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Times Square
please note:
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{{short description|Intersection and area in Manhattan, New York}}{{about|the area in Manhattan|other uses|Times Square (disambiguation)}}{{Use mdy dates|date=February 2024}}- the content below is remote from Wikipedia
- it has been imported raw for GetWiki
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Geography
Times Square functions as a town square, but is not geometrically a square. It is closer in shape to a bowtie, with two triangles emanating roughly north and south from 45th Street,“Times Square is not a square,” {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220608195818blogs.cuit.columbia.edu/urbanmagazine/2011/05/09/times-square-is-not-a-square/ |date=June 8, 2022 }} Urban Magazine (May 9, 2011). where Seventh Avenue intersects Broadway. Broadway similarly intersects other north–south avenues at Union Square, Madison Square, Herald Square, and Verdi Square, none of which are squares.NEWS, Kimmelman, Michael, January 3, 2012, The Grid at 200: Lines That Shaped Manhattan, en-US, The New York Times,www.nytimes.com/2012/01/03/arts/design/manhattan-street-grid-at-museum-of-city-of-new-york.html, March 21, 2022, 0362-4331, March 21, 2022,web.archive.org/web/20220321170020/https://www.nytimes.com/2012/01/03/arts/design/manhattan-street-grid-at-museum-of-city-of-new-york.html, live, The area is bounded by West 42nd street, West 47th street, 7th Avenue, and Broadway. Broadway runs diagonally, crossing through the horizontal and vertical street grid of Manhattan laid down by the Commissioners’ Plan of 1811, and that intersection creates the “bowtie” shape of Times Square.Rybczynski, Witold. City Life: Urban Expectations in a New World New York: Scribner, 1995. p.27. {{ISBN|0-684-81302-5}}. Quote: “...despite its name [Times Square] is really a street intersection, not a square.“Dunlap, David W. “COMMERCIAL PROPERTY: Times Square Novelty; North of Duffy Sq., a Butler-on-Every-Floor Hotel” {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211213110311www.nytimes.com/1990/06/10/realestate/commercial-property-times-square-novelty-north-duffy-sq-butler-every-floor-hotel.html |date=December 13, 2021 }}, The New York Times, June 10, 1990. Accessed February 26, 2017. “With its hot nightclubs, dazzling signs and sprawling showrooms, the block at the northern end of the ‘bowtie’ formed by Broadway and Seventh Avenue was always an important part of old Times Square.“Times Square is the official name of the southern triangle, below 45th Street.“Times Square” {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110191358maps.nyc.gov/doitt/nycitymap/?z=9&p=988269,215380&c=GISBasic&s=a:TIMES+SQUARE,MANHATTAN |date=January 10, 2022 }} New York City Geographic Information Service map The northern triangle is officially known as Duffy Square and was dedicated in June 1939 to honor World War I chaplain Father Francis P. Duffy of the 69th New York Infantry Regiment.“Duffy Sq. Signs To Be Put Up Today; Area Surrounding Statue of Chaplain of Old 69th to Be Separate From Times Sq.”, The New York Times, June 13, 1939. Accessed January 2, 2024. “A new honor will be accorded today to the Rev. Francis P. Duffy, famed chaplain of the ‘fighting Sixty-ninth,’ when that section of Times Square immediately surrounding his statue between Forty-sixth and Forty-seventh Streets will be designated as Duffy Square by a change of street signs... The change to Duffy Square was authorized March 29, when Mayor La Guardia signed the local law passed by the City Council.” A statue by Charles Keck was dedicated in May 1937 as a memorial to Duffy.Father Duffy Square, New York City Department of Parks and Recreation. Accessed January 2, 2024. “At the apex of the triangle defining the north end of Times Square, the massive statue of Father Francis Patrick Duffy (1871–1932) by Charles Keck (1875–1951) has stood sentinel since it was unveiled May 2, 1937.” There is also a statue of composer and entertainer George M. Cohan,Father Duffy Square: George M. Cohan, New York City Department of Parks and Recreation. Accessed January 2, 2024. “This bronze statue depicts the American composer, playwright, actor, and producer George M. Cohan (1878–1942). The statue was designed by Georg John Lober (1892–1961) and dedicated in 1959.“Harris, Stephen L. Duffy’s War: Fr. Francis Duffy, Wild Bill Donovan, and the Irish Fighting 69th in World War I, Potomac Books, 2006 and the TKTS discount ticket booth for same-day Broadway and off-Broadway theaters that has been at the site since June 1973.TKTS Times Square, TimesSquareNYC.org. Accessed January 2, 2024. “Buy discounted tickets “under the red steps” in Father Duffy Square at Broadway and 47th St. TDF is a not-for-profit organization that has been dedicated to bringing the power of the performing arts to everyone since 1968.““TKTS® Turns 50 in Times Square”, Theatre Development Fund, press release dated June 8, 2023. Accessed January 2, 2024. “’TDF approached me and my business partner John Schiff to design a temporary structure around a trailer for $5,000,’ said Bob Mayers, partner at Mayers & Schiff, the architectural firm hired to design the original half-price ticket booth in Duffy Square in 1973.... Operated by TDF, a not-for-profit service organization for the performing arts, TKTS Times Square opened for business on June 25, 1973, and quickly became a mecca for theatregoers from all over the world.”History
