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2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami
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{{short description|Earthquake and subsequent tsunami in the Indian Ocean}}{{pp-protected|reason=Persistent despite multiple protections. Enough.|small=yes}}{{Use British English|date=March 2017}}{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}- the content below is remote from Wikipedia
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| title | 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami| image = {{Photomontage |
| photo1a | US Navy 050102-N-9593M-040 A village near the coast of Sumatra lays in ruin after the Tsunami that struck South East Asia.jpg | photo2a = 041231중앙119구조본부 서남아시아 ì§€ì§„í•´ì¼ ì¶œë™3.jpg | photo2b= Man searching through rubble in Meulaboh after 2004 tsunami DM-SD-06-11957.JPEG | photo3a = 2004-tsunami balanced.jpg | photo3b = Tsunami Memoral Alappadu.jpg | position = center | color_border = white | color = white | size = 250 |
| From top, left to right: Banda Aceh, Indonesia, after the tsunami • Korean rescue workers recovering a body under debris • a man searching through rubble in Meulaboh • people running away from the tsunami • a tsunami memorial in Kerala, India}}| isc-event = 7453151| anss-url = official20041226005853450_30 | AUTHOR=NATIONAL EARTHQUAKE INFORMATION CENTER | UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY>ACCESS-DATE=24 APRIL 2023 | ARCHIVE-DATE=26 SEPTEMBER 2019 | URL-STATUS=LIVE, | timestamp = 2004-12-26 00:58:53 | 07:28:53 (UTC+06:30) | 08:58:53 (UTC+08:00)}}| pushpin_map = Indian Ocean#Indonesia Sumatra#Earth | 30|km}} | WEBSITE=INDIANOCEANTSUNAMI.WEB.UNC.EDU | ARCHIVE-DATE=18 APRIL 2019 | URL-STATUS=DEAD, | 3.316 | 95.854 | type:event_scale:50000000|display=inline,title}} | Megathrust earthquake>Megathrust |
| IX}} | w|link=y}} | Countries affected by the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami>Indian Ocean coastline areas | URL=HTTPS://CDN.SIDA.SE/PUBLICATIONS/FILES/SIDA61330EN-JOINT-EVALUATION-OF-THE-INTERNATIONAL-RESPONSE-TO-THE-INDIAN-OCEAN-TSUNAMI.PDF | LAST2=COSGRAVE | PUBLISHER=TSUNAMI EVALUATION COALITION | ISBN=0-85003-807-3 | PAGES=33 | PUBLISHER=U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY | ARCHIVE-DATE=5 JUNE 2013, | name = | alt = | map = | map_alt = | map_caption = | map2 = | duration = 10 minutes| fault = | damages = | pga = | pgv = | landslide = | foreshocks = | aftershocks = | citations = | engvar = en-UK}}On 26 December 2004, at 07:58:53 local time ((UTC+07:00|UTC+7)), a major earthquake with a magnitude of 9.2–9.3 {{M|w|link=y}} struck with an epicentre off the west coast of northern Sumatra, Indonesia. The undersea megathrust earthquake, known by the scientific community as the Sumatra–Andaman earthquake,JOURNAL, Lay, T., Kanamori, H., Ammon, C., Nettles, M., Ward, S., Aster, R., Beck, S., Bilek, S., Brudzinski, M., Butler, R., DeShon, H., Ekström, G., Satake, K., Sipkin, S., The Great Sumatra-Andaman Earthquake of 26 December 2004, Science, 20 May 2005, 308, 5725, 1127–1133, 10.1126/science.1112250, 15905392, 2005Sci...308.1127L, 43739943,authors.library.caltech.edu/20879/2/Lay_SOM.pdf, 20 March 2019, 22 July 2021,web.archive.org/web/20210722221132/https://authors.library.caltech.edu/20879/2/Lay_SOM.pdf, live, WEB,walrus.wr.usgs.gov/tsunami/sumatraEQ/, Tsunamis and Earthquakes: Tsunami Generation from the 2004 Sumatra Earthquake – USGS Western Coastal and Marine Geology, Walrus.wr.usgs.gov, 12 August 2010, 26 December 2018,web.archive.org/web/20181226114009/https://walrus.wr.usgs.gov/tsunami/sumatraEQ/, live, was caused by a rupture along the fault between the Burma Plate and the Indian Plate, and reached a Mercalli intensity up to IX in some areas.A massive tsunami with waves up to {{cvt|30|m|sigfig=1}} high, known as the Boxing Day Tsunami after the Boxing Day holiday, or as the Asian Tsunami,WEB, 2014-12-24, A decade after the 2004 Asian Tsunami: recalling the turning point for disaster management,www.who.int/southeastasia/news/opinion-editorials/detail/a-decade-after-the-2004-asian-tsunami-recalling-the-turning-point-for-disaster-management, 2024-05-18, www.who.int, en, devastated communities along the surrounding coasts of the Indian Ocean, killing an estimated 227,898 people in 14 countries in one of the deadliest natural disasters in recorded history. The direct results caused major disruptions to living conditions and commerce in coastal provinces of surrounded countries, including Aceh (Indonesia), Sri Lanka, Tamil Nadu (India) and Khao Lak (Thailand). Banda Aceh reported the largest number of deaths. It is the deadliest natural disaster of the 21st century,BOOK, Goff, James,books.google.com/books?id=Xr4cEAAAQBAJ&q=2004+tsunami+largest+disaster+21st+century, Tsunami: The World’s Greatest Waves, Dudley, Walter C., Oxford University Press, 2021, 9780197546123, New York, 189, en, Boxing Day: The World’s Worst Disaster of the 21st Century, 10.1093/oso/9780197546123.001.0001, and the worst tsunami disaster in history.JOURNAL, Satake, Kenji, 2014-11-13, Advances in earthquake and tsunami sciences and disaster risk reduction since the 2004 Indian ocean tsunami, Geoscience Letters, 1, 1, 15, 10.1186/s40562-014-0015-7, free, 2014GSL.....1...15S, 2196-4092, It is also the worst natural disaster in the history of Indonesia, Sri Lanka and Thailand.JOURNAL, Athukorala, Prema-chandra, 2012, Indian Ocean Tsunami: Disaster, Generosity and Recovery,onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1467-8381.2012.02083.x, Asian Economic Journal, en, 26, 3, 211–231, 10.1111/j.1467-8381.2012.02083.x, 1351-3958, It was the most powerful earthquake ever recorded in Asia, the most powerful earthquake in the 21st century, and at least the second most powerful earthquake ever recorded in the world since modern seismography began in 1900.JOURNAL, Gross, Richard S., Chao, Benjamin F., 2006-11-01, The rotational and gravitational signature of the December 26, 2004 Sumatran earthquake,doi.org/10.1007/s10712-006-9008-1, Surveys in Geophysics, en, 27, 6, 615–632, 10.1007/s10712-006-9008-1, 2006SGeo...27..615G, 1573-0956, It had the longest fault rupture ever observed, between 1,200 km to 1,300 km (720 mi to 780 mi), and had the longest duration of faulting ever observed, at least ten minutes.WEB,www.nsf.gov/news/news_summ.jsp?cntn_id=104179, Analysis of the Sumatra-Andaman Earthquake Reveals Longest Fault Rupture Ever, 19 May 2005, National Science Foundation, 15 December 2016, 12 August 2021,web.archive.org/web/20210812205404/https://www.nsf.gov/news/news_summ.jsp?cntn_id=104179, live, It caused the planet to vibrate as much as {{cvt|10|mm|1}},WEB, Walton, Marsha,edition.cnn.com/2005/TECH/science/05/19/sumatra.quake/index.html, Scientists: Sumatra quake longest ever recorded, CNN, 20 May 2005, 15 December 2016, 14 February 2012,edition.cnn.com/2005/TECH/science/05/19/sumatra.quake/index.html," title="web.archive.org/web/20120214073430edition.cnn.com/2005/TECH/science/05/19/sumatra.quake/index.html,">web.archive.org/web/20120214073430edition.cnn.com/2005/TECH/science/05/19/sumatra.quake/index.html, live, and also remotely triggered earthquakes as far away as Alaska.JOURNAL, West, Michael, Sanches, John J., McNutt, Stephen R., 27869948, Periodically Triggered Seismicity at Mount Wrangell, Alaska, After the Sumatra Earthquake, Science (journal), Science, 20 May 2005, 308, 5725, 1144–1146, 15905395, 2005Sci...308.1144W, 10.1126/science.1112462, Its epicentre was between Simeulue and mainland Sumatra.JOURNAL, Nalbant, Suleyman S., Steacy, Sandy, Sieh, Kerry, Natawidjaja, Danny, Danny Hilman Natawidjaja, McCloskey, John, Seismology: Earthquake risk on the Sunda trench, Nature (journal), Nature, 9 June 2005, 435, 7043, 756–757, 10.1038/nature435756a, 15944691,www.gps.caltech.edu/~sieh/pubs_docs/papers/P05b.pdf, 16 May 2009,www.gps.caltech.edu/~sieh/pubs_docs/papers/P05b.pdf," title="web.archive.org/web/20100604092608www.gps.caltech.edu/~sieh/pubs_docs/papers/P05b.pdf,">web.archive.org/web/20100604092608www.gps.caltech.edu/~sieh/pubs_docs/papers/P05b.pdf, 4 June 2010, dead, 2005Natur.435..756N, 10220/8668, 4321796, The plight of the affected people and countries prompted a worldwide humanitarian response, with donations totalling more than US$14 billionBOOK, Jayasuriya, Sisira, McCawley, Peter,www.e-elgar.co.uk/Bookentry_Main.lasso?id=13668, The Asian Tsunami: Aid and Reconstruction after a Disaster, Cheltenham, UK; Northampton, MA, Edward Elgar, 2010, 978-1-84844-692-2, 6 December 2010,www.e-elgar.co.uk/Bookentry_Main.lasso?id=13668," title="web.archive.org/web/20110722005138www.e-elgar.co.uk/Bookentry_Main.lasso?id=13668,">web.archive.org/web/20110722005138www.e-elgar.co.uk/Bookentry_Main.lasso?id=13668, 22 July 2011, dead, (equivalent to US${{Inflation|USD|14|2004}} billion in {{Inflation/year|index=USD}} currency).Earthquake{{2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami}}File:Image=2004acehearthquake.jpg|thumb|left|USGSUSGSThe 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake was initially documented as having a moment magnitude of 8.8. The United States Geological Survey has its estimate of 9.1.WEB, Long-term ocean observing for international capacity development around tsunami early warning {{!, U.S. Geological Survey |url=https://www.usgs.gov/publications/long-term-ocean-observing-international-capacity-development-around-tsunami-early |website=www.usgs.gov |access-date=18 October 2022 |language=en |archive-date=18 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221018073633www.usgs.gov/publications/long-term-ocean-observing-international-capacity-development-around-tsunami-early |url-status=live }} Hiroo Kanamori of the California Institute of Technology estimates that {{M|w}}9.2 is best representative of the earthquake’s size.JOURNAL, Kanamori, Hiroo, 2006, Seismological Aspects of the December 2004 Great Sumatra-Andaman Earthquake,journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1193/1.2201969, Earthquake Spectra, en, 22, 3_suppl, 1–12, 10.1193/1.2201969, 2006EarSp..22....1K, 8755-2930, However, more recent studies estimate the magnitude to be {{M|w}}9.3.JOURNAL, Tsai, Victor C., Nettles, Meredith, Ekström, Göran, Dziewonski, Adam M., 2005, Multiple CMT source analysis of the 2004 Sumatra earthquake,agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2005GL023813, Geophysical Research Letters, en, 32, 17, 10.1029/2005GL023813, 2005GeoRL..3217304T, 0094-8276, JOURNAL, Hirata, Kenji, Satake, Kenji, Tanioka, Yuichiro, Kuragano, Tsurane, Hasegawa, Yohei, Hayashi, Yutaka, Hamada, Nobuo, 2006-02-01, The 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami: Tsunami source model from satellite altimetry, Earth, Planets and Space, 58, 2, 195–201, 10.1186/BF03353378, free, 2006EP&S...58..195H, 1880-5981, JOURNAL, Menke, William, Abend, Hannah, Bach, Dalia, Newman, Kori, Levin, Vadim, 2006-11-01, Review of the source characteristics of the Great Sumatra–Andaman Islands earthquake of 2004,doi.org/10.1007/s10712-006-9013-4, Surveys in Geophysics, en, 27, 6, 603–613, 10.1007/s10712-006-9013-4, 2006SGeo...27..603M, 1573-0956, JOURNAL, Stein, Seth, Okal, Emile A., 2007-01-01, Ultralong Period Seismic Study of the December 2004 Indian Ocean Earthquake and Implications for Regional Tectonics and the Subduction Process,pubs.geoscienceworld.org/bssa/article/97/1A/S279/146573/Ultralong-Period-Seismic-Study-of-the-December, Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, en, 97, 1A, S279–S295, 10.1785/0120050617, 2007BuSSA..97S.279S, 1943-3573, A 2016 study estimated the magnitude to be {{M|w}}9.25,JOURNAL, Bletery, Quentin, Sladen, Anthony, Jiang, Junle, Simons, Mark, 2016, A Bayesian source model for the 2004 great Sumatra-Andaman earthquake,agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/2016JB012911, Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, en, 121, 7, 5116–5135, 10.1002/2016JB012911, 2016JGRB..121.5116B, 2169-9313, while a 2021 study revised its 2007 estimate of {{M|w}}9.1 to a new magnitude of {{M|w}}9.2.JOURNAL, Fujii, Yushiro, Satake, Kenji, Watada, Shingo, Ho, Tung-Cheng, 2021-12-01, Re-examination of Slip Distribution of the 2004 Sumatra–Andaman Earthquake (Mw 9.2) by the Inversion of Tsunami Data Using Green’s Functions Corrected for Compressible Seawater Over the Elastic Earth,doi.org/10.1007/s00024-021-02909-6, Pure and Applied Geophysics, en, 178, 12, 4777–4796, 10.1007/s00024-021-02909-6, 1420-9136, The hypocentre of the main earthquake was approximately {{cvt|160|km|-1}} off the western coast of northern Sumatra, in the Indian Ocean just north of Simeulue island at a depth of {{cvt|30|km}} below mean sea level (initially reported as {{cvt|10|km|disp=or}}). The northern section of the Sunda megathrust ruptured over a length of {{cvt|1300|km}}. The earthquake (followed by the tsunami) was felt in Bangladesh, India, Malaysia, Myanmar, Thailand, Sri Lanka and the Maldives.JOURNAL, Løvholt, F., Bungum, H., Harbitz, C.B., Glimsdal, S., Lindholm, C.D., Pedersen, G., 1, Earthquake related tsunami hazard along the western coast of Thailand, Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences, 30 November 2006, 6, 6, 979–997, 10.5194/nhess-6-979-2006, 11250/2426119,hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00299386/file/nhess-6-979-2006.pdf, 2006NHESS...6..979L, free, 1 September 2019, 25 July 2021,web.archive.org/web/20210725132236/https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00299386/file/nhess-6-979-2006.pdf, live, Splay faults, or secondary “pop up faults”, caused long, narrow parts of the seafloor to pop up in seconds. This quickly elevated the height and increased the speed of waves, destroying the nearby Indonesian town of Lhoknga.JOURNAL, Sibuet, J., Rangin, C., Le Pichon, X., Singh, S., Cattaneo, A., Graindorge, D., Klingelhoefer, F., Lin, J., Malod, J., Maury, T., Schneider, J., Sultan, N., Umber, M., Yamaguchi, H., 1, 26th December 2004 great Sumatra–Andaman earthquake: Co-seismic and post-seismic motions in northern Sumatra, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 15 November 2007, 263, 1–2, 88–103, 10.1016/j.epsl.2007.09.005,wwz.ifremer.fr/drogm/content/download/36024/293289/file/2007EPSLSibuet.pdf, 16 May 2009,www.webcitation.org/5gsKIqvg4?url=http://wwz.ifremer.fr/drogm/content/download/36024/293289/file/2007EPSLSibuet.pdf, 19 May 2009, dead, 2007E&PSL.263...88S, Indonesia lies between the Pacific Ring of Fire along the north-eastern islands adjacent to New Guinea, and the Alpide belt that runs along the south and west from Sumatra, Java, Bali, Flores to Timor. The 2002 Sumatra earthquake is believed to have been a foreshock, preceding the main event by over two years.JOURNAL, Vallée, M., 2007, Rupture Properties of the Giant Sumatra Earthquake Imaged by Empirical Green’s Function Analysis, Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, Seismological Society of America, 97, 1A, S103–S114, 10.1785/0120050616,igpphome.ucsd.edu/~shearer/Files/Sumatra_Papers/vallee_bssa07.pdf, 2007BuSSA..97S.103V, 10 February 2016, 10 October 2016,igpphome.ucsd.edu/~shearer/Files/Sumatra_Papers/vallee_bssa07.pdf," title="web.archive.org/web/20161010004431igpphome.ucsd.edu/~shearer/Files/Sumatra_Papers/vallee_bssa07.pdf,">web.archive.org/web/20161010004431igpphome.ucsd.edu/~shearer/Files/Sumatra_Papers/vallee_bssa07.pdf, live,Historical comparisons{{See also|List of megathrust earthquakes}}Great earthquakes, such as the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake, are associated with megathrust events in subduction zones. Their seismic moments can account for a significant fraction of the global seismic moment across century-scale periods. Of all the moment released by earthquakes in the 100 years from 1906 through 2005, roughly one eighth was due to the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake.JOURNAL, Bird, Peter, Kreemer, Corné, February 2015, Revised Tectonic Forecast of Global Shallow Seismicity Based on Version 2.1 of the Global Strain Rate Map,pubs.geoscienceworld.org/bssa/article/105/1/152-166/323426, Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, en, 105, 1, 152–166, 10.1785/0120140129, 2015BuSSA.105..152B, 0037-1106, This quake, together with the Great Alaskan earthquake (1964) and the Great Chilean earthquake (1960), account for almost half of the total moment.WEB, Callender, Rick, Cumulative Moment Mag,www.iris.edu/gallery3/general/posters/CenturyofEarthquakes/CumulativeMomentMag, 2022-11-20, IRIS Consortium, 20 November 2022,web.archive.org/web/20221120104338/https://www.iris.edu/gallery3/general/posters/CenturyofEarthquakes/CumulativeMomentMag, dead, Since 1900, the only earthquakes recorded with a greater magnitude were the 1960 Valdivia earthquake (magnitude 9.5) and the 