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periodical cicadas
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{{Short description|Genus of true bugs native to North America}}{{Use mdy dates|date=May 2021}}{{Automatic taxobox| name = Periodical cicada| image = Magicicada septendecim TPopp.jpg| image_caption = Specimen of Magicicada septendecim in the Bavarian State Collection of Zoology, Munich (2015)| image2 = A Magicicada chorus containing M. septendecim, M. cassini, and M. septendecula - pone.0000892.s004.oga! style="mifn-width: 68px;" |Name || style="mifn-width: 181px;" |Nickname || style="mifn-width: 60px;" |Cycle (yrs) || style="mifn-width: 101px;" |Last emergence || style="mifn-width: 101px;" |Next emergence || style="text-align:left;" class="unsortable" |Extenti class="sortbottom"
Magicicada chorus with Magicicada septendecim>M. septendecim, ''Magicicada cassinii, and Magicicada septendecula>M. septendecula''| display_parents = 2| taxon = MagicicadaWilliam T. Davis>W. T. Davis, 1925Magicicada septendecimMAXINE SHOEMAKER HEATH TITLE=GENERA OF AMERICAN CICADAS NORTH OF MEXICO UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA >DEGREE=DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY >DOI=10.5962/BHL.TITLE.42291,weblink Carl Linnaeus>Linnaeus, 1758)}}The term periodical cicada is commonly used to refer to any of the seven species of the genus Magicicada of eastern North America, the 13- and 17-year cicadas. They are called periodical because nearly all individuals in a local population are developmentally synchronized and emerge in the same year. Although they are sometimes called "locusts", this is a misnomer, as cicadas belong to the taxonomic order Hemiptera (true bugs), suborder Auchenorrhyncha, while locusts are grasshoppers belonging to the order Orthoptera.WEB,weblink General Periodical Cicada Information, Cicadas, February 16, 2017, Storrs, Connecticut, University of Connecticut, 11 May 2021,weblink 11 May 2021, live, Magicicada belongs to the cicada tribe Lamotialnini, a group of genera with representatives in Australia, Africa, and Asia, as well as the Americas.JOURNAL, Marshall, DC, Moulds, M, Hill, KBR, Price, BW, Wade, EJ, Owen, CO, Goemans, G, Marathe, K, Sarkar, V, Cooley, JR, Sanborn, AF, Kunte, K, Villet, MH, Simon, C, Chris Simon (biologist), 2018, A molecular phylogeny of the cicadas (Hemiptera: Cicadidae) with a review of tribe and subfamily classification, Zootaxa, 4424, 1, 1–64,weblink 10.11646/zootaxa.4424.1.1, 30313477, 52976455,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20180823121204weblink">weblink 23 August 2018, live, Magicicada species spend around 99.5% of their long lives underground in an immature state called a nymph. While underground, the nymphs feed on xylem fluids from the roots of deciduous forest trees in the eastern United States.JOURNAL, Lloyd, M., H.S. Dybas, amp, 1966, The periodical cicada problem. I. Population ecology, Evolution (journal), Evolution, 20, 2, 133–149, 2406568, 10.2307/2406568, 28563627, In the spring of their 13th or 17th year, mature cicada nymphs emerge between late April and early June (depending on latitude), synchronously and in tremendous numbers. The adults are active for only about four to six weeks after the unusually prolonged developmental phase.JOURNAL, Williams, K.S., C. Simon, Chris Simon (biologist), amp, 1995, The ecology, behavior, and evolution of periodical cicadas, Annual Review of Entomology, 40, 269–295, 10.1146/annurev.en.40.010195.001413,weblinkweblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20100729063931weblink">weblink 29 July 2010, live, The males aggregate in chorus centers and call there to attract mates. Mated females lay eggs in the stems of woody plants. Within two months of the original emergence, the life cycle is complete and the adult cicadas die. Later in that same summer, the eggs hatch and the new nymphs burrow underground to develop for the next 13 or 17 years.Periodical emergences are also reported for the "World Cup cicada" Chremistica ribhoi (every four years)JOURNAL, Hajong, Sudhanya Ray, Yaakop, Salmah, Chremistica ribhoi sp. n. (Hemiptera: Cicadidae) from North-East India and its mass emergence, Zootaxa, 29 August 2013, 3702, 5, 493–500, 10.11646/zootaxa.3702.5.8, 26146742, free, in northeast India and for a cicada species from Fiji, Raiateana knowlesi (every eight years).JOURNAL, Simon, Chris, Cooley, John R., Karban, Richard, Sota, Teiji, Advances in the Evolution and Ecology of 13- and 17-Year Periodical Cicadas, Annual Review of Entomology, 7 January 2022, 67, 1, 457–482, 10.1146/annurev-ento-072121-061108, 34623904, 238529885, free,

Description

(File:Many cicadas 2004 hi.ogv|thumb|Many Brood X periodical cicadas (Magicicada) (video with sound))The winged imago (adult) periodical cicada has two red compound eyes, three small ocelli, and a black dorsal thorax. The wings are translucent with orange veins. The underside of the abdomen may be black, orange, or striped with orange and black, depending on the species.WEB, Alexander, Richard D., The Evolutionary Relationships of 17-Year and 13-Year Cicadas, and Three New Species (Homoptera, Cicadidae, Magicicada), Moore, Thomas E.,weblink University of Michigan Museum of Zoology, 1962,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20120801043043weblink">weblink 1 August 2012, live, Adults are typically {{convert|2.4|to|3.3|cm|in|1|abbr=on}}, depending on species, generally about 75% the size of most of the annual cicada species found in the same region. Mature females are slightly larger than males.BOOK, Capinera, John L., Encyclopedia of Entomology, 2008, Springer, 978-1-4020-6242-1, 2785–2794,weblinkweblink 24 June 2016, live, Magicicada males typically form large aggregations that sing in chorus to attract receptive females. Different species have different characteristic calling songs. The call of decim periodical cicadas is said to resemble someone calling "weeeee-whoa" or "Pharaoh".WEB, Stranahan, Nancy, Nature Notes from the Eastern Forest,weblink Arc of Appalachia, 10 June 2011,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20111005233752weblink">weblink 5 October 2011, The cassini and decula periodical cicadas (including M. tredecula) have songs that intersperse buzzing and ticking sounds.Cicadas cannot sting and do not normally bite. Like other Auchenorrhyncha (true) bugs, they have mouthparts used to pierce plants and suck their sap. These mouthparts are used during the nymph stage to tap underground roots for water, minerals and carbohydrates and in the adult stage to acquire nutrients and water from plant stems. An adult cicada's proboscis can pierce human skin when it is handled, which is painful, but in no other way harmful. Cicadas are neither venomous nor poisonous and there is no evidence that they or their bites can transmit diseases.Multiple sources:
  • WEB, Dan, 28 June 2008,weblink Do cicadas bite or sting?, Cicada Mania, 11 May 2021,weblink 7 May 2021, live,
  • WEB, Korin, Miller, 24 March 2021,weblink How to Prepare for a Swarm of Cicadas This Year—and Why You Should Never Kill Them, Prevention, Hearst Magazine Media, Inc., 11 May 2021,weblink 6 May 2021, live,
  • WEB, West Virginia University, West Virginia University, 27 July 2020,weblink Return of the zombie cicadas: Manipulative qualities of fungal-infected flyers, Science Daily, 11 May 2021,weblink 5 May 2021, live,
Cicadas pose little threat to mature vegetation, although planting new trees or shrubs is best postponed until after an expected emergence of the periodical cicadas. Mature plants rarely suffer lasting damage, although twig die-off or flagging may result from egg-laying.JOURNAL, Cook, William M., Robert D. Holt, Periodical cicada (Magicicada cassini) oviposition damage: visually impressive yet dynamically irrelevant, American Midland Naturalist, 2002, 147, 2, 214–224,weblink 10.1674/0003-0031(2002)147[0214:PCMCOD]2.0.CO;2, 45098071,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20110807172257weblink">weblink 7 August 2011, Young trees or shrubs can be covered with cheesecloth or other mesh netting with holes that are {{convert|3/8|in|cm|1|abbr=on}} in diameter or smaller to prevent damage during the oviposition period,Multiple sources:
  • WEB, Lauren, Cox, Daisy, Hernandez, 14 June 2020,weblink How to Deal With the Cacophony of Brood X Cicadas This Spring, Popular Mechanics, Hearst Magazine Media, Inc., 11 May 2021,weblink 6 April 2021, live,
  • WEB, Raupp, Michael J., 15 May 2013,weblink Brood II Up In Maryland, Magicicada spp.., Bug Of The Week, University of Maryland Extension, 11 May 2021, which begins about a week after the first adults emerge and lasts until all females have died.

