{{short description|Mexican multi-day holiday}}{{about|the Mexican holiday}}{{redirect|Dia de los Muertos|the band|Dia de los Muertos (band)}}{{pp-semi-indef}}{{Use mdy dates|date=November 2017}}

*factoids*

|significance = Prayer and remembrance of friends and family members who have diedAll Saints' Day, Halloween>All Hallows' Eve, All Souls Day }}The Day of the Dead ( or )WEB, DÃa de Todos los Santos, DÃa de los Fieles Difuntos y DÃa de (los) Muertos (MÃ©xico) se escriben con mayÃºscula inicial, DÃa de Todos los Santos, DÃa de los Fieles Difuntos and DÃa de (los) Muertos (Mexico) are written with initial capital letter,weblink FundÃ©u, October 29, 2010, November 4, 2020, es, September 26, 2020,weblink live, WEB, Â¿'DÃa de Muertos' o 'DÃa de los Muertos'? El nombre usado en MÃ©xico para denominar a la fiesta tradicional en la que se honra a los muertos es 'DÃa de Muertos', aunque la denominaciÃ³n 'DÃa de los Muertos' tambiÃ©n es gramaticalmente correcta, 'DÃa de Muertos' or 'DÃa de los Muertos'? The name used in Mexico to denominate the traditional celebration in which death is honored is 'DÃa de Muertos', although the denomination 'DÃa de los Muertos' is also grammatically correct,weblink Royal Spanish Academy Official Twitter Account, November 2, 2019, November 4, 2020, es, April 2, 2020,weblink live, is a holiday traditionally celebrated on November 1 and 2, though other days, such as October 31 or November 6, may be included depending on the locality.BOOK, Sacred Places of a Lifetime, 2008, National Geographic, 978-1-4262-0336-7, 273, Day of the Dead celebrations take place over October 31 ... November 1 (All Saints' Day), and November 2., BOOK, Skibo, James, Skibo, James M., Feinman, Gary, Pottery and People, 14 January 1999, University of Utah Press, 978-0-87480-577-2, 65, In Yucatan, however, the Day of the Dead rituals occur on October 31, November 1, and November 6., BOOK, Arnold, Dean E., Maya Potters' Indigenous Knowledge: Cognition, Engagement, and Practice, 7 February 2018, University Press of Colorado, 978-1-60732-656-4, 206, pottery as a distilled taskscape is best illustrated in the pottery required for Day of the Dead rituals (on October 31, November 1, and November 6), when the spirits of deceased ancestors come back to the land of the living., It is widely observed in Mexico, where it largely developed, and is also observed in other places, especially by people of Mexican heritage. The observance falls during the Christian period of Allhallowtide.BOOK, Foxcroft, Nigel H., The Kaleidoscopic Vision of Malcolm Lowry: Souls and Shamans, 28 October 2019, Rowman & Littlefield, 978-1-4985-1658-7, 130, However, owing to the subjugation of the Aztec Empire by the Spanish conquistador, Hernan Coretes in 1519â€“1521, this festival increasingly fell under Hispanic influence. It was moved from the beginning of summer to late Octoberâ€”and then to early Novemberâ€”so that it would conicide with the Western Christian triduum (or three-day religious observance) of Allhallowtide (Hallowtide, Allsaintide, or Hallowmas). It lasts from October 31 to November 2 and comprises All Saint's Eve (Halloween), All Saints' Day (All Hallows'), and All Souls' Day., Some argue that there are Indigenous Mexican or ancient Aztec influences that account for the custom, and it has become a way to remember those forebears of Mexican culture. The Day of the Dead is largely seen as having a festive characteristic.WEB,weblink Dia de los Muertos, 2012-10-17, National Geographic Society, 2019-04-08, April 8, 2019,weblink dead, The multi-day holiday involves family and friends gathering to pay respects and to remember friends and family members who have died. These celebrations can take a humorous tone, as celebrants remember funny events and anecdotes about the departed.WEB, Palfrey, Dale Hoyt, The Day of the Dead,weblink live, DÃa de los Muertos Index, Access Mexico Connect, 1995, November 28, 2007,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20071130022858weblink">weblink November 30, 2007, mdy-all, Traditions connected with the holiday include honoring the deceased using calaveras and marigold flowers known as , building home altars called with the favorite foods and beverages of the departed, and visiting graves with these items as gifts for the deceased.WEB, Dia de los Muertos,weblink dead, October 17, 2012, National Geographic Society, November 2, 2016,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20161102180955weblink">weblink November 2, 2016, mdy-all, The celebration is not solely focused on the dead, as it is also common to give gifts to friends such as candy sugar skulls, to share traditional pan de muerto with family and friends, and to write light-hearted and often irreverent verses in the form of mock epitaphs dedicated to living friends and acquaintances, a literary form known as .WEB, ChÃ¡vez, XÃ³chitl, Literary Calaveras,weblink Smithsonian Voices, October 23, 2018, September 29, 2021, September 29, 2021,weblink live, In 2008, the tradition was inscribed in the Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity by UNESCO.WEB,weblink Indigenous festivity dedicated to the dead, UNESCO, October 31, 2014,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20141011212818weblink">weblink October 11, 2014, live, mdy-all,