1964 Alaska earthquake in Prince William Sound (magnitude 9.2). The only other recorded earthquakes of magnitude 9.0 or greater were off Kamchatka, Russia, on 5 November 1952 (magnitude 9.0) and TÅhoku, Japan (magnitude 9.1) in March 2011. Each of these megathrust earthquakes also spawned tsunamis in the Pacific Ocean. In comparison to the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake, the death toll from these earthquakes and tsunamis was significantly lower, primarily because of the lower population density along the coasts near affected areas.Comparisons with earlier earthquakes are difficult, as earthquake strength were not measured systematically until the 1930s.WEB, How do you determine the magnitude for an earthquake that occurred prior to the creation of the magnitude scale?,www.usgs.gov/faqs/how-do-you-determine-magnitude-earthquake-occurred-prior-creation-magnitude-scale, 2022-12-10, U.S. Geological Survey, 10 December 2022,web.archive.org/web/20221210120240/https://www.usgs.gov/faqs/how-do-you-determine-magnitude-earthquake-occurred-prior-creation-magnitude-scale, live, However, historical earthquake strength can sometimes be estimated by examining historical descriptions of the damage caused, and the geological records of the areas where they occurred.WEB, Palmer, Brian, 2010-01-14, How do they measure earthquakes from 250 years ago?,slate.com/news-and-politics/2010/01/how-do-they-measure-earthquakes-from-250-years-ago.html, 2022-12-10, Slate Magazine, en, 10 December 2022,web.archive.org/web/20221210120243/https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2010/01/how-do-they-measure-earthquakes-from-250-years-ago.html, live, Some examples of significant historical megathrust earthquakes are the 1868 Arica earthquake in Peru and the 1700 Cascadia earthquake in western North America.Tectonic plates(File:Seisme Sumatra CADRE.jpg|thumb|left|Epicentre and associated aftershocks)The 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake was unusually large in geographical and geological extent. An estimated {{cvt|1600|km|-2}} of fault surface slipped (or ruptured) about {{cvt|15|m|-1}} along the subduction zone where the Indian Plate slides under (or subducts) the overriding Burma Plate. The slip did not happen instantaneously but took place in two phases over several minutes:Seismographic and acoustic data indicate that the first phase involved a rupture about {{cvt|400|km|-1}} long and {{cvt|100|km|-1}} wide, {{cvt|30|km}} beneath the sea bed—the largest rupture ever known to have been caused by an earthquake. The rupture proceeded at about {{cvt|2.8|km/s|mi/s km/h mph|sigfig=3}}, beginning off the coast of Aceh and proceeding north-westerly over about 100 seconds.After a pause of about another 100 seconds, the rupture continued northwards towards the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. The northern rupture occurred more slowly than in the south, at about {{cvt|2.1|km/s|mi/s km/h mph}}, continuing north for another five minutes to a plate boundary where the fault type changes from subduction to strike-slip (the two plates slide past one another in opposite directions).The Indian Plate is part of the Indo-Australian Plate, which underlies the Indian Ocean and Bay of Bengal, and is moving north-east at an average of {{cvt|60|mm/yr}}. The India Plate meets the Burma Plate (which is considered a portion of the great Eurasian Plate) at the Sunda Trench. At this point, the India Plate subducts beneath the Burma Plate, which carries the Nicobar Islands, the Andaman Islands, and northern Sumatra. The India Plate sinks deeper and deeper beneath the Burma Plate until the increasing temperature and pressure drive volatiles out of the subducting plate. These volatiles rise into the overlying plate, causing partial melting and the formation of magma. The rising magma intrudes into the crust above and exits the Earth’s crust through volcanoes in the form of a volcanic arc. The volcanic activity that results as the Indo-Australian Plate subducts the Eurasian Plate has created the Sunda Arc.As well as the sideways movement between the plates, the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake resulted in a rise of the seafloor by several metres, displacing an estimated {{cvt|30|km3}} of water and triggering devastating tsunami waves. The waves radiated outwards along the entire {{cvt|1600|km|-2}} length of the rupture (acting as a line source). This greatly increased the geographical area over which the waves were observed, reaching as far as Mexico, Chile, and the Arctic. The raising of the seafloor significantly reduced the capacity of the Indian Ocean, producing a permanent rise in the global sea level by an estimated {{cvt|0.1|mm|sigfig=1}}.JOURNAL, Bilham, Roger, A Flying Start, Then a Slow Slip, Science (journal), Science, 20 May 2005, 308, 5725, 1126–1127, 10.1126/science.1113363, 15905391, 2005Sci...308.1126B, 30721065,Aftershocks and other earthquakes{{See also|List of earthquakes in Indonesia|List of earthquakes in 2004}}(File:Neic slav fig72.gif|thumb|Initial earthquake and aftershocks measuring greater than 4.0 {{M|w}} from 26 December 2004 to 10 January 2005)(File:2004 Indian Ocean earthquake.svg|thumb|right|Aftershocks of 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake)Numerous aftershocks were reported off the Andaman Islands, the Nicobar Islands and the region of the original epicentre in the hours and days that followed. The magnitude 8.6 2005 Nias–Simeulue earthquake, which originated off the coast of the Sumatran island of Nias, is not considered an aftershock, despite its proximity to the epicentre, and was most likely triggered by stress changes associated with the 2004 event.WEB,earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eqarchives/poster/2005/20050328.php, Poster of the Northern Sumatra Earthquake of 28 March 2005 – Magnitude 8.7, USGS, 22 July 2010, 26 June 2011,earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eqarchives/poster/2005/20050328.php," title="web.archive.org/web/20110514113830earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eqarchives/poster/2005/20050328.php,">web.archive.org/web/20110514113830earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eqarchives/poster/2005/20050328.php, 14 May 2011, dead, The earthquake produced its own aftershocks (some registering a magnitude of as high as 6.9WEB, M 6.9 - 89 km WSW of Singkil, Indonesia,earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/usp000dr4t/executive, 2023-12-26, earthquake.usgs.gov, ) and presently ranks as the third-largest earthquake ever recorded on the moment magnitude or Richter magnitude scale.Other aftershocks of up to magnitude 7.2WEB, M 7.2 - 284 km WNW of Sabang, Indonesia,earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/usp000dbg6/executive, 2023-12-26, earthquake.usgs.gov, continued to shake the region daily for three or four months.NEWS,news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/4430255.stm, Sumatra shaken by new earthquake, BBC News, 10 April 2005, 24 December 2012, 3 November 2012,news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/4430255.stm," title="web.archive.org/web/20121103182113news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/4430255.stm,">web.archive.org/web/20121103182113news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/4430255.stm, live, As well as continuing aftershocks, the energy released by the original earthquake continued to make its presence felt well after the event. A week after the earthquake, its reverberations could still be measured, providing valuable scientific data about the Earth’s interior.The 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake came just three days after a magnitude 8.1 earthquake in the sub-antarctic Auckland Islands, an uninhabited region west of New Zealand, and Macquarie Island to Australia’s north. This is unusual since earthquakes of magnitude eight or more occur only about once per year on average.WEB,www.usgs.gov/faq/categories/9830/3355, USGS Earthquake Hazards Program: FAQ, Earthquake.usgs.gov, 10 December 2012, 24 December 2012,www.usgs.gov/faq/categories/9830/3355," title="web.archive.org/web/20141120115751www.usgs.gov/faq/categories/9830/3355,">web.archive.org/web/20141120115751www.usgs.gov/faq/categories/9830/3355, 20 November 2014, dead, The U.S. Geological Survey sees no evidence of a causal relationship between these events.WEB,earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eqinthenews/2004/us2004slav/faq.php, Magnitude 9.1 Sumatra-Andaman Islands Earthquake FAQ, USGS, 29 December 2014, 6 January 2015,earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eqinthenews/2004/us2004slav/faq.php," title="web.archive.org/web/20141213144822earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eqinthenews/2004/us2004slav/faq.php,">web.archive.org/web/20141213144822earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eqinthenews/2004/us2004slav/faq.php, 13 December 2014, dead, dmy-all, The 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake is thought to have triggered activity in both Leuser MountainWEB, Rinaldo, Aditya,www.hindustantimes.com/news/181_1317370,00050004.htm, Thousands flee as Indonesian volcano spews into life, Hindustan Times, 12 April 2005,www.hindustantimes.com/news/181_1317370%2C00050004.htm," title="web.archive.org/web/20060217062133www.hindustantimes.com/news/181_1317370%2C00050004.htm,">web.archive.org/web/20060217062133www.hindustantimes.com/news/181_1317370%2C00050004.htm, 17 February 2006, dead, and Mount Talang,WEB,apnews.com/a277ea8d5aef4b058ea7a582f7982b89/Volcano-erupts-on-same-Indonesian-island-as-earlier-quake, 3 October 2018, Eileen Ng, Volcano erupts on same Indonesian island as earlier quake, Associated Press, Danny Hillman Natawidjaja, a geologist with Indonesia’s Institute of Science...cited the example of the eruption of Mount Talang volcano in Indonesia’s Sumatra province in April 2005, which geologists have said was connected to the devastating December 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami., 16 February 2020, 16 February 2020,web.archive.org/web/20200216231638/https://apnews.com/a277ea8d5aef4b058ea7a582f7982b89/Volcano-erupts-on-same-Indonesian-island-as-earlier-quake, live, volcanoes in Aceh along the same range of peaks, while the 2005 Nias–Simeulue earthquake sparked activity in Lake Toba, a massive caldera in Sumatra.WEB,abcnews.go.com/Technology/wireStory?id=661767, Volcano on Indonesia’s Sumatra Erupts, ABC News, 11 April 2005,web.archive.org/web/20050919103130/https://abcnews.go.com/Technology/wireStory?id=661767, 19 September 2005,Energy releasedThe energy released on the Earth’s surface (Me, the energy magnitude, which is the seismic potential for damage) by the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake was estimated at {{convert|1.1e17|J|PJ MtonTNT|lk=on}}.WEB,neic.usgs.gov/neis/eq_depot/2004/eq_041226/neic_slav_e.html, USGS Energy and Broadband Solution, National Earthquake Information Center, US Geological Survey, 12 August 2010,neic.usgs.gov/neis/eq_depot/2004/eq_041226/neic_slav_e.html," title="web.archive.org/web/20100404013939neic.usgs.gov/neis/eq_depot/2004/eq_041226/neic_slav_e.html,">web.archive.org/web/20100404013939neic.usgs.gov/neis/eq_depot/2004/eq_041226/neic_slav_e.html, 4 April 2010, This energy is equivalent to over 1,500 times that of the Hiroshima atomic bomb, but less than that of Tsar Bomba, the largest nuclear weapon ever detonated.WEB,earthquake.usgs.gov/learning/topics/measure.php, USGS:Measuring the size of earthquakes, Earthquake.usgs.gov, 27 October 2009, 12 August 2010,earthquake.usgs.gov/learning/topics/measure.php," title="web.archive.org/web/20090901233601earthquake.usgs.gov/learning/topics/measure.php,">web.archive.org/web/20090901233601earthquake.usgs.gov/learning/topics/measure.php, 1 September 2009, The earthquake generated a seismic oscillation of the Earth’s surface of up to {{cvt|200|-|300|mm|0}}, equivalent to the effect of the tidal forces caused by the Sun and Moon. The seismic waves of the earthquake were felt across the planet, as far away as the U.S. state of Oklahoma, where vertical movements of {{cvt|3|mm}} were recorded. By February 2005, the earthquake’s effects were still detectable as a {{cvt|20|um|mm in|sigfig=1}} complex harmonic oscillation of the Earth’s surface, which gradually diminished and merged with the incessant free oscillation of the Earth more than four months after the earthquake.THESIS, Dissertation, University of Helsinki, Virtanen, Heikki, 2006, Studies of earth dynamics with the superconducting gravimeter,ethesis.helsinki.fi/julkaisut/mat/fysik/vk/virtanen/studieso.pdf, 21 September 2009,ethesis.helsinki.fi/julkaisut/mat/fysik/vk/virtanen/studieso.pdf," title="web.archive.org/web/20110605043202ethesis.helsinki.fi/julkaisut/mat/fysik/vk/virtanen/studieso.pdf,">web.archive.org/web/20110605043202ethesis.helsinki.fi/julkaisut/mat/fysik/vk/virtanen/studieso.pdf, 5 June 2011, dead, File:sumatra waveform large.jpg|thumb|left|Vertical-component ground motions recorded by the Global Seismographic Network and displayed by the IRIS ConsortiumIRIS ConsortiumBecause of its enormous energy release and shallow rupture depth, the earthquake generated remarkable seismic ground motions around the globe, particularly due to huge Rayleigh (surface) elastic waves that exceeded {{cvt|10|mm|sigfig=1}} in vertical amplitude everywhere on Earth. The record section plot displays vertical displacements of the Earth’s surface recorded by seismometers from the IRIS/USGS Global Seismographic Network plotted with respect to time (since the earthquake initiation) on the horizontal axis, and vertical displacements of the Earth on the vertical axis (note the 1 cm scale bar at the bottom for scale). The seismograms are arranged vertically by distance from the epicentre in degrees. The earliest, lower amplitude signal is that of the compressional (P) wave, which takes about 22 minutes to reach the other side of the planet (the antipode; in this case near Ecuador). The largest amplitude signals are seismic surface waves that reach the antipode after about 100 minutes. The surface waves can be clearly seen to reinforce near the antipode (with the closest seismic stations in Ecuador), and to subsequently encircle the planet to return to the epicentral region after about 200 minutes. A major aftershock (magnitude 7.1) can be seen at the closest stations starting just after the 200-minute mark. The aftershock would be considered a major earthquake under ordinary circumstances but is dwarfed by the mainshock.The shift of mass and the massive release of energy slightly altered the Earth’s rotation. Weeks after the earthquake, theoretical models suggested the earthquake shortened the length of a day by 2.68 microseconds, due to a decrease in the oblateness of the Earth. PRESS RELEASE, Cook-Anderson, Gretchen, Beasley, Dolores,www.nasa.gov/home/hqnews/2005/jan/HQ_05011_earthquake.html, NASA Details Earthquake Effects on the Earth, NASA, 10 January 2005, 16 December 2016, 27 January 2011,www.nasa.gov/home/hqnews/2005/jan/HQ_05011_earthquake.html," title="web.archive.org/web/20110127163105www.nasa.gov/home/hqnews/2005/jan/HQ_05011_earthquake.html,">web.archive.org/web/20110127163105www.nasa.gov/home/hqnews/2005/jan/HQ_05011_earthquake.html, live, It also caused the Earth to minutely “wobble” on its axis by up to {{cvt|25|mm|0}} in the direction of 145° east longitude,Schechner, Sam. “Earthquakes vs. the Earth’s Rotation {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612143615www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/explainer/2004/12/earthquakes_vs_the_earths_rotation.html |date=12 June 2018 }}.” Slate. 