(File:Longacre Square, New York City, 1898.jpg|thumb|right|Broadway at 42nd Street in 1898)File:Crowd awaits news of Dempsey - Carpentier.JPG|thumb|right|A crowd outside One Times Square follows the progress of the Jack Dempsey vs. Georges CarpentierJack Dempsey vs. Georges CarpentierEarly history
When Manhattan Island was first settled by the Dutch colonists, three small streams united near what is now the intersection of 10th Avenue and 40th Street. These three streams formed the “Great Kill” (Dutch: Grote Kil). From there the Great Kill wound through the low-lying Reed Valley, known for fish and waterfowl,Gerard T. Koeppel, Water for Gotham: A History, 2001:10. and emptied into a deep bay in the Hudson River at the present 42nd Street.Sanderson, Eric W. Mannahatta: A Natural History of New York City, 2009: Appendix A p 253; refs. G.E. Hill and G.E. Waring Jr, “Old wells and water-courses on the isle of Manhattan”, in Historic New York, M.W. Goodwin, A.C. Royce, and R. Putnam, 1897; and others. The name was retained in a tiny hamlet, Great Kill, that became a center for carriage-making, as the upland to the south and east became known as Longacre.Edwin G. Burrows and Mike Wallace, Gotham: A History of New York City to 1898, 1999, p.721.Before and after the American Revolution, the area belonged to John Morin Scott, a general of the New York militia, in which he served under George Washington. Scott’s manor house was at what is currently 43rd Street, surrounded by countryside used for farming and breeding horses. In the first half of the 19th century, it became one of the prized possessions of John Jacob Astor, who made a second fortune selling off lots to hotels and other real estate concerns as the city rapidly spread uptown.WEB, Ulam, Alex, June 2, 2008, John Jacob Astor: The making of a hardnosed speculator | The Real Deal | New York Real Estate News,therealdeal.com/newyork/articles/john-jacob-astor-the-making-of-a-hardnosed-speculator, dead,therealdeal.com/newyork/articles/john-jacob-astor-the-making-of-a-hardnosed-speculator," title="archive.today/20100215005443therealdeal.com/newyork/articles/john-jacob-astor-the-making-of-a-hardnosed-speculator,">archive.today/20100215005443therealdeal.com/newyork/articles/john-jacob-astor-the-making-of-a-hardnosed-speculator, February 15, 2010, April 21, 2010, The Real Deal, By 1872, the area had become the center of New York’s horse carriage industry. The locality had not previously been given a name, and city authorities called it Longacre Square after Long Acre in London, where the horse and carriage trade was centered in that city.Kelly, Frank Bergen. Historical Guide to the City of New York {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221231030143books.google.com/books?id=v4cGmMe6_okC&pg=PA121&dq=longacre+bloomingdale&hl=en&sa=X&ei=HYbeT-XVGuTX6gGy1vmFCw&ved=0CEAQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=longacre%20bloomingdale&f=false |date=December 31, 2022 }} New York: Frederick A. Stokes Co., 1909 William Henry Vanderbilt owned and ran the American Horse Exchange there. In 1910, it became the Winter Garden Theatre.WEB, Stavrou, Gene, Where was the American Horse Exchange? – TreebaseNYC,www.treebase.com/loc.cfm?ItemID=D39EADCA-15C5-FC25-8CAB29E09D06B414#.VqZDtVmilhU, dead,www.treebase.com/loc.cfm?ItemID=D39EADCA-15C5-FC25-8CAB29E09D06B414," title="web.archive.org/web/20160203173744www.treebase.com/loc.cfm?ItemID=D39EADCA-15C5-FC25-8CAB29E09D06B414,">web.archive.org/web/20160203173744www.treebase.com/loc.cfm?ItemID=D39EADCA-15C5-FC25-8CAB29E09D06B414, February 3, 2016, January 25, 2016, www.treebase.com, As more profitable commerce and industrialization of Lower Manhattan pushed homes, theaters, and prostitution northward from the Tenderloin District, Longacre Square became nicknamed the Thieves Lair for its rollicking reputation as a low entertainment district. The first theater on the square, the Olympia, was built by cigar manufacturer and impresario Oscar Hammerstein I.Dunning, Jennifer. “A Walking Tour of the Past and Present on Broadway” {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180811173916www.nytimes.com/1979/07/13/archives/a-walking-tour-of-the-past-and-present-on-broadway-a-walk-westward.html |date=August 11, 2018 }}, The New York Times, July 13, 1979. Accessed November 1, 2016. “The old stock and repertory company system made way for the Broadway hit and greater profits for the theater manager and owner, which, in turn, led to the rise of such theatrical entrepreneurs as Oscar Hammerstein, who struck out into the wilds of 44th and 45th Streets in 1895 to build his huge Olympia Theater in the ‘Thieves Lair’ area of Broadway.” According to Gotham: A History of New York City to 1898, “By the early 1890s this once sparsely settled stretch of Broadway was ablaze with electric light and thronged by crowds of middle- and upper-class theatre, restaurant and cafe patrons.“Burrows and Wallace 1999:1149.1900s–1930s