Origins, history, and similarities to other festivities

Mexican academics are divided on whether the festivity has genuine indigenous pre-Hispanic roots or whether it is a 20th-century rebranded version of a Spanish tradition developed during the presidency of LÃ¡zaro CÃ¡rdenas to encourage Mexican nationalism through an "Aztec" identity.WEB, DÃa de muertos, Â¿tradiciÃ³n prehispÃ¡nica o invenciÃ³n del siglo XX?,weblink Relatos e Historias en MÃ©xico, November 2, 2020, November 5, 2020, November 24, 2020,weblink live, WEB, Dos historiadoras encuentran diverso origen del DÃa de Muertos en MÃ©xico,weblink www.opinion.com.bo, November 2, 2007, October 24, 2020, October 30, 2020,weblink live, WEB, "DÃa de Muertos, un invento cardenista", decÃa Elsa Malvido,weblink El Universal, November 3, 2017, October 24, 2020, November 1, 2020,weblink live, The festivity has become a national symbol in recent decades and it is taught in the nation's school system asserting a native origin.WEB, El DÃa de Muertos mexicano naciÃ³ como arma polÃtica o tradiciÃ³n prehispÃ¡nica â€“ Arte y Cultura,weblink www.intramed.net, October 23, 2020, October 26, 2020,weblink live, In 2008, the tradition was inscribed in the Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity by UNESCO.Views differ on whether the festivity has indigenous pre-Hispanic roots, whether it is a more modern adaptation of an existing European tradition, or a combination of both as a manifestation of syncretism. The beginning of the Christian observance of Allhallowtide, including All Saints' Day and its vigil, as well as All Souls' Day, is observed on the same days in places like Spain and Southern Europe, and elsewhere in Christendom. Critics of the native American origin claim that even though pre-Columbian Mexico had traditions that honored the dead, current depictions of the festivity have more in common with European traditions of Danse macabre and their allegories of life and death personified in the human skeleton to remind of the ephemeral nature of life.WEB,weblink OrÃgenes profundamente catÃ³licos y no prehispÃ¡nicos, la fiesta de dÃa de muertos, www.inah.gob.mx, November 5, 2020, March 10, 2022,weblink dead, Over the past decades, however, Mexican academia has increasingly questioned the validity of this assumption, even going as far as calling it a politically motivated fabrication. Historian Elsa Malvido, researcher for the Mexican Instituto Nacional de AntropologÃa e Historia (INAH, or National Institute of Anthropology and History) and founder of the institute's Taller de Estudios sobre la Muerte (Workshop of Studies on Death), was the first to do so in the context of her wider research into Mexican attitudes to death and disease across the centuries. Malvido completely discards a native or even syncretic origin arguing that the tradition can be fully traced to Medieval Europe. She highlights the existence of similar traditions on the same day, not just in Spain, but in the rest of Catholic Southern Europe and Latin America such as altars for the dead, sweets in the shape of skulls and bread in the shape of bones.Agustin Sanchez Gonzalez has a similar view in his article published in the INAH's bi-monthly journal ArqueologÃa Mexicana. Gonzalez states that, even though the "indigenous" narrative became hegemonic, the spirit of the festivity has far more in common with European traditions of Danse macabre and their allegories of life and death personified in the human skeleton to remind us the ephemeral nature of life. He also highlights that in the 19th-century press there was little mention of the Day of the Dead in the sense that we know it today. All there was were long processions to cemeteries, sometimes ending with drunkenness. Elsa Malvido also points to the recent origin of the tradition of "velar" or staying up all night with the dead. It resulted from the Reform Laws under the presidency of Benito Juarez which forced family pantheons out of Churches and into civil cemeteries, requiring rich families to have servants guard family possessions displayed at altars.The historian Ricardo PÃ©rez Montfort has further demonstrated how the ideology known as indigenismo became more and more closely linked to post-revolutionary official projects whereas Hispanismo was identified with conservative political stances. This exclusive nationalism began to displace all other cultural perspectives, to the point that in the 1930s the Aztec god Quetzalcoatl was officially promoted by the government as a substitute for the Spanish Three Kings tradition, with a person dressed up as the deity offering gifts to poor children. In this context, the Day of the Dead began to be officially isolated from the Catholic Church by the leftist government of LÃ¡zaro CÃ¡rdenas motivated both by "indigenismo" and left-leaning anti-clericalism. Malvido herself goes as far as calling the festivity a "Cardenist invention" whereby the Catholic elements are removed and emphasis is laid on indigenous iconography, the focus on death and what Malvido considers to be the cultural invention according to which Mexicans venerate death.WEB,weblink 09an1esp, www.jornada.com.mx, November 5, 2020, December 7, 2020,weblink live, Gonzalez explains that Mexican nationalism developed diverse cultural expressions with a seal of tradition but which are essentially social constructs which eventually developed ancestral tones. One of these would be the Catholic DÃa de Muertos which, during the 20th century, appropriated the elements of an ancient pagan rite.One key element of the re-developed festivity which appears during this time is La Calavera Catrina by Mexican lithographer JosÃ© Guadalupe Posada. According to Gonzalez, while Posada is portrayed in current times as the "restorer" of Mexico's pre-Hispanic tradition, he was never interested in Native American culture or history. Posada was predominantly interested in drawing scary images which are far closer to those of the European renaissance or the horrors painted by Francisco de Goya in the Spanish War of Independence against Napoleon than to the Mexica tzompantli. The recent trans-Atlantic connection can also be observed in the pervasive use of couplet in allegories of death and the play Don Juan Tenorio by 19th-century Spanish writer JosÃ© Zorrilla which is represented on this date both in Spain and in Mexico since the early 19th century due to its ghostly apparitions and cemetery scenes.Opposing views assert that despite the obvious European influence, there exists proof of pre-Columbian festivities that were very similar in spirit, with the Aztec people having at least six celebrations during the year that were very similar to Day of the Dead, the closest one being Quecholli, a celebration that honored MixcÃ³atl (the god of war) and was celebrated between October 20 and November 8. This celebration included elements such as the placement of altars with food (tamales) near the burying grounds of warriors to help them in their journey to the afterlife. Influential Mexican poet and Nobel prize laureate Octavio Paz strongly supported the syncretic view of the DÃa de Muertos tradition being a continuity of ancient Aztec festivals celebrating death, as is most evident in the chapter "All Saints, Day of the Dead" of his 1950 book-length essay The Labyrinth of Solitude.Paz, Octavio. 'The Labyrinth of Solitude'. N.Y.: Grove Press, 1961.Ruben C. Cordova emphasizes the zeal with which the Spanish attempted to extinguish indigenous religious beliefs and practices, such that it is often difficult to reconstruct their main features. Over time, indigenous converts became extremely devout Catholics. As Mexico modernized, the traditional practices that the Spanish had brought to the Americas survived most robustly in rural and less affluent communities, which had high concentrations of indigenous and mestizo populations. Thus archaic Spanish religious practices in marginal areas came to be mistakenly regarded as the "pure" core of primarily "indigenous" Day of the Dead festivities.NEWS, Cordova, Ruben C., October 31, 2019, Is Day of the Dead More Indigenous or Catholic? Friars DurÃ¡n and SahagÃºn vs. Wikipedia, Glasstire,weblink March 13, 2023, March 13, 2023,weblink live, BOOK, Cordova, Ruben C.,weblink The Day of the Dead in Art, The City of San Antonio, Department of Arts & Culture, 2019, San Antonio, 32â€“33, March 12, 2023, February 2, 2023,weblink live, NEWS, Cordova, Ruben C., November 1, 2020, A brief history of Day of the Dead, San Antonio Report,weblink March 13, 2023, March 13, 2023,weblink live, The Aztecs devoted two twenty-day months in their ritual calendar to the dead: the ninth and tenth months, which were for children and adults, respectively. Cordova argues that some recollection of these festivals "was compressed down to two days and cryptically celebrated within the Catholic liturgical calendar", which is why, in Mexico, "unlike other Latin American countries with Day of the Dead traditions â€” All Saints' Day is dedicated to children, and All Souls' Day is dedicated to adults."Â He alsoÂ notes that the same object, such as a stone skull carved by the Aztecs, would have different meanings in different religious contexts. For the Aztecs, bonesâ€”and skulls in particularâ€”were reservoirs of enormous sacred power. A stone skull could evoke sacrifice, and the skull racks where the skulls of sacrificed captives were displayed. The Spanish could take an Aztec skull and repurpose it by placing it on a holy water font, or under a cross in a cemetery, whereby it would be transformed into a memento mori.Regardless of its origin, the festivity has become a national symbol in Mexico and as such is taught in the nation's school system, typically asserting a native origin. It is also a school holiday nationwide.