Life cycle

File:Snodgrass periodical cicada transformation.png|upright|thumb|Transformation from mature nymph to adult]](File:Cicada Final Molt and Darkening timelapse 14 2021-05-27.webm|thumb|Time-lapse of final molt and darkening, over 4.5 hours)(File:17Year cicada chaos.webm|thumb|right|thumbtime=ghnew123|Emergence! Nearly all at once. Many do not survive, but with mass emergence, many will reach maturity to start the next generation.)(File:17year cicada adults.webm|thumb|right|thumbtime=124|Adult cicada female creating a slit in twig and inserting eggs. The sound is of thousands of cicadas.)Nearly all cicadas spend years underground as juveniles, before emerging above ground for a short adult stage of several weeks to a few months. The seven periodical cicada species are so named because, in any one location, all members of the population are developmentally synchronized—they emerge as adults all at once in the same year. This periodicity is especially remarkable because their life cycles are so long—13 or 17 years. In contrast, for nonperiodical species, some adults mature each summer and emerge while the rest of the population continues to develop underground. Many people refer to these nonperiodical species as annual cicadas because some are seen every summer. This may lead some to conclude that the non-periodic cicadas have life cycles of one year. This is incorrect. The few known life cycles of "annual" species range from two to ten years, although some could be longer.{{cn|date=May 2024}}The nymphs of the periodical cicadas live underground, usually within {{convert|2|ft|cm|0|abbr=on}} of the surface, feeding on the juices of plant roots.BOOK, Marlatt, C. L., Charles Lester Marlatt, The Periodical Cicada, Washington, D.C., 71, United States Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Entomology: United States Government Publishing Office, Government Printing Office, 1907, July 26, 2021, 902809085, agr07001971,weblink The Habits of the Larva and Pupa.: The Food of the Larva and Pupa., 123–125,weblink Internet Archive, The nymphs of the periodical cicada undergo five instar stages in their development underground. The difference in the 13- and 17-year life cycle is said to be the time needed for the second instar to mature. When underground the nymphs move deeper below ground, detecting and then feeding on larger roots as they mature.JOURNAL, White, J, Lloyd, M., 1979, Seventeen year cicadas emerging after eighteen years-a new brood?, Evolution, 33, 4, 1193–1199, 10.2307/2407477, 28563914, 2407477, In late April to early June of the emergence year, mature fifth-instar nymphs construct tunnels to the surface and wait for the soil temperature to reach a critical value.JOURNAL, Heath, J.E., Synchronization of Emergence in Periodical "17-year" Cicadas (Homoptera, Cicadidae, Magicicada), American Midland Naturalist, 1968, 80, 2, 440–448, 10.2307/2423537, 2423537, In some situations, nymphs extend mud turrets up to several inches above the soil surface.BOOK, Marlatt, C.L, Charles Lester Marlatt,weblink Transformation to the Adult Stage.: Cicada Huts, or Cones., 91–98,weblink The Periodical Cicada, Washington, D.C., 71, United States Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Entomology: United States Government Publishing Office, Government Printing Office, 1907, 902809085, July 26, 2021, Internet Archive, The function of these turrets is not known, but the phenomenon has been observed in some nonperiodical cicadas, as well as other tunneling insects.JOURNAL, Betard, F., Insects as zoogeomorphic agents: an extended review, Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 2020, 46, 89–109, 10.1002/esp.4944, 225534427,weblink The nymphs first emerge on a spring evening when the soil temperature at around {{convert|20|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} of depth is above {{convert|17.9|°C|°F|0|abbr=on|lk=on}}. The crepuscular emergence is thought to be related to the fact that maximum soil temperatures lag behind maximum insolation by several hours, conveniently providing some protection for the flightless nymphs against diurnal sight predators such as birds. For the rest of their lives the mature periodical cicadas will be strongly diurnal, with song often nearly ceasing at night.During most years in the United States this emergence cue translates to late April or early May in the far south, and late May to early June in the far north. Emerging nymphs may molt in the grass or climb from a few centimeters to more than 100 feet (30 m) to find a suitable vertical surface to complete their transformation into adults. After securing themselves to tree trunks, the walls of buildings, telephone poles, fenceposts, hanging foliage, and even stationary automobile tires, the nymphs undergo a final molt and then spend about six days in the trees to await the complete hardening of their wings and exoskeletons. Just after emerging from this final molt the teneral adults are off-white, but darken within an hour.Adult periodical cicadas live for only a few weeks; by mid-July, all have died. Their ephemeral adult forms are adapted for one purpose: reproduction. Like other cicadas the males produce a very loud species-specific mating song using their tymbals. Singing males of the same Magicicada species tend to form aggregations called choruses whose collective songs are attractive to females. Males in these choruses alternate bouts of singing with short flights from tree to tree in search of receptive females. Most matings occur in so-called chorus trees.Receptive females respond to the calls of conspecific males with timed wing-flicks (visual signaling is apparently a necessity in the midst of the males' song) which attract the males for mating.WEB, Sexual Signals in Periodical Cicadas,weblink Behaviour, 17 January 2014,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20130616091322weblink">weblink 16 June 2013, live, The sound of a chorus can be literally deafening and depending on the number of males composing it, may reach 100 dB in the immediate vicinity. In addition to their "calling" or "congregating" songs, males produce a distinctive courtship song when approaching an individual female.Both males and females can mate multiple times, although most females seem to mate only once {{Citation needed|date=January 2024}}. After mating, the female cuts V-shaped slits in the bark of young twigs and lays about 20 eggs in each, for a total clutch of 600 or more. After about 6–10 weeks, the eggs hatch and the nymphs drop to the ground, where they burrow and begin another 13- or 17-year cycle.File:Magicicada emergence holes.jpg|Magicicada nymph emergence holesFile:Brood X emergence turrets.jpg|Mud turrets that emergent Brood X Magicicada nymphs created in Potomac, Maryland near Washington, D.C. (June 30, 2021)File:Premolt Brood XIII.JPG|Brood XIII Magicicada nymph prior to final molt in suburban Chicago (May 24, 2007)File:MoltingMagicicadaCrop.jpg|Magicicada moltingFile:White cicada.jpg|Teneral adult Brood XIII Magicicada and exuviae after molting in Highland Park, Illinois near Chicago. (May 2007) File:Newly molted Brood XIII.JPG|Teneral adult Brood XIII Magicicada in suburban Chicago (May 24, 2007)File:Magicicada young.jpg|Mass of Magicicada Teneral adults and exuviae on vegetationFile:SD-1071.jpg|An adult Brood X Magicicada septendecim in Princeton, New Jersey (June 6, 2004)File:Cicada Sex Brood X 2021-05-31 092614 1 crop.jpg|Two Brood X Magicicadas mating in Bethesda, Maryland near Washington, D.C. (May 31, 2021)File:Magicicada ovipositing.jpg|A Brood X Magicicada ovipositing eggs in a tree branch near Baltimore, Maryland (May 26, 2021)File:17 Year Cicada - Brood X laying eggs in a tree branch 2021-06-01 13 59 48.webm|A Brood X Magicicada laying eggs in a tree branch (video) (June 1, 2021)File:cicada egg slits 20040606 200213 1.jpg|Magicicada egg slits (circled in red)