In 1904, New York Times publisher Adolph S. Ochs moved the newspaper’s operations to a new skyscraper on 42nd Street at Longacre Square, on the site of the former Pabst Hotel, which had existed on the site for less than a decade since it opened in November 1899.Gray, Christopher. “Streetscapes: A Small Hotel, a Mock Battleship and the Titanic” {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161103234706www.nytimes.com/1996/12/01/realestate/a-small-hotel-a-mock-battleship-and-the-titanic.html |date=November 3, 2016 }}, The New York Times, December 1, 1996. Accessed November 1, 2016. “Q The Pabst Hotel was on the site of the old New York Times Tower, at the northwest corner of 42d and Broadway. Was it owned and operated by Pabst Brewing? . . . David Steigerwald, Fanwood, N.J.A Yes. The Pabst opened in November 1899, in the middle of the first wave of theater construction to arrive in the area, then known as Longacre Square.” Ochs persuaded Mayor George B. McClellan Jr. to construct a subway station there, and the area was renamed “Times Square” on April 8, 1904.Barron, James. “100 Years Ago, an Intersection’s New Name: Times Square” {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170909125612www.nytimes.com/2004/04/08/nyregion/100-years-ago-an-intersection-s-new-name-times-square.html?_r=0 |date=September 9, 2017 }}, The New York Times, April 8, 2004. Accessed May 26, 2017. Just three weeks later, the first electrified advertisement appeared on the side of a bank at the corner of 46th Street and Broadway.WEB,www.waymarking.com/waymarks/WM7J68_Times_Square_New_York_New_York, Times Square – New York, New York – Scenic at Night on, Waymarking.com, April 21, 2010, June 6, 2011,www.waymarking.com/waymarks/WM7J68_Times_Square_New_York_New_York," title="web.archive.org/web/20110606134320www.waymarking.com/waymarks/WM7J68_Times_Square_New_York_New_York,">web.archive.org/web/20110606134320www.waymarking.com/waymarks/WM7J68_Times_Square_New_York_New_York, live, The north end later became Duffy Square, and the former Horse Exchange became the Winter Garden Theatre, constructed in 1911.WINTER GARDEN, Theatre District {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170120184114forgotten-ny.com/2016/02/winter-garden-theatre-district/ |date=January 20, 2017 }}, Forgotten New York, February 2, 2016. Accessed May 26, 2017.The New York Times moved to more spacious offices one block west of the square in 1913 and sold the building in 1961. The old Times Building was later named the Allied Chemical Building in 1963.Ennis, Thomas W. “OLD TIMES TOWER TO GET NEW FACE” {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220221235213www.nytimes.com/1963/04/17/archives/old-times-tower-to-get-new-face-26story-building-will-be-stripped.html |date=February 21, 2022 }}, The New York Times, April 17, 1963. Accessed February 21, 2022. Now known simply as One Times Square, it is famed for the Times Square Ball drop on its roof every New Year’s Eve.In 1913, the Lincoln Highway Association, headed by entrepreneur Carl G. Fisher, chose the intersection of 42nd Street and Broadway (at the southeast corner of Times Square) to be the Eastern Terminus of the Lincoln Highway. This was the first road across the United States, which originally ran {{cvt|3389|mi|km}} coast to coast through 13 states to its western terminus in Lincoln Park in San Francisco.WEB,www.hmdb.org/marker.asp?marker=18026, The Lincoln Highway Marker, Hmdb.org, April 21, 2010, March 8, 2012,www.hmdb.org/marker.asp?marker=18026," title="web.archive.org/web/20120308143326www.hmdb.org/marker.asp?marker=18026,">web.archive.org/web/20120308143326www.hmdb.org/marker.asp?marker=18026, live, Pollak, Michael. “A Highway’s Starting Line, and a Flemish Firehouse” {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170308234042www.nytimes.com/2016/07/10/nyregion/a-highways-starting-line-and-a-flemish-firehouse.html |date=March 8, 2017 }}, The New York Times, July 8, 2016. Accessed November 1, 2016. “The sign, which has been restored to the northeast corner of 42nd Street and Broadway, is quite authentic. It was placed there on Feb. 12, 2009, the 200th anniversary of Abraham Lincoln’s birth, to mark the Lincoln Highway, which was created in 1913 and was the nation’s first coast-to-coast road.“Times Square grew dramatically after World War I.Leach, William R. (Land of Desire|Land of Desire: Merchants, Power, and the Rise of a New American Culture), p. 339, Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group, 2011, {{ISBN|9780307761149}}. Accessed May 26, 2017. It became a cultural hub full of theatres, music halls, and upscale hotels.{{Blockquote|Times Square quickly became New York’s agora, a place to gather to await great tidings and to celebrate them, whether a World Series or a presidential election.|James Traub|The Devil’s Playground: A Century of Pleasure and Profit in Times Square|}}Advertising also grew significantly in the 1920s, growing from $25 million to $85 million over the decade.Leach (1993), p.340 For example, the Wrigley Spearmint Gum sign, possibly the biggest electric sign “in the world,” cost $9,000 per month to rent.Leach (1993), p.341 Some contemporary critics, such as Thorstein VeblenLeach (1993), p.345 and G. K. Chesterton,Leach (1993), p.346 disliked the advertising at Times Square. Fritz Lang, after seeing Times Square in 1923, used it as inspiration for his dark industrial film Metropolis.Entertainment icons such as Irving Berlin, Charlie Chaplin, and Fred Astaire were closely associated with Times Square in the 1910s, 1920s, and 1930s. However, it was also during this period that the area began to be besieged by crime and corruption, in the form of gambling and prostitution; one case that garnered huge attention was the arrest and subsequent execution of police officer Charles Becker.WEB,www.trutv.com/library/crime/gangsters_outlaws/cops_others/becker/2.html, Killer Cop: Charles Becker – Crime Library on, TruTV,www.trutv.com/library/crime/gangsters_outlaws/cops_others/becker/2.html," title="web.archive.org/web/20131212212812www.trutv.com/library/crime/gangsters_outlaws/cops_others/becker/2.html,">web.archive.org/web/20131212212812www.trutv.com/library/crime/gangsters_outlaws/cops_others/becker/2.html, December 12, 2013, April 21, 2010,1930s–1950s