27 December 2004. or perhaps by up to {{cvt|50|or|60|mm}}.NEWS,news.xinhuanet.com/english/2004-12/29/content_2389519.htm, Italian scientists say Asian quakes cause Earth’s axis shifted, Xinhua News Agency, Xinhua, 29 December 2004,news.xinhuanet.com/english/2004-12/29/content_2389519.htm," title="web.archive.org/web/20090705140634news.xinhuanet.com/english/2004-12/29/content_2389519.htm,">web.archive.org/web/20090705140634news.xinhuanet.com/english/2004-12/29/content_2389519.htm, 5 July 2009, Because of tidal effects of the Moon, the length of a day increases at an average of 15 microseconds per year, so any rotational change due to the earthquake will be lost quickly. Similarly, the natural Chandler wobble of the Earth, which in some cases can be up to {{cvt|15|m|sigfig=1}}, eventually offset the minor wobble produced by the earthquake.There was {{cvt|10|m}} movement laterally and {{cvt|4|-|5|m}} vertically along the fault line. Early speculation was that some of the smaller islands south-west of Sumatra, which is on the Burma Plate (the southern regions are on the Sunda Plate), might have moved south-west by up to {{cvt|36|m|-1}}, but more accurate data released more than a month after the earthquake found the movement to be about {{cvt|0.2|m|0}}.NEWS, Staff Writer, Quake moved Sumatra by only 20 centimeters: Danish scientists, 31 January 2005, Agence France-Presse, Since movement was vertical as well as lateral, some coastal areas may have been moved to below sea level. The Andaman and Nicobar Islands appear to have shifted south-west by around {{cvt|1.25|m|ftin}} and to have sunk by {{cvt|1|m|ftin}}.NEWS, Bagla, Pallava, Science Now, After the Earth Moved, 28 January 2005,www.science.org/content/article/after-earth-moved, 16 December 2016, 20 December 2016,www.sciencemag.org/news/2005/01/after-earth-moved," title="web.archive.org/web/20161220132403www.sciencemag.org/news/2005/01/after-earth-moved,">web.archive.org/web/20161220132403www.sciencemag.org/news/2005/01/after-earth-moved, live, File:Graph of largest earthquakes 1906-2005.png|thumb|upright=1|Seismic momentSeismic momentIn February 2005, the Royal Navy vessel {{HMS|Scott|H131|6}} surveyed the seabed around the earthquake zone, which varies in depth between {{cvt|1000|and|5000|m|fathom ft}}. The survey, conducted using a high-resolution, multi-beam sonar system, revealed that the earthquake had made a considerable impact on the topography of the seabed. {{convert|1500|m|ft|adj=mid|-high|sigfig=1}} thrust ridges created by previous geologic activity along the fault had collapsed, generating landslides several kilometres wide. One such landslide consisted of a single block of rock some {{cvt|100|m}} high and {{cvt|2|km}} long. The momentum of the water displaced by tectonic uplift had also dragged massive slabs of rock, each weighing millions of tonnes, as far as {{cvt|10|km|0}} across the seabed. An oceanic trench several kilometres wide was exposed in the earthquake zone.NEWS, Knight, Will,www.newscientist.com/article.ns?id=dn6994, Asian tsunami seabed pictured with sonar, New Scientist, 10 February 2005,www.newscientist.com/article.ns?id=dn6994," title="web.archive.org/web/20050227163829www.newscientist.com/article.ns?id=dn6994,">web.archive.org/web/20050227163829www.newscientist.com/article.ns?id=dn6994, 27 February 2005, The TOPEX/Poseidon and Jason-1 satellites happened to pass over the tsunami as it was crossing the ocean.NEWS,www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.cfm?release=2005-013, NASA/French Satellite Data Reveal New Details of Tsunami, Jet Propulsion Laboratory/NASA, 11 January 2005, 16 December 2016,www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?release=2005-013," title="web.archive.org/web/20160305182017www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?release=2005-013,">web.archive.org/web/20160305182017www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?release=2005-013, 5 March 2016, live, These satellites carry radars that measure precisely the height of the water surface; anomalies in the order of {{cvt|500|mm}} were measured. Measurements from these satellites may prove invaluable for the understanding of the earthquake and tsunami.WEB,www.aviso.oceanobs.com/en/applications/geodesy-and-geophysics/tsunamis/index.html, TOPEX/Poseidon Satellite Data on 26 December 2004 tsunami in the Indian Ocean, Aviso,www.aviso.oceanobs.com/en/applications/geodesy-and-geophysics/tsunamis/index.html," title="web.archive.org/web/20110624101155www.aviso.oceanobs.com/en/applications/geodesy-and-geophysics/tsunamis/index.html,">web.archive.org/web/20110624101155www.aviso.oceanobs.com/en/applications/geodesy-and-geophysics/tsunamis/index.html, 24 June 2011, Unlike data from tide gauges installed on shores, measurements obtained in the middle of the ocean can be used for computing the parameters of the source earthquake without having to compensate for the complex ways in which proximity to the coast changes the size and shape of a wave.LegacyBefore the 2004 quake there were three arguments against a large earthquake occurring the Sumatra region. After the quake it was considered that earthquake hazard risk would need to be reassessed for regions previously thought to have low risk based on these criteria:WEB,www.tectonics.caltech.edu/outreach/highlights/sumatra/rethink.html, Rethinking the Causes of Giant Earthquakes,
TsunamiFile:2004IndianOceanTsunami.jpg|thumb|left|upright=1.3|The tsunami’s propagation took 5 hours to reach Western Australia, 7 hours to reach the Arabian Peninsula, and did not reach the South African coast until nearly 11 hours after the earthquake]]The sudden vertical rise of the seabed by several metres during the earthquake displaced massive volumes of water, resulting in a tsunami that struck the coasts of the Indian Ocean. A tsunami that causes damage far away from its source is sometimes called a teletsunami and is much more likely to be produced by the vertical motion of the seabed than by horizontal motion.BOOK, Lorca, Emilio, Recabarren, Margot, Earthquakes and tsunamis: high school textbook, 1997,unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0011/001115/111576eo.pdf, 16 December 2016, 29 September 2018,unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0011/001115/111576eo.pdf," title="web.archive.org/web/20180929123116unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0011/001115/111576eo.pdf,">web.archive.org/web/20180929123116unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0011/001115/111576eo.pdf, live, The tsunami, like all others, behaved differently in deep water than in shallow water. In deep ocean water, tsunami waves form only a low, broad hump, barely noticeable and harmless, which generally travels at high speed of {{cvt|500|to|1000|km/h}}; in shallow water near coastlines, a tsunami slows down to only tens of kilometres per hour but, in doing so, forms large destructive waves. Scientists investigating the damage in Aceh found evidence that the wave reached a height of {{cvt|24|m|sigfig=1}} when coming ashore along large stretches of the coastline, rising to {{cvt|30|m|sigfig=1}} in some areas when travelling inland.JOURNAL, Paris, R., Lavigne F., Wassimer P., Sartohadi J., 2007, Coastal sedimentation associated with the December 26, 2004 tsunami in Lhoknga, west Banda Aceh (Sumatra, Indonesia), Marine Geology, Elsevier, 238, 1–4, 93–106, 10.1016/j.margeo.2006.12.009, 2007MGeol.238...93P, Radar satellites recorded the heights of tsunami waves in deep water: maximum height was at {{cvt|600|mm|ft|sigfig=1}} two hours after the earthquake, the first such observations ever made.NEWS, Leslie, John,www.noaanews.noaa.gov/stories2005/s2365.htm, NOAA Scientists able to Measure Tsunami Height from Space, NOAA Magazine, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 10 January 2005, 16 December 2016, 3 June 2018,www.noaanews.noaa.gov/stories2005/s2365.htm," title="web.archive.org/web/20180603072630www.noaanews.noaa.gov/stories2005/s2365.htm,">web.archive.org/web/20180603072630www.noaanews.noaa.gov/stories2005/s2365.htm, live, NEWS, McKee, Maggie,www.newscientist.com/article.ns?id=dn6854, Radar satellites capture tsunami wave height, New Scientist, 6 January 2005,www.newscientist.com/article.ns?id=dn6854," title="web.archive.org/web/20080924134642www.newscientist.com/article.ns?id=dn6854,">web.archive.org/web/20080924134642www.newscientist.com/article.ns?id=dn6854, 24 September 2008, According to Tad Murty, vice-president of the Tsunami Society, the total energy of the tsunami waves was equivalent to about {{convert|5|MtonTNT|lk=on}}, which is more than twice the total explosive energy used during all of World War II (including the two atomic bombs) but still a couple of orders of magnitude less than the energy released in the earthquake itself. In many places, the waves reached as far as {{cvt|2|km}} inland.NEWS, Pearce, Fred, Holmes, Bob,www.newscientist.com/channel/being-human/mg18524825.100, Tsunami: The impact will last for decades, New Scientist, 15 January 2005,www.newscientist.com/channel/being-human/mg18524825.100," title="web.archive.org/web/20080417042254www.newscientist.com/channel/being-human/mg18524825.100,">web.archive.org/web/20080417042254www.newscientist.com/channel/being-human/mg18524825.100, 17 April 2008, Because the {{cvt|1600|km|-2}} fault affected by the earthquake was in a nearly north–south orientation, the greatest strength of the tsunami waves was in an east–west direction. Bangladesh, which lies at the northern end of the Bay of Bengal, had few casualties despite being a low-lying country relatively near the epicentre. It also benefited from the fact that the earthquake proceeded more slowly in the northern rupture zone, greatly reducing the energy of the water displacements in that region.(File:Tsunami size scale 26Dec2004.png|thumb|upright=.7|Average height of the waves)Coasts that have a landmass between them and the tsunami’s location of origin are usually safe; however, tsunami waves can sometimes diffract around such landmasses. Thus, the state of Kerala was hit by the tsunami despite being on the western coast of India, and the western coast of Sri Lanka suffered substantial impacts. Distance alone was no guarantee of safety, as Somalia was hit harder than Bangladesh despite being much farther away.Because of the distances involved, the tsunami took anywhere from fifteen minutes to seven hours to reach the coastlines.WEB, Tsunami time travel map,tsun.sscc.ru/tsulab/20041226trt.htm, Tsunami Laboratory, Novosibirsk, Russia, 20 July 2012, dead,tsun.sscc.ru/tsulab/20041226trt.htm," title="web.archive.org/web/20120403182951tsun.sscc.ru/tsulab/20041226trt.htm,">web.archive.org/web/20120403182951tsun.sscc.ru/tsulab/20041226trt.htm, 3 April 2012, WEB,staff.aist.go.jp/kenji.satake/Sumatra-E.html, Time travel map: Active Fault Research Center: National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Japan, Staff.aist.go.jp, 24 December 2012, dead,staff.aist.go.jp/kenji.satake/Sumatra-E.html," title="web.archive.org/web/20120717104438staff.aist.go.jp/kenji.satake/Sumatra-E.html,">web.archive.org/web/20120717104438staff.aist.go.jp/kenji.satake/Sumatra-E.html, 17 July 2012, The northern regions of the Indonesian island of Sumatra were hit quickly, while Sri Lanka and the east coast of India were hit roughly 90 minutes to two hours later. Thailand was struck about two hours later despite being closer to the epicentre because the tsunami travelled more slowly in the shallow Andaman Sea off its western coast.The tsunami was noticed as far as Struisbaai in South Africa, about {{cvt|8500|km}} away, where a {{convert|1.5|m|ft|0|adj=mid|-high}} tide surged on shore about 16 hours after the earthquake. It took a relatively long time to reach Struisbaai at the southernmost point of Africa, probably because of the broad continental shelf off South Africa and because the tsunami would have followed the South African coast from east to west. The tsunami also reached Antarctica, where tidal gauges at Japan’s Showa Base recorded oscillations of up to a metre ({{convert|1|m|ftin|disp=output only}}), with disturbances lasting a couple of days.WEB,www1.kaiho.mlit.go.jp/KANKYO/KAIYO/KOUHOU/iotunami/iotunami_eng.html, Indian Ocean Tsunami” at Syowa Station, Antarctica, Hydrographic and Oceanographic Dept. Japan Coast Guard, 17 December 2016, 21 June 2017,www1.kaiho.mlit.go.jp/KANKYO/KAIYO/KOUHOU/iotunami/iotunami_eng.html," title="web.archive.org/web/20170621060542www1.kaiho.mlit.go.jp/KANKYO/KAIYO/KOUHOU/iotunami/iotunami_eng.html,">web.archive.org/web/20170621060542www1.kaiho.mlit.go.jp/KANKYO/KAIYO/KOUHOU/iotunami/iotunami_eng.html, live, Some of the tsunami’s energy escaped into the Pacific Ocean, where it produced small but measurable tsunamis along the western coasts of North and South America, typically around {{cvt|200|to|400|mm}}.WEB,wcatwc.arh.noaa.gov/IndianOSite/IndianO12-26-04.htm, Indian Ocean Tsunami of 26 December 2004, West Coast/Alaska Tsunami Warning Center (USGS), 31 December 2004,wcatwc.arh.noaa.gov/IndianOSite/IndianO12-26-04.htm," title="web.archive.org/web/20120204070520wcatwc.arh.noaa.gov/IndianOSite/IndianO12-26-04.htm,">web.archive.org/web/20120204070520wcatwc.arh.noaa.gov/IndianOSite/IndianO12-26-04.htm, 4 February 2012, At Manzanillo, Mexico, a {{cvt|2.6|m|ft}} crest-to-trough tsunami was measured. As well, the tsunami was large enough to be detected in Vancouver, which puzzled many scientists, as the tsunamis measured in some parts of South America were larger than those measured in some parts of the Indian Ocean. It has been theorized that the tsunamis were focused and directed at long ranges by the mid-ocean ridges which run along the margins of the continental plates.WEB, Carey, Bjorn,www.livescience.com/9314-tsunami-waves-channeled-globe-2004-disaster.html, Tsunami Waves Channeled Around the Globe in 2004 Disaster, LiveScience, 25 August 2005, 17 December 2016, 20 December 2016,www.livescience.com/9314-tsunami-waves-channeled-globe-2004-disaster.html," title="web.archive.org/web/20161220140730www.livescience.com/9314-tsunami-waves-channeled-globe-2004-disaster.html,">web.archive.org/web/20161220140730www.livescience.com/9314-tsunami-waves-channeled-globe-2004-disaster.html, live,Early signs and warningsFile:KataNoiReceding.jpg|thumb|Maximum recession of tsunami waters at (Kata Noi Beach]] at 10:25 a.m., prior to the third—and strongest—tsunami wave)Despite a delay of up to several hours between the earthquake and the impact of the tsunami, nearly all of the victims were taken by surprise. There were no tsunami warning systems in the Indian Ocean to detect tsunamis or to warn the general population living around the ocean.WEB, Australian Geographic, The 2004 Boxing Day tsunami, 18 December 2014,www.australiangeographic.com.au/blogs/on-this-day/2014/12/on-this-day-in-history-boxing-day-tsunami, 5 March 2015, 23 February 2015,www.australiangeographic.com.au/blogs/on-this-day/2014/12/on-this-day-in-history-boxing-day-tsunami," title="web.archive.org/web/20150223020344www.australiangeographic.com.au/blogs/on-this-day/2014/12/on-this-day-in-history-boxing-day-tsunami,">web.archive.org/web/20150223020344www.australiangeographic.com.au/blogs/on-this-day/2014/12/on-this-day-in-history-boxing-day-tsunami, live, Tsunami detection is not easy because while a tsunami is in deep water, it has little height and a network of sensors is needed to detect it.Tsunamis are more frequent in the Pacific Ocean than in other oceans because of earthquakes in the “Ring of Fire”. Although the extreme western edge of the Ring of Fire extends into the Indian Ocean (the point where the earthquake struck), no warning system exists in that ocean. Tsunamis there are relatively rare despite earthquakes being relatively frequent in Indonesia. The last major tsunami was caused by the 1883 eruption of Krakatoa. Not every earthquake produces large tsunamis: on 28 March 2005, a magnitude 8.7 earthquake hit roughly the same area of the Indian Ocean but did not result in a major tsunami.The first warning sign of a possible tsunami is the earthquake itself. However, tsunamis can strike thousands of kilometres away where the earthquake is felt only weakly or not at all. Also, in the minutes preceding a tsunami strike, the sea sometimes recedes temporarily from the coast, which was observed on the eastern earthquake rupture zone such as the coastlines of Aceh, Phuket island, and Khao Lak area in Thailand, Penang island of Malaysia, and the Andaman and Nicobar islands. This rare sight reportedly induced people, especially children, to visit the coast to investigate and collect stranded fish on as much as {{cvt|2.5|km}} of exposed beach, with fatal results.WEB, Block, Melissa,www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=4246573, Sri Lankans Seek Lost Relatives After Tsunami, All Things Considered, NPR, 27 December 2004, 20 December 2016, 23 November 2016,www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=4246573," title="web.archive.org/web/20161123083140www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=4246573,">web.archive.org/web/20161123083140www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=4246573, live, However, not all tsunamis cause this “disappearing sea” effect. In some cases, there are no warning signs at all: the sea will suddenly swell without retreating, surprising many people and giving them little time to flee.File:Tsunami wavefield for the 2004 Sumatra-Andaman earthquake.webm|thumb|left|Tsunami wave field in the Bay of BengalBay of BengalOne of the few coastal areas to evacuate ahead of the tsunami was on the Indonesian island of Simeulue, close to the epicentre. Island folklore recounted an earthquake and tsunami in 1907, and the islanders fled to inland hills after the initial shaking and before the tsunami struck. These tales and oral folklore from previous generations may have helped the survival of the inhabitants.Campbell, Matthew; Loveard, Keith; et al. “Tsunami disaster: Focus: Nature’s timebomb {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180516020100www.thetimes.co.uk/article/focus-natures-timebomb-cbwdxwsd5xl |date=16 May 2018 }}.” Times Online. 