Predator satiation survival strategy

{{Further|Antipredator adaptation}}The nymphs emerge in very large numbers at nearly the same time, sometimes more than 1.5 million individuals per acre (>370/m2).JOURNAL, Dybas, H. S., Davis, D. D., 1962, A populations census of seventeen-year periodical cicadas (Homoptera: Cicadidae: Magicicada), Ecology (journal), Ecology, 43, 3, 432–444, 10.2307/1933372, 1933372, Their mass emergence is, among other things, a survival trait called predator satiation. The details of this strategy are simple: for the first week after emergence the periodical cicadas are easy prey for reptiles, birds, squirrels, cats, dogs and other small and large mammals.JOURNAL, Williams, K. S., Smith, K. G., Stephen, F. M., 1993, Emergence of 13-year periodical cicadas (Cicadidae, Magicicada): phenology, mortality, and predator satiation, Ecology, 74, 4, 1143–1152, 10.2307/1940484, 1940484, In their present range the periodical cicadas have no effective predators, and all other animals feeding on them after emergence quickly fade into irrelevance with respect to their impact on total cicada populations.Early entomologists maintained that the cicadas' overall survival mechanism was simply to overwhelm predators by their sheer numbers, ensuring the survival of most of the individuals. Later, the fact that the developmental periods were each a prime number of years (13 and 17) was hypothesized to be a predator avoidance strategy, one adopted to eliminate the possibility of potential predators receiving periodic population boosts by synchronizing their own generations to divisors of the cicada emergence period.On this prime number hypothesis, a predator with a three-year reproductive cycle, which happened to coincide with a brood emergence in a given year, will have gone through either four cycles plus one year (12 + 1) or five cycles plus two years (15 + 2) by the next time that brood emerges. In this way prime-numbered broods exhibit a strategy to ensure that they nearly always emerge when some portion of the predators they will confront are sexually immature and therefore incapable of taking maximum advantage of the momentarily limitless food supply.JOURNAL, Goles, E., Schulz, O., Markus, M., 2001, Prime number selection of cycles in a predator-prey model, Complexity, 6, 4, 33–38, 10.1002/cplx.1040, 2001Cmplx...6d..33G, Another viewpoint turns this hypothesis back onto the cicada broods themselves. It posits that the prime-numbered developmental times represent an adaptation to prevent hybridization between broods. It is hypothesized that this unusual method of sequestering different populations in time arose when conditions were extremely harsh. Under those conditions the mutation producing extremely long development times became so valuable that cicadas which possessed it found it beneficial to protect themselves from mating with cicadas that lacked the long-development trait.In this way, the long-developing cicadas retained a trait allowing them to survive the period of heavy selection pressure (i.e., harsh conditions) brought on by isolated and lowered populations during the period immediately following the retreat of glaciers (in the case of periodical cicadas, the North American Pleistocene glacial stadia). When seen in this light, their mass emergence and the predator satiation strategy that follows from this serves only to maintain the much longer-term survival strategy of protecting their long-development trait from hybridizations that might dilute it.JOURNAL, Cox, R. T., C. E. Carlton, 4213280, amp, 1988, Paleoclimatic influences in the evolution of periodical cicadas (Homoptera: Cicadidae: Magicicada spp.), American Midland Naturalist, 120, 1, 183–193, 2425898, 10.2307/2425898, This hybridization hypothesis was subsequently supported through a series of mathematical models and remains the most widely-accepted explanation for the unusually lengthy and mathematically sophisticated survival strategy of these insects.JOURNAL, Tanaka, Y, J., Yoshimura, Chris Simon (biologist), C., Simon, J., Cooley, K., Tainaka, 2009, Allee effect in the selection for prime-numbered cycles in periodical cicadas, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 106, 22, 8975–8979, 2009PNAS..106.8975T, 19451640, 10.1073/pnas.0900215106, 2690011, free, The length of the cycle was hypothesized to be controlled by a single gene locus, with the 13-year cycle dominant to the 17-year one,JOURNAL, Cox, R. T., C. E. Carlton, amp, 1991, Evidence of genetic dominance of the 13-year life cycle in periodical cicadas (Homoptera: Cicadidae: Magicicada spp.), American Midland Naturalist, 125, 1, 63–74, 2426370, 10.2307/2426370, but this interpretation remains controversial and unsubstantiated at the level of DNA.

Impact on other populations

Cycles in cicada populations are significant enough to affect other animal and plant populations. For example, tree growth has been observed to decline the year before the emergence of a brood because of the increased feeding on roots by the growing nymphs. Moles, which feed on nymphs, have been observed to do well during the year before an emergence, but suffer population declines the following year because of the reduced food source.WEB,weblink National Geographic: Cicada Outbreaks Linked to Other Animals' Booms, Busts., 23 June 2009,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20080722221700weblink">weblink 22 July 2008, dead, Wild turkey populations respond favorably to increased nutrition in their food supply from gorging on cicada adults on the ground at the end of their life cycles. Uneaten carcasses of periodical cicadas decompose on the ground, providing a resource pulse of nutrients to the forest community.JOURNAL, 10.1126/science.1103114, 15567865, 2004Sci...306.1565Y, Periodical Cicadas as Resource Pulses in North American Forests, Science, 306, 5701, 1565–1567, Yang, Louie H., 27088981, 2004, Cicada broods may also have a negative impact. Eastern gray squirrel populations have been negatively affected, because the egg-laying activity of female cicadas damaged upcoming mast crops.{{Citation needed|date=June 2011}}

