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DVD region code
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{{short description|Characteristic of DVDs}}{{distinguish|text=the three ITU regions, for managing the global radio spectrum}}{{Update|criticism and legal concerns|date=December 2021}}{{more citations needed|date=November 2011}}thumb|546x546px|right|DVD regionsDVD region codes are a digital rights management technique introduced in 1997.MAGAZINE,www.wired.com/2011/04/pr-burning-dvds/, Burning Question: Why do We Still Have Region Codes for DVDS?, Wired, 19, 5, Ryan, Mike, It is designed to allow rights holders to control the international distribution of a DVD release, including its content, release date, and price, all according to the appropriate region.This is achieved by way of region-locked DVD players, which will play back only DVDs encoded to their region (plus those without any region code). The American DVD Copy Control Association also requires that DVD player manufacturers incorporate the Regional Playback Control (RPC) system. However, region-free DVD players, which ignore region coding, are also commercially available,NEWS,www.washingtonpost.com/archive/business/2001/06/01/breaking-down-dvd-borders/dad3d4dd-ed1a-48b8-afa9-6418872db34e/, Breaking Down DVD Borders, James C., Luh, The Washington Post, June 1, 2001, {{subscription required}} and many DVD players can be modified to be region-free, allowing playback of all discs.WEB, Jim Taylor,www.dvddemystified.com/dvdfaq.html#6.4.2, DVD FAQ: DVD utilities and region-free information, Dvddemystified.com, December 29, 2010,www.dvddemystified.com/dvdfaq.html#6.4.2," title="web.archive.org/web/20090822172353www.dvddemystified.com/dvdfaq.html#6.4.2,">web.archive.org/web/20090822172353www.dvddemystified.com/dvdfaq.html#6.4.2, August 22, 2009, dead, DVDs may use one code, multiple codes (multi-region), or all codes (region free).- the content below is remote from Wikipedia
- it has been imported raw for GetWiki
{{anchor|DVD region codes and countries}}Region codes and countries{| class“wikitable“|+DVD region codes and geographic scope
! scope=“col“|Region code! scope=“col“|AreaEurope (except Belarus, Russia, Ukraine and Commonwealth of Independent States>CIS), Greenland, British Overseas Territories, Overseas France, Middle East, Eswatini, Lesotho, South Africa, and Japan |
Motion Picture Association of America>MPAA-related DVDs and “media copies” of pre-releases in Asia |
aircraft, cruise ship>cruise ships, and spacecraft |
Region-code enhanced
Region-code enhanced, also known as just “RCE” or “REA”,Regional Coding Enhancement FAQ from DVD Talk was a retroactive attempt to prevent the playing of one region’s discs in another region, even if the disc was played in a region-free player. The scheme was deployed on only a handful of discs. The disc contained the main program material region coded as region 1. But it also contained a short video loop of a map of the world showing the regions, which was coded as region 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6. The intention was that when the disc was played in a non-region 1 player, the player would default to playing the material for its native region. This played the aforementioned video loop of a map, which was impossible to escape from, as the user controls were disabled.The scheme was fundamentally flawed, as a region-free player tries to play a disc using the last region that worked with the previously inserted disc. If it cannot play the disc, then it tries another region until one is found that works. RCE could be defeated by briefly playing a “normal” region 1 disc, and then inserting the RCE protected region 1 disc, which would now play. RCE also caused a few problems with genuine region 1 players.Many “multi-region” DVD players defeated regional lockout and RCE by automatically identifying and matching a disc’s region code or allowing the user to manually select a particular region.WEB,www.barrel-of-monkeys.com/graphics/prod/dvdplayers/rce.html, RCE/REA Info, Barrel-of-monkeys.com, December 29, 2010, dead,www.barrel-of-monkeys.com/graphics/prod/dvdplayers/rce.html," title="web.archive.org/web/20110707212913www.barrel-of-monkeys.com/graphics/prod/dvdplayers/rce.html,">web.archive.org/web/20110707212913www.barrel-of-monkeys.com/graphics/prod/dvdplayers/rce.html, July 7, 2011, WEB, Michael Demtschyna,www.michaeldvd.com.au/Articles/RegionalCodeEnhancement/RCE.asp, Regional Code Enhancement, Michaeldvd.com.au, December 29, 2010, dead,www.michaeldvd.com.au/Articles/RegionalCodeEnhancement/RCE.asp," title="web.archive.org/web/20110409124419www.michaeldvd.com.au/Articles/RegionalCodeEnhancement/RCE.asp,">web.archive.org/web/20110409124419www.michaeldvd.com.au/Articles/RegionalCodeEnhancement/RCE.asp, April 9, 2011, Some manufacturers of DVD players now freely supply information on how to disable regional lockout, and on some recent models, it appears to be disabled by default.NEWS, Cheap DVD players come at a cost,www.smh.com.au/news/reviews/cheap-dvd-players-come-at-a-cost/2007/05/26/1179601725641.html, The Sydney Morning Herald, May 28, 2007, August 22, 2007, NEWS, The DVD Doctors,www.smh.com.au/news/The-Tribal-Mind/The-DVD-doctors/2005/03/29/1111862384019.html, The Tribal Mind (of The Sydney Morning Herald), March 30, 2005, August 22, 2007, Computer programs such as DVD Shrink can make copies of region-coded DVDs without RCE restriction.Purpose