File:V-J Day in New York City. Crowds gather in Times Square to celebrate the surrender of Japan. - NARA - 531350.tif|thumb|right|Crowds celebrating in Times Square on V-J DayV-J DayThe general atmosphere of Times Square changed with the onset of the Great Depression in the early 1930s. City residents moved uptown to cheaper neighborhoods, and many popular theaters closed, replaced by saloons, brothels, “burlesque halls, vaudeville stages, and dime houses”.WEB, Macbeth, VR,timessquare.com/NYC__/Times_Square_History/The_Great_White_Way/, dead, The Great White Way,timessquare.com/NYC__/Times_Square_History/The_Great_White_Way/," title="web.archive.org/web/20110504160457timessquare.com/NYC__/Times_Square_History/The_Great_White_Way/,">web.archive.org/web/20110504160457timessquare.com/NYC__/Times_Square_History/The_Great_White_Way/, May 4, 2011, Timessquare.com, May 1, 2012, The area acquired a reputation as a dangerous and seedy neighborhood in the following decades.WEB,www.timessquarenyc.org/visitor-tips/history/index.aspx, From Dazzling to Dirty and Back Again: A Brief History of Times Square, History of Times Square, May 17, 2017, Times Square District Management Association, July 23, 2021, live, September 24, 2017,www.timessquarenyc.org/visitor-tips/history/index.aspx," title="web.archive.org/web/20170924073054www.timessquarenyc.org/visitor-tips/history/index.aspx,">web.archive.org/web/20170924073054www.timessquarenyc.org/visitor-tips/history/index.aspx, Nevertheless, Times Square continued to be the site of the annual ball drop on New Year’s Eve. The ball drop was placed on hiatus for New Year’s Eve in 1942 and 1943 due to lighting restrictions during World War II, replaced by a moment of silence that was observed at midnight in Times Square, accompanied by the sound of chimes played from sound trucks.Moench, Mallory. “10 Surprising Facts About the Times Square New Year’s Eve Ball Drop”, Time, December 31, 2023. Accessed January 2, 2024. “The ball went out of commission for two years, in 1942 and 1943, during World War II, Times Square’s website said. Crowds still gathered for a minute of silence followed by chimes ringing from trucks parked at the Times Tower.“On May 8, 1945, a massive crowd celebrated Victory in Europe Day in Times Square;WEB,history.sandiego.edu/gen/WW2Timeline/qt/v-eday.html, V-E Day, May 9, 2016, dead,history.sandiego.edu/gen/WW2Timeline/qt/v-eday.html," title="web.archive.org/web/20080515065523history.sandiego.edu/gen/WW2Timeline/qt/v-eday.html,">web.archive.org/web/20080515065523history.sandiego.edu/gen/WW2Timeline/qt/v-eday.html, May 15, 2008, University of San Diego, and on August 15, 1945, the largest crowd in the history of Times Square gathered to celebrate Victory over Japan Day, reaching an estimated two million.NEWS,books.google.com/books?id=e0gEAAAAMBAJ&q=life%20magazine%20aug%2027%201945&pg=PA21, Victory Celebrations, Life, August 27, 1945, November 25, 2011, 21, The victory itself was announced by a headline on the “zipper” news ticker at One Times Square, which read “OFFICIAL *TRUMAN ANNOUNCES JAPANESE SURRENDER *““No Matter The Reason, Celebration In Times Square”, New-York Historical Society, December 27, 2012. Accessed January 2, 2024. “On August 14, 1945 at 7:03 pm the Times Tower zipper delivered the news: ‘Official—Truman Announces Japanese Surrender.’ The excited crowd, already 500,000 strong, soared to 2 million by 10 pm.”1960s–1990s
Decline
{{multiple image| align = right| direction = horizontal| total_width = 350| image1 = Camel Cigaretts Sign -- Times Square 1965.jpg| caption1 = Camel Cigarettes sign, 1965. Below and near the letters “Cam” is smoke from a disintegrating smoke ring.| image2 = Times Square -- February 1965.jpg| caption2 = Times Square, 1965; the My Fair Lady marquee is at center.