Broods

Periodical cicadas are grouped into geographic (wikt:brood|broods) based on the calendar year when they emerge. For example, in 2014, the 13-year Brood XXII emerged in Louisiana and the 17-year Brood III emerged in western Illinois and eastern Iowa.In 1907, entomologist Charles Lester Marlatt assigned Roman numerals to 30 different broods of periodical cicadas: 17 distinct broods with a 17-year life cycle, to which he assigned brood numbers I through XVII (with emerging years 1893 through 1909); plus 13 broods with a 13-year cycle, to which he assigned brood numbers XVIII through XXX (1893 through 1905).BOOK, Marlatt, C. L., Charles Lester Marlatt, The Periodical Cicada, Washington, D.C., 71, United States Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Entomology: United States Government Publishing Office, Government Printing Office, 1907, 902809085, July 26, 2021, agr07001971,weblink The Classification of the Broods, 28–30,weblink Internet Archive, Marlatt noted that the 17-year broods are generally more northerly than are the 13-year broods.BOOK, Marlatt, C.L, Charles Lester Marlatt,weblink The Races, Broods, and Varieties of the Cicada: A Seventeen–Year Race and a Thirteen–Year Race, 14–18,weblink The Periodical Cicada, Washington, D.C., 71, United States Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Entomology: United States Government Publishing Office, Government Printing Office, 1907, 902809085, July 26, 2021, Internet Archive, Many of these hypothetical 30 broods have not been observed. Marlatt noted that some cicada populations (especially Brood XI in the valley of the Connecticut River in Massachusetts and Connecticut) were disappearing, a fact that he attributed to the reduction in forests and the introduction and proliferation of insect-eating "English sparrows" (House sparrows, Passer domesticus) that had followed the European settlement of North America.BOOK, Marlatt, C.L, Charles Lester Marlatt,weblink Summary of the Habits and Characteristics of the Cicada., 13–14,weblink The Periodical Cicada, Washington, D.C., 71, United States Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Entomology: United States Government Publishing Office, Government Printing Office, 1907, 902809085, July 26, 2021, Internet Archive, Two of the broods that Marlatt named (Broods XI and XXI) have become extinct. His numbering scheme has been retained for convenience (and because it clearly separates 13- and 17-year life cycles), although only 15 broods are known to survive.WEB, Post, Susan L., A Trill of a Lifetime,weblink 2004, The Illinois Steward,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20070510060933weblink">weblink 10 May 2007, {|class="wikitable sortable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto; text-align:center;"
Western Virginia, West Virginia
Connecticut, Maryland, North Carolina, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Virginia, District of Columbia
Iowa
Eastern Nebraska, southwestern Iowa, eastern Kansas, western Missouri, Oklahoma, north TexasHTTPS://CICADAS.UCONN.EDU/BROOD_04/>TITLE=BROOD IVDATE=FEBRUARY 21, 2017STORRS, CONNECTICUT>PUBLISHER=UNIVERSITY OF CONNECTICUTARCHIVE-URL=HTTPS://WEB.ARCHIVE.ORG/WEB/20210421190926/HTTPS://CICADAS.UCONN.EDU/BROOD_04/URL-STATUS=LIVE,
Eastern Ohio, Western Maryland, Southwestern Pennsylvania, Northwestern Virginia, West Virginia, New York (Suffolk County)HTTP://NA.FS.FED.US/SPFO/PUBS/PEST_AL/CICADA/CICADA.HTM>TITLE=PERIODICAL CICADA - BROOD VPUBLISHER=UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE: UNITED STATES FOREST SERVICEARCHIVE-DATE=APRIL 7, 2016,
Northern Georgia, western North Carolina, northwestern South Carolina
Central New York (Onondaga, Cayuga, Seneca, Ontario, Yates counties){{#tag:refM. septendecim>group=Note}}
Eastern Ohio, western Pennsylvania, northern West Virginia
southwestern Virginia, southern West Virginia, western North Carolina
New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, District of Columbia, Virginia, West Virginia, North Carolina, Georgia, Tennessee, Kentucky, Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, MichiganHTTP://INSECTS.UMMZ.LSA.UMICH.EDU/FAUNA/MICHIGAN_CICADAS/PERIODICAL/BROODX.HTML>TITLE=BROOD X (17-YEAR)ANN ARBOR, MICHIGAN>PUBLISHER=DIVISION OF INSECTS: MUSEUM OF ZOOLOGY: COLLEGE OF LITERATURE, SCIENCE, AND THE ARTS>ARCHIVE-URL=HTTPS://WEB.ARCHIVE.ORG/WEB/20150927224643/HTTP://INSECTS.UMMZ.LSA.UMICH.EDU/FAUNA/MICHIGAN_CICADAS/PERIODICAL/BROODX.HTMLARCHIVE-DATE=SEPTEMBER 27, 2015A premature emergence occurred in 2017.SHEIKH>FIRST1=KNVULURL=HTTPS://WWW.SCIENTIFICAMERICAN.COM/ARTICLE/BROOD-AWAKENING-17-YEAR-CICADAS-EMERGE-4-YEARS-EARLY/ JOURNAL=SCIENTIFIC AMERICANARCHIVE-URL=HTTPS://WEB.ARCHIVE.ORG/WEB/20240125171822/HTTPS://WWW.SCIENTIFICAMERICAN.COM/ARTICLE/BROOD-AWAKENING-17-YEAR-CICADAS-EMERGE-4-YEARS-EARLY/URL-STATUS=LIVE, |group=Note}}
Extinct}} style="text-align:left;" Ashford, Connecticut>Ashford, Connecticut along the Fenton River
Northern Illinois and in parts of Iowa, Wisconsin, and Indiana{{#tag:refLAST2=NIXONURL=HTTPS://EXTENSION.ILLINOIS.EDU/INSECTS/CICADASWORK=INSECTS: CICADASURBANA, ILLINOIS>PUBLISHER=UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE, CONSUMER, AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES: ILLINOIS EXTENSION>ACCESS-DATE=MARCH 12, 2024ARCHIVE-DATE=MARCH 10, 2024QUOTE=THE NORTHERN ILLINOIS BROOD, WHICH WILL EMERGE IN LATE MAY 2024, HAS A REPUTATION FOR THE LARGEST EMERGENCE OF CICADAS KNOWN ANYWHERE. THIS IS DUE TO THE SIZE OF THE EMERGENCE AND THE RESEARCH AND SUBSEQUENT REPORTING OVER THE YEARS BY ENTOMOLOGISTS MONTE LLOYD AND HENRY DYBAS AT THE FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY IN CHICAGO. DURING THE 1956 EMERGENCE, THEY COUNTED AN AVERAGE OF 311 NYMPHAL EMERGENCE HOLES PER SQUARE YARD OF GROUND IN A FORESTED FLOODPLAIN NEAR CHICAGO. THIS TRANSLATES TO 1½ MILLION CICADAS PER ACRE. IN UPLAND SITES, THEY RECORDED 27 EMERGENCE HOLES PER SQUARE YARD, TRANSLATING TO ABOUT 133,000 PER ACRE. THIS NUMBER IS MORE TYPICAL OF EMERGENCE NUMBERS BUT IS STILL A TREMENDOUS NUMBER OF INSECTS. .... 2020 {{!, Northern Illinois Sub-Brood (part of Marlatt's XIII)}}>group=Note}}
Southern Ohio, Kentucky, Tennessee, Massachusetts, Maryland, North Carolina, Pennsylvania, northern Georgia, Southwestern Virginia and West Virginia, and parts of New York and New Jersey
Alabama, Arkansas, Georgia, Indiana, Illinois, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Missouri, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, and Virginia{{#tag:refWORK=BIODIVERSITY RESEARCH COLLECTIONS: PERIODICAL CICADA INFORMATION PAGESSTORRS, CONNECTICUT>PUBLISHER=UNIVERSITY OF CONNECTICUTLANGUAGE=EN-USARCHIVE-DATE=FEBRUARY 24, 2024QUOTE=BROOD XIX IS ARGUABLY THE LARGEST (BY GEOGRAPHIC EXTENT) OF ALL PERIODICAL CICADA BROODS, WITH RECORDS ALONG THE EAST COAST FROM MARYLAND TO GEORGIA AND IN THE MIDWEST FROM IOWA TO OKLAHOMA., |group=Note}}
Extinct}} style="text-align:left;" TITLE=THE PERIODICAL CICADALOCATION=WASHINGTON, D.C.PUBLISHER=UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY: UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PUBLISHING OFFICE>YEAR=1907ACCESS-DATE=JULY 26, 2021INTERNET ARCHIVE >AUTHOR-LINK=CHARLES LESTER MARLATT,
PUBLISHER=NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC SOCIETYARCHIVE-URL=HTTPS://WEB.ARCHIVE.ORG/WEB/20110903070654/HTTP://WWW.MAGICICADA.ORG/ABOUT/BROOD_PAGES/BROODXXII.PHPURL-STATUS=LIVE, 13 2014 2027 style="text-align:left;" This 13-year brood does not include M. neotredecim.|group=Note}}
DATE=FEB 2021Arkansas, Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, Louisiana, Missouri, Mississippi, Tennessee
{{Reflist|group=Note}}
Periodical cicadas that emerge outside the expected time frame are called stragglers. Although they can emerge at any time, they usually do so one or four years before or after most other members of their broods emerge.WEB,weblink Stragglers, Biodiversity Research Collections: Periodical Cicada Information Pages, Storrs, Connecticut, University of Connecticut, March 13, 2024, en-US,weblink February 26, 2024, live, Stragglers with a 17-year life cycle typically emerge four years early. Those with a 13-year cycle typically emerge four years late.WEB,weblink What are stragglers?, Cicada Mania, June 27, 2015, March 13, 2024,weblink March 8, 2024, live, Typically cicadas with a 17-year life cycle will emerge 4 years early, and cicadas with a 13-year cycle will emerge 4 years late., Brood XIII of the 17-year cicada, which reputably has the largest emergence of cicadas by size known anywhere, and Brood XIX of the 13-year cicada, arguably the largest (by geographic extent) of all periodical cicada broods, are expected to emerge together in 2024 for the first time since 1803. However, the two broods are not expected to overlap except potentially in a thin area in central and eastern Illinois (Macon, Sangamon, Livingston, and Logan counties).Multiple sources:
  • WEB,weblink 2024 Cicada Forecast, February 10, 2024, Cicada Mania, March 13, 2024,weblink March 8, 2024, live, Both Brood XIX and XIII exist in Macon, Sangamon, Livingston and Logan counties in Illinois. The easily accessible place they come closest to overlapping is Springfield, Illinois, which is in Sangamon County.,
  • WEB, Schuster, James, Nixon, Philip,weblink Timed to perfection: Cicada's biological clock determines emergence, Insects: Cicadas, Urbana, Illinois, University of Illinois College of Agriculture, Consumer, and Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign College of Agricultural, Consumer and Environmental Sciences: Illinois Extension, March 12, 2024,weblink March 10, 2024, live, The northern Illinois brood, which will emerge in late May 2024, has a reputation for the largest emergence of cicadas known anywhere. This is due to the size of the emergence and the research and subsequent reporting over the years by entomologists Monte Lloyd and Henry Dybas at the Field Museum of Natural History, Field Museum in Chicago. During the 1956 emergence, they counted an average of 311 nymphal emergence holes per square yard of ground in a forested floodplain near Chicago. This translates to 1½ million cicadas per acre. In upland sites, they recorded 27 emergence holes per square yard, translating to about 133,000 per acre. This number is more typical of emergence numbers but is still a tremendous number of insects.,
  • WEB,weblink The 2024 Periodical Cicada Emergence, Biodiversity Research Collections: Periodical Cicada Information Pages, Storrs, Connecticut, University of Connecticut, March 13, 2024, en-US,weblink March 12, 2024, live, In 2024, 13-year Brood XIX, which is the largest of all periodical cicada broods, will co-emerge with 17-year Brood XIII; these two broods are adjacent (but not significantly overlapping) in north-central Illinois.,
  • WEB,weblink Brood XIX: The Great Southern Brood, Biodiversity Research Collections: Periodical Cicada Information Pages, Storrs, Connecticut, University of Connecticut, March 13, 2024, en-US,weblink February 24, 2024, live, Brood XIX is arguably the largest (by geographic extent) of all periodical cicada broods, with records along the east coast from Maryland to Georgia and in the Midwest from Iowa to Oklahoma., The next such dual emergence of these two particular broods will occur in 2245, 221 years after 2024,WEB, Aimee, Ortiz, January 19, 2024,weblink The World Hasn’t Seen Cicadas Like This Since 1803, The New York Times, March 13, 2024,weblink March 9, 2024, dead, Brood XIX and Brood XIII will both emerge this spring. The last time these bugs showed up at the same time in the United States, Thomas Jefferson was president. After this spring, it’ll be another 221 years before the broods, which are geographically adjacent, appear together again., but dual emergences will be very common over the next three decades, with Broods IX and XIX emerging in 2037, XIII and XXIII in 2041, V and XIX in 2050, VIII and XXII in 2053, and IX and XXIII in 2054. Remarkably, the next eight successive emergences of Brood XIX will be together with another Brood - 2024 (Brood XIII), 2037 (Brood IX), 2050 (Brood V), 2063 (Brood I), 2076 (Brood XIV), 2089 (Brood X), 2102 (Brood VI), and 2115 (Brood II) - so it will not be until 2128 that Brood XIX will be the only Brood emerging that year. Similarly, beginning with their 2041 emergence, eight successive emergences of Brood XXIII will be together with another Brood - 2041 (Brood XIII), 2054 (Brood IX), 2067 (Brood V), 2080 (Brood I), 2093 (Brood XIV), 2106 (Brood X), 2119 (Brood VI), and 2132 (Brood II).