Observance in Mexico

Altars and installations in Mexico City museums and public spaces

A number of Mexico City's museums and public spaces have played an important part in developing and promoting urban Day of the Dead traditions through altars and installations. These notable organizations include: Anahuacalli, The Frida Kahlo Museum, The Museum of Popular Cultures, The Dolores Olmedo Museum, The Museum of the First Printing Press, and The Cloister of Sor Juana. From turn of the millennium until the imposition of the James Bond-inspired parade, remarkable large-scale installations were created on the Zocalo, Mexico City's central square.NEWS, Cordova, Ruben C., November 2, 2019, A Guide to Day of the Dead in Mexico City, Glasstire,weblink March 13, 2023, March 13, 2023,weblink live,

Altars ()

During DÃa de Muertos, the tradition is to build private altars ("ofrendas") containing the favorite foods and beverages, as well as photos and memorabilia, of the departed. The intent is to encourage visits by the souls, so the souls will hear the prayers and the words of the living directed to them. These altars are often placed at home or in public spaces such as schools and libraries, but it is also common for people to go to cemeteries to place these altars next to the tombs of the departed.{{Multiple image|image1 = Cempasuchil.jpg|image2 = Catrina 3.jpg|caption1 = Mexican cempasÃºchil (marigold) is the traditional flower used to honor the dead.|caption2 = CempasÃºchil, alfeÃ±iques and papel picado used to decorate an altar|width1 = 165|width2 = 165|align = left}}Plans for the day are made throughout the year, including gathering the goods to be offered to the dead. During the three-day period families usually clean and decorate graves;BOOK, Salvador, R.J., John D. Morgan and Pittu Laungani, Death and Bereavement Around the World: Death and Bereavement in the Americas, Death, Value and Meaning Series, Vol. II, 2003, Baywood Publishing Company, Amityville, New York, 978-0-89503-232-4, 75â€“76, most visit the cemeteries where their loved ones are buried and decorate their graves with (altars), which often include orange Mexican marigolds (Tagetes erecta) called (originally named , NÄhuatl for 'twenty flowers'). In modern Mexico the marigold is sometimes called ('Flower of Dead'). These flowers are thought to attract souls of the dead to the offerings. It is also believed the bright petals with a strong scent can guide the souls from cemeteries to their family homes.WEB,weblink 5 Facts About DÃa de los Muertos (The Day of the Dead), Smithsonian Insider, 30 October 2016, August 29, 2018,weblink August 29, 2018, live, mdy-all, JOURNAL, Brandes, Stanley, 1997, Sugar, Colonialism, and Death: On the Origins of Mexico's Day of the Dead, Comparative Studies in Society and History, 39, 2, 275, 10.1017/S0010417500020624, 0010-4175, 179316, 145402658, The common name in English, marigold, is derived from Mary's gold, a name first applied to a similar plant native to Europe, Calendula officinalis.WEB,weblink Marigolds: Blooms of Cultural Significance, Julio Perez, October 26, 2023, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, November 9, 2023,weblink November 9, 2023, live, WEB,weblink Marigold - Tagetes sp., May 2, 2021, University of Saskatchewan - College of Agriculture and Bioresources, November 9, 2023,weblink November 9, 2023, live, WEB,weblink Marigolds: Mary's Gold, Brother John M. Samaha, S.M., University of Dayton, November 9, 2023,weblink April 19, 2023, live, Toys are brought for dead children (, or 'the little angels'), and bottles of tequila, mezcal or pulque or jars of for adults. Families will also offer trinkets or the deceased's favorite candies on the grave. Some families have in homes, usually with foods such as candied pumpkin, ('bread of dead'), and sugar skulls; and beverages such as . The are left out in the homes as a welcoming gesture for the deceased. Some people believe the spirits of the dead eat the "spiritual essence" of the ' food, so though the celebrators eat the food after the festivities, they believe it lacks nutritional value. Pillows and blankets are left out so the deceased can rest after their long journey. In some parts of Mexico, such as the towns of Mixquic, PÃ¡tzcuaro and Janitzio, people spend all night beside the graves of their relatives. In many places, people have picnics at the grave site, as well.File:CemetarioAlmoloyaRio1995.jpg|thumb|Families tidying and decorating graves at a cemetery in Almoloya del RÃo in the State of Mexico State of MexicoSome families build altars or small shrines in their homes; these sometimes feature a Christian cross, statues or pictures of the Blessed Virgin Mary, pictures of deceased relatives and other people, scores of candles, and an . Traditionally, families spend some time around the altar, praying and telling anecdotes about the deceased. In some locations, celebrants wear shells on their clothing, so when they dance, the noise will wake up the dead; some will also dress up as the deceased.