| alt1 =}}From the 1960s to the early 1990s, the seediness of the area, especially due to its go-go bars, sex shops, peep shows, and adult theaters, became an infamous symbol of the city’s decline.WEB,www.streetdirectory.com/travel_guide/207131/new_york_guide/times_square_new_york_city.html, Times Square New York City, Streetdirectory.com, April 21, 2010, March 14, 2012,www.streetdirectory.com/travel_guide/207131/new_york_guide/times_square_new_york_city.html," title="web.archive.org/web/20120314035521www.streetdirectory.com/travel_guide/207131/new_york_guide/times_square_new_york_city.html,">web.archive.org/web/20120314035521www.streetdirectory.com/travel_guide/207131/new_york_guide/times_square_new_york_city.html, live, As early as 1960, 42nd Street between Seventh and Eighth avenues was described by The New York Times as “the ‘worst’ [block] in town”.NEWS, Bracker, Milton, March 14, 1960, Life on W. 42d St. A Study in Decay, en-US, The New York Times,www.nytimes.com/1960/03/14/archives/life-on-w-42d-st-a-study-in-decay-life-on-w-42d-st-a-study-in-decay.html, April 8, 2022, 0362-4331, April 8, 2022,web.archive.org/web/20220408003559/https://www.nytimes.com/1960/03/14/archives/life-on-w-42d-st-a-study-in-decay-life-on-w-42d-st-a-study-in-decay.html, live, Later that decade, Times Square was depicted in Midnight Cowboy as gritty, depraved, and desperate.Bailey, Jason. “10 Great ‘Accidental Documentaries’ of New York City’s Sketchiest Era”, Flavorwire, July 5, 2017. Accessed January 2, 2024. ”Midnight Cowboy – It’s become a cliché of New York attitude, but nicely captures the defiance of city-dwellers in this period – and is one of many achingly accurate period touches in Cowboy, one of the first wide releases to capture the rot of the city in general and its once-glam Times Square district in particular.” Conditions only worsened in the 1970s and 1980s, as did the crime in the rest of the city, with a 1981 article in Rolling Stone magazine calling 42nd Street in Times Square the “sleaziest block in America”.Chakraborty, Deblina. “When Times Square was sleazy”, CNN, April 18, 2016. Accessed January 2, 2024. “The sex market and drug trade thrived in the area, and homeless encampments dotted its streets. Many local theaters – once legitimate operations showcasing the performances of renowned actors like Lionel Barrymore – had become home to peep shows and porn movies.... In 1981, Rolling Stone magazine called West 42nd Street, located in the heart of Times Square, the ‘sleaziest block in America.’” In the mid-1980s, the area bounded by 40th and 50th Streets and Seventh and Ninth Avenues saw over 15,000 crime complaints per year.NEWS, May 31, 1984, Sex Business in Times Square Said to Decrease, en-US, The New York Times,www.nytimes.com/1984/05/31/nyregion/sex-business-in-times-square-said-to-decrease.html, April 8, 2022, 0362-4331, April 8, 2022,web.archive.org/web/20220408004601/https://www.nytimes.com/1984/05/31/nyregion/sex-business-in-times-square-said-to-decrease.html, live, The block of 42nd Street between Seventh and Eighth avenues had 2,300 crimes per year in 1984, of which 20% were felonies.WEB, Farley, David, The curious history of Times Square – and why you should visit, despite the chaos, The Telegraph, June 25, 2018,www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/destinations/north-america/united-states/new-york/articles/times-square-history/, April 8, 2022, April 8, 2022,web.archive.org/web/20220408003559/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/destinations/north-america/united-states/new-york/articles/times-square-history/, live, WEB, Stern, William J., The Unexpected Lessons of Times Square’s Comeback, City Journal, December 23, 2015,www.city-journal.org/html/unexpected-lessons-times-square%E2%80%99s-comeback-12235.html, April 8, 2022, June 30, 2022,web.archive.org/web/20220630162120/https://www.city-journal.org/html/unexpected-lessons-times-square%E2%80%99s-comeback-12235.html, live, In this era, formerly elegant movie theaters began to show x-rated films, and peep shows hustlers were common.Traub, James. The Devil’s Playground: A Century of Pleasure and Profit in Times Square, New York: Random House, 2004. {{ISBN|0375759786}}. In 1984, the area was so derelict and dilapidated, that the entire Times Square area paid the city only $6 million in property taxes (equivalent to ${{Inflation|US|6|1984|fmt=c|r=1}} million in {{Inflation/year|US}}).Stern, William J. Perspectives on Eminent Domain Abuse: The Truth About Times Square, Institute for Justice, April 2009. Accessed January 2, 2024. “In 1984, the entire 13-acre area identified in our eventual redevelopment plan employed only 3,000 people in legal businesses and paid the city only $6 million in property taxes —less than what a medium-size office building in Manhattan typically produced in tax revenue.”1980s building boom
In the 1980s, a commercial building boom began in the western parts of Midtown as part of a long-term development plan developed under mayors Ed Koch and David Dinkins. These included office buildings such as 1540 Broadway, 1585 Broadway, and 750 Seventh Avenue, as well as hotels such as the Macklowe Hotel, Marriott Marquis, Crowne Plaza, and DoubleTree Suites.NEWS, Gottlieb, Martin, November 1, 1986, Surge of Times Sq. Projects Raises Questions on Effects, en-US, The New York Times,www.nytimes.com/1986/11/01/nyregion/surge-of-times-sq-projects-raises-questions-on-effects.html, live, February 14, 2022,web.archive.org/web/20220210171139/https://www.nytimes.com/1986/11/01/nyregion/surge-of-times-sq-projects-raises-questions-on-effects.html, February 10, 2022, 0362-4331, By 1986, New York City Planning Commission (CPC) was considering enacting regulations that would have forced new buildings along Times Square to include bright signage as well as deep setbacks.NEWS, Oser, Alan S., December 14, 1986, Perspectives: Great White Way; Planning for a Brighter Times Sq., en-US, The New York Times,www.nytimes.com/1986/12/14/realestate/perspectives-great-white-way-planning-for-a-brighter-times-sq.html, live, February 14, 