Map of brood locations

(File:Periodical Cicada Broods of the United States.png|alt=County-by-county map showing the locations of cicada broods, published May 2013|none|thumb|800px|USDA Forest Service map of periodical cicada brood locations by county and timing of next emergence (as of 2024))

Taxonomy

Phylogeny

Magicicada is a member of the cicada tribe Lamotialnini, which is distributed globally aside from South America. Despite Magicicada being only found in eastern North America, its closest relatives are thought to be the genera Tryella and Aleeta from Australia, with Magicicada being sister to the clade containing Tryella and Aleeta.JOURNAL, Marshall, David C., Moulds, Max, Hill, Kathy B. R., Price, Benjamin W., Wade, Elizabeth J., Owen, Christopher L., Goemans, Geert, Marathe, Kiran, Sarkar, Vivek, Cooley, John R., Sanborn, Allen F., 2018-05-28, A molecular phylogeny of the cicadas (Hemiptera: Cicadidae) with a review of tribe and subfamily classification,weblink Zootaxa, en, 4424, 1, 1–64, 10.11646/zootaxa.4424.1.1, 30313477, 52976455, 1175-5334, Within the Americas, its closest relative is thought to be the genus Chrysolasia from Guatemala.WEB, says, Dave, 2019-01-10, Chrysolasia guatemalena (Distant, 1883),weblink 2021-05-15, Cicada Mania, en,

Species

Seven recognized species are placed within Magicicada—three 17-year species and four 13-year species. These seven species are also sometimes grouped differently into three subgroups, the so-called Decim species group, Cassini species group, and Decula species group, reflecting strong similarities of each 17-year species with one or more species with a 13-year cycle.WEB, Magicicada species,weblink National Geographic Society, 12 June 2011, February 26, 2017,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20170226165547weblink">weblink dead, {|class="wikitable collapsible"! colspan="4"|17-year cycle! rowspan="2"|Speciesgroup! colspan="4"|13-year cycle! Image! Scientific name! Common Name! Distribution! Image! Scientific name! Common Name! Distribution(File:2013 05-23 IMG 9586 (3).jpg|120px)''Magicicada septendecim'' (Carl Linnaeus>Linnaeus, 1758)17-year locust, Pharaoh cicadaCanada,United States!rowspan="2"|Decim120px)Magicicada tredecim>M. tredecim (Walsh & Riley, 1868)||southeasternUnited States|Magicicada neotredecim>M. neotredecim Marshall & Cooley, 2000||United States120px)Magicicada cassinii>M. cassini MARSHALL >FIRST1=DAVID C. JOURNAL=ZOOTAXA VOLUME=5125 PAGES=241–245 PMID=36101217 DOI-ACCESS=FREE, [open access] (Fisher, 1852)|17-year cicada, dwarf periodical cicada|United States!Cassini120px)Magicicada tredecassini>M. tredecassini Alexander & Moore, 1962||United States120px)Magicicada septendecula>M. septendecula Alexander & Moore, 1962|| United States!Decula120px)Magicicada tredecula>M. tredecula Alexander & Moore, 1962|| United States

Evolution and speciation

{{See also|Allochronic speciation}}Not only are the periodical cicada life cycles curious for their use of the prime numbers 13 or 17, but their evolution is also intricately tied to one- and four-year changes in their life cycles. One-year changes are less common than four-year changes and are probably tied to variation in local climatic conditions. Four-year early and late emergences are common and involve a much larger proportion of the population than one-year changes. The different species are well-understood to have originated from a process of allochronic speciation,Multiple sources:
  • JOURNAL, Rebecca S. Taylor and Vicki L. Friesen, 2017, The role of allochrony in speciation, Molecular Ecology, 26, 13, 3330–3342, 10.1111/mec.14126, 28370658, 2017MolEc..26.3330T, free, 46852358,
  • JOURNAL, D. C., Marshall, J. R., Cooley, 2000, Reproductive character displacement and speciation in periodical cicadas, with description of new species, 13-year Magicicada neotredecem, Evolution, 54, 4, 1313–1325, 10.1111/j.0014-3820.2000.tb00564.x, 11005298, free, 28276015, 2027.42/73691, free,
  • JOURNAL, C., Simon, Chris Simon (biologist), J., Tang, S., Dalwadi, G., Staley, J., Deniega, T. R., Unnasch, 2000, Genetic evidence for assortative mating between 13-year cicadas and sympatric '17-year cicadas with 13-year life cycles' provides support for allochronic speciation, Evolution, 54, 4, 1326–1336, 10.1111/j.0014-3820.2000.tb00565.x, 11005299, free, 19105047, JOURNAL, Teiji, Sota, Satoshi, Yamamoto, John R., Cooley, Kathy B. R., Hill, Chris, Simon, Chris Simon (biologist), Jin, Yoshimura, 23 April 2013, Independent divergence of 13- and 17-y life cycles among three periodical cicada lineages, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 110, 17, 6919–6924, 2013PNAS..110.6919S, 10.1073/pnas.1220060110, 3637745, 23509294, free, in which species subpopulations that are isolated from one another in time eventually become reproductively isolated as well.
Research suggests that in extant periodical cicadas, the 13- and 17-year life cycles evolved at least eight different times in the last 4 million years and that different species with identical life cycles developed their overlapping geographic distribution by synchronizing their life cycles to the existing dominant populations. The same study estimates that the Decim species group split from the common ancestor of the Decula plus Cassini species groups around 4 million years ago (Mya). At around 2.5 Mya, the Cassini and Decula groups split from each other.The Sota et al. (2013) paper also calculates that the first separation of extant 13-year cicadas from 17-year cicadas took place in the Decim group about 530,000 years ago when the southern M. tredecim split from the northern M. septendecim. The second noteworthy event took place about 320,000 years ago with the split of the western Cassini group from its conspecifics to the east. The Decim and the Decula clades experienced similar western splits, but these are estimated to have taken place 270,000 and 230,000 years ago, respectively. The 13- and 17-year splits in Cassini and Decula took place after these events.The 17-year cicadas largely occupy formerly glaciated territory, and as a result their phylogeographic relationships reflect the effects of repeated contraction into glacial refugia (small islands of suitable habitat) and subsequent re-expansion during multiple interglacial periods. In each species group, Decim, Cassini, and Decula, the signature of the glacial periods is manifested in three phylogeographic genetic subdivisions: one subgroup east of the Appalachians, one midwestern, and one on the far western edge of their range.The Sota et al. data suggest that the founders of the southern 13-year cicada populations originated from the Decim group. These were later joined by Cassini originating from the western Cassini clade and Decula originating from eastern, middle, and western Decula clades. As Cassini and Decula invaded the south, they became synchronized with the resident M. tredecim. These Cassini and Decula are known as M. tredecassini and M. tredecula. More data is needed to lend support to this hypothesis and others hypotheses related to more recent 13- and 17-year splits involving M. neotredecim and M. tredecim.