Food

During Day of the Dead festivities, food is both eaten by living people and given to the spirits of their departed ancestors as ('offerings').WEB, Turim, Gayle, Day of the Dead Sweets and Treats,weblink live, History Stories, History (U.S. TV network), History Channel, November 2, 2012, July 1, 2015,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20150606104432weblink">weblink June 6, 2015, mdy-all, are one of the most common dishes prepared for this day for both purposes.NEWS, Godoy, Maria, Sugar Skulls, Tamales And More: Why Is That Food On The Day Of The Dead Altar?,weblink live, NPR, November 2016, October 25, 2017,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20171028043035weblink">weblink October 28, 2017, mdy-all, (File:Oaxaca Mexico- personal family shrine for Day of the Dead.jpg|thumb|left|Family altar for the Day of the Dead on a patio)

and are associated specifically with Day of the Dead. is a type of sweet roll shaped like a bun, topped with sugar, and often decorated with bone-shaped pieces of the same pastry.NEWS, Castella, Krystina, Pan de Muerto Recipe,weblink November 2, 2019, Epicurious, October 2010,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20150708165548weblink">weblink July 8, 2015, live, mdy-all, , or sugar skulls, display colorful designs to represent the vitality and individual personality of the departed.

In addition to food, drinks are also important to the tradition of Day of the Dead. Historically, the main alcoholic drink was pulque; today families will commonly drink the favorite beverage of their deceased ancestors. Other drinks associated with the holiday are and , warm, thick, non-alcoholic masa drinks.

(water of hibiscus) is a popular herbal tea made of the flowers and leaves of the Jamaican hibiscus plant (Hibiscus sabdariffa), known as in Mexico. It is served cold and quite sweet with a lot of ice. The ruby-red beverage is also known as hibiscus tea in English-speaking countries.WEB, Jamaica iced tea,weblink Cooking in Mexico, October 23, 2011, dead,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20111104072645weblink">weblink November 4, 2011,

In the YucatÃ¡n Peninsula, mukbil pollo (pÃib chicken) is traditionally prepared on October 31 or November 1, and eaten by the family throughout the following days. It is similar to a big tamale, composed of masa and pork lard, and stuffed with pork, chicken, tomato, garlic, peppers, onions, epazote, achiote, and spices. Once stuffed, the mukbil pollo is bathed in kool sauce, made with meat broth, habanero chili, and corn masa. It is then covered in banana leaves and steamed in an underground oven over the course of several hours. Once cooked, it is dug up and opened to eat.BOOK, Cocina esencial de MÃ©xico,weblink Kennedy, D., Fondo de Cultura EconÃ³mica, 156, 2018, 2021-06-01, 9786071656636, November 3, 2023,weblink live, BOOK, MuÃ±oz Zurita, Ricardo, Muc bil pollo, Diccionario enciclopÃ©dico de la GastronomÃa Mexicana, Encyclopedic dictionary of Mexican Gastronomy,weblink Larousse Cocina, es, November 2, 2021, November 2, 2021,weblink live,

Calaveras

A common symbol of the holiday is the skull (in Spanish ), which celebrants represent in masks, called (colloquial term for skeleton), and foods such as chocolate or sugar skulls, which are inscribed with the name of the recipient on the forehead. Sugar skulls can be given as gifts to both the living and the dead.BOOK, Day of the Dead in the USA : The Migration and Transformation of a Cultural Phenomenon, Marchi, Regina M, Rutgers University Press, 2009, 978-0-8135-4557-8, New Brunswick, 17, Other holiday foods include , a sweet egg bread made in various shapes from plain rounds to skulls, often decorated with white frosting to look like twisted bones.

In some parts of the country, especially the larger cities, children in costumes roam the streets, knocking on people's doors for a , a small gift of candies or money; they also ask passersby for it. This custom is similar to that of Halloween's trick-or-treating in the United States, but without the component of mischief to homeowners if no treat is given.WEB,weblink Mi Calaverita: Mexico's Trick or Treat, October 31, 2020, Mexperience, September 29, 2021, September 29, 2021,weblink live,

A distinctive literary form exists within this holiday where people write short poems in traditional rhyming verse, called (lit. "literary skulls"), which are mocking, light-hearted epitaphs mostly dedicated to friends, classmates, co-workers, or family members (living or dead) but also to public or historical figures, describing interesting habits and attitudes, as well as comedic or absurd anecdotes that use death-related imagery which includes but is not limited to cemeteries, skulls, or the grim reaper, all of this in situations where the dedicatee has an encounter with death itself.WEB,weblink These wicked Day of the Dead poems don't spare anyone, 2018-11-02, PBS NewsHour, en-US, 2019-05-06, May 6, 2019,weblink live, Cordova, Ruben C. (2005). "Calaveras". In Ilan Stavans, ed. in chief, and Harold Augenbraum, assoc. ed., Encyclopedia Latina: History, Culture, and Society in the United States. Danbury, CT: Grolier Academic Reference, 4 vols.: I: 248 â€“ 249. This custom originated in the 18th or 19th century after a newspaper published a poem narrating a dream of a cemetery in the future which included the words "and all of us were dead", and then proceeding to read the tombstones. Current newspapers dedicate to public figures, with cartoons of skeletons in the style of the famous of JosÃ© Guadalupe Posada, a Mexican illustrator. In modern Mexico, are a staple of the holiday in many institutions and organizations, for example, in public schools, students are encouraged or required to write them as part of the language class.File:Posada2.Catrina.jpeg|thumbnail|right|JosÃ© Guadalupe Posada's depiction of La Calavera Catrina, shown wearing a then-fashionable (1900s in Western fashion|early 20th-century hat]].NEWS, Cordova, Ruben C., November 2, 2019, JosÃ© Guadalupe Posada and Diego Rivera Fashion Catrina: From Sellout To National Icon (and Back Again?), Glasstire,weblink March 12, 2023, March 12, 2023,weblink live, )Posada's most famous print, ("The Elegant Skull"), was likely intended as a criticism of Mexican upper-class women who imitated European fashions. It was first published posthumously in a broadside with a text (not by Posada) that mocked working-class vendors of chickpeas.Posada's image of a skeletal figure with a big hat decorated with two ostrich feathers and flowers was elaborated into a full scale figure by Mexican Muralist Diego Rivera in a fresco painted in 1946â€“47. Rivera's Catrina has a simple Tehuana dress and a feather boa, as well as other features that make allusions to the indigenous peoples of Mexico. Through the addition of these indigenous features, Rivera rehabilitated Catrina into a nationalist emblem.The Catrina character has become deeply associated with the Day of the Dead. Catrina figures made of a wide range of materials, as well as people with Catrina costumes, have come to play a prominent role in modern Day of the Dead observances in Mexico and elsewhere. The Catrina phenomenon has in fact gone beyond Day of the Dead, resulting in non-seasonal and even permanent "Catrinas", including COVID-19 masks, tattoos, permanently decorated cars, and Catrina-themed artworks.NEWS, Cordova, Ruben C., November 2, 2020, Catrina Mania!, Glasstire,weblink March 12, 2023, March 12, 2023,weblink live, NEWS, Cordova, Ruben C., November 1, 2021, Catrina Mania III, Glasstire,weblink March 12, 2023, March 12, 2023,weblink live, Some artists have even developed a sub-specialization in Catrina imagery.NEWS, Cordova, Ruben C., October 30, 2022, Catrina Mania IV: Brandon Maldonado's Catrinas, Glasstire,weblink March 13, 2023, March 13, 2023,weblink live, Theatrical presentations of Don Juan Tenorio by JosÃ© Zorrilla (1817â€“1893) are also traditional on this day.