One purpose of region coding is controlling release dates. One practice of movie marketing which was threatened by the advent of digital home video was the tradition of releasing a movie to cinemas and then for general rental or sale later in some countries than in others. This practice was historically common because before the advent of digital cinema, releasing a movie at the same time worldwide used to be prohibitively expensive. Most importantly, manufacturing a release print of a film for public exhibition in a cinema has always been expensive, but a large number of release prints are needed only for a narrow window of time during the first few weeks after a film’s release. Spreading out release dates allows for reuse of some release prints in other regions. For example, the film 28 Days Later was available on DVD in the United Kingdom before it was released in theaters in the United States.Videotapes were inherently regional since formats had to match those of the encoding system used by television stations in that particular region, such as NTSC and PAL, although from the early 1990s PAL machines increasingly offered NTSC playback. DVDs are less restricted in that sense. Region coding allows movie studios to better control the global release dates of DVDs.Also, the copyright in a title may be held by different entities in different territories. Region coding enables copyright holders to (attempt to) prevent a DVD from a region from which they do not derive royalties from being played on a DVD player inside their region. Region coding attempts to dissuade importing of DVDs from one region into another.PAL/SECAM vs. NTSC
DVDs are also formatted for use on two conflicting regional television systems: 480i/60 Hz and 576i/50 Hz, which in analog contexts are often referred to as 525/60 (NTSC) and 625/50 (PAL/SECAM) respectively. Strictly speaking, PAL and SECAM are analog color television signal formats which have no relevance in the digital domain (as evident in the conflation of PAL and SECAM, which are actually two distinct analog color systems). However, the DVD system was originally designed to encode the information necessary to reproduce signals in these formats, and the terms continue to be used (incorrectly) as a method of identifying refresh rates and vertical resolution. However, an “NTSC”, “PAL” or “SECAM” DVD player that has one or more analog composite video output (baseband or modulated) will only produce NTSC, PAL or SECAM signals, respectively, from those outputs, and may only play DVDs identified with the corresponding format.NTSC is the analog TV format historically associated with the United States, Canada, Japan, South Korea, Mexico, Philippines, Taiwan, and other countries. PAL is the analog color TV format historically associated with most of Europe, most of Africa, China, India, Australia, New Zealand, Israel, North Korea, and other countries (Brazil adopted the variant PAL-M, which uses the refresh rate and resolution commonly associated with NTSC). SECAM, a format associated with French-speaking Europe, while using the same resolution and refresh rate as PAL, is a distinct format which uses a very different system of color encoding. Some DVD players can only play discs identified as NTSC, PAL or SECAM, while others can play multiple standards.WEB, Taylor, Jim,www.dvddemystified.com/dvdfaq.html#1.19, DVD FAQ: Is DVD Video a Worldwide Standard? Does it Work with NTSC, PAL and SECAM?, Dvddemystified.com, December 29, 2010,www.dvddemystified.com/dvdfaq.html#1.19," title="web.archive.org/web/20090822172353www.dvddemystified.com/dvdfaq.html#1.19,">web.archive.org/web/20090822172353www.dvddemystified.com/dvdfaq.html#1.19, August 22, 2009, dead, In general, it is easier for consumers in PAL/SECAM countries to view NTSC DVDs than vice versa. Almost all DVD players sold in PAL/SECAM countries are capable of playing both kinds of discs, and most modern PAL TVs can handle the converted signal. NTSC discs may be output from a PAL DVD player in three different ways:- using a non-chroma encoded format such as RGB SCART or YPBPR component video.