2 January 2005. On Maikhao Beach in north Phuket City, Thailand, a 10-year-old British tourist named Tilly Smith had studied tsunamis in geography at school and recognised the warning signs of the receding ocean and frothing bubbles. She and her parents warned others on the beach, which was evacuated safely.NEWS,www.telegraph.co.uk/news/1480192/Girl-10-used-geography-lesson-to-save-lives.html, Girl, 10, used geography lesson to save lives, The Telegraph, 1 January 2005, London, 20 December 2016, 25 January 2017,www.telegraph.co.uk/news/1480192/Girl-10-used-geography-lesson-to-save-lives.html," title="web.archive.org/web/20170125091359www.telegraph.co.uk/news/1480192/Girl-10-used-geography-lesson-to-save-lives.html,">web.archive.org/web/20170125091359www.telegraph.co.uk/news/1480192/Girl-10-used-geography-lesson-to-save-lives.html, live, John Chroston, a biology teacher from Scotland, also recognised the signs at Kamala Bay north of Phuket, taking a busload of vacationers and locals to safety on higher ground.Anthropologists had initially expected the aboriginal population of the Andaman Islands to be badly affected by the tsunami and even feared the already depopulated Onge tribe could have been wiped out.NEWS,news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4135187.stm, Andaman aborigines’ fate unclear, Subir Bhaumik, 30 December 2004, BBC News, 13 February 2010, 12 December 2010,news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4135187.stm," title="web.archive.org/web/20101212202153news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4135187.stm,">web.archive.org/web/20101212202153news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4135187.stm, live, Many of the aboriginal tribes evacuated and suffered fewer casualties, however.JOURNAL, Gupta, Manu, Sharma, Anshu, 2006, Compounded loss: the post tsunami recovery experience of Indian island communities, Disaster Prevention and Management, 15, 1, 67–78, 10.1108/09653560610654248, 2006DisPM..15...67G, JOURNAL, Math, Suresh Bada, Girimaji‌1, Satish Chandra, Benegal, 2006, V, Uday Kumar, GS, Hamza, A, Nagaraja, D, Tsunami: Psychosocial aspects of Andaman and Nicobar islands. Assessments and intervention in the early phase, International Review of Psychiatry, 18, 16753660, 3, 233–239, 10.1080/09540260600656001, 10258905, Oral traditions developed from previous earthquakes helped the aboriginal tribes escape the tsunami. For example, the folklore of the Onges talks of “huge shaking of ground followed by high wall of water”. Almost all of the Onge people seemed to have survived the tsunami.NEWS,news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4181855.stm, BBC News, Subir, Bhaumik, Tsunami folklore ‘saved islanders’, 20 January 2005, 20 December 2016, 30 September 2009,news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4181855.stm," title="web.archive.org/web/20090930002820news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4181855.stm,">web.archive.org/web/20090930002820news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4181855.stm, live,IndonesiaAceh(File:Street in downtown Banda Aceh after 2004 tsunami DD-SD-06-07372.JPEG|thumbnail|Tsunami inundation height can be seen on a house in Banda Aceh)The tsunami devastated the coastline of Aceh province, about 20 minutes after the earthquake. Banda Aceh, the closest major city, suffered severe casualties. The sea receded and exposed the seabed, prompting locals to collect stranded fish and explore the area. Local eyewitnesses described three large waves, with the first wave rising gently to the foundation of the buildings, followed minutes later by a sudden withdrawal of the sea near the port of Ulèë Lheue. This was succeeded by the appearance of two large black-coloured steep waves which then travelled inland into the capital city as a large turbulent bore. Eyewitnesses described the tsunami as a “black giant”, “mountain” and a “wall of water”. Video footage revealed torrents of black water, surging by windows of a two-story residential area situated about {{cvt|3.2|km}} inland. Additionally, amateur footage recorded in the middle of the city captured an approaching black surge flowing down the city streets, full of debris, inundating them.WEB,www.eeri.org/lfe/clearinghouse/sumatra_tsunami/reports/EERI_report_indonesia_jcb_2-11-05.pdf, Field Survey northern Sumatra and Banda Aceh, Indonesia and after the Tsunami and Earthquake of 26 December 2004, Borrero, Jose C., Los Angeles, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Southern California, 9 February 2005, 20 December 2016, 10 October 2016,web.archive.org/web/20161010004418/https://www.eeri.org/lfe/clearinghouse/sumatra_tsunami/reports/EERI_report_indonesia_jcb_2-11-05.pdf, live, File:PLTD Apong Ie Beuna.JPG|thumb|upright=1.1|left|2|km}} to {{cvt|3|km}} inland. In the years following the disaster, it became a local tourist attraction and has remained where it came to rest.The level of destruction was extreme on the northwestern areas of the city, immediately inland of the aquaculture ponds, and directly facing the Indian Ocean. The tsunami height was reduced from {{cvt|12|m}} at Ulee Lheue to {{cvt|6|m}} a further {{cvt|8|km}} to the north-east. The inundation was observed to extend {{cvt|3|-|4|km|1}} inland throughout the city. Within {{cvt|2|-|3|km}} of the shoreline, houses, except for strongly-built reinforced concrete ones with brick walls, which seemed to have been partially damaged by the earthquake before the tsunami attack, were swept away or destroyed by the tsunami.WEB,www.tsunami.civil.tohoku.ac.jp/sumatra2004/C2.pdf, Chapter 2 Earthquake, Tsunami and Damage in Banda Aceh and Northern Sumatra, tsunami.civil.tohoku.ac.jp, 20 December 2016, 15 February 2017,www.tsunami.civil.tohoku.ac.jp/sumatra2004/C2.pdf," title="web.archive.org/web/20170215154931www.tsunami.civil.tohoku.ac.jp/sumatra2004/C2.pdf,">web.archive.org/web/20170215154931www.tsunami.civil.tohoku.ac.jp/sumatra2004/C2.pdf, dead, JOURNAL, Borrero, Jose C., Synolakis, Costas E., Fritz, Hermann, Northern Sumatra Field Survey after the December 2004 Great Sumatra Earthquake and Indian Ocean Tsunami, Earthquake Spectra, Earthquake Engineering Research Institute, June 2006, 22, S3, 93–104, 10.1193/1.2206793, 2006EarSp..22...93B, 109582188,2004tsunami.ce.gatech.edu/publications/sum_eqs_v22-iS3_127607eqs.pdf, 25 September 2016, 27 September 2016,2004tsunami.ce.gatech.edu/publications/sum_eqs_v22-iS3_127607eqs.pdf," title="web.archive.org/web/201609270059372004tsunami.ce.gatech.edu/publications/sum_eqs_v22-iS3_127607eqs.pdf,">web.archive.org/web/201609270059372004tsunami.ce.gatech.edu/publications/sum_eqs_v22-iS3_127607eqs.pdf, live, The area toward the sea was wiped clean of nearly every structure, while closer to the river, dense construction in a commercial district showed the effects of severe flooding. The flow depth at the city was just at the level of the second floor, and there were large amounts of debris piled along the streets and in the ground-floor storefronts. In the seaside section of Ulee Lheue, the flow depths were over {{cvt|9|m}}. Footage showed evidence of back-flowing of the Aceh River, carrying debris and people from destroyed villages at the coast and transporting them up to {{cvt|40|km}} inland.JOURNAL, Borrero, Jose C., 10 June 2005, Field Data and Satellite Imagery of Tsunami Effects in Banda Aceh, Science, 308, 5728, 1596, 10.1126/science.1110957, 0036-8075, 15947180, 9702107, A group of small islands: Weh, Breueh, Nasi, Teunom, Bunta, Lumpat, and Batee lie just north of the capital city. The tsunami reached a run-up of {{cvt|10|-|20|m}} on the western shorelines of Breueh Island and Nasi Island. Coastal villages were destroyed by the waves. On the island of Pulau Weh, strong surges were experienced in the port of Sabang, yet there was little damage with reported runup values of {{cvt|3|-|5|m}}, most likely due to the island being sheltered from the direct attack by the islands to the south-west.(File:Tsunami 2004 aftermath. Aceh, Indonesia, 2005. Photo- AusAID (10730623535).jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|Overturned cement carrier in Lhoknga)Lhoknga is a small coastal community about {{cvt|13|km}} south-west of Banda Aceh, located on a flat coastal plain in between two rainforest-covered hills, overlooking a large bay and famous for its large swathe of white sandy beach and surfing activities. The locals reported 10 to 12 waves, with the second and third being the highest and most destructive. Interviews with the locals revealed that the sea temporarily receded and exposed coral reefs. In the distant horizon, gigantic black waves about {{cvt|30|m}} high made explosion-like sounds as they broke and approached the shore. The first wave came rapidly landward from the south-west as a turbulent bore about {{cvt|0.5|-|2.5|m|ft}} high. The second and third waves were {{cvt|15|-|30|m}} high at the coast and appeared like gigantic surfing waves but “taller than the coconut trees and was like a mountain”.WEB,www.youtube.com/watch?v=UPWlFogY7Kw,web.archive.org/web/20160911033843/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UPWlFogY7Kw, 2016-09-11, Seconds From Disaster S03E13 Asian Tsunami, Kaget Mera, 25 January 2016, Video, YouTube, The second wave was the largest; it came from the west-southwest within five minutes of the first wave. The tsunami stranded cargo ships, barges and destroyed a cement mining facility near the Lampuuk coast, where it reached the fourth level of the building.WEB,www.youtube.com/watch?v=aEvk1oFGIO8,ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211028/aEvk1oFGIO8, 2021-10-28, Great Tsunami 12-26-04 at Banda Aceh, Sumatra, Indonesia 3 of 3, red17khmer, 30 November 2008, Video, YouTube, {{cbignore}}WEB,www.youtube.com/watch?v=hiD7pJl0PnA,ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211028/hiD7pJl0PnA, 2021-10-28, Boxing Day Tsunami Banda Aceh 4 of 4, geoffmackley, 19 November 2009, Video, YouTube, {{cbignore}}File:Aceh_2004_tsunami_standing_mosque_USGS.jpg|thumb|250px|left|Baiturrahim Mosque survived the tsunami in Ulee Lheue, Banda AcehBanda AcehMeulaboh, a remote coastal city, was among the hardest hit by the tsunami. The waves arrived after the sea receded about {{cvt|500|m}}, followed by an advancing small tsunami. The second and third destructive waves arrived later, which exceeded the height of the coconut trees. The inundation distance is about {{cvt|5|km}}. Other towns on Aceh’s west coast hit by the disaster included Leupung, Lhokruet, Lamno, Patek, Calang, and Teunom. Affected or destroyed towns on the region’s north and east coast were Pidie Regency, Samalanga, Panteraja, and Lhokseumawe. The high fatality rate in the area was mainly due to lack of preparation of the community towards a tsunami and limited knowledge and education among the population regarding the natural phenomenon. Helicopter surveys revealed entire settlements virtually destroyed, with destruction extending miles inland. Only a few mosques remained standing.WEB,faculty.vassar.edu/brmcadoo/yalciner-et-al-2005.pdf, Yalciner, A.C., Perincek, D., Ersoy, S., Presateya, G., Hidayat, R., McAdoo, B., 2005, Report on December 26, 2004, Indian Ocean Tsunami, Field Survey on Jan 21–31 at North of Sumatra, ITST of UNESCO IOC, 20 December 2016,faculty.vassar.edu/brmcadoo/yalciner-et-al-2005.pdf," title="web.archive.org/web/20161010004216faculty.vassar.edu/brmcadoo/yalciner-et-al-2005.pdf,">web.archive.org/web/20161010004216faculty.vassar.edu/brmcadoo/yalciner-et-al-2005.pdf, 10 October 2016, dead, The greatest run-up height of the tsunami was measured at a hill between Lhoknga and Leupung, on the western coast of the northern tip of Sumatra, near Banda Aceh, and reached {{cvt|51|m}}.WEB,sos.noaa.gov/Datasets/dataset.php?id=556, Tsunami Wave Run-ups: Indian Ocean – 2004, Science on a Sphere, 31 March 2015, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 20 December 2016, 30 December 2016,sos.noaa.gov/Datasets/dataset.php?id=556," title="web.archive.org/web/20161230065143sos.noaa.gov/Datasets/dataset.php?id=556,">web.archive.org/web/20161230065143sos.noaa.gov/Datasets/dataset.php?id=556, live, The tsunami heights in Sumatra:
Sri LankaFile:Tsunami 26-12-2004 - Kallady, Batticaloa.JPG|thumb|upright=1.1|Fishing boat stranded in BatticaloaBatticaloaThe island country of Sri Lanka, located about {{cvt|1700|km}} from Sumatra, was ravaged by the tsunami around 2 hours after the earthquake. The tsunami first struck the eastern coastline and subsequently refracted around the southern point of Sri Lanka (Dondra Head). The refracted tsunami waves then inundated the southwestern part of Sri Lanka after some of its energy was reflected from impact with the Maldives.JOURNAL, Goff, James, Survey of the December 26th 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami in Sri Lanka, Bulletin of the New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering, December 2005, 38, 4, 235–244, 10.5459/bnzsee.38.4.235-244,www.nzsee.org.nz/db/Bulletin/Archive/38(4)0235.pdf, free, 3 April 2016, 27 January 2016,www.nzsee.org.nz/db/Bulletin/Archive/38(4)0235.pdf," title="web.archive.org/web/20160127111126www.nzsee.org.nz/db/Bulletin/Archive/38(4)0235.pdf,">web.archive.org/web/20160127111126www.nzsee.org.nz/db/Bulletin/Archive/38(4)0235.pdf, live, In Sri Lanka, the civilian casualties were second only to those in Indonesia, with approximately 35,000 killed. The eastern shores of Sri Lanka were the hardest hit since it faced the epicentre of the earthquake, while the southwestern shores were hit later, but the death toll was just as severe. The southwestern shores are a hotspot for tourists and fishing.WEB,academic.evergreen.edu/g/grossmaz/HELGESTJ/, Tsunami Disaster in Sri Lanka, Helgeson, T.J., Waves of Devastation, University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire, Spring 2005,academic.evergreen.edu/g/grossmaz/HELGESTJ/," title="web.archive.org/web/20080617101155academic.evergreen.edu/g/grossmaz/HELGESTJ/,">web.archive.org/web/20080617101155academic.evergreen.edu/g/grossmaz/HELGESTJ/, 17 June 2008, The degradation of the natural environment in Sri Lanka contributed to the high death tolls. Approximately 90,000 buildings and many wooden houses were destroyed.The tsunami arrived on the island as a small brown-orange-coloured flood. Moments later, the ocean floor was exposed as much as {{cvt|1|km}} in places, which was followed by massive second and third waves. Amateur video recorded at the city of Galle showed a large deluge flooding the city, carrying debris and sweeping away people while in the coastal resort town of Beruwala, the tsunami appeared as a huge brown-orange-coloured bore which reached the first level of a hotel, causing destruction and taking people unaware. Other videos recorded showed that the tsunami appeared like a flood raging inland. The construction of seawalls and breakwaters reduced the power of waves at some locations.The largest run-up measured was at {{cvt|12.5|m}} with inundation distance of {{cvt|390|-|1500|m}} in Yala.JOURNAL, Sri Lanka Field Survey after the December 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami, Earthquake Spectra, James, Goff, Philip L-F., Liu, Bretwood, Higman, Robert, Morton, Bruce E., Jaffe, Harindra, Fernando, Patrick, Lynett, Hermann, Fritz, Costas, Synolakis, Starin, Fernando, 1, 22, S3, 155–172, 10.1193/1.2205897, 2006, 2006EarSp..22..155G, 220297852, In Hambantota, run-ups measured {{cvt|11|m}} with the greatest inundation distance of {{cvt|2|km}}. Run-up measurements along the Sri Lankan coasts are at {{cvt|2.4|-|4.11|m}}. Waves measured on the east coast ranged from {{cvt|4.5|-|9|m}} at Pottuvill to Batticaloa at {{cvt|2.6|-|5|m}} in the north-east around Trincomalee and {{cvt|4|-|5|m}} in the west coast from Moratuwa to Ambalangoda.Sri Lanka tsunami height survey:
ThailandThe tsunami travelled eastward through the Andaman Sea and hit the south-western coasts of Thailand, about 2 hours after the earthquake. Located about {{cvt|500|km}} from the epicentre, at the time, the region was popular with tourists because of Christmas. Many of these tourists were caught off-guard by the tsunami, as they had no prior warning. The tsunami hit during high tide. Major locations damaged included the western shores of Phuket island, the resort town of Khao Lak in Phang Nga Province, the coastal provinces of Krabi, Satun, Ranong and Trang and small offshore islands like Ko Racha Yai, the Phi Phi islands, the Surin Islands and the Similan archipelago. Approximately 8,000 people were killed.Thailand experienced the second largest tsunami run-up. The tsunami heights recorded:JOURNAL,www.marine.tmd.go.th/Presentation/Alexandria/The%202004%20Indian%20tsunami%20in%20Thailand%20Surveyed%20runup%20heights%20and%20tide%20gauge%20records.pdf, The 2004 Indian tsunami in Thailand: Surveyed runup heights and tide gauge records, Yoshinobu, Tsuji, Yuichi, Namegaya, Hiroyuki, Matsumoto, Sin-Iti, Iwasaki, Wattana, Kanbua, Mongkonkorn, Sriwichai, Vorawit, Meesuk, 1, Earth Planets Space, 58, 2, 223–232, 2006, 10.1186/BF03353382, 2006EP&S...58..223T, 23896058, free, 3 August 2016, 21 September 2016,www.marine.tmd.go.th/Presentation/Alexandria/The%202004%20Indian%20tsunami%20in%20Thailand%20Surveyed%20runup%20heights%20and%20tide%20gauge%20records.pdf," title="web.archive.org/web/20160921045321www.marine.tmd.go.th/Presentation/Alexandria/The%202004%20Indian%20tsunami%20in%20Thailand%20Surveyed%20runup%20heights%20and%20tide%20gauge%20records.pdf,">web.archive.org/web/20160921045321www.marine.tmd.go.th/Presentation/Alexandria/The%202004%20Indian%20tsunami%20in%20Thailand%20Surveyed%20runup%20heights%20and%20tide%20gauge%20records.pdf, live, File:Khao Lak Police Boat 813.jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|2|km}} inland
India(File:Tree stumps and debris remain on Karaikal beach after the 2004 tsunami.jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|Tree stumps and debris remain on Karaikal beach several years after the 2004 tsunami)The tsunami reached the states of Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu along the southeastern coastline of the Indian mainland about 2 hours after the earthquake. At the same time, it arrived in the state of Kerala, on the southwestern coast. There were two to five tsunamis that coincided with the local high tide in some areas.WEB,www.mapsofindia.com/maps/tsunami-in-india/tsunami-affected-area-india.html, Tsunami Affected Areas in India 2004, Maps of India, 17 October 2015, 7 December 2015,www.mapsofindia.com/maps/tsunami-in-india/tsunami-affected-area-india.html," title="web.archive.org/web/20151207184649www.mapsofindia.com/maps/tsunami-in-india/tsunami-affected-area-india.html,">web.archive.org/web/20151207184649www.mapsofindia.com/maps/tsunami-in-india/tsunami-affected-area-india.html, live, WEB,academic.evergreen.edu/g/grossmaz/cramerbd/%3E, Zoltán Grossman – Member of the Faculty in Geography & Native Studies, The Evergreen State College, Olympia, Washington, academic.evergreen.edu, 9 June 2016, 30 December 2021,web.archive.org/web/20211230015452/https://sites.evergreen.edu/zoltan/, live, BOOK,books.google.com/books?id=fICXQSPJwx8C, Natural and Anthropogenic Disasters: Vulnerability, Preparedness and Mitigation, M.K., Jha, 2010, Springer Science & Business Media, Google Books, 9789048124985, 9 June 2016, 3 December 2016,web.archive.org/web/20161203153914/https://books.google.com/books?id=fICXQSPJwx8C, live, JOURNAL,www.iitk.ac.in/nicee/RP/2006_Effect_EQSpectra.pdf, Effects of the December 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami on the Indian Mainland, Alpa, Sheth, Snigdha, Sanyal, Arvind, Jaiswal, Prathibha, Gandhi, 1, Earthquake Spectra, 22, S3, S435–S473, June 2006, 10.1193/1.2208562, 2006EarSp..22..435S, 110385551, 4 August 2016, 3 March 2016,www.iitk.ac.in/nicee/RP/2006_Effect_EQSpectra.pdf," title="web.archive.org/web/20160303170856www.iitk.ac.in/nicee/RP/2006_Effect_EQSpectra.pdf,">web.archive.org/web/20160303170856www.iitk.ac.in/nicee/RP/2006_Effect_EQSpectra.pdf, live, The tsunami runup height measured in mainland India by Ministry of Home Affairs includes:
Andaman and Nicobar IslandsDue to close proximity to the earthquake, the tsunami took just minutes to devastate the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. The Andaman Islands were moderately affected while the island of Little Andaman and the Nicobar Islands were severely affected by the tsunami.In South Andaman island, based on local eyewitnesses, there were three tsunami waves, with the third being the most destructive. Flooding occurred at the coast and low-lying areas inland, which were connected to open sea through creeks. Inundation was observed, along the east coast of South Andaman Island, restricted to Chidiyatapu, Burmanallah, Kodiaghat, Beadnabad, Corbyn’s cove and Marina Park/Aberdeen Jetty areas. Along the west coast, the inundation was observed around Guptapara, Manjeri, Wandoor, Collinpur and Tirur regions. Several near-shore establishments and numerous infrastructures such as seawalls and a 20 MW diesel-generated power plant at Bamboo Flat were destroyed.T. Ghosh, P. Jana, T.S. Giritharan, S. Bardhan, S.R. Basir, A.K. Ghosh Roy. (2007). Tsunami survey in Andaman and Nicobar group of Islands. Geological Survey of India Special Publication no. 89. 165–184. At Port Blair, the water receded before the first wave, and the third wave was the tallest and caused the most damage.Results of the tsunami survey in South Andaman along Chiriyatapu, Corbyn’s Cove and Wandoor beaches:{{citation needed|date=September 2018}}
MaldivesThe tsunami severely affected the Maldives at a distance of {{cvt|2500|km}} from the epicentre. Similar to Sri Lanka, survivors reported three waves with the second wave being the most powerful. Being rich in coral reefs, the Maldives provides an opportunity for scientists to assess the impact of a tsunami on coral atolls. The significantly lower tsunami impact on the Maldives compared to Sri Lanka is mostly due to the topography and bathymetry of the atoll chain with offshore coral reefs, deep channels separating individual atolls and its arrival within low tide which decreased the power of the tsunami. After the tsunami, there was some concern that the country might be submerged entirely and become uninhabitable. However, this was proven untrue.The highest tsunami wave measured was {{cvt|4|m}} at Vilufushi Island. The tsunami arrived approximately 2 hours after the earthquake. The greatest tsunami inundation occurred at North Male Atoll, Male island at {{cvt|250|m}} along the streets.Local footage recorded showed the tsunami flooding the streets up to knee level in town, while another video taken at the beach showed the tsunami slowly flooding and gradually surging inland.The Maldives tsunami wave analysis:
MyanmarIn Myanmar, the tsunami caused only moderate damage, which arrived between 2 and 5.5 hours after the earthquake. Although the country’s western Andaman Sea coastline lies at the proximity of the rupture zone, there were smaller tsunamis than the neighbouring Thai coast, because the main tsunami source did not extend to the Andaman Islands. Another factor is that some coasts of Taninthayi Division were protected by the Myeik Archipelago. Based on scientific surveys from Ayeyarwady Delta through Taninthayi Division, it was revealed that tsunami heights along the Myanmar coast were between {{cvt|0.4|-|2.9|m}}. Eyewitnesses compared the tsunami with the “rainy-season high tide”; although at most locations, the tsunami height was similar or smaller than the “rainy-season high tide” level.JOURNAL,www.terrapub.co.jp/journals/EPS/pdf/2006/5802/58020243.pdf, Kenji, Satake, Than Tin, Aung, Yuki, Sawai, Yukinobu, Okamura, 1, Tsunami heights and damage along the Myanmar coast from the December 2004 Sumatra-Andaman earthquake, Earth Planets Space, 58, 2, 243–252, 2006, 22 December 2018, 10.1186/BF03353384, 2006EP&S...58..243S, 129597697, free, 4 October 2018,web.archive.org/web/20181004032411/https://www.terrapub.co.jp/journals/EPS/pdf/2006/5802/58020243.pdf, live, Tsunami survey heights:{{citation needed|date=September 2018}}
SomaliaThe tsunami travelled {{cvt|5000|km}} west across the open ocean before striking the East African country of Somalia. Around 289 fatalities were reported in the Horn of Africa, drowned by four tsunami waves. The hardest-hit was a {{cvt|650|km}} stretch of the Somalia coastline between Garacad (Mudug region) and Xaafuun (Bari region), which forms part of the Puntland province. Most of the victims were reported along the low-lying Xaafuun Peninsula.JOURNAL,2004tsunami.ce.gatech.edu/publications/som_eqs_v22-iS3_106607eqs.pdf, Somalia Field Survey after the December 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami, Hermann M., Fritz, Jose C., Borrero, 10.1193/1.2201972, Earthquake Spectra, 22, S3, S219–S233, June 2006, 2006EarSp..22..219F, 220297402, 22 December 2018, 24 February 2021,2004tsunami.ce.gatech.edu/publications/som_eqs_v22-iS3_106607eqs.pdf," title="web.archive.org/web/202102240132522004tsunami.ce.gatech.edu/publications/som_eqs_v22-iS3_106607eqs.pdf,">web.archive.org/web/202102240132522004tsunami.ce.gatech.edu/publications/som_eqs_v22-iS3_106607eqs.pdf, live, The Puntland coast in northern Somalia was by far the area hardest hit by the waves to the west of the Indian subcontinent. The waves arrived around noon local time.Consequently, tsunami runup heights vary from {{cvt|5|m}} to {{cvt|9|m}} with inundation distances varying from {{cvt|44|m}} to {{cvt|704|m}}. The maximum runup height of almost {{cvt|9|m}} was recorded in Bandarbeyla. An even higher runup point was measured on a cliff near the town of Eyl, solely on an eyewitness account.The highest death toll was in Hafun, with 19 dead and 160 people presumed missing out of its 5,000 inhabitants. This was the highest number of casualties in a single African town and the largest tsunami death toll in a single town to the west of the Indian subcontinent. In Xaafuun, small drawbacks were observed before the third and most powerful tsunami wave flooded the town.Other locationsFile:Tanjungtokongwave.png|thumb|upright=1.1|Flooding in George Town, MalaysiaMalaysiaThe tsunami also reached Malaysia, mainly on the northern states such as Kedah, Perak and Penang and on offshore islands such as Langkawi island. Peninsular Malaysia was shielded by the full force of the tsunami due to the protection offered by the island of Sumatra, which lies just off the western coast.WEB,www.smh.com.au/world/asia/tsunami-death-toll-passes-283-000-20050128-gdkkw6.html, Tsunami death toll passes 283,000, 28 January 2005, The Sydney Morning Herald, 10 January 2020, 15 November 2019,web.archive.org/web/20191115041926/https://www.smh.com.au/world/asia/tsunami-death-toll-passes-283-000-20050128-gdkkw6.html, live, Bangladesh escaped major damage and deaths because the water displaced by the strike-slip fault was relatively little on the northern section of the rupture zone, which ruptured slowly. In Yemen, the tsunami killed two people with a maximum runup of {{cvt|2|m|ft}}.WEB,itic.ioc-unesco.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=category&id=1136&Itemid=1136, International Tsunami Information Center - International Tsunami Information Center, itic.ioc-unesco.org, 17 October 2015, 19 April 2016,itic.ioc-unesco.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=category&id=1136&Itemid=1136," title="web.archive.org/web/20160419214841itic.ioc-unesco.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=category&id=1136&Itemid=1136,">web.archive.org/web/20160419214841itic.ioc-unesco.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=category&id=1136&Itemid=1136, live, The tsunami was detected in the southern parts of east Africa, where rough seas were reported, specifically on the eastern and southern coasts that face the Indian Ocean. A few other African countries also recorded fatalities; one in Kenya, three in Seychelles, ten in Tanzania, and South Africa, where two were killed as a direct result of the tsunami—the furthest from the epicentre.WEB,www.researchgate.net/publication/241273975, Field Surveys of 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami From Sumatra to East Africa, Hermann M., Fritz, Jose C., Borrero, Costas E., Synolakis, Emile A., Okal, 1 January 2006, 29 January 2018, 30 December 2021,web.archive.org/web/20211230015407/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/241273975_FIELD_SURVEYS_OF_2004_INDIAN_OCEAN_TSUNAMI_FROM_SUMATRA_TO_EAST_AFRICA, live, WEB,smartech.gatech.edu/bitstream/handle/1853/42307/103954_Unesco_Yemen_Tsunami_FzOk3.pdf?sequence=1, Unesco Yemen Tsunami, smartech.gatech.edu, 13 November 2017, 10 October 2017,web.archive.org/web/20171010152811/https://smartech.gatech.edu/bitstream/handle/1853/42307/103954_Unesco_Yemen_Tsunami_FzOk3.pdf?sequence=1, live, Tidal surges also occurred along the Western Australian coast that lasted for several hours, resulting in boats losing their moorings and two people needing to be rescued.WEB,www.smh.com.au/world/asia/wa-feels-the-tsunamis-ripples-20041229-gdke6z.html, WA feels the tsunami’s ripples, 28 December 2004, The Sydney Morning Herald, 10 January 2020, 22 September 2019,web.archive.org/web/20190922000416/https://www.smh.com.au/world/asia/wa-feels-the-tsunamis-ripples-20041229-gdke6z.html, live,ImpactCountries affected(File:2004 Indian Ocean earthquake - affected countries.png|thumb|upright=1.5|Countries affected)According to the final report of the Tsunami Evaluation Coalition, a total of 227,898 people died.BOOK, Telford, John,cdn.sida.se/publications/files/sida61330en-joint-evaluation-of-the-international-response-to-the-indian-ocean-tsunami.pdf, Joint Evaluation of the International Response to the Indian Ocean Tsunami: Synthesis Report, Cosgrave, John, Tsunami Evaluation Coalition, 2006, 0-85003-807-3, London, 33, en, Another common total, as given by the UN Office of the Special Envoy for Tsunami Recovery, is 229,866 dead.WEB, UN Office of the Special Envoy for Tsunami Recovery, The Human Toll,www.tsunamispecialenvoy.org/country/humantoll.asp, January 2006,web.archive.org/web/20060423184048/www.tsunamispecialenvoy.org/country/humantoll.asp, 23 April 2006, Measured in lives lost, this is one of the ten worst earthquakes in recorded history, as well as the single worst tsunami in history. Indonesia was the worst affected area, with most death toll estimates at around 170,000.WEB,www.islamicreliefusa.org/home?aspxerrorpath=/404.aspx, Home, Islamic Relief USA, 12 August 2010,www.islamicreliefusa.org/home?aspxerrorpath=/404.aspx," title="web.archive.org/web/20110119163003www.islamicreliefusa.org/home?aspxerrorpath=/404.aspx,">web.archive.org/web/20110119163003www.islamicreliefusa.org/home?aspxerrorpath=/404.aspx, 19 January 2011, live, The death toll for Indonesia alone may be as high as 172,761 lives.JOURNAL, Parwanto, Novia Budi, Oyama, Tatsuo, 2014, A statistical analysis and comparison of historical earthquake and tsunami disasters in Japan and Indonesia,doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2013.10.003, International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 7, 122–141, 10.1016/j.ijdrr.2013.10.003, 2014IJDRR...7..122P, 2212-4209, An initial report by Siti Fadilah Supari, the Indonesian Minister of Health at the time, estimated the death total to be as high as 220,000 in Indonesia alone, giving a total of 280,000 fatalities.NEWS,news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/4204385.stm, Indonesia quake toll jumps again, BBC News, 25 January 2005, 24 December 2012, 21 August 2021,news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/4204385.stm," title="web.archive.org/web/20210821153214news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/4204385.stm,">web.archive.org/web/20210821153214news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/4204385.stm, live, However, the estimated number of dead and missing in Indonesia were later reduced by over 50,000. In their report, the Tsunami Evaluation Coalition stated, “It should be remembered that all such data are subject to error, as data on missing persons especially are not always as good as one might wish”.BOOK, Telford, John,cdn.sida.se/publications/files/sida61330en-joint-evaluation-of-the-international-response-to-the-indian-ocean-tsunami.pdf, Joint Evaluation of the International Response to the Indian Ocean Tsunami: Synthesis Report, Cosgrave, John, Tsunami Evaluation Coalition, 2006, 0-85003-807-3, London, 159, en, A much higher number of deaths has been suggested for Myanmar based on reports from Thailand.The tsunami caused severe damage and deaths as far as the east coast of Africa, with the furthest recorded fatality directly attributed to the tsunami at Rooi-Els, close to Cape Town, {{cvt|8000|km}} from the epicentre.WEB, Hundreds of thousands of people killed as tsunamis devastate large swathes of South and Southeast Asia, coming as far as South Africa {{!, South African History Online |url=https://www.sahistory.org.za/dated-event/hundreds-thousands-people-killed-tsunamis-devastate-large-swathes-south-and-southeast |access-date=2022-11-15 |website=www.sahistory.org.za |language=en |archive-date=15 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221115221227www.sahistory.org.za/dated-event/hundreds-thousands-people-killed-tsunamis-devastate-large-swathes-south-and-southeast |url-status=live }}Relief agencies reported that one third of the dead appeared to be children. This was a result of the high proportion of children in the populations of many of the affected regions and because children were the least able to resist being overcome by the surging waters. Oxfam went on to report that as many as four times more women than men were killed in some regions because they were waiting on the beach for the fishers to return and looking after their children in the houses.NEWS,news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/4383573.stm, Most tsunami dead female – Oxfam, BBC News, 26 March 2005, 24 December 2012, 26 July 2008,news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/4383573.stm," title="web.archive.org/web/20080726142516news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/4383573.stm,">web.archive.org/web/20080726142516news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/4383573.stm, live, States of emergency were declared in Sri Lanka, Indonesia, and the Maldives. The United Nations estimated at the outset that the relief operation would be the costliest in human history.