Local traditions

{{more citations needed|Local traditions section|date=May 2019|talk=|small=}}The traditions and activities that take place in celebration of the Day of the Dead are not universal, often varying from town to town. For example, in the town of PÃ¡tzcuaro on the Lago de PÃ¡tzcuaro in MichoacÃ¡n, the tradition is very different if the deceased is a child rather than an adult. On November 1 of the year after a child's death, the godparents set a table in the parents' home with sweets, fruits, , a cross, a rosary (used to ask the Virgin Mary to pray for them), and candles. This is meant to celebrate the child's life, in respect and appreciation for the parents. There is also dancing with colorful costumes, often with skull-shaped masks and devil masks in the plaza or garden of the town. At midnight on November 2, the people light candles and ride winged boats called (butterflies) to Janitzio, an island in the middle of the lake where there is a cemetery, to honor and celebrate the lives of the dead there.In contrast, the town of Ocotepec, north of Cuernavaca in the State of Morelos, opens its doors to visitors in exchange for (small wax candles) to show respect for the recently deceased. In return the visitors receive tamales and . This is done only by the owners of the house where someone in the household has died in the previous year. Many people of the surrounding areas arrive early to eat for free and enjoy the elaborate altars set up to receive the visitors.Another peculiar tradition involving children is (the Dance of the Old Men) where boys and young men dressed like grandfathers crouch and jump in an energetic dance.WEB,weblink DÃa de los Muertos or Day of the Dead, August 29, 2018,weblink August 29, 2018, live, mdy-all, In the 2015 James Bond film Spectre, the opening sequence features a Day of the Dead parade in Mexico City. At the time, no such parade took place in Mexico City; one year later, due to the interest in the film and the government desire to promote the Mexican culture, the federal and local authorities decided to organize an actual parade through Paseo de la Reforma and Centro Historico on October 29, 2016, which was attended by 250,000 people.WEB,weblink Mexico City stages first Day of the Dead parade, October 29, 2016, BBC, November 1, 2016,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20161030142729weblink">weblink October 30, 2016, live, mdy-all, WEB,weblink FotogalerÃa: Desfile por DÃa de Muertos reÃºne a 250 mil personas, October 29, 2016, ExcÃ©lsior, spanish, November 1, 2016,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20161031150523weblink">weblink October 31, 2016, live, mdy-all, WEB,weblink GalerÃas Archivo, Televisa News, November 1, 2016,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20161103235844weblink">weblink November 3, 2016, live, mdy-all, This could be seen as an example of the pizza effect. The idea of a massive celebration was also popularized in the Disney Pixar movie Coco.

Observances outside of Mexico

America

United States

(File:Flower of the Dead Ã¡nima (memorial).jpg|thumb|right|An Ã¡nima for the dead)File:Dia de los Muertos Celebration in Mission District of San Francisco, CA.jpg|thumb|right|Women with calaveras makeup celebrating DÃa de Muertos in the Mission District Mission DistrictIn many U.S. communities with Mexican residents, Day of the Dead celebrations are very similar to those held in Mexico. In some of these communities, in states such as Texas,WEB, Wise, Danno, Port Isabel's Day of the Dead Celebration, Texas Travel, About.com,weblink November 28, 2007,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20071209152438weblink">weblink December 9, 2007, live, mdy-all, New Mexico,WEB, Dia de los Muertos,weblink visitalbuquerque.org, November 1, 2016,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20161103173716weblink">weblink November 3, 2016, live, mdy-all, and Arizona,WEB, Hedding, Judy, Day of the Dead, Phoenix, About.com,weblink November 28, 2007,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20071211012536weblink">weblink December 11, 2007, live, mdy-all, the celebrations tend to be mostly traditional. The All Souls Procession has been an annual event since 1990 in Tucson, Arizona. The event combines elements of traditional Day of the Dead celebrations with those of pagan harvest festivals. People wearing masks carry signs honoring the dead and an urn in which people can place slips of paper with prayers on them to be burned.NEWS, White, Erin, All Souls Procession, Arizona Daily Star, November 5, 2006,weblink November 28, 2007,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20121106122818weblink">weblink November 6, 2012, dead, mdy-all, Likewise, Old Town San Diego, California, annually hosts a traditional two-day celebration culminating in a candlelight procession to the historic El Campo Santo Cemetery.WEB,weblink Old Town San Diego's Dia de los Muertos, October 19, 2014,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20141107110640weblink">weblink November 7, 2014, live, mdy-all, The festival also was held annually at historic Forest Hills Cemetery in Boston's Jamaica Plain neighborhood. Sponsored by Forest Hills Educational Trust and the folkloric performance group La PiÃ±ata, the Day of the Dead festivities celebrated the cycle of life and death. People brought offerings of flowers, photos, mementos, and food for their departed loved ones, which they placed at an elaborately and colorfully decorated altar. A program of traditional music and dance also accompanied the community event. The Jamaica Plain celebration was discontinued in 2011.WEB, Oliveira, Rebeca, 4 November 2011, Day of the Dead dies as cemetery cuts arts,weblink live,weblink 19 October 2022, 19 October 2022, Jamaica Plain Gazette, The Smithsonian Institution, in collaboration with the University of Texas at El Paso and Second Life, have created a Smithsonian Latino Virtual Museum and accompanying multimedia e-book: DÃa de los Muertos: Day of the Dead. The project's website contains some of the text and images which explain the origins of some of the customary core practices related to the Day of the Dead, such as the background beliefs and the offrenda (the special altar commemorating one's deceased loved one).BOOK, DÃa de los Muertos: Day of the Dead, Smithsonian Latino Virtual Museum,weblink Version 1.2, October 31, 2014,weblink December 22, 2014, live, mdy-all, The Made For iTunes multimedia e-book version provides additional content, such as further details; additional photo galleries; pop-up profiles of influential Latino artists and cultural figures over the decades; and video clipsWEB, Ustream, Smithsonian Latino Virtual Museum,weblink October 31, 2014,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20141031140943weblink">weblink October 31, 2014, live, mdy-all, of interviews with artists who make DÃa de Muertos-themed artwork, explanations and performances of Aztec and other traditional dances, an animation short that explains the customs to children, virtual poetry readings in English and Spanish.WEB, Theater of the Dead,weblink Smithsonian Latino Virtual Museum, Day of the Dead, October 31, 2014,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20141112194321weblink">weblink November 12, 2014, live, mdy-all, WEB, Smithsonian Latino Virtual Museum Press Release,weblink Smithsonian-UTEP DÃa de los Muertos Festival: A 2D and 3D Experience!, Smithsonian Institution, dead,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20091106113057weblink">weblink November 6, 2009, In 2021, the Biden-Harris administration celebrated the DÃa de Muertos.TWEET, 1455331550820700162, Feliz DÃa de los Muertos de la AdministraciÃ³n Biden-Harris. Hoy y maÃ±ana, el Presidente y la Primera Dama reconocerÃ¡n el DÃa de los Muertos con la primera ofrenda ubicada en la Casa Blanca., LaCasaBlanca, November 1, 2021, November 4, 2021, es,