- using PAL 60 encoded composite video/S-Videoâa “hybrid” system which uses NTSC’s 525/60 line format along with PAL’s chroma subcarrier
- using NTSC encoded composite video/S-Video.
Implementations of region codes
Standalone DVD players
Usually a configuration flag is set in each player’s firmware at the factory. This flag holds the region number that the machine is allowed to play. Region-free players are DVD players shipped without the ability to enforce regional lockout (usually by means of a chip that ignores any region coding), or without this flag set.However, if the player is not region-free, it can often be unlocked with an unlock code entered via the remote control. This code simply allows the user to change the factory-set configuration flag to another region, or to the special region “0”. Once unlocked this way, the DVD player allows the owner to watch DVDs from any region. Many websites exist on the Internet offering these codes, often known informally as hacks. Many websites provide instructions for different models of standalone DVD players, to hack, and their factory codes.Computer DVD drives
Older DVD drives use RPC-1 (Regional Playback Control) firmware, which means the drive allows DVDs from any region to play. Newer drives use RPC-2 firmware, which enforces the DVD region coding at the hardware level. These drives can often be reflashed or hacked with RPC-1 firmware, effectively making the drive region-free. This may void the drive warranty.Doom9 on RPC1 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170113075332www.doom9.org/index.html?%2Frpc1.htm |date=2017-01-13 }}.Some drives may come set as region-free, so the user is expected to assign their region when they buy it. In this case, some DVD programs may prompt the user to select a region, while others may actually assign the region automatically based on the locale set in the operating system.In most computer drives, users are allowed to change the region code up to five times.NEWS, Rulemaking hearing: Exemptions from prohibitions on circumvention of technological measures that control access to copyrighted works,www.copyright.gov/1201/2003/hearings/transcript-may15.pdf, 287, line 18, May 15, 2003, June 1, 2009,www.copyright.gov/1201/2003/hearings/transcript-may15.pdf," title="web.archive.org/web/20090508003326www.copyright.gov/1201/2003/hearings/transcript-may15.pdf,">web.archive.org/web/20090508003326www.copyright.gov/1201/2003/hearings/transcript-may15.pdf, May 8, 2009, dead, If the number of allowances reaches zero, the region last used will be permanent even if the drive is transferred to another computer. This limit is built into the drive’s controller software, called firmware. Resetting the firmware count can be done with first- or third-party software tools, or by reflashing (see above) to RPC-1 firmware.Since some software does not work correctly with RPC-1 drives, there is also the option of reflashing the drive with a so-called auto-reset firmware. This firmware appears as RPC-2 firmware to software, but will reset the region changes counter whenever power is cycled, reverting to the state of a drive that has never had its region code changed.Software DVD players
Most freeware and open source DVD players ignore region coding. VLC, for example, does not attempt to enforce region coding; however, it requires access to the DVD’s raw data to overcome CSS encryption, and such access may not be available on some drives with RPC-2 firmware when playing a disc from a different region than the region to which the drive is locked.Does VLC support DVDs from all regions? Most commercial players are locked to a region code, but can be easily changed with software.Other software, known as DVD region killers, transparently remove (or hide) the DVD region code from the software player. Some can also work around locked RPC-2 firmware.Circumvention