{{citation needed|date=September 2018}} Then-UN Secretary-General Kofi Annan stated that reconstruction would probably take between five and ten years. Governments and non-governmental organizations feared that the final death toll might double as a result of diseases, prompting a massive humanitarian response.{{citation needed|date=September 2018}}In addition to a large number of local residents, up to 9,000 foreign tourists (mostly Europeans) enjoying the peak holiday travel season were among the dead or missing, especially people from the Nordic countries.WEB, A2/2004Y Aasian luonnonkatastrofi 26.12.2004,turvallisuustutkinta.fi/fi/index/tutkintaselostukset/muutonnettomuudet/tutkintaselostuksetvuosittain/muutonnettomuudet2004/a22004yaasianluonnonkatastrofi26.12.2004.html, Onnettomuustutkintakeskus, fi, 26 December 2004, 26 December 2019, 25 July 2021,web.archive.org/web/20210725132234/https://turvallisuustutkinta.fi/fi/index/tutkintaselostukset/muutonnettomuudet/tutkintaselostuksetvuosittain/muutonnettomuudet2004/a22004yaasianluonnonkatastrofi26.12.2004.html, live, Sweden was the European country most severely affected both in absolute numbers, and by a wide margin when considered in relation to the country’s population, with a death toll of 543. Germany was close behind with 539 identified victims.{|class=“wikitable sortable plainrowheaders” width=“100%” style="padding-left:2em;” | ||||
| {{flagdeco | Effect of the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake on Indonesia>Indonesia | {{nts|130,736}} | {{nts|167,540}} | {{nts|}} | {{nts|37,063}} | {{nts|500,000}}+ | MEISL>FIRST=C.S. | AUTHOR3=ELWOOD K.J. | AUTHOR5=KOWSARI R. | TITLE=HOUSING RECONSTRUCTION IN NORTHERN SUMATRA AFTER THE DECEMBER 2004 GREAT SUMATRA EARTHQUAKE AND TSUNAMI | DOI=10.1193/1.2201668 | ISSUE=3_SUPPL | BIBCODE=2006EARSP..22..777M, 110185015, | ||||||||||||||||
| {{flagdeco | Effect of the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake on Sri Lanka>Sri Lanka | {{nts | c|c}} | {{nts|35,322}} | {{nts|21,411}} | {{nts|}} | {{nts|516,150}} | HTTP://WWW.WSWS.ORG/ARTICLES/2005/DEC2005/SRI2-D29.SHTML>TITLE=ONE YEAR AFTER THE TSUNAMI, SRI LANKAN SURVIVORS STILL LIVE IN SQUALOUR | DATE=29 DECEMBER 2005 | ARCHIVE-DATE=23 NOVEMBER 2012 | URL-STATUS=LIVE, | ||||||||||||||||||
| {{flagdeco | Effect of the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake on India>India | {{nts|12,405}} | {{nts|16,269}} | {{nts|}} | {{nts|3,874}} | {{nts|647,599}} | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| {{flagdeco | Effect of the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake on Thailand>Thailand | {{nts | d|d}} | {{nts|8,212}} | {{nts|8,457}} | {{nts|2,817}} | {{nts|7,000}} | HTTP://WWW.TSUNAMIMEMORIAL.OR.TH/INFORMATION.HTM >ARCHIVE-URL=HTTPS://WEB.ARCHIVE.ORG/WEB/20070928063502/HTTP://WWW.TSUNAMIMEMORIAL.OR.TH/INFORMATION.HTM | TITLE=TSUNAMIMEMORIAL.OR.TH | ACCESS-DATE=24 DECEMBER 2012, SCHWARTZ>FIRST=D. | AUTHOR3=ASHENASI I. | AUTHOR5=LEIBA A. | AUTHOR7=BAR-DAYAN Y. | TITLE=PREHOSPITAL CARE OF TSUNAMI VICTIMS IN THAILAND: DESCRIPTION AND ANALYSIS | VOLUME=21 | PAGES=204–210 | DOI=10.1017/S1049023X0000368X, 25251413, | ||||||||||||
| {{flagdeco | Effect of the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake on Somalia>Somalia | {{nts|78}} | {{nts|289}} | {{nts|}} | {{nts|}} | {{nts|5,000}} | MARTIN PLAUT>URL=HTTP://NEWS.BBC.CO.UK/2/HI/AFRICA/4560246.STM | WORK=BBC NEWS | ACCESS-DATE=24 DECEMBER 2012 | ARCHIVE-URL=HTTPS://WEB.ARCHIVE.ORG/WEB/20121201090554/HTTP://NEWS.BBC.CO.UK/2/HI/AFRICA/4560246.STM | PUBLISHER=RELIEFWEB.INT | ARCHIVE-DATE=7 MAY 2008 | URL-STATUS=LIVE, | ||||||||||||||||
| {{flagdeco | 1974}} Myanmar | {{nts|61}} | {{nts|400}}–600 | {{nts|45}} | {{nts|200}} | {{nts|3,200}} | HTTP://NEWS.BBC.CO.UK/2/HI/ASIA-PACIFIC/4145489.STM>TITLE=ASIA-PACIFIC | ‘HUNDREDS FEARED DEAD’ IN BURMA | DATE=4 JANUARY 2005 | ARCHIVE-DATE=4 NOVEMBER 2012 | URL-STATUS=LIVE, | |||||||||||||||||||
| {{flagdeco | Effect of the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake on the Maldives>Maldives | {{nts|82}} | {{nts|108}} | {{nts|}} | {{nts|26}} | {{nts|15,000}}+ | HTTP://WWW.TSUNAMIMALDIVES.MV/?ACTION=SITUATIONASSESMENT>ARCHIVE-URL=HTTPS://WEB.ARCHIVE.ORG/WEB/20090617182704/HTTP://WWW.TSUNAMIMALDIVES.MV/?ACTION=SITUATIONASSESMENT | TITLE=TSUNAMIMALDIVES.MV | LAST=UNICEF | PAGE=I | ARCHIVE-DATE=18 JANUARY 2012 | URL-STATUS=DEAD, | |||||||||||||||||
| {{flagdeco | Effect of the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake on Malaysia>Malaysia | {{nts|68}} | {{nts|75}} | {{nts|299}} | {{nts|6}} | {{nts|5000}}+ | ENGLISH@PEOPLEDAILY.COM.CN>URL=HTTP://ENGLISH.PEOPLE.COM.CN/200501/13/ENG20050113_170555.HTML | WORK=PEOPLE’S DAILY | ACCESS-DATE=12 AUGUST 2010 | ARCHIVE-URL=HTTPS://WEB.ARCHIVE.ORG/WEB/20110609220247/HTTP://ENGLISH.PEOPLE.COM.CN/200501/13/ENG20050113_170555.HTML | ARCHIVE-DATE=23 OCTOBER 2012 | PUBLISHER=CHANNELNEWSASIA.COM, 24 December 2012, | |||||||||||||||||
| {{flagdeco | Countries affected by the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake#Countries suffering some casualties and damage>Tanzania | {{nts|10}} | {{nts|13}} | {{nts|}} | {{nts|3}} | {{nts|}} | HTTP://WWW.ABC.NET.AU/NEWS/NEWSITEMS/200501/S1275702.HTM>TITLE=ASIAN TSUNAMI DEATH TOLL PASSES 144,000 | LOCATION=AUSTRALIA | ACCESS-DATE=12 AUGUST 2010 | ARCHIVE-DATE=17 JUNE 2009, dead, | |||||||||||||||||||
| {{flagdeco | Countries affected by the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake#Countries suffering some casualties and damage>Seychelles | {{nts|3}} | {{nts|3}} | {{nts|57}} | {{nts|}} | {{nts|200}} | HTTP://WWW.RELIEFWEB.INT/RW/RWB.NSF/DB900SID/KHII-6KH4KY?OPENDOCUMENT>TITLE=THE SEYCHELLES RAISES ITS VOICE | ACCESS-DATE=12 AUGUST 2010 | ARCHIVE-URL=HTTPS://WEB.ARCHIVE.ORG/WEB/20080506125422/HTTP://WWW.RELIEFWEB.INT/RW/RWB.NSF/DB900SID/KHII-6KH4KY?OPENDOCUMENT | ACCESS-DATE=12 AUGUST 2010 | ARCHIVE-DATE=24 MARCH 2006, | ||||||||||||||||||
| {{flagdeco | Countries affected by the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake#Countries suffering some casualties and damage>Bangladesh | {{nts|2}} | {{nts|2}} | {{nts|}} | {{nts|}} | {{nts|}} | IOUALALEN>FIRST1=M. | FIRST2=E. | FIRST3=J. | FIRST4=R. | FIRST5=A. | TITLE=ON THE WEAK IMPACT OF THE 26 DECEMBER INDIAN OCEAN TSUNAMI ON THE BANGLADESH COAST | VOLUME=7 | PAGES=141–147 | BIBCODE=2007NHESS...7..141I, free, | ||||||||||||||
| {{flagdeco | Countries affected by the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake#Countries suffering some casualties and damage>South Africa | {{nts | e|e}} | {{nts|2}} | {{nts|}} | {{nts|}} | {{nts|}} | OKAL>FIRST=E.A. | TITLE=THE SOUTH SANDWICH ISLANDS EARTHQUAKE OF 27 JUNE 1929: SEISMOLOGICAL STUDY AND INFERENCE ON TSUNAMI RISK FOR THE SOUTHERN ATLANTIC | SOUTH AFRICAN JOURNAL OF GEOLOGY>VOLUME=112 | DOI=10.2113/GSSAJG.112.3-4.359 | ACCESS-DATE=26 JUNE 2011 | ISSUE=3–4 | ARCHIVE-URL=HTTPS://WEB.ARCHIVE.ORG/WEB/20120417062833/HTTP://WWW.AFRICAARRAY.PSU.EDU/PUBLICATIONS/PDFS/359_370%20OKAL_HARTNADY.PDF, live, | |||||||||||||||
| {{flagdeco | Countries affected by the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake#Countries suffering some casualties and damage>Yemen | {{nts|2}} | {{nts|2}} | {{nts|}} | {{nts|}} | {{nts|}} | HTTP://WWW.IRINNEWS.ORG/REPORT/24885/YEMEN-TSUNAMI-DAMAGE-OVER-US-1-MILLION-UNEP-ASSESSMENT>TITLE=YEMEN: TSUNAMI DAMAGE OVER US$1 MILLION – UNEP ASSESSMENT | DATE=22 FEBRUARY 2005 | ARCHIVE-DATE=26 MARCH 2014 | URL-STATUS=LIVE, | |||||||||||||||||||
| {{flagdeco | Countries affected by the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake#Countries suffering some casualties and damage>Kenya | {{nts|1}} | {{nts|1}} | {{nts|2}} | {{nts|}} | {{nts|}} | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| {{flagdeco | Countries affected by the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake#Countries suffering damage only>Madagascar | {{nts|}} | {{nts|}} | {{nts|}} | {{nts|}} | {{nts|1,000}}+ | HTTP://NEWS.BBC.CO.UK/1/HI/WORLD/AFRICA/4129639.STM>TITLE=TSUNAMI DEVASTATES SOMALI ISLAND | DATE=29 DECEMBER 2004 | ARCHIVE-DATE=10 FEBRUARY 2009 | URL-STATUS=LIVE, | |||||||||||||||||||
| Total estimates | 184,167 | 227,898 | 125,000 | 43,789 | 1,740,000 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| {{Unbulleted list | a|a}} This table refers only to countries directly affected by the tsunami, not to countries whose citizens were affected while overseas. | b|b}} Includes those reported under ‘Confirmed’. If no separate estimates are available, the number in this column is the same as reported under ‘Confirmed’. | c|c}} Does not include approximately 19,000 missing people initially declared by Tamil Tiger authorities from regions under their control. | d|d}} Data includes at least 2,464 foreigners. | e|e}} Does not include South African citizens who died outside of South Africa (e.g., tourists in Thailand).}} |
Environmental impact
File:TsunamiAftermathNorthofPhuket NASA.jpg|thumb|left|upright=1.2|Tsunami inundation in Khao LakKhao LakBeyond the heavy toll on human lives, the Indian Ocean earthquake caused an enormous environmental impact that affected the region for many years. Severe damage was inflicted on ecosystems such as mangroves, coral reefs, forests, coastal wetlands, vegetation, sand dunes and rock formations, animal and plant biodiversity and groundwater. Also, the spread of solid and liquid waste and industrial chemicals, water pollution and the destruction of sewage collectors and treatment plants threatened the environment even further, in untold ways. The environmental impact took a long time and significant resources to assess.WEB, Impact of Tsunamis on Ecosystems, United Nations Atlas of the Oceans, 10 March 2005,www.oceansatlas.org/id/71687,www.oceansatlas.org/id/71687," title="web.archive.org/web/20080820112413www.oceansatlas.org/id/71687,">web.archive.org/web/20080820112413www.oceansatlas.org/id/71687, dead, 20 August 2008, The main effect was caused by poisoning of the freshwater supplies and of the soil by saltwater infiltration and a deposit of a salt layer over arable land. In the Maldives, 16 to 17 coral reef atolls that were overcome by sea waves are without fresh water and could be rendered uninhabitable for decades. Uncountable wells that served communities were invaded by sea, sand, and earth; and aquifers were invaded through porous rock. On the island’s east coast, the tsunami contaminated wells on which many villagers relied for drinking water.The Colombo-based International Water Management Institute monitored the effects of saltwater and concluded that the wells recovered to pre-tsunami drinking water quality one-and-a-half years after the event.JOURNAL, Helping restore the quality of drinking water after the tsunami, 2010,www.iwmi.cgiar.org/Publications/Success_Stories/PDF/2010/Issue%207%20-%20Helping_restore_the_quality_of_drinking_water_after_the_tsunami.pdf, International Water Management Institute, Success Stories, 10, 11 August 2021, 2 March 2012,www.iwmi.cgiar.org/Publications/Success_Stories/PDF/2010/Issue%207%20-%20Helping_restore_the_quality_of_drinking_water_after_the_tsunami.pdf," title="web.archive.org/web/20120302022712www.iwmi.cgiar.org/Publications/Success_Stories/PDF/2010/Issue%207%20-%20Helping_restore_the_quality_of_drinking_water_after_the_tsunami.pdf,">web.archive.org/web/20120302022712www.iwmi.cgiar.org/Publications/Success_Stories/PDF/2010/Issue%207%20-%20Helping_restore_the_quality_of_drinking_water_after_the_tsunami.pdf, live, The IWMI developed protocols for cleaning wells contaminated by saltwater; these were subsequently officially endorsed by the World Health Organization as part of its series of Emergency Guidelines.Water sanitation and health: WHO technical notes for emergencies. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160212053301www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/hygiene/envsan/technotes/en/ |date=12 February 2016 }} Page. Retrieved 25 February 2011Salted-over soil becomes sterile, and it is difficult and costly to restore for agriculture. It also causes the death of plants and important soil micro-organisms. Thousands of rice, mango, and banana plantations in Sri Lanka were destroyed almost entirely and will take years to recover.In addition to other forms of aid,WEB, Indian Ocean tsunami, 19 December 2014,www.dfat.gov.au/news/news/Pages/indian-ocean-tsunami, Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, Australian Government, 11 August 2021, 11 August 2021,web.archive.org/web/20210811212536/https://www.dfat.gov.au/news/news/Pages/indian-ocean-tsunami, live, the Australian government sent ecological experts to help develop strategies for reef-monitoring and rehabilitation of marine environments and coral reefs in the Maldives, Seychelles and other areas. Scientists had developed significant ecological expertise from work with the Great Barrier Reef, in Australia’s northeastern waters.BOOK, Australia’s response to the Indian Ocean tsunami REPORT FOR THE PERIOD ENDING 30 JUNE 2005, 2005, Commonwealth of Australia,reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/34F36A2FE297C7BD49257074001D828E-ausaid-tsunami-06sep.pdf, 11 August 2021, 11 August 2021,web.archive.org/web/20210811211831/https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/34F36A2FE297C7BD49257074001D828E-ausaid-tsunami-06sep.pdf, live, In response to the unprecedented situation, the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) worked with governments in the region to determine the severity of the ecological impact and how to address it.WEB, Environmental Issues Emerging from Wreckage of Asian Tsunami,www.un.org/press/en/2004/unep255.doc.htm, United Nations, 3 October 2019,www.unep.org/Documents.Multilingual/Default.asp?DocumentID=414&ArticleID=4692&l=en," title="web.archive.org/web/20050111221153www.unep.org/Documents.Multilingual/Default.asp?DocumentID=414&ArticleID=4692&l=en,">web.archive.org/web/20050111221153www.unep.org/Documents.Multilingual/Default.asp?DocumentID=414&ArticleID=4692&l=en, 11 January 2005, 30 December 2004, unfit, UNEP established an emergency fund, set up a Task Force to respond to requests for assistance from countries affected by the tsunami, and was able to mobilize and distribute approximately US$9.3 million for environmental recovery and disaster risk reduction between 2004 and 2007. Funding came from other international agencies and from countries including Finland, Norway, Spain, Sweden and the United Kingdom.BOOK, UNEP Post-Tsunami Recover y Activities 2004-2007, 2008, UNEP Post-Tsunami Recover y Activities 2004-2007 United Nations Environment Programme,postconflict.unep.ch/publications/PT_recovery.pdf, 11 August 2021, 11 August 2021,web.archive.org/web/20210811210519/https://postconflict.unep.ch/publications/PT_recovery.pdf, live, WEB,www.unep.org/Documents.Multilingual/Default.asp?DocumentID=434&ArticleID=4818&l=en, United Nations Environment Programme; Environment for Development, 22 April 2006,webarchive.loc.gov/all/20060412095140/http://www.unep.org/Documents.Multilingual/Default.asp?DocumentID=434&ArticleID=4818&l=en, 12 April 2006, live, Evidence suggested that the presence of mangroves in coastal areas had provided some protection, when compared to areas that had been cleared for aquaculture or development. As a result, mangrove restoration become a focus of a number of projects, with varied success. Such approaches to ecosystem-based disaster risk reduction appear to be most successful when local communities are closely involved as stakeholders throughout the process, and when careful attention is paid to the physical conditions of chosen sites to ensure that mangroves can thrive there.JOURNAL, Zimmer, Katarina, Many mangrove restorations fail. Is there a better way?, Knowable Magazine, 22 July 2021, 10.1146/knowable-072221-1,knowablemagazine.org/article/food-environment/2021/many-mangrove-restorations-fail, 11 August 2021, free, 16 August 2021,web.archive.org/web/20210816114657/https://knowablemagazine.org/article/food-environment/2021/many-mangrove-restorations-fail, live,Economic impact