California

Santa Ana, California, is said to hold the "largest event in Southern California" honoring DÃa de Muertos, called the annual , which began in 2002.WEB,weblink Less-scary holiday: Some faith groups offer alternatives to Halloween trick-or-treating, The Orange County Register, October 30, 2015, November 2, 2015,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20151031115047weblink">weblink October 31, 2015, live, mdy-all, The celebration of the Day of the Dead in Santa Ana has grown to two large events with the creation of an event held at the Santa Ana Regional Transportation Center for the first time on November 1, 2015.WEB,weblink Viva la Vida or Noche de Altares? Santa Ana's downtown division fuels dueling Day of the Dead events, The Orange County Register, October 30, 2015, November 2, 2015,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20151103205441weblink">weblink November 3, 2015, live, mdy-all, In other communities, interactions between Mexican traditions and American culture are resulting in celebrations in which Mexican traditions are being extended to make artistic or sometimes political statements. For example, in Los Angeles, California, the Self Help Graphics & Art Mexican-American cultural center presents an annual Day of the Dead celebration that includes both traditional and political elements, such as altars to honor the victims of the Iraq War, highlighting the high casualty rate among Latino soldiers. An updated, intercultural version of the Day of the Dead is also evolving at Hollywood Forever Cemetery.WEB, Sam Quinones, Quinones, Sam, October 28, 2006,weblink Making a night of Day of the Dead, Los Angeles Times, November 26, 2006, November 3, 2023,weblink live, There, in a mixture of Native Californian art, Mexican traditions and Hollywood hip, conventional altars are set up side by side with altars to Jayne Mansfield and Johnny Ramone. Colorful native dancers and music intermix with performance artists, while sly pranksters play on traditional themes.Similar traditional and intercultural updating of Mexican celebrations are held in San Francisco. For example, the GalerÃa de la Raza, SomArts Cultural Center, Mission Cultural Center, de Young Museum and altars at Garfield Square by the Marigold Project.WEB,weblink Dia de los Muertos [Day of the Dead] â€“ San Francisco, October 19, 2014,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20141017054851weblink">weblink October 17, 2014, live, mdy-all, Oakland is home to Corazon Del Pueblo in the Fruitvale district. Corazon Del Pueblo has a shop offering handcrafted Mexican gifts and a museum devoted to Day of the Dead artifacts. Also, the Fruitvale district in Oakland serves as the hub of the DÃa de Muertos annual festival which occurs the last weekend of October. Here, a mix of several Mexican traditions come together with traditional Aztec dancers, regional Mexican music, and other Mexican artisans to celebrate the day.NEWS,weblink The San Francisco Chronicle, Vicky, Elliott, Lively Petaluma festival marks Day of the Dead, October 27, 2000, August 6, 2010,weblink" title="archive.today/20120708031913weblink">weblink July 8, 2012, live, mdy-all, In San Diego, California, the city that borders Mexico, the celebrations range across the entire county. All the way up at the most northern part of the county, Oceanside celebrates their annual event which includes community and family altars built around the Oceanside Civic Center and Pier View Way, as well as events at the Mission San Luis Rey de Francia. In the more central area of San Diego, City Heights celebrates through a public festival in Jeremy Henwood Memorial Park that includes at least 35 altars, lowriders, and entertainment, all for free. Down in Chula Vista, they celebrate the tradition through a movie night at Third and Davidson streets where they will be screening "Coco." This movie night also consists of a community altar, an Altar contest, a catrin/catrina contest, as well as lots of music, food, and vendors. Overall, San Diego is booming with colorful celebrations honoring ancestors across the county.WEB, McIntosh, Linda, Groch, Laura, 2022-10-20, Celebrate DÃa de los Muertos in San Diego County with these festive events,weblink 2022-11-01, San Diego Union-Tribune, en-US, November 1, 2022,weblink live,