Distribution

The 17-year periodical cicadas are distributed from the Eastern states, across the Ohio Valley, to the Great Plains states and north to the edges of the Upper Midwest, while the 13-year cicadas occur in the Southern and Mississippi Valley states, with some slight overlap of the two groups. For example, broods IV (17-year cycle) and XIX (13-year cycle) overlap in western Missouri and eastern Oklahoma.WEB,weblink Broods, Cicadas, February 27, 2017, University of Connecticut, April 18, 2021,weblink March 31, 2021, live, See Figure 1, p. 107 in JOURNAL, John R., Cooley, Gene, Kritsky, Marten J., Edwards, John D., Zyla, David C., Marshall, Kathy B. R., Hill, Rachel, Krauss, Chris, Simon, Chris Simon (biologist),weblink The distribution of periodical cicadas, American Entomologist, 55, 2, 106–112, 10.1093/ae/55.2.106,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20110726180033weblink">weblink 26 July 2011, live, Their emergences should again coincide in 2219, 2440, 2661, etc., as they did in 1998WEB, Elizabeth, Omara-Otunnu, April 26, 2004,weblink Life cycles Of Cicada Species Are Focus Of Biologist's Research, The UConn Advance, April 18, 2021, University of Connecticut,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20100622095724weblink">weblink June 22, 2010, live, (although distributions change slightly from generation to generation and older distribution maps can be unreliable.).An effort sponsored by the National Geographic Society is underway as of April 2021 at the University of Connecticut to generate new distribution maps of all periodical cicada broods.WEB,weblink Making Modern Maps: A National Geographic Society sponsored project, Cicadas, February 18, 2017, University of Connecticut, April 18, 2021, To date, we have surveyed and mapped over 10,000 localities within periodical cicada emergences, using detailed base maps and Global Positioning System, GPS technology, such as the custom GPS datalogger ... .,weblink March 27, 2021, live, The effort uses crowdsourced data and records that entomologists and volunteers collect.Multiple sources:

Parasites, pests and pathogens

Although it usually feeds on oak leaf gall midge (Polystepha pilulae) larvae and other insects, the oak leaf gall mite ("itch mite") (Pyemotes herfsi) becomes an ectoparasite of periodical cicada eggs when these are available. After cicadas deposit their eggs in the branches of trees, feeding mites reproduce and their numbers increase.Multiple sources: File:Cicada with extensive abdomen fungus 2021-05-31 093621 1 crop.jpg|thumb|right|upright=0.9|A Brood X Magicicada with abdominal Massospora cicadinaMassospora cicadinaAfter cicada emergences have ended, many people have therefore developed rashes, pustules, intense itching and other mite bite sequelae on their upper torso, head, neck and arms. Rashes and itching peaked after several days, but lasted as long as two weeks. Anti-itch treatments, including calamine lotion and topical steroid creams, did not relieve the itching.Massospora cicadina is a pathogenic fungus that infects only 13 and 17 year periodical cicadas. Infection results in a "plug" of spores that replaces the end of the cicada's abdomen while it is still alive, leading to infertility, disease transmission, and eventual death of the cicada.JOURNAL, Cooley, John R., Marshall, David C., Hill, Kathy B. R., 2018-01-23,weblink A specialized fungal parasite (Massospora cicadina) hijacks the sexual signals of periodical cicadas (Hemiptera: Cicadidae: Magicicada), Scientific Reports, En, 8, 1432, 1432, 10.1038/s41598-018-19813-0, 29362478, 5780379, 2018NatSR...8.1432C, 2045-2322, Springer Nature, August 29, 2021,weblink August 30, 2021, live,

Symbiosis

Magicicada are unable to obtain all of the essential amino acids from the dilute xylem fluid that they feed upon, and instead rely upon endosymbiotic bacteria that provide essential vitamins and nutrients for growth.Hilary Christensen & Marilyn L. Fogel (2011) Feeding ecology and evidence for amino acid synthesis in the periodical cicada (Magicicada). Journal of Insect Physiology 57: 211–219 Bacteria in the genus Hodgkinia live inside periodical cicadas, and grow and divide for years before punctuated cicada reproduction events impose natural selection on these bacteria to maintain a mutually beneficial relationship. As a result, the genome of Hodgkinia has fractionated into three independent bacterial species each containing only a subset of genes essential for this symbiosis. The host requires all three subgroups of symbionts, as only the complete complement of all three subgroups provides the host with all its essential nutrients.JOURNAL, 10.1016/j.cub.2017.10.008, 29129532, Idiosyncratic Genome Degradation in a Bacterial Endosymbiont of Periodical Cicadas, Current Biology, 27, 22, 3568–3575.e3, 2017, Campbell, Matthew A., Łukasik, Piotr, Simon, Chris, Chris Simon (biologist), McCutcheon, John P., 8879801, free, The Hodgkinia–Magicicada symbiosis is a powerful example of how bacterial endosymbionts drive the evolution of their hosts.