2022,web.archive.org/web/20220214185322/https://www.nytimes.com/1986/12/14/realestate/perspectives-great-white-way-planning-for-a-brighter-times-sq.html, February 14, 2022, 0362-4331, The CPC adopted a planning regulation in 1987, which required large new developments in Times Square to set aside about 5 percent of their space for “entertainment uses”.NEWS, Dunlap, David W., September 3, 1987, New Rule for Times Sq. Space, en-US, The New York Times,www.nytimes.com/1987/09/03/nyregion/new-rule-for-times-sq-space.html, live, February 10, 2022,web.archive.org/web/20220210171136/https://www.nytimes.com/1987/09/03/nyregion/new-rule-for-times-sq-space.html, February 10, 2022, 0362-4331, {{efn|Any development under {{cvt|60000|ft2}} was exempt from the rule; for larger buildings, the first {{cvt|50,000|ft2}} of a development was exempt from the bonus calculation. For example, in a building with {{cvt|500000|ft2}}, the bonus calculation was derived from 5 percent of {{cvt|450000|ft2}}, so the space to be set aside for entertainment uses was {{cvt|22500|ft2}}.}} The regulation also required new buildings on Times Square to include large, bright signs.The buildings at 1540 Broadway, 1585 Broadway, and 750 Seventh Avenue were completed at with the beginning of the early 1990s recession, when 14.5 percent of Manhattan office space was vacant.MAGAZINE, Light, Larry, Meehan, John, July 2, 1990, Finance: real estate: the walls keep closing in on New York developers, 3167, 72, {{ProQuest, 236695270, |magazine=Bloomberg Businessweek}} Furthermore, some {{cvt|9|e6ft2|m2}} of office space in the western section of Midtown had been developed in the 1980s, of which only half had been leased.{{harvnb|Stern|Fishman|Tilove|2006|ps=.|p=663}}NEWS, Lueck, Thomas J., March 4, 1990, Battling for Tenants in a Slow Market, en-US, The New York Times,www.nytimes.com/1990/03/04/realestate/battling-for-tenants-in-a-slow-market.html, live, February 11, 2022,web.archive.org/web/20220211013942/https://www.nytimes.com/1990/03/04/realestate/battling-for-tenants-in-a-slow-market.html, February 11, 2022, 0362-4331, Consequently, 1540 Broadway was completely empty, while 1585 Broadway and 750 Seventh Avenue had one tenant each, despite the buildings having over {{cvt|2|e6ft2}} of office space between them.NEWS, Dunlap, David W., August 26, 1990, Commercial Property: Vacancy Rates; Black Monday’s Fallout: An Emptiness Downtown, en-US, The New York Times,www.nytimes.com/1990/08/26/realestate/commercial-property-vacancy-rates-black-monday-s-fallout-an-emptiness-downtown.html, live, February 10, 2022,web.archive.org/web/20210821004118/https://www.nytimes.com/1990/08/26/realestate/commercial-property-vacancy-rates-black-monday-s-fallout-an-emptiness-downtown.html, August 21, 2021, 0362-4331, Entertainment conglomerate Bertelsmann bought 1540 Broadway in 1992,NEWS, Bartlett, Sarah, March 4, 1992, Media Group Makes a Deal For Building, en-US, The New York Times,www.nytimes.com/1992/03/04/nyregion/media-group-makes-a-deal-for-building.html, live, February 10, 2022,web.archive.org/web/20191217211641/https://www.nytimes.com/1992/03/04/nyregion/media-group-makes-a-deal-for-building.html, December 17, 2019, 0362-4331, NEWS, Henry, David, March 4, 1992, A New Player on Times Square, 52, 55, Newsday,www.newspapers.com/clip/94674085/a-new-player-on-times-squaredavid-henry/, live, February 10, 2022,web.archive.org/web/20220210211322/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/94674085/a-new-player-on-times-squaredavid-henry/, February 10, 2022, newspapers.com, spurring a revival of Times Square in the early 1990s.MAGAZINE, Gelbtuch, Howard, February 19, 1996, The ground floor: The times they are a changin’ in Times Square and early investors get bargains, 76, 8, 48.1, {{ProQuest, 200987811, |magazine=Barron’s}}MAGAZINE, Grant, Peter, September 6, 1993, Times Square’s time has come, 9, 36, 11, {{ProQuest, 219117979, |magazine=Crain’s New York Business}} This was hastened when financial firm Morgan Stanley bought 1585 Broadway in 1993,NEWS, Pinder, Jeanne B., August 12, 1993, Midtown Building Is Sold for Lofty $176 Million, en-US, The New York Times,www.nytimes.com/1993/08/12/nyregion/midtown-building-is-sold-for-lofty-176-million.html, live, February 15, 2022,web.archive.org/web/20220215061915/https://www.nytimes.com/1993/08/12/nyregion/midtown-building-is-sold-for-lofty-176-million.html, February 15, 2022, 0362-4331, followed by 750 Seventh Avenue in 1994.MAGAZINE, Grant, Peter, May 9, 1994, IBM gets record price for NY headquarters, 10, 19, 1, {{ProQuest, 219127068, |magazine=Crain’s New York Business}}42nd Street Redevelopment, further revitalization