Italy

In Italy, November 2 is All Souls' Day and is colloquially known as Day of the Dead or "Giorno dei Morti". While many regional nuances exist, celebrations generally consist of placing flowers at cemeteries and family burial sites and speaking to deceased relatives.WEB,weblink Witness historic Day of the Dead rituals in Naples, Italy, 2022-11-02, National Geographic, November 20, 2018, en-US, November 2, 2022,weblink dead, Some traditions also include lighting a red candle or "lumino" on the window sills at sunset and laying out a table of food for deceased relatives who will come to visit. Like other Day of the Dead traditions around the world, Giorno dei Morti is a day dedicated to honoring the lives of those who have died. Additionally, it is a tradition that teaches children not to be afraid of death.In Sicily, families celebrate a long-held Day of the Dead tradition called The Festival of the Dead or "Festa dei Morti". On the eve of November 1, La Festa di Ognissanti, or All Saints' Day, older family members act as the "defunti", or spirits of deceased family members, who sneak into the home and hide sweets and gifts for their young descendants to awake to. On the morning of November 2, children begin the day by hunting to find the gifts in shoes or a special wicker basket of the dead called "cannistru dei morti" or "u cannistru", which typically consist of various sweets, small toys, boned-shaped almond flavored cookies called "ossa dei morti", sugar dolls called "pupi di zucchero", and fruit, vegetable, and ghoul shaped marzipan treats called "Frutta martorana". The pupi di zucchero, thought to be an Arabic cultural import, are often found in the shapes of folkloric characters who represent humanized versions of the souls of the dead. Eating the sugar dolls reflects the idea of the individual absorbing the dead and, in doing so, bringing the dead back to life within themselves on November 2. After gifts are shared and breakfast is enjoyed, the whole family will often visit the cemetery or burial site bearing flowers. They will light candles and play amongst the graves to thank the deceased for the gifts, before enjoying a hearty feast. The tradition holds that the spirits of the deceased will remain with the family to enjoy a day of feasting and merriment.WEB,weblink FESTA DEI MORTI: THE SICILIAN WAY TO REMEMBER THEIR LOVED ONES, 2022-11-02, Scent of Sicily, en-US, November 2, 2022,weblink live, Acclaimed Sicilian author Andrea Camilleri recounts his Giorno dei Morti experience as boy, as well as the negative cultural impact that WWII era American influence had on the long-held tradition.{{blockquote|text="Every Sicilian house where there was a little boy was populated with dead familiar to him.Â Not ghosts with white linzÃ²lo and with the scrunch of chains, mind you, not those that are frightening, but such and as they were seen in the photographs exhibited in the living room, worn, the occasional half smile printed on the face, the good ironed dress in a workmanlike manner, they made no difference with the living.Â We Nicareddri, before going to bed, put a wicker basket under the bed (the size varied according to the money there was in the family) that at night the dear dead would fill with sweets and gifts that we would find on the 2nd morning upon awakening. After a restless sleep we woke up at dawn to go huntingâ€¦Â Because the dead wanted to play with us, to give us fun, and therefore they didn't put the basket back where they had found it, but went to hide it carefully, we had to look for itâ€¦ The toys were tin trains, wooden toy cars, rag dolls, wooden cubes that formed landscapesâ€¦ On November 2nd we returned the visit that the dead had paid us the day before: it was not a ritual, but an affectionate custom.Â Then, in 1943, with the American soldiers the Christmas tree arrived and slowly, year after year, the dead lost their way to the houses where they were waiting for them, happy and awake until the end, the children or the children of the childrenâ€¦ Pity. We had lost the possibility of touching, materially, that thread that binds our personal history to that of those who had preceded usâ€¦"|multiline=yes|author=Andrea CamilleriACCESS-DATE=2022-11-04 LANGUAGE=IT ARCHIVE-URL=HTTPS://WEB.ARCHIVE.ORG/WEB/20221104193247/HTTP://WWW.SICILYTOURIST.COM/BLOG/?ANDREA-CAMILLERI-CI-RACCONTA---IL-GIORNO-DEI-MORTI-IN-SICILIA-, live, }}Food plays an important part of Italy's day of the dead tradition, with various regional treats being used as offerings to the dead on their journey to the afterlife. In Tuscany and Milan the "pane dei morti" or "bread of the dead" is said to be the characteristic offering. In northern Apulia, a wheat growing region, a sweet dish for the Day of the Dead is Colva or "Grains of the Dead". Fave dei morti or "fava beans of the dead" are another dish for the day found widespread through Italy. Ossa dei morti, suitably elongated and frosted "bones of the dead" are sweets found in Apulia and Sicily. In Sicily, families enjoy special day of the dead cakes and cookies that are made into symbolic shapes such as skulls and finger bones. The "sweets of the dead" are a marzipan treats called frutta martorana.WEB,weblink The Frutta Martorana, the Typical Sicilian Dessert for All Souls' day, November 2, 2022, Visit Italy, en-US, November 2, 2022,weblink live, On the night of November 1, Sicilian parents and grandparents traditionally buy Frutta di Martorana to gift to children on November 2.In addition to visiting their own family members, some people pay respects to those without a family. Some Italians take it upon themselves to adopt centuries-old unclaimed bodies and give them offerings like money or jewelry as a way to ease their pain and ask for favors.

Asia and Oceania

Mexican-style Day of the Dead celebrations occur in major cities in Australia, Fiji, and Indonesia. Additionally, prominent celebrations are held in Wellington, New Zealand, complete with altars celebrating the deceased with flowers and gifts.WEB,weblink Day of the Dead in Wellington, New Zealand, Scoop.co.nz, October 27, 2007, August 13, 2009,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20090604023301weblink">weblink June 4, 2009, live, mdy-all,

Philippines

File:FilAm Ofrenda.jpg|thumb|A ofrenda in a Filipino American Filipino AmericanDue to the close cultural connections of the Philippines and Mexico, with extensive links going back to the Spanish Empire, the Day of the Dead is celebrated in this Hispanic-Asian country as well.NEWS, De Pacina, Michelle, 1 November 2022, Millions of Filipinos visit cemeteries for All Saints' Day,weblink NextShark, United States, 22 September 2023, Yahoo!, The Philippines, which is a predominantly Catholic nation, is considered the second country after Mexico with the most people to celebrate the Day of the Dead., October 20, 2023,weblink live, In the Philippines "UndÃ¡s", "Araw ng mga Yumao" (Tagalog: "Day of those who have died"), coincides with the Roman Catholic celebration of All Saints' Day and continues on to the following day: All Souls' Day. Filipinos traditionally observe this day by visiting the family dead to clean and repair their tombs, just as is done in Mexico. Offerings of prayers, flowers, candles,NEWS,weblink All Saints Day around the world, The Guardian Weekly, November 1, 2010, October 30, 2018,weblink October 29, 2018, live, mdy-all, and even food, while Chinese Filipinos additionally burn joss sticks and joss paper (kim). Many also spend the day and ensuing night holding reunions at the cemetery, having feasts and merriment.