History

The first known account of a large emergence of cicadas appeared in a 1633 report by William Bradford, the governor of the Plymouth Colony, which had been established in 1620 within the future state of Massachusetts.BOOK, Bradford, William, William Bradford (governor), Davis, William T., 1908,weblink The 10. Chap.: Showing how they sought out a place of habitation, and what befell them thereaboute.,weblink Bradford's History of Plymouth Plantation: 1606-1646, 105, Original Narratives of Early American History, 08007375, 954260374, New York, Charles Scribner's Sons, 10 September 2020, HathiTrust Digital Library, JOURNAL,weblink Seventeen and thirteen year locusts, Scientific American, March 27, 1869, 20, 13, New series, New York, Munn & Company, 195–196, en, July 24, 2021, Google Books, After describing a "pestilent fever" that had swept through the colony and neighboring Indians, the report stated:It is to be observed that, the spring before this sickness, there was a numerous company of Flies which were like for bigness unto wasps or Bumble-Bees; they came out of little holes in the ground, and did eat up the green things, and made such a constant yelling noise as made the woods ring of them, and ready to deafen the hearers; they were not any seen or heard by the English in this country before this time; but the Indians told them that sickness would follow, and so it did, very hot, in the months of June, July, and August of that summer.Multiple sources: Historical accounts cite reports of 15- to 17-year recurrences of enormous numbers of noisy emergent cicadas ("locusts") written as early as 1733.Dudley, Paul (1733). Periodical Revolutions. Additional Manuscripts 4433, Folios 4-11, Division of Manuscripts of the British Library, London. Cited in BOOK, Kritsky, Gene, Hoffmann, Nancy E., Van Horne, John C.,weblink John Bartram and the Periodical Cicadas: A Case Study,weblink America's Curious Botanist: A Tercentennial Reappraisal of John Bartram 1699-1777, American Philosophical Society, The American Philosophical Society, Philadelphia, 2004, p. 49 (Reference No. 16), 978-0-87169-249-8, 891409264, 2003050212, July 29, 2021, Google Books, Moreover, the first time the Society had heard about periodical cicadas was from Paul Dudley, who sent a manuscript to the Society in 1733. .... Dudley correctly noted the seventeen-year life cycle and provided evidence. However, Collinson's paper shows that he used Bartram's claim of a fifteen-year cycle in his paper., John Bartram, a noted Philadelphia botanist and horticulturist, was among the early writers that described the insect's life cycle, appearance and characteristics.BOOK, Kritsky, Gene, Hoffmann, Nancy E., Van Horne, John C.,weblink John Bartram and the Periodical Cicadas: A Case Study,weblink America's Curious Botanist: A Tercentennial Reappraisal of John Bartram 1699-1777, American Philosophical Society, The American Philosophical Society, Philadelphia, 2004, 44, 978-0-87169-249-8, 891409264, 2003050212, July 29, 2021, Google Books, On May 9, 1715, the Rev. Andreas Sandel, the pastor of Philadelphia's "Gloria Dei" Swedish Lutheran Church, described in his journal an emergence of Brood X.BOOK,weblink Extracts from the Journal of Rev. Andreas Sandel, Pastor of "Gloria Dei" Swedish Lutheran Church, Philadelphia, 1702-1719: May 9, 1715,weblink The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography, 30, January 1906, 117, 448–449, 20085357, 1762062, 0031-4587, Philadelphia, Historical Society of Pennsylvania, The Historical Society of Pennsylvania, October 7, 2020, Google Books, Sandel, Andreas, Pehr Kalm, a Finnish naturalist visiting Pennsylvania and New Jersey in 1749 on behalf of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, observed in late May another emergence of that brood.BOOK, Kalm, Peter, Pehr Kalm, 1772,weblink Preface,weblink Travels into North America; Containing Its Natural History, and a Circumstantial Account of Its Plantations and Agriculture in General, with the Civil, Ecclesiastical and Commercial State of the Country, the Manners of the Inhabitants, and Several Curious and Important Remarks on Various Subjects. Translated into English by John Reinhold Forster, 2nd, 1, v–vii, 978-0-665-51501-9, 1042021758, 02013569, London, Printed for T. Lowndes, No. 77, in Fleet-street, August 24, 2021, Internet Archive, JOURNAL, Davis, J.J.,weblink Pehr Kalm's Description of the Periodical Cicada, Magicicada septendecim L., from Kongl. Svenska Vetenskap Academiens Handlinger, 17:101-116, 1756, translated by Larson, Esther Louise (Mrs. K.E. Doak), The Ohio Journal of Science, 53, May 1953, 139–140, 1811/4028,weblink May 29, 2019, live, Republished by WEB,weblink Knowledge Bank, The Ohio State University Libraries and Office of the Chief Information Officer, October 2, 2012,weblink January 26, 2021, live, When reporting the event in a paper that a Swedish academic journal published in 1756, Kalm wrote: {{Blockquote|The general opinion is that these insects appear in these fantastic numbers in every seventeenth year. Meanwhile, except for an occasional one which may appear in the summer, they remain underground.There is considerable evidence that these insects appear every seventeenth year in Pennsylvania.}}Kalm then described Rev. Sandel's report and one that he had obtained from Benjamin Franklin that had recorded in Philadelphia the emergence from the ground of large numbers of cicadas during early May 1732. He noted that the people who had prepared these documents had made no such reports in other years.Kalm further noted that others had informed him that they had seen cicadas only occasionally before the insects emerged from the ground in Pennsylvania in large swarms on May 22, 1749. He additionally stated that he had not heard any cicadas in Pennsylvania and New Jersey in 1750 in the same months and areas in which he had heard many in 1749. The 1715 and 1732 reports, when coupled with his own 1749 and 1750 observations, supported the previous "general opinion" that he had cited.Kalm summarized his findings in a book translated into English and published in London in 1771,BOOK, Kalm, Peter, Pehr Kalm,weblink Travels into North America: Translated into English, By John Reinhold Foster, 1771, 2, 212–213, London, T. Lowndess, 10 September 2020, Google Books, 5 May 2012,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20120505045020weblink">weblink . stating:{{Blockquote|There are a kind of Locusts which about every seventeen years come hither in incredible numbers ... In the interval between the years when they are so numerous, they are only seen or heard single in the woods.BOOK, Kalm, Peter, Pehr Kalm,weblink Travels into North America: Translated into English, By John Reinhold Foster, 1771, 2, 6–7, London, T. Lowndess, September 10, 2020, Google Books, }}Based on Kalm's account and a specimen that Kalm had provided, in 1758 Carl Linnaeus named the insect Cicada (wiktionary:septendecim|septendecim) in the tenth edition of his Systema Naturae.BOOK, Linnaei, Caroli, Carl Linnaeus,weblink Systema Naturae Per Regna Tria Naturae, Secundum Classes, Ordines, Genera, Species, Cum Characteribus, Differentiis, Synonymis, Locis: Insecta. Hemiptera. Cicada. Mannifera. septendecim., 1758, 10, 1, 436–437, Stockholm, Sweden, Laurentii Salvii, 2017-05-24, Biodiversity Heritage Library, Biodiversity Heritage Library (BHL),weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20170325030419weblink">weblink 25 March 2017, live, Moses Bartram, a son of John Bartram, described the next appearance of the brood (Brood X) that Kalm had observed in 1749 in an article entitled Observations on the cicada, or locust of America, which appears periodically once in 16 or 17 years that he wrote in 1766. Bartram's article, which a London journal published in 1768, noted that upon hatching from eggs deposited in the twigs of trees, the young insects ran down to the earth and "entered the first opening that they could find". He reported that he had been able to discover them {{convert |10|ft|m|0}} below the surface, but that others had reportedly found them {{convert|30|ft|m|0}} deep.BOOK, Bartram, Moses,weblinkweblink Observations on the cicada, or locust of America, which appears periodically once in 16 or 17 years. Communicated by the ingenious Peter Collinson, Esq., The Annual Register, or a View of the History, Politicks, and Literature, for the Year 1767, London, Printed for J. Dodsley (1768), 103–106, 1766, 642534652, 2017-05-21, Google Books, In 1775, Thomas Jefferson recorded in his "Garden Book" Brood II's 17-year periodicity, writing that an acquaintance remembered "great locust years" in 1724 and 1741, that he and others recalled another such year in 1758 and that the insects had again emerged from the ground at Monticello in 1775. He noted that the females lay their eggs in the small twigs of trees while above ground.JOURNAL, Jefferson, Thomas, Thomas Jefferson, Thomas Jefferson's garden book, 1766-1824, with relevant extracts from his other writings,weblink Betts, Edward Morris, Memoirs of the American Philosophical Society, 22, 1775, 602659598, 45001776, 68, 2017-05-20, Google Books, Dr. Walker sais he remembers that the years 1724 and 1741 were great locust years. we all remember that 1758 was and now they are come again this year of 1775. It appears that they come periodically from the ground once in 17 years. They come out of the ground from a prodigious depth. It is thought they eat nothing while in this state, laying their eggs in the small twigs of trees seems to be their only business. The females make a noise well known. The males are silent., The 1780 emergence of the Brood VII cicadas (also known as the Onondaga brood) during the American Revolutionary War, coincided with the aftermath of the military operation known as the Sullivan Expedition which devastated the indigenous Onondagan communities and destroyed their crops. The sudden arrival of such a substantial quantity of the cicadas provided a source of sustenance for the Onondaga people who were experiencing severe food insecurity following the Sullivan campaigns and the subsequent brutal winter.NEWS, Rojas, Rick, June 22, 2018, A Story of Survival Revived by the Cicadas' Loud (and Crunchy) Return,weblink March 23, 2024, The New York Times, The seemingly miraculous arrival of the cicadas is commemorated by the Onondaga as though it were an intervention by the Creator to ensure their survival after such a traumatizing, catastrophic event.WEB, 2018-05-14, Ogweñ•yó’da’ déñ’se’ Hanadagá•yas: The Cicada and George Washington,weblink 2024-03-24, Onondaga Nation, en-US, File:Massospora cicadina 134742368.jpg|thumb|right|upright=0.7|A Brood X Magicicada with abdominal Massospora cicadina infection in Takoma Park, MarylandTakoma Park, MarylandIn April 1800, Benjamin Banneker, who lived near Ellicott's Mills, Maryland, wrote in his record book that he recalled a "great locust year" in 1749, a second in 1766 during which the insects appeared to be "full as numerous as the first", and a third in 1783. He predicted that the insects (Brood X) "may be expected again in they year 1800 which is Seventeen Since their third appearance to me".Multiple sources:
  • Latrobe, pp. 11–12.
  • JOURNAL, Barber, Janet E., Nkwanta, Asamoah,weblink Benjamin Banneker's Original Handwritten Document: Observations and Study of the Cicada, Journal of Humanistic Mathematics, 4, 1, 112–122, 2014, 10.5642/jhummath.201401.07, 700943261, 2159-8118, 2014-08-26, free, August 27, 2014,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20140827123841weblink">weblink live, Page 115, Fig. 3: Image of page in Benjamin Banneker's Astronomical Journal, 1791-1806. Manuscript written by Benjamin Banneker (MS 2700). Special Collection. Maryland Historical Society, Baltimore, Maryland: "The first great Locust year that I can Remember was 1749. ....". Describing an effect that the pathogenic fungus, Massospora cicadina, has on its host,JOURNAL, Cooley, John R., Marshall, David C., Hill, Kathy B. R., 2018-01-23,weblink A specialized fungal parasite (Massospora cicadina) hijacks the sexual signals of periodical cicadas (Hemiptera: Cicadidae: Magicicada), Scientific Reports, En, 8, 1432, 1432, 10.1038/s41598-018-19813-0, 29362478, 5780379, 2018NatSR...8.1432C, 2045-2322, Springer Nature, August 29, 2021,weblink August 30, 2021, live, Banneker's record book stated that the insects:.... begin to Sing or make a noise from first they come out of the Earth till they die. The hindermost part rots off, and it does not appear to be any pain to them, for they still continue on Singing till they die.Multiple sources:
  • Latrobe, p. 12.
  • JOURNAL, Barber, Janet E., Nkwanta, Asamoah,weblink Benjamin Banneker's Original Handwritten Document: Observations and Study of the Cicada, Journal of Humanistic Mathematics, 4, 1, 112–122, 2014, 10.5642/jhummath.201401.07, 700943261, 2159-8118, 2014-08-26, free, August 27, 2014,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20140827123841weblink">weblink live, Page 115, Fig. 3: Image of page in Benjamin Banneker's Astronomical Journal, 1791-1806. Manuscript written by Benjamin Banneker (MS 2700). Special Collection. Maryland Historical Society, Baltimore, Maryland: "I like to forget that I inform to report that if their lives are Short they are merry, they begin to Sing or make a noise from first they come out of the Earth till they die. The hindermost part rots off, and it does not appear to be any pain to them, for they still continue on Singing till they die".
In 1845, Dr. D.L. Pharas of Woodville, Mississippi, announced the 13-year periodicity of the southern cicada broods in a local newspaper, the Woodville Republican. In 1858, Pharas placed the title Cicada tredecim in a subsequent article that the newspaper published on the subject. Ten years later, the American Entomologist published in December 1868 a paper that Benjamin Dann Walsh and Charles Valentine Riley had written that also reported the 13-year periodicity of the southern cicada broods.Walsh's and Riley's paper, which Scientific American reprinted in January 1869, illustrated the interior and exterior characteristics of the nymphs' emergence holes and raised turrets. Their article, which did not cite Pharas' reports, was the first to describe the southern cicadas' 13-year periodicity that received widespread attention. Riley later acknowledged Pharas' work in an 1885 publication on periodical cicadas that he authored.BOOK, Riley, Charles V., Charles Valentine Riley, 1885,weblink The Periodical or Seventeen–Year Cicada And Its Thirteen-Year Race,weblink The Periodical Cicada. An Account of Cicada Septendecim And Its Tredecim Race. With A Chronology of All Broods Known.: United States Department of Agriculture, Division of Entomology. Bulletin No. 8, 5–6, Washington, D.C., Second, United States Government Publishing Office, Government Printing Office, 868033643, unk82081627, July 26, 2021, Internet Archive, (File:Bite of Pyemotes herfsi.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Itch mite bites) In 1998, an emergence contained a brood of 17-year cicadas (Brood IV) in western Missouri and a brood of 13-year cicadas (Brood XIX) over much of the rest of the state. Each of the broods are the state's largest of their types. As the territories of the two broods overlap (converge) in some areas, the convergence was the state's first since 1777.Multiple sources: In 2007 and 2008, Edmond Zaborski, a research scientist with the Illinois Natural History Survey, reported that the oak leaf gall mite ("itch mite") (Pyemotes herfsi) is an ectoparasite of periodical cicada eggs. While investigating with the help of others the mysterious itchy welts and rashes that people were developing in Chicago's suburbs after the end of a 2007 Brood XIII emergence, he attributed the event to bites by mites whose populations had quickly increased while parasitizing those eggs.Multiple sources:

Use as human food

Magicicada species are edible when cooked for people who lack allergies to similar foods. A number of recipes are available for this purpose. Some recommend collecting the insects shortly after molting while still soft. Others exhibit preferences for emergent nymphs or hardened adults.Multiple sources:
  • {{YouTube|5MwiNVsnKj4|Would you Cook and Eat Cicadas?}}. May 16, 2021, Arlington County, Virginia: Hank Productions. Retrieved July 27, 2021. (video, 7:18 minutes)
  • {{YouTube|vakJQtil8_w|Cooking with cicadas}}. May 24, 2021, Knoxville, Tennessee: WBIR Channel 10. Retrieved July 27, 2021. (video, 6:23 minutes)
  • BOOK, R. Scott, Frothingham, 2013,weblink Cooking with Cicadas, 978-1-4849-7638-8, 892659744, FastForward Publishing, July 27, 2021, Goodreads,weblink July 27, 2021, live,
  • WEB, Jenna, Jadin, University of Maryland Cicadamaniacs,weblink 2004, Cicada-Licious: Cooking and Enjoying Periodical Cicadas, Tullabs.com, July 27, 2021,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20210720131703weblink">weblink July 20, 2021, live,
  • WEB,weblink If You Can't Beat 'Em, Eat 'em! (Cicada Recipes), April 27, 2011, Cicada Invasion: Tracking the Outbreak of the Great East Coast Brood, Nashville, Tennessee, Anderson Design Group, Blogger, June 4, 2021,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20201219180519weblink">weblink December 19, 2020, live,
  • NEWS, Kari, Sonde, May 5, 2021,weblink Can you eat cicadas? Yes, and here's the best way to catch, cook and snack on them., The Washington Post, May 6, 2021,weblink May 6, 2021, live,
  • WEB, Ximena N., Larkin, April 28, 2021,weblink What To Know About Cooking Cicadas Before Brood X Emerges in Your Backyard: Chef Joseph Yoon of Brooklyn Bugs shares his advice on the best way to enjoy the delicacy., thrillist, Group Nine Media,weblink May 10, 2021, live,
  • WEB, Paul, Hunter, June 13, 2021,weblink How to cook the perfect cicada: Chef thinks the beady-eyed insects are best when they're 'extra crispy', Canada, CBC News, July 27, 2021,weblink June 17, 2021, live,
The insects have historically been eaten by Native Americans, who fried them or roasted them in hot ovens, stirring them until they were well browned.JOURNAL, Davis, J.J.,weblink Pehr Kalm's Description of the Periodical Cicada, Magicicada septendecim L., from Kongl. Svenska Vetenskap Academiens Handlinger, 17:101-116, 1756, translated by Larson, Esther Louise (Mrs. K.E. Doak), The Ohio Journal of Science, 53, May 1953, 141, 1811/4028,weblink May 29, 2019, live, Republished by WEB,weblink Knowledge Bank, The Ohio State University Libraries and Office of the Chief Information Officer, October 2, 2012,weblink January 26, 2021, live, BOOK, Marlatt, C. L., Charles Lester Marlatt, 1907,weblink The Cicada as an Article of Food,weblink The Periodical Cicada, 71, agr07001971, 902809085, Washington, D.C., United States Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Entomology: United States Government Publishing Office, Government Printing Office, 102–104, July 26, 2021, Internet Archive, Marlatt wrote in 1907:{{Blockquote|The use of the newly emerged and succulent cicadas as an article of human diet has merely a theoretical interest, because, if for no other reason, they occur too rarely to have any real value. There is also the much stronger objection in the instinctive repugnance which all insects seem to inspire as an article of food to most civilized nations. Theoretically, the Cicada, collected at the proper time and suitably dressed and served, should be a rather attractive food. The larvae have lived solely on vegetable matter of the cleanest and most whole-some sort, and supposedly, therefore, would be much more palatable and suitable for food than the oyster, with its scavenger habit of living in the muddy ooze of river bottoms, or many other animals which are highly prized and which have not half so clean a record as the periodical Cicada.}}

Notes

{{Reflist}}

References

  • BOOK, Latrobe, John H. B., John H. B. Latrobe,weblink Memoir of Benjamin Banneker: Read before the Maryland Historical Society at the Monthly Meeting, May 1, 1845, Baltimore, Maryland, Printed by John D. Toy, 1845, rc01003345, 85791076, February 29, 2020, Internet Archive,

Further reading

External links

{{Commons category|Magicicada}}{{Wikispecies}}
  • The Periodical Cicada Page Informational page about periodical cicadas that supersedes www.magicicada.org. Has maps and 3-D models.
  • WEB, Melissa, Block, May 21, 2004,weblink Roar of the Cicada: Brood X Is Above Ground and Screaming for Love, Washington, D.C., NPR, National Public Radio (NPR), May 6, 2021,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20160308191203weblink">weblink March 8, 2016, live,
  • Cicada Mania
  • WEB, Erin, Dwyer, Chris, Simon, Chris Simon (biologist), June 14, 2013,weblink Experimental Studies of the Biology of 13- and 17-year Periodical Cicadas: A Laboratory Exercise for University and AP Biology Laboratory Classes, Storrs, Connecticut, University of Connecticut: Ecology & Evolutionary Biology Department, July 25, 2021,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20210726030752weblink">weblink July 26, 2021, live,
  • weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20180904004815weblink">GIGAmacro has a zoomable, very high-resolution image of the male, female & nymph cicada
  • InsectSingers.com Recordings of species-specific songs of many North American cicada species.
  • Liebhold, A.M.; Bohne, M.J.; Lilja, R.L. "Active Periodical Cicada Broods of the United States" (map). USDA Forest Service Northern Research Station, Northeastern Area State and Private Forestry. 2013.
  • WEB, Stephanie, March 2017, Marcus,weblink Selected Internet Resources – 17-Year Periodical Cicadas, Science Reference Services, Library of Congress, May 6, 2021,weblink March 8, 2021, live,
  • Massachusetts Cicadas describes behavior, sightings, photos, "how to find" guide, videos and distribution maps of New England and U.S. periodical and annual cicada species including Brood X, Brood XIII, Brood XIV and Brood XIX
{{Cicada Broods}}{{Taxonbar|from=Q49664}}{{Authority control}}

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