The region coding of a DVD can be circumvented by making a copy that adds flags for all region codes, creating an all-region DVD. DVD backup software can do this, and some can also remove Macrovision, CSS, and disabled user operations (UOps).In common region-locked DVDs (but not in RCE-DVDs), the region code is stored in the file “VIDEO_TS.IFO” (table “VMGM_MAT“), byte offsets 34 and 35.WEB, DVD-Replica Media LLC,www.dvd-replica.com/DVD/data-3.php, DVD Basic Data Structure Guide, Dvd-replica.com, November 14, 2010,www.dvd-replica.com/DVD/data-3.php," title="archive.today/20120728224510www.dvd-replica.com/DVD/data-3.php,">archive.today/20120728224510www.dvd-replica.com/DVD/data-3.php, July 28, 2012, dead, The eight regions each correspond to a value which is a power of 2: Region 1 corresponds to 1 (20), Region 2 to 2 (21), Region 3 to 4 (22), and so on through Region 8, which corresponds to 128 (27). The values of each region that the disc is not encoded for are added together to give the value in the file. For example, a disc that is encoded for Region 1 but not Regions 2â8 will have the value 2+4+8+16+32+64+128=254. A disc encoded for Regions 1, 2 and 4 will have the value 4+16+32+64+128=244. A region-free or RCE-protected DVD will carry the value zero, since no regions are excluded.Video game consoles
The Xbox, Xbox 360, PlayStation 2 and PlayStation 3 consoles are all region-locked for DVD playback. The PlayStation 2WEB,www.videohelp.com/dvdhacks/sony-playstation-2/445, Sony Playstation 2 Region Code, VideoHelp.com, November 14, 2010, can be modified to have its regional-locking disabled through the use of modchips. Although region locked on film DVDs and film Blu-ray Discs, the PlayStation 3, PlayStation 4, PlayStation 5, Xbox One, and Xbox Series X are region free for video games, though add-on content on the online store is region locked and must match the region of the disc.Blu-ray Disc region codes
(File:Blu-ray-regions with key.svg|thumb|300px|right|Blu-ray regions)Blu-ray Discs use a much simpler region-code system than DVD with only three regions, labeled A, B and C. As with DVDs, many Blu-rays are encoded region 0 (region free), making them suitable for players worldwide.{| class=“wikitable”A}}/1{{Anchor|Region A}} | Americas and their Dependent territory>dependencies, Taiwan, Japan, Hong Kong, Macau, Korea, and Southeast Asia |
B}}/2{{Anchor|Region B}} | Africa, West Asia, most of Europe, Australia, New Zealand, and their Dependent territory>dependencies |
C}}/3{{Anchor|Region C}} | Central Asia, China, Mongolia, South Asia, Belarus, Ukraine, Russia, Kazakhstan, Moldova, and their Dependent territory>dependencies |
ABC/FREE}} {{Anchor|Region ABC/FREE}}| Worldwide. Region free is not an official setting; discs that bear the region FREE symbol either have no flags set or have all three flags set. |
UMD region codes
For the UMD, a disc type used for the PlayStation Portable, UMD movies have region codes similar to DVDs, although many PSP games are region-free.- Region 0: Any disc is played worldwide
- Region 1: Any disc is played in North and Central America
- Region 2: Any disc is played in Europe, Japan, Middle East, South Africa, and Greenland
- Region 3: Any disc is played in Southeast Asia, Taiwan, South Korea, and Hong Kong
- Region 4: Any disc is played in Oceania and South America
- Region 5: Any disc is played in Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, India, Pakistan, Africa (without Egypt or South Africa), North Korea, and Mongolia
- Region 6: Any disc is played in China
Criticism and legal concerns{{Anchor|Legal concerns}}
{{update|section|date=December 2021}}Region coding has been criticized for facilitating unlawful market control strategies, such as price fixing. Sale of region-coded DVDs is illegal in New Zealand.WEB,cyber.law.harvard.edu/openlaw/DVD/dvd-discuss-faq.html#ss3.3.1, Openlaw DVD FAQ, Cyber.law.harvard.edu, December 29, 2010,Oceania