Czech Republic

As part of a promotion by the Mexican embassy in Prague, Czech Republic, since the late 20th century, some local citizens join in a Mexican-style Day of the Dead. A theater group conducts events involving candles, masks, and make-up using luminous paint in the form of sugar skulls.WEB, 48 Best Sugar Skull Makeup Creations To Day of the Dead, August 22, 2017,weblink 14 October 2019, October 13, 2021,weblink live, NEWS, Day of the Dead in Prague, Radio Czech,weblink weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20071024162521weblink">weblink dead, October 24, 2007, October 24, 2007,

Similar or related festivities

Americas

Belize

In Belize, Day of the Dead is practiced by people of the Yucatec Maya ethnicity. The celebration is known as which means 'food for the souls' in their language. Altars are constructed and decorated with food, drinks, candies, and candles put on them.

Bolivia

DÃa de las Ã‘atitas ("Day of the Skulls") is a festival celebrated in La Paz, Bolivia, at the beginning of November after the celebrations of All Saints. In pre-Columbian times indigenous Andeans had a tradition of sharing a day with the bones of their ancestors on the third year after burial. Today families keep only the skulls for such rituals. Traditionally, the skulls of family members are kept at home to watch over the family and protect them during the year. On November 9, the family crowns the skulls with fresh flowers, sometimes also dressing them in various garments, and making offerings of cigarettes, coca leaves, alcohol, and various other items in thanks for the year's protection. The skulls are also sometimes taken to the central cemetery in La Paz for a special Mass and blessing.NEWS, Guidi, Ruxandra, Las Natitas, BBC, November 9, 2007,weblink dead,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20081206010457weblink">weblink December 6, 2008, NEWS, Smith, Fiona, Bolivians Honor Skull-Toting Tradition, Associated Press, November 8, 2005,weblink December 30, 2007,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20080218053817weblink">weblink February 18, 2008, live, mdy-all, WEB, Bolivia Line (May 2005), All Saints day in Bolivia â€“ "The skull festival", December 20, 2007,weblink weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20081023143422weblink">weblink October 23, 2008, dead, mdy-all,

Brazil

The Brazilian public holiday of Dia de Finados, Dia dos Mortos or Dia dos FiÃ©is Defuntos (Portuguese: "Day of the Dead" or "Day of the Faithful Deceased") is celebrated on November 2. Similar to other Day of the Dead celebrations, people go to cemeteries and churches with flowers and candles and offer prayers. The celebration is intended as a positive honoring of the dead. Memorializing the dead draws from indigenous and European Catholic origins.

Costa Rica

Costa Rica celebrates DÃa De Los Muertos on November 2. The day is also called DÃa de Todos Santos (All Saints Day) and DÃa de Todos Almas (All Souls Day). Catholic masses are celebrated and people visit their loved ones' graves to decorate them with flowers and candles.Costa Rica Celebrates The Day of the Dead {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211023201446weblink |date=October 23, 2021 }} Outward Bound Costa Rica, 2012-11-01.

Ecuador

In Ecuador the Day of the Dead is observed to some extent by all parts of society, though it is especially important to the indigenous Kichwa peoples, who make up an estimated quarter of the population. Indigena families gather together in the community cemetery with offerings of food for a day-long remembrance of their ancestors and lost loved ones. Ceremonial foods include colada morada, a spiced fruit porridge that derives its deep purple color from the Andean blackberry and purple maize. This is typically consumed with guaguas de pan, bread shaped like infants (or, more generally, people), though variations include many pigsâ€”the latter being traditional to the city of Loja. The bread, which is wheat flour-based today, but was made with masa in the Pre-Columbian era, can be made savory with cheese inside or sweet with a filling of guava paste. These traditions have permeated mainstream society, as well, where food establishments add both colada morada and guaguas de pan to their menus for the season. Many non-indigenous Ecuadorians visit the graves of the deceased, cleaning and bringing flowers, or preparing the traditional foods, too.WEB, Gonzalo, Ortiz,weblink Diversity in Remembering the Dead, InterPress Service News Agency, October 30, 2010, October 30, 2010, dead,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20101104043236weblink">weblink November 4, 2010,

Guatemala

Guatemalan celebrations of the Day of the Dead, on November 1, are highlighted by the construction and flying of giant kites.WEB, Betsy, Burlingame, Joshua, Wood,weblink Visit to cemetery in Guatemala, Expatexchange.com, August 13, 2009,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20071014090440weblink">weblink October 14, 2007, live, mdy-all, It is customary to fly kites to help the spirits find their way back to Earth. A few kites have notes for the dead attached to the strings of the kites. The kites are used as a kind of telecommunication to heaven. A big event also is the consumption of fiambre, which is made only for this day during the year. In addition to the traditional visits to grave sites of ancestors, the tombs and graves are decorated with flowers, candles, and food for the dead. In a few towns, Guatemalans repair and repaint the cemetery with vibrant colors to bring the cemetery to life. They fix things that have gotten damaged over the years or just simply need a touch-up, such as wooden grave cross markers. They also lay flower wreaths on the graves. Some families have picnics in the cemetery.

Peru

It is common for Peruvians to visit the cemetery, play music and bring flowers to decorate the graves of dead relatives.NEWS, PerÃº: asÃ se viviÃ³ DÃa de todos los santos en cementerios de Lima,weblink October 30, 2017, Peru, peru.com, January 1, 2016,weblink November 7, 2017, live, mdy-all,

Europe

Southern Italy and Sicily

A traditional biscotti-type cookie, ossa di morto or bones of the dead are made and placed in shoes once worn by dead relatives.WEB, Bones of the Dead Cookies - Ossa Di Morto,weblink Savoring Italy, October 24, 2019, 2 November 2021, November 2, 2021,weblink live,

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Day of the Dead