File:Chennai beach2.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|Chennai’s Marina BeachMarina BeachThe level of damage to the economy resulting from the tsunami depends on the scale examined. While the overall impact on the national economies was minor, local economies were devastated. The two main occupations affected by the tsunami were fishing and tourism.JOURNAL, Gunatillake, Daya, The 2004 Tsunami in Sri Lanka: Destruction and recovery, Geography, 2007, 92, 3, 285–293, 10.1080/00167487.2007.12094208, 40574342, Some economists believe that damage to the affected national economies will be minor because losses in the tourism and fishing industries are a relatively small percentage of the GDP. However, others caution that damage to infrastructure is an overriding factor. In some areas drinking water supplies and farm fields may have been contaminated for years by saltwater from the ocean.Pearce, Fred. “Tsunami’s salt water may leave islands uninhabitable.” New Scientist. 5 January 2005. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080422084629www.newscientist.com/article.ns?id=dn6840 |date=22 April 2008 }}The impact on coastal fishing communities and the people living there, some of the poorest in the region, has been devastating with high losses of income earners as well as boats and fishing gear.WEB,www.ukabc.org/tsunamis.htm, Tsunamis Devastate Fisherfolk of Indian Ocean and Arabian Sea, www.ukabc.org, 11 March 2019, 3 March 2019,www.ukabc.org/tsunamis.htm," title="web.archive.org/web/20190303024418www.ukabc.org/tsunamis.htm,">web.archive.org/web/20190303024418www.ukabc.org/tsunamis.htm, live, WEB,reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/70B417968D5FCDD0C1256F8400498CE6-fao-souasi-7jan.pdf, Impacts of the Tsunami on Fisheries, Aquaculture and Coastal Livelihoods, 7 January 2005, reliefweb, 10 March 2019, 8 March 2021,web.archive.org/web/20210308062132/https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/70B417968D5FCDD0C1256F8400498CE6-fao-souasi-7jan.pdf, live, In Sri Lanka, artisanal fishery, in which the use of fish baskets, fishing traps, and spears are commonly used, is an important source of fish for local markets; industrial fishery is the major economic activity, providing direct employment to about 250,000 people. In recent years the fishery industry has emerged as a dynamic export-oriented sector, generating substantial foreign exchange earnings. Preliminary estimates indicated that 66% of the fishing fleet and industrial infrastructure in coastal regions were destroyed by the wave surges.WEB,reliefweb.int/report/indonesia/food-supply-and-food-security-situation-countries-affected-asia-tsunami, Food supply and food security situation in countries affected by the Asia tsunami – Indonesia, ReliefWeb, 18 February 2005, 11 March 2019, 21 January 2020,web.archive.org/web/20200121122102/https://reliefweb.int/report/indonesia/food-supply-and-food-security-situation-countries-affected-asia-tsunami, live, While the tsunami destroyed many of the boats vital to Sri Lanka’s fishing industry, it also created a demand for fibreglass-reinforced plastic catamarans in the boatyards of Tamil Nadu. Given that over 51,000 vessels were lost to the tsunami, the industry boomed. However, the huge demand has led to lower quality in the process, and some important materials were sacrificed to cut prices for those who were impoverished by the tsunami.WEB,www.bobpigo.org/bbn/sep_06/pages10-12.pdf,www.bobpigo.org/bbn/sep_06/pages10-12.pdf," title="web.archive.org/web/20110624095558www.bobpigo.org/bbn/sep_06/pages10-12.pdf,">web.archive.org/web/20110624095558www.bobpigo.org/bbn/sep_06/pages10-12.pdf, 24 June 2011, Demand for FRP boats rise after tsunami, 12 August 2010, dead, Even though only coastal regions were directly affected by the waters of the tsunami, the indirect effects have spread to inland provinces as well. Since the media coverage of the event was so extensive, many tourists cancelled vacations and trips to that part of the world, even though their travel destinations may not have been affected. This ripple effect could especially be felt in the inland provinces of Thailand, such as Krabi, which acted as a starting point for many other tourist destinations in Thailand.JOURNAL, Rigg, Johnathan, Lisa Lawt, May Tan-Mullins, Carl Grundy-Warr, The Indian Ocean Tsunami: Socio-Economic Impacts in Thailand., The Geographical Journal, December 2005, 171, 4, 374–379, 3451210, 10.1111/j.1475-4959.2005.00175_3.x, 2005GeogJ.171..374R,dro.dur.ac.uk/1284/1/1284.pdf?DDD14+dgg0cnm, 20 March 2019, 24 July 2020,dro.dur.ac.uk/1284/1/1284.pdf?DDD14+dgg0cnm," title="web.archive.org/web/20200724141017dro.dur.ac.uk/1284/1/1284.pdf?DDD14+dgg0cnm,">web.archive.org/web/20200724141017dro.dur.ac.uk/1284/1/1284.pdf?DDD14+dgg0cnm, live, Countries in the region appealed to tourists to return, pointing out that most tourist infrastructure is undamaged. However, tourists were reluctant to do so for psychological reasons. Even beach resorts in parts of Thailand which were untouched by the tsunami were hit by cancellations.Chapter 6, “Thailand”, in Jayasuriya, Sisira and Peter McCawley, The Asian Tsunami: Aid and Reconstruction after a Disaster {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722005138www.e-elgar.co.uk/Bookentry_Main.lasso?id=13668 |date=22 July 2011 }}. Cheltenham UK and Northampton MA: Edward Elgar, 2010.Both the earthquake and the tsunami may have affected shipping in the Malacca Straits, which separate Malaysia and the Indonesian island of Sumatra, by changing the depth of the seabed and by disturbing navigational buoys and old shipwrecks. In one area of the Strait, water depths were previously up to {{cvt|4000|ft|m|order=flip}}, and are now only {{cvt|100|ft|m|order=flip}} in some areas, making shipping impossible and dangerous. These problems also made the delivery of relief aid more challenging. Compiling new navigational charts may take months or years. Officials also hoped that piracy in the region would drop off, since the tsunami had killed pirates and destroyed their boats.Staff Writer. “Tsunami redrew ship channels, ocean floor {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924003829www.nbcnews.com/id/6791600 |date=24 September 2020 }}.” NBC News/Associated Press. 5 January 2005. Due to multiple factors, there was a 71.6% drop in the number of piracy incidents between 2004 and 2005, from 60 to 17 incidents. Levels remained relatively low for some years. However, between 2013 and 2014, piracy incidents rose dramatically by 73.2% to exceed pre-tsunami levels.WEB, Birchard, Emma Louise, Piracy in the Strait of Malacca: The geopolitical background behind piracy and its impacts on Global Financial Centres,theses.ubn.ru.nl/bitstream/handle/123456789/10228/Birchard%2C_Emma_Louise_1.pdf?sequence=1, Radboud University, 2020, 11 August 2021, 11 August 2021,web.archive.org/web/20210811200130/https://theses.ubn.ru.nl/bitstream/handle/123456789/10228/Birchard,_Emma_Louise_1.pdf?sequence=1, live,Historical context
{{See also|Library damage resulting from the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake}}{{Location map+|Indonesia Sumatra|float=right|alt=Earthquakes in Sumatra|caption=Of the ten strongest Indonesian earthquakes ≥ 8.3 Mw, six occurred near Sumatra|places={{Location map~|Indonesia Sumatra|lat=3.316|long=95.854|position=right|label=2004}}{{Location map~|Indonesia Sumatra|lat=-2.5|long=100.5|position=right|label=1833}}{{Location map~|Indonesia Sumatra|lat=2.09|long=97.15|position=right|label=2005}}{{Location map~|Indonesia Sumatra|lat=1.0|long=97.5|position=right|label=1861}}{{Location map~|Indonesia Sumatra|lat=-4.52|long=101.374|position=right|label=2007}}{{Location map~|Indonesia Sumatra|lat=-1.0|long=99.0|position=right|label=1797}}}}The last major tsunami in the Indian Ocean was about A.D. 1400.NEWS, Palmer, Jason,news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/7697482.stm, Tsunami in 2004 ‘not the first’, BBC News, 29 October 2008, 12 August 2010, 15 February 2009,news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/7697482.stm," title="web.archive.org/web/20090215121702news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/7697482.stm,">web.archive.org/web/20090215121702news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/7697482.stm, live, NEWS,www.radioaustralia.net.au/international/2008-10-30/researchers-uncover-2004-tsunami-predecessor/35702, Researchers uncover 2004 tsunami predecessor, ABC Radio Australia News, 30 October 2008, 13 April 2011, 17 December 2013,www.radioaustralia.net.au/international/2008-10-30/researchers-uncover-2004-tsunami-predecessor/35702," title="web.archive.org/web/20131217213901www.radioaustralia.net.au/international/2008-10-30/researchers-uncover-2004-tsunami-predecessor/35702,">web.archive.org/web/20131217213901www.radioaustralia.net.au/international/2008-10-30/researchers-uncover-2004-tsunami-predecessor/35702, live, In 2008, a team of scientists working on Phra Thong, a barrier island along the hard-hit west coast of Thailand, reported evidence of at least three previous major tsunamis in the preceding 2,800 years, the most recent from about 700 years ago. A second team found similar evidence of previous tsunamis in Aceh, a province at the northern tip of Sumatra; radiocarbon dating of bark fragments in the soil below the second sand layer led the scientists to estimate that the most recent predecessor to the 2004 tsunami probably occurred between A.D. 1300 and 1450.WEB,newswise.com/articles/view/545772/, Scientists Find Evidence of Tsunamis on Indian Ocean Shores Long Before 2004, Newswise.com, 27 October 2008, 24 December 2012, 31 May 2013,newswise.com/articles/view/545772/," title="web.archive.org/web/20130531090402newswise.com/articles/view/545772/,">web.archive.org/web/20130531090402newswise.com/articles/view/545772/, live, The 2004 earthquake and tsunami combined is the world’s deadliest natural disaster since the 1976 Tangshan earthquake. The earthquake was the third-most-powerful earthquake recorded since 1900. The deadliest-known earthquake in history occurred in 1556 in Shaanxi, China, with an estimated death toll of 830,000, though figures from this period may not be as reliable.WEB,earthquake.usgs.gov/regional/world/most_destructive.php, Most Destructive Known Earthquakes on Record in the World (Earthquakes with 50,000 or More Deaths), United States Geological Survey,earthquake.usgs.gov/regional/world/most_destructive.php," title="web.archive.org/web/20090901233953earthquake.usgs.gov/regional/world/most_destructive.php,">web.archive.org/web/20090901233953earthquake.usgs.gov/regional/world/most_destructive.php, 1 September 2009, Before 2004, the tsunami created in both Indian and Pacific Ocean waters by the 1883 eruption of Krakatoa, thought to have resulted in anywhere from 36,000 to 120,000 deaths, had probably been the deadliest in the region. In 1782, about 40,000 people are thought to have been killed by a tsunami (or a cyclone) in the South China Sea.JOURNAL, Lau, A. Y. A., Switzer, A. D., Dominey-Howes, D., Aitchison, J. C., Zong, Y., Written records of historical tsunamis in the northeastern South China Sea – challenges associated with developing a new integrated database, Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences, 1 September 2010, 10, 9, 1793–1806, 10.5194/nhess-10-1793-2010,www.nat-hazards-earth-syst-sci.net/10/1793/2010/nhess-10-1793-2010.pdf, 2010NHESS..10.1793L, free, 6 August 2013, 6 July 2020,web.archive.org/web/20200706180220/https://www.nat-hazards-earth-syst-sci.net/10/1793/2010/nhess-10-1793-2010.pdf, live, The deadliest tsunami before 2004 was Italy’s 1908 Messina earthquake on the Mediterranean Sea where the earthquake and tsunami killed about 123,000.WEB,www.cbc.ca/news/world/the-world-s-worst-natural-disasters-1.743208, The world’s worst natural disasters, CBC News, 31 August 2010, 19 October 2019, 19 January 2011,www.cbc.ca/world/story/2008/05/08/f-natural-disasters-history.html," title="web.archive.org/web/20110119154212www.cbc.ca/world/story/2008/05/08/f-natural-disasters-history.html,">web.archive.org/web/20110119154212www.cbc.ca/world/story/2008/05/08/f-natural-disasters-history.html, live,Other effects
(File:Tsunami 2004 aftermath. Aceh, Indonesia, 2005. Photo- AusAID (10730863873).jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|Tsunami aftermath in Aceh, Indonesia)Many health professionals and aid workers have reported widespread psychological trauma associated with the tsunami.JOURNAL, Frankenberg, Elizabeth, Friedman, Jed, Gillespie, Thomas, Ingwersen, Nicholas, Pynoos, Robert, Rifai, Iip Umar, Sikoki, Bondan, Steinberg, Alan, Sumantri, Cecep, Suriastini, Wayan, Thomas, Duncan, September 2008, Mental Health in Sumatra After the Tsunami, American Journal of Public Health, en, 98, 9, 1671–1677, 10.2105/AJPH.2007.120915, 0090-0036, 2509591, 18633091, Even 14 years afterwards, researchers find HPA axis dysregulation and “burnout” in survivors.JOURNAL, Lawton, Ralph, Frankenberg, Elizabeth, Seeman, Teresa, Crimmins, Eileen, Sumantri, Cecep, Thomas, Duncan, 2023-10-16, Exposure to the Indian Ocean Tsunami shapes the HPA-axis resulting in HPA “burnout” 14 years later, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 120, 44, e2306497120, 10.1073/pnas.2306497120, 37844215, 10622908, 2023PNAS..12006497L, 0027-8424, free, Traditional beliefs in many of the affected regions state that a relative of the family must bury the body of the dead, and in many cases, no body remained to be buried. Women in Aceh required a special approach from foreign aid agencies, and continue to have unique needs.{{citation needed|date=July 2018}}The hardest-hit area, Aceh, is a religiously conservative Islamic society and has had no tourism nor any Western presence in recent years due to the insurgency between the Indonesian military and Free Aceh Movement (GAM). Some believe that the tsunami was divine punishment for lay Muslims shirking their daily prayers or following a materialistic lifestyle. Others have said that Allah was angry that Muslims were killing each other in an ongoing conflict.Broadway, Bill. “Divining a Reason for Devastation {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170914005421www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A57758-2005Jan7.html |date=14 September 2017 }}.” The Washington Post. 8 January 2005. Saudi cleric Muhammad Al-Munajjid attributed it to divine retribution against non-Muslim vacationers “who used to sprawl all over the beaches and in pubs overflowing with wine” during Christmas break.WEB,www.baylor.edu/mediacommunications/index.php?id=25982, Associated Press û Tsunami survivors cling tightly to faith across ravaged region, Media and Public Relations {{!, Baylor University|access-date=11 March 2019|archive-date=24 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200724140458www.baylor.edu/mediacommunications/index.php?id=25982|url-status=live}}The widespread devastation caused by the tsunami led GAM to declare a cease-fire on 28 December 2004 followed by the Indonesian government, and the two groups resumed long-stalled peace talks, which resulted in a peace agreement signed 15 August 2005. The agreement explicitly cites the tsunami as a justification.NEWS,news.bbc.co.uk/1/shared/bsp/hi/pdfs/15_08_05_aceh.pdf, Memorandum of Understanding between Indonesian government and the Free Aceh Movement, 15 August 2005, 24 December 2012, BBC News, 29 June 2006,news.bbc.co.uk/1/shared/bsp/hi/pdfs/15_08_05_aceh.pdf," title="web.archive.org/web/20060629202428news.bbc.co.uk/1/shared/bsp/hi/pdfs/15_08_05_aceh.pdf,">web.archive.org/web/20060629202428news.bbc.co.uk/1/shared/bsp/hi/pdfs/15_08_05_aceh.pdf, live, In a poll conducted in 27 countries, 15% of respondents named the tsunami the most significant event of the year. Only the Iraq War was named by as many respondents.NEWS,news.bbc.co.uk/2/shared/bsp/hi/pdfs/30_12_05_ws_events_poll.pdf, Most significant events of 2005, 30 December 2005, BBC World Service, 26 September 2013, 2 October 2013,news.bbc.co.uk/2/shared/bsp/hi/pdfs/30_12_05_ws_events_poll.pdf," title="web.archive.org/web/20131002211446news.bbc.co.uk/2/shared/bsp/hi/pdfs/30_12_05_ws_events_poll.pdf,">web.archive.org/web/20131002211446news.bbc.co.uk/2/shared/bsp/hi/pdfs/30_12_05_ws_events_poll.pdf, live, , and NEWS,news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4566826.stm, Iraq war and tsunami top BBC poll, 30 December 2005, BBC World Service, 26 September 2013, 2 October 2013,news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4566826.stm," title="web.archive.org/web/20131002213901news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4566826.stm,">web.archive.org/web/20131002213901news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4566826.stm, live, BOOK, Brighton, Paul, Foy, Dennis, News Values, 2007, Sage, London, 978-1412946001, 44, The extensive international media coverage of the tsunami, and the role of mass media and journalists in reconstruction, were discussed by editors of newspapers and broadcast media in tsunami-affected areas, in special video-conferences set up by the Asia Pacific Journalism Centre.WEB,www.apjc.org.au/program6.html, Asia Pacific Journalism Centre – Home Page, 24 October 2007,www.apjc.org.au/program6.html," title="web.archive.org/web/20071013035339www.apjc.org.au/program6.html,">web.archive.org/web/20071013035339www.apjc.org.au/program6.html, 13 October 2007, dead, The tsunami left both the people and government of India in a state of heightened alert. On 30 December 2004, four days after the tsunami, Terra Research notified the India government that its sensors indicated there was a possibility of 7.9 to 8.1 magnitude tectonic shift in the next 12 hours between Sumatra and New Zealand.Press Trust of India (30 December 2004) “Alert scaled down, capping day long confusion.” In response, the Indian Minister of Home Affairs announced that a fresh onslaught of deadly tsunami was likely along the southern Indian coast and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, even as there was no sign of turbulence in the region. The announcement generated panic in the Indian Ocean region and caused thousands to flee their homes, which resulted in jammed roads.Tran, Tina. (30 December 2004) Associated Press “False tsunami alarm sparks panic in Indian Ocean region. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090621044212www.signonsandiego.com/news/world/20041230-1108-tsunami-falsewarning.html |date=21 June 2009 }}” The announcement was a false alarm, and the Home Affairs minister withdrew their announcement. On further investigation, the India government learned that the consulting company Terra Research was run from the home of a self-described earthquake forecaster who had no telephone listing and maintained a website where he sold copies of his detection system.NEWS,www.seattletimes.com/nation-world/suspect-quake-forecast-causes-panic/, Suspect quake forecast causes panic, The Seattle Times, Associated Press, 31 December 2004, 17 October 2019, 16 October 2019,web.archive.org/web/20191016170754/https://www.seattletimes.com/nation-world/suspect-quake-forecast-causes-panic/, live, (File:Phuket after tsunami (2004).jpg|thumb|left|upright=1.1|Patong Beach in Thailand after the tsunami)The tsunami had a severe humanitarian and political impact in Sweden. The hardest-hit country outside Asia, Sweden, lost 543 tourists, mainly in Thailand. The Persson Cabinet was heavily criticized for its inaction.NEWS, Ministers Admit Handling of Tsunami Crisis Caused Suffering - Radio Sweden,sverigesradio.se/artikel/797579, 15 December 2020, Sveriges Radio, 16 February 2006, 25 July 2021,web.archive.org/web/20210725132232/https://sverigesradio.se/artikel/797579, live, Smith Dharmasaroja, a meteorologist who had predicted that an earthquake and tsunami “is going to occur for sure” way back in 1994,WEB,www.seapa.org/mad-scientist-gets-belated-recognition/, ‘Mad’ Scientist Gets Belated Recognition, Southeast Asian Press Alliance, Tima, Raffy Jr., 12 May 2010,web.archive.org/web/20180319031526/https://www.seapa.org/mad-scientist-gets-belated-recognition/, 19 March 2018, WEB,www.internationalist.org/disasterforetold0501.html, A “Natural Disaster” Foretold, The Internationalist, January 2005, 16 December 2020, 26 February 2021,www.internationalist.org/disasterforetold0501.html," title="web.archive.org/web/20210226132458www.internationalist.org/disasterforetold0501.html,">web.archive.org/web/20210226132458www.internationalist.org/disasterforetold0501.html, live, was assigned the development of the Thai tsunami warning system. The Indian Ocean Tsunami Warning System was formed in early 2005 to provide an early warning of tsunamis for inhabitants around the Indian Ocean coasts.WEB,iotic.ioc-unesco.org/indian-ocean-tsunami-warning-system/16/what-is-iotws, Indian Ocean Tsunami Information Center {{!, Indian Ocean Tsunami Warning System {{!}} What is IOTWS|website=iotic.ioc-unesco.org|access-date=11 March 2019|archive-date=27 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190227214133iotic.ioc-unesco.org/indian-ocean-tsunami-warning-system/16/what-is-iotws|url-status=live}}The changes in the distribution of masses inside the Earth due to the earthquake had several consequences. It displaced the North Pole by {{cvt|25|mm}}. It also slightly changed the shape of the Earth, specifically by decreasing Earth’s oblateness by about one part in 10 billion, consequentially increasing Earth’s rotation a little and thus shortening the length of the day by 2.68 microseconds.WEB, Cook-Anderson, Gretchen, Beasley, Dolores,www.nasa.gov/home/hqnews/2005/jan/HQ_05011_earthquake.html, NASA Details Earthquake Effects on the Earth, National Aeronautics and Space Administration (press release), 10 January 2005, 11 January 2005, 27 January 2011,www.nasa.gov/home/hqnews/2005/jan/HQ_05011_earthquake.html," title="web.archive.org/web/20110127163105www.nasa.gov/home/hqnews/2005/jan/HQ_05011_earthquake.html,">web.archive.org/web/20110127163105www.nasa.gov/home/hqnews/2005/jan/HQ_05011_earthquake.html, live, {{Clear}}Humanitarian response
File:German Tsunami Relief Mission Team in Mullaitivu.jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|German tsunami relief mission visiting Mullaitivu in Sri Lanka’s Northern Province ]]A great deal of humanitarian aid was needed because of widespread damage to the infrastructure, shortages of food and water, and economic damage. Epidemics were of particular concern due to the high population density and tropical climate of the affected areas. The main concern of humanitarian and government agencies was to provide sanitation facilities and fresh drinking water to contain the spread of diseases such as cholera, diphtheria, dysentery, typhoid and hepatitis A and {{nowr|hepatitis B}}.There was also a great concern that the death toll could increase as disease and hunger spread. However, because of the initial quick response, this was minimized.NEWS,news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/4157947.stm, UN upbeat on tsunami hunger aid, BBC News, 9 January 2005, 24 December 2012, 12 April 2013,news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/4157947.stm," title="web.archive.org/web/20130412065431news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/4157947.stm,">web.archive.org/web/20130412065431news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/4157947.stm, live, In the days following the tsunami, significant effort was spent in burying bodies hurriedly due to fear of disease spreading. However, the public health risks may have been exaggerated, and therefore this may not have been the best way to allocate resources.JOURNAL, Ball, Philip, Mass graves not necessary for tsunami victims, Nature_(journal), Nature, 7 January 2005, 10.1038/news050103-10,www.nature.com/articles/news050103-10, 13 September 2023, WEB, Health Effects of Tsunamis,www.cdc.gov/disasters/tsunamis/healtheff.html, Natural Disasters and Severe Weather, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 13 September 2023, 31 August 2023,web.archive.org/web/20230831082145/https://www.cdc.gov/disasters/tsunamis/healtheff.html, live, The World Food Programme provided food aid to more than 1.3 million people affected by the tsunami.WEB,reliefweb.int/report/indonesia/wfp-situation-report-tsunami-crisis-indian-ocean-region-friday-4-nov-2005, United Nations: World Food Programme: Report on the Tsunami Crisis, Reliefweb.int, 4 November 2005, 24 December 2012, 12 December 2013,reliefweb.int/report/indonesia/wfp-situation-report-tsunami-crisis-indian-ocean-region-friday-4-nov-2005," title="web.archive.org/web/20131212221140reliefweb.int/report/indonesia/wfp-situation-report-tsunami-crisis-indian-ocean-region-friday-4-nov-2005,">web.archive.org/web/20131212221140reliefweb.int/report/indonesia/wfp-situation-report-tsunami-crisis-indian-ocean-region-friday-4-nov-2005, live, {{Further|Health risks from dead bodies}}Nations all over the world provided over US$14 billion in aid for damaged regions,Chapter 3, “The matter of money”, in Jayasuriya, Sisira and Peter McCawley, “The Asian Tsunami: Aid and Reconstruction after a Disaster” {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722005138www.e-elgar.co.uk/Bookentry_Main.lasso?id=13668 |date=22 July 2011 }}. Cheltenham UK and Northampton MA: Edward Elgar, 2010. with the governments of Australia pledging US$819.9 million (including a US$760.6 million aid package for Indonesia), Germany offering US$660 million, Japan offering US$500 million, Canada offering US$343 million, Norway and the Netherlands offering both US$183 million, the United States offering US$35 million initially (increased to US$350 million), and the World Bank offering US$250 million. Also, Italy offered US$95 million, increased later to US$113 million of which US$42 million was donated by the population using the SMS system.NEWS, Staff Writer,news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/4145259.stm, Tsunami aid: Who’s giving what, 27 January 2005, 22 April 2006, BBC News, 22 June 2006,news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/4145259.stm," title="web.archive.org/web/20060622072742news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/4145259.stm,">web.archive.org/web/20060622072742news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/4145259.stm, live, Australia, India, Japan and the United States formed an ad-hoc corroborative group, and it was the origin of Quadrilateral Security Dialogue.WEB,warontherocks.com/2017/11/rise-fall-rebirth-quad/, 16 November 2017, Tanvi Madan, The Rise, Fall, and Rebirth of the ‘Quad’, War on the Rocks, 22 February 2021, 13 February 2021,web.archive.org/web/20210213000755/https://warontherocks.com/2017/11/rise-fall-rebirth-quad/, live, File:Tsunami disaster memorial plaque in Batticaloa.jpg|thumb|left|upright=1.1|Memorial dedicated to victims of the tsunami in Batticaloa, Sri LankaSri LankaAccording to USAID, the US has pledged additional funds in long-term U.S. support to help the tsunami victims rebuild their lives. On 9 February 2005, President Bush asked Congress to increase the U.S. commitment to a total of US$950 million. Officials estimated that billions of dollars would be needed. Bush also asked his father, former President George H. W. Bush, and former President Bill Clinton to lead a U.S. effort to provide private aid to the tsunami victims.Staff Writer. “Clinton, Bush: Tsunami Aid Helping {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060115234350www.cbsnews.com/stories/2005/02/21/earlyshow/main675227.shtml |date=15 January 2006 }}.” The Early Show/CBS News. 21 February 2005.In mid-March, the Asian Development Bank reported that over US$4 billion in aid promised by governments was behind schedule. Sri Lanka reported that it had received no foreign government aid, while foreign individuals had been generous.Staff Writer. “Tsunami aid shortfall over $4bn {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050912233919news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/4361053.stm |date=12 September 2005 }}.” BBC News. 18 March 2005. Many charities were given considerable donations from the public. For example, in the United Kingdom, the public donated roughly £330 million sterling (nearly US$600 million). This considerably outweighed the allocation by the government to disaster relief and reconstruction of £75 million and came to an average of about £5.50 (US$10) donated by every citizen.JOURNAL, Telford, John, Cosgrave, John, March 2007, The international humanitarian system and the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunamis, Disasters, 31, 1, 1–28, 10.1111/j.1467-7717.2007.00337.x, 17367371, 2007Disas..31....1T, free, WEB,www.unocha.org/sites/dms/Documents/TEC_Funding_Report.pdf, Funding the Tsunami Response, Flint, Michael, July 2006, United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, 11 March 2019, 12 January 2019,web.archive.org/web/20190112080859/https://www.unocha.org/sites/dms/Documents/TEC_Funding_Report.pdf, live, In August 2006, fifteen local aid staff working on post-tsunami rebuilding were found executed in north-east Sri Lanka after heavy fighting between government troops and the Tamil Tiger rebels, the main umbrella body for aid agencies in the country said.NEWS,www.theguardian.com/world/2006/aug/07/tsunami2004.internationalaidanddevelopment, 15 tsunami aid staff executed in Sri Lanka, Ramesh, Randeep, 7 August 2006, The Guardian, 11 March 2019, correspondent, South Asia, 0261-3077, 4 May 2020,web.archive.org/web/20200504175225/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2006/aug/07/tsunami2004.internationalaidanddevelopment, live,Legacy
The 2004 disaster prompted the creation of the Indian Ocean Tsunami Warning System.In popular culture
Film and television
- Children of Tsunami: No More Tears (2005), a 24-minute documentary
- The Wave That Shook The World (2005), educational television-series documentary about the tsunami
- (Tsunami: The Aftermath) (2006), a two-part television miniseries about its aftermath
- Dasavathaaram (2008), a Tamil thriller film involving the tsunami
- Hereafter (2010), a main character’s life is affected after surviving the tsunami while on vacation
- Hafalan Shalat Delisa (2011), an Indonesian movie with the tsunami as the initial incident
- The Impossible (2012), an English-language Spanish film based on the story of MarÃa Belón and her family
- Kayal (2014), a Tamil drama film which culminates with the tsunami
Literature
- Paint the Sky with Stars: Selected Poetry in Remembrance of the Boxing Day Tsunami 2004 (2005) edited by Stephen Robert KutaBOOK,books.google.com/books?id=l21lDwAAQBAJ&pg=PP5, Paint the sky with Stars, Kuta, Stephen, Re-invention UK, 2005, 978-0-9549899-0-3, Rayne, Essex, England, 16 October 2019, 24 July 2020,web.archive.org/web/20200724140700/https://books.google.com/books?id=l21lDwAAQBAJ&pg=PP5, live,
- The Killing Sea (2006), two teenagers struggle to survive in the days after the tsunamiWEB, 2006-12-01, Book Review: The Killing Sea by Richard Lewis,www.thetcj.org/books/book-review-the-killing-sea-by-richard-lewis, 2020-12-15, The Therapeutic Care Journal, en-GB, 26 January 2021,web.archive.org/web/20210126034824/https://www.thetcj.org/books/book-review-the-killing-sea-by-richard-lewis, live,
- Wave (2013), a memoir by Sonali Deraniyagala
- On the Island (2012), two people stranded on a Maldives uninhabited island are rescued because of the tsunami.
Music
- “12/26” by Kimya Dawson, about the event and the humanitarian efforts, from the perspective of a victim whose family died in the disaster.
- “Where the Wave Broke” by Burst, written in memory of Mieszko Talarczyk, frontman of Swedish grindcore band Nasum (whom Burst bassist Jesper Liveröd also performed with), who died in the disaster, which led to Nasum’s subsequent disbandment.
See also
{{Scholia|topic}}- Deaths in December 2004 – notable people killed in the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami
- List of earthquakes in 2004
- List of earthquakes in Indonesia
- List of natural disasters by death toll
- Lists of earthquakes
- List of megathrust earthquakes
References
External links
{{sister links|auto=1|s=2004 Indian Ocean tsunami bulletins}}- {{ReliefWeb-link|ts-2004-000147-idn}}
- The Sumatra-Andaman Islands Earthquake. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151021100354www.iris.iris.edu/sumatra/ |date=21 October 2015 }} – IRIS Consortium.
- asc-india.org/lib/20041226-sumatra.htm" title="web.archive.org/web/20070121074902asc-india.org/lib/20041226-sumatra.htm">M9.1 Sumatra-Andaman Earthquake & Tsunami, 2004 – Amateur Seismic Centre (ASC) (archived 21 January 2007)
- Asian Tsunami Anniversary – Thailand Tsunami Then and Now Comparison Series – Zoriah Miller
- {{YouTube|id=2ozmwEBOmJo|title=“Compilation of videos that show the moment the quake and the subsequent tsunami hit“}}
- {{EQ-isc-link|7453151}}
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