The Australian Competition & Consumer Commission (ACCC) have warned that DVD players that enforce region-coding may violate the Competition and Consumer Act 2010.“Restricting DVD’s Illegal: ACCC” {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070616153646www.consensus.com.au/ITWritersAwards/ITWarchive/ITWentries02/C1CaitlinFitzsimmons.htm |date=2007-06-16 }}. The Australian. March 27, 2001. Retrieved May 11, 2006.WEB,www.accc.gov.au/content/index.phtml/itemId/87605, Consumers in Dark about DVD Imports, Australian Competition & Consumer Commission, December 21, 2000, December 29, 2010, “Difficulties Between the Pro-Competitive Community and Intellectual Property (note: open one of the attachments and search for “RPC” to find the relevant section). A December 2000 report from the ACCC advised consumers to “exercise caution when purchasing a DVD video player because of the restrictions that limit their ability to play imported DVDs.” The report stated, “These restrictions are artificially imposed by a group of multinational film entertainment companies and are not caused by the existing differences in television display formats such as PAL, NTSC and SECAM [...] The ACCC is currently investigating whether Australian consumers are paying higher prices for DVDs because of the ability of copyright owners, such as film companies, to prevent competition by restricting imports from countries where the same (authorised) video titles are sold more cheaply.” In 2012, a report from The Sydney Morning Herald revealed that region-free DVD players were legal in Australia, as they were exempt from the Technological Protection Measures (TPMs) included in the US Free Trade Agreement.WEB,www.smh.com.au/technology/are-regionfree-dvd-players-legal-20120201-1qs42.html, Are region-free DVD players legal?, 8 February 2012, Under New Zealand copyright law, DVD region codes and the mechanisms in DVD players to enforce them have no legal protection.Copyright Act 1994 No 143 (as at 01 December 2008) section 226 part b.Europe
The practice was also criticized by the European CommissionPRESS RELEASE,europa.eu/rapid/pressReleasesAction.do?reference=SPEECH/01/275, SPEECH/01/275: Content, Competition and Consumers: Innovation and Choice, Europa, June 11, 2000, December 16, 2011, which as of 14 March 2001 were investigating whether the resulting price discrimination amounts to a violation of European competition law.Probes into Regional DVD Imperils Studio Strategy, Paul Sweeting, Variety, June 3, 2001.North America
The Washington Post highlighted how DVD region-coding was a major inconvenience for travelers who have the desire to legally purchase DVDs worldwide and return with them to their countries of origin, students of foreign languages, immigrants who want to watch films from their country of origin, and foreign film fans. Another criticism is that region-coding allows for local censorship, such as the Region 1 DVD of the 1999 drama film Eyes Wide Shut which contains the digital manipulations needed for the film to secure an MPAA R-rating, while these manipulations are not evident in discs that are not in region 1.Closed Borders and Open Secrets: Regional Lockout, the Film Industry and Code-Free DVD Players, Brian Hu, Mediascape: Journal of Cinema and Media Studies, Vol. 1, Number 2See also
References
{{Reflist}}External links
- Blu-ray and DVD Region Codes and Video Standards at Brenton Film
- DVD region information with regards to RCE from Home Theater Info
- www.dvdcodes.net/FAQ.htm" title="web.archive.org/web/20200804044242www.dvdcodes.net/FAQ.htm">Region Coding - Explanations & Help from The DVDCodes Source
- Amazon.co.uk DVD Regions guide
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- "DVD region code" does not exist on GetWiki (yet)
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