbus A320 aircraft, a 15-inch interactive video screen which is not available on the rest of the fleet. JetBlue's partnership with Amazon lets customers watch Amazon Prime videos by connecting to Wi-Fi and downloading the Amazon Video app on their mobile phone or tablet.WEB, Mlot, Stephanie, Watch Amazon Prime Video on JetBlue,weblink PCMAG, 11 August 2022, en, 24 November 2015, "Prime members riding aircraft equipped with free Fly-Fi broadband Internet can sign in to instantly access tens of thousands of movies and TV episodes.", The in-flight WiFi under the "Fly-Fi" network is complimentary on all flights, at speeds of 12–15 megabits per second.WEB, JetBlue Becomes Only Airline With Free, High-Speed Wi-Fi at Every Seat,weblink Business Wire, 11 August 2022, en, 11 January 2017,

Frequent-flyer program

JetBlue's frequent-flyer program is called TrueBlue. Under the original TrueBlue program, flights were worth two, four, or six points based on distance of the flights, and double points were awarded for flights booked online.WEB,weblink TrueBlue program: Jet more and earn award flights, JetBlue Airways, October 23, 2011,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20080705202410weblink">weblink July 5, 2008, dead, In September 2009, JetBlue made changes to its TrueBlue program.WEB,weblink New TrueBlue program, JetBlue Airways, October 23, 2011, {{dead link|date=February 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} In the new program, members receive three points for every dollar spent toward a flight, excluding taxes and fees, plus an additional three points for every dollar spent on a flight if booked online directly on the JetBlue.com website. Additional points are awarded if the member uses the Barclay's issued JetBlue Mastercard credit card to purchase the flight. The price of flights in points depend on the fare of the flight in U.S. dollars. The new program launched on November 9, 2009.weblink" title="archive.today/20120709163015weblink">JetBlue's Revamped TrueBlue Program Touches Down. Investor.jetblue.com. November 11, 2009. Retrieved December 22, 2010.JetBlue | TrueBlue: Frequently asked questions. Trueblue.jetblue.com. Retrieved December 22, 2010.In June 2013, JetBlue announced that TrueBlue points will never expire for any reason.WEB,weblink JetBlue | TrueBlue: Start earning, Trueblue.jetblue.com, 2013-07-04, October 18, 2015,weblink dead, WEB,weblink JetBlue | TrueBlue: Reasons to join, Trueblue.jetblue.com, 2013-07-04, In May 2023, JetBlue overhauled its TrueBlue Loyalty Program with enhancing its top tier status Mosaic with a 4-tier status and pick your own perks offers.WEB, Schlappig, Ben, 2023-05-10, Live: Huge JetBlue TrueBlue Changes 2023,weblink 2024-03-13, One Mile at a Time, en-US,

Accidents and incidents

File:JetBlue292Landing.jpg|thumb|JetBlue Flight 292, an Airbus A320 (N536JB), makes an emergency landing at LAX.]]

• September 21, 2005: Flight 292 (Airbus A320-232) en route from Bob Hope Airport in Burbank to New York JFK Airport performed an emergency landing at Los Angeles International Airport (pictured) following a failure of the nose landing gear during retraction when it turned 90 degrees. The plane landed after flying in a holding pattern in air for about three hours to burn fuel and therefore lighten the aircraft. The aircraft came to a stop without incident on runway 25L, the second-longest runway at LAX. The only apparent damage to the plane upon landing was the destruction of the front wheels, which were ground down to almost semicircles, and the tires; the front landing strut held. No one sustained injuries.
• March 27, 2012: Flight 191 (Airbus A320-232) en route from New York JFK Airport to McCarran International Airport in Las Vegas performed an emergency landing at Rick Husband Amarillo International Airport after the captain, Clayton Osbon, was locked out of the cockpit and subdued by passengers after he started acting erratically and ranting about terrorists. It is believed that Osbon suffered from an unspecified mental breakdown; he was later treated by Northwest Texas Healthcare System. There were no fatalities.PRESS RELEASE,weblink JetBlue Pilot Charged with Interference with a Flight Crew, Federal Bureau of Investigation, April 3, 2015, WEB,weblink Osbon Complaint Affidavit, CBS News, July 8, 2017, NEWS, JetBlue Captain's 'Medical Situation' Diverts Flight, The Wall Street Journal,weblink March 29, 2012, March 28, 2012, Jack, Nicas, Andy, Pasztor,
• January 22, 2022 : Flight 1748 (Airbus A320-232) en route from Yampa Valley Regional Airport to Fort Lauderdale–Hollywood International Airport suffered a tail strike during takeoff whilst trying to avoid an oncoming Beechcraft Super King Air 350 that was landing on the opposite side of the runway. Flight 1748 was diverted to Denver International Airport with no injuries on board.WEB,weblink NTSB says a JetBlue captain took off quickly to avoid an incoming plane in Colorado last year, Koenig, David, December 13, 2023, AP News, January 7, 2024, {{ASN accident |id=20220122-0|title= |wikibase=N |accessdate= August 9, 2022 }}

See also

• Aviation in the United States

Further reading

• Blue Streak by Barbara S. Peterson, Portfolio, 2004 ({{ISBN|1-59184-058-9}}).
• Flying High by James Wynbrandt, John Wiley & Sons Inc., 2004 ({{ISBN|0-471-65544-9}}).

References

{{reflist}}

External links

• {{Official websiteweblink}}

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