File:42nd Street in New York.jpg|thumb|The (wikt:New York minute|pace), extensive transit connectivity, and theatrical tradition of 42nd Street, between Seventh and Eighth Avenues, have made this one of the best known streets in the Times Square neighborhood and the Broadway Theater District.]]The Empire State Development Corporation (ESDC), an agency of the New York state government, had proposed redeveloping the area around a portion of West 42nd Street in 1981.NEWS, Lueck, Thomas J., February 14, 1988, The Region: Redevelopment; Times Square Plan Takes A Shaky Step Forward, en-US, The New York Times,www.nytimes.com/1988/02/14/weekinreview/the-region-redevelopment-times-square-plan-takes-a-shaky-step-forward.html, live, September 17, 2021,web.archive.org/web/20210917225606/https://www.nytimes.com/1988/02/14/weekinreview/the-region-redevelopment-times-square-plan-takes-a-shaky-step-forward.html, September 17, 2021, 0362-4331, Four towers designed by Philip Johnson and John Burgee were to be built around 42nd Street’s intersections with Broadway and Seventh Avenue.MAGAZINE, Stephens, Suzanne, Mar 2000, Four Times Square,usmodernist.org/AR/AR-2000-03.pdf, live, 188, 92,web.archive.org/web/20210929213251/https://usmodernist.org/AR/AR-2000-03.pdf, September 29, 2021, October 1, 2021, Architectural Record, NEWS, Dunlap, David W., August 3, 1992, Long Delay Likely in Rebuilding Plan for Times Square, The New York Times,www.nytimes.com/1992/08/03/nyregion/long-delay-likely-in-rebuilding-plan-for-times-square.html, live, September 17, 2021,web.archive.org/web/20210917183927/https://www.nytimes.com/1992/08/03/nyregion/long-delay-likely-in-rebuilding-plan-for-times-square.html, September 17, 2021, 0362-4331, These towers would have been redeveloped by George Klein of Park Tower Realty, though the Prudential Insurance Company of America joined the project in 1986.{{harvnb|Stern|Fishman|Tilove|2006|ps=.|pp=690–691}}NEWS, October 8, 1986, Metro Datelines; Times Sq. Gets New Partner, en-US, The New York Times,www.nytimes.com/1986/10/08/nyregion/metro-datelines-times-sq-gets-new-partner.html, live, September 17, 2021,web.archive.org/web/20210917185159/https://www.nytimes.com/1986/10/08/nyregion/metro-datelines-times-sq-gets-new-partner.html, September 17, 2021, 0362-4331, NEWS, Polsky, Carol, October 8, 1986, Prudential Company Joins Times Square, 20, Newsday,www.newspapers.com/clip/85494241/prudential-company-joins-times/, live, September 17, 2021,web.archive.org/web/20210917183921/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/85494241/prudential-company-joins-times/, September 17, 2021, newspapers.com, Furthermore, as part of the West Midtown special zoning district created in 1982, the New York City government had allowed new buildings in Times Square to be developed with an increased floor area ratio. To ensure the area would not be darkened at nightfall, the city passed zoning regulations that encouraged developers to add large, bright signs on their buildings.{{harvnb|Stern|Fishman|Tilove|2006|ps=.|p=645}}In 1990, the State of New York took possession of six of the nine historic theaters on 42nd Street, and the New 42nd Street non-profit organization was appointed to oversee their restoration and maintenance. The theaters underwent renovation for Broadway shows, conversion for commercial purposes, or demolition. Opposition to the towers on Times Square, along with Prudential and Park Tower’s inability to secure tenants for the proposed buildings,NEWS, Dunlap, David W., November 9, 1991, Times Square Redevelopers Seek Delay in Project, en-US, The New York Times,www.nytimes.com/1991/11/09/nyregion/times-square-redevelopers-seek-delay-in-project.html, live, September 17, 2021,web.archive.org/web/20210917183929/https://www.nytimes.com/1991/11/09/nyregion/times-square-redevelopers-seek-delay-in-project.html, September 17, 2021, 0362-4331, led government officials to allow Prudential and Park Tower to postpone the project in 1992.NEWS, Henry, David, August 4, 1992, Remodeling Times Square, Part IV, 27, Newsday,www.newspapers.com/clip/85494516/remodeling-times-square-part-ivdavid/, live, September 17, 2021,web.archive.org/web/20210917183923/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/85494516/remodeling-times-square-part-ivdavid/, September 17, 2021, newspapers.com, By then, Prudential had spent $300 million on condemning the sites through eminent domain.NEWS, Pulley, Brett, November 21, 1995, Key Developer Seeks a Role In Times Sq., en-US, The New York Times,www.nytimes.com/1995/11/21/nyregion/key-developer-seeks-a-role-in-times-sq.html, live, September 17, 2021,web.archive.org/web/20210917185157/https://www.nytimes.com/1995/11/21/nyregion/key-developer-seeks-a-role-in-times-sq.html, September 17, 2021, 0362-4331, The partners retained the right to develop the sites in the future,NEWS, Dunlap, David W., September 16, 1993, Choreographing Times Sq. Into 21st Century, en-US, The New York Times,www.nytimes.com/1993/09/16/nyregion/choreographing-times-sq-into-21st-century.html, live, September 17, 2021,web.archive.org/web/20210917183925/https://www.nytimes.com/1993/09/16/nyregion/choreographing-times-sq-into-21st-century.html, September 17, 2021, 0362-4331, and the ESDC’s zoning guidelines remained in effect. In exchange for being permitted to delay construction of the sites until 2002, Prudential and Park Tower were compelled to add stores and install large signage on the existing buildings.NEWS, Bagli, Charles V., Kennedy, Randy, April 5, 1998, Disney Wished Upon Times Sq. And Rescued a Stalled Dream, en-US, The New York Times,www.nytimes.com/1998/04/05/nyregion/disney-wished-upon-times-sq-and-rescued-a-stalled-dream.html, live, September 25, 2021,web.archive.org/web/20210925215237/https://www.nytimes.com/1998/04/05/nyregion/disney-wished-upon-times-sq-and-rescued-a-stalled-dream.html, September 25, 2021, 0362-4331, In 1992, the Times Square Alliance (formerly the Times Square Business Improvement District, or “BID” for short), a coalition of city government and local businesses dedicated to improving the quality of commerce and cleanliness in the district, started operations in the area.WEB,www.timessquarenyc.org/about_us/info_center.html,www.timessquarenyc.org/about_us/info_center.html," title="web.archive.org/web/20100304132155www.timessquarenyc.org/about_us/info_center.html,">web.archive.org/web/20100304132155www.timessquarenyc.org/about_us/info_center.html, dead, Times Square Alliance, March 4, 2010, In 1998, the alliance opened a tourist information center in the former Embassy Theatre at 1560 Broadway;WEB, December 30, 1997, Times Square BID Unveils New Visitors Center; Opens to Public Sept. 2,www.playbill.com/article/times-square-bid-unveils-new-visitors-center-opens-to-public-sept-2-com-77157, January 2, 2022, Playbill, January 2, 2022,web.archive.org/web/20220102220731/https://www.playbill.com/article/times-square-bid-unveils-new-visitors-center-opens-to-public-sept-2-com-77157, live, the information center operated until 2014.WEB, August 26, 1925, Embassy 1 Theatre in New York, NY,cinematreasures.org/theaters/7212, January 2, 2022, Cinema Treasures, January 2, 2022,cinematreasures.org/theaters/7212," title="web.archive.org/web/20220102220725cinematreasures.org/theaters/7212,">web.archive.org/web/20220102220725cinematreasures.org/theaters/7212, live, File:0480New York City Madame Tussauds crop.jpg|thumb|left|Madame Tussauds Wax Museum and Ripley’s Believe It or Not! Odditorium are two of the newer attractions on the redeveloped 42nd Street.]]In the mid-1990s, Mayor Rudolph Giuliani led an effort to clean up the area, an effort that is described by Steve Macek in Urban Nightmares: The Media, the Right, and the Moral Panic Over the City: Security was increased, pornographic theatres were closed, and “undesirable” low-rent residents were pressured to relocate, and then more tourist-friendly attractions and upscale establishments were opened. Advocates of the remodeling claim that the neighborhood is safer and cleaner. Detractors have countered that the changes have homogenized or “Disneyfied” the character of Times Square and have unfairly targeted lower-income New Yorkers from nearby neighborhoods such as Hell’s Kitchen.BOOK, Macek, Steve, Urban Nightmares: The Media, the Right, And the Moral Panic Over the City, Minneapolis, University of Minnesota Press, 2006, 9780816643608,books.google.com/books?id=NzfLbx1rkxoC&pg=PA111, 111, JOURNAL, Rofes, Eric E.,muse.jhu.edu/journals/glq/summary/v007/7.1rofes.html, Imperial New York: Destruction and Disneyfication under Emperor Giuliani. Review of Times Square Red, Times Square Blue. Samuel R. Delany. New York: New York University Press, 1999, GLQ: A Journal of Lesbian and Gay Studies, 7, 1, 2001, 101–09, 10.1215/10642684-7-1-101, 144081737, April 30, 2014, February 4, 2016,muse.jhu.edu/journals/glq/summary/v007/7.1rofes.html," title="web.archive.org/web/20160204114119muse.jhu.edu/journals/glq/summary/v007/7.1rofes.html,">web.archive.org/web/20160204114119muse.jhu.edu/journals/glq/summary/v007/7.1rofes.html, live, The changes were shaped in large part by the actions of The Walt Disney Company, which bought and restored the New Amsterdam Theatre after several attempts at redevelopment had failed. As part of a contract with Disney, officials from the city and state evicted the pornographic theaters and contracted with Madame Tussauds and AMC Theatres to move onto 42nd Street. This spurred the construction of new office towers, hotels, and tourist attractions in the area.NEWS,www.nytimes.com/1998/04/05/nyregion/disney-wished-upon-times-sq-and-rescued-a-stalled-dream.html, Disney Wished Upon Times Sq. and Rescued a Stalled Dream, Bagli, Charles V., April 5, 1998, The New York Times, May 15, 2017, Kennedy, Randy, 0362-4331, September 25, 2021,web.archive.org/web/20210925215237/https://www.nytimes.com/1998/04/05/nyregion/disney-wished-upon-times-sq-and-rescued-a-stalled-dream.html, live, Prudential and Klein dissolved their partnership for the four office-building sites at Times Square’s southern end in 1996.{{harvnb|Stern|Fishman|Tilove|2006|ps=.|p=719}}NEWS, Bagli, Charles V., March 31, 1998, 2 Developers Bid Top Dollar For What’s Left in Times Sq., en-US, The New York Times,www.nytimes.com/1998/03/31/nyregion/2-developers-bid-top-dollar-for-what-s-left-in-times-sq.html, live, September 27, 2021,web.archive.org/web/20210927195035/https://www.nytimes.com/1998/03/31/nyregion/2-developers-bid-top-dollar-for-what-s-left-in-times-sq.html, September 27, 2021, 0362-4331, The same year, Douglas Durst acquired the site at the northeast corner of Broadway and 42nd Street,NEWS, Lueck, Thomas J., April 12, 1996, Developer Buys the Rights to Build a Times Square Tower, The New York Times,www.nytimes.com/1996/04/12/nyregion/developer-buys-the-rights-to-build-a-times-square-tower.html, live, September 17, 2021,web.archive.org/web/20210917183921/https://www.nytimes.com/1996/04/12/nyregion/developer-buys-the-rights-to-build-a-times-square-tower.html, September 17, 2021, 0362-4331, and he developed 4 Times Square there.NEWS, Lueck, Thomas J., May 8, 1996, Conde Nast Is to Move to a New Times Square Tower, Officials Say, en-US, The New York Times,www.nytimes.com/1996/05/08/nyregion/conde-nast-is-to-move-to-a-new-times-square-tower-officials-say.html, live, September 25, 2021,web.archive.org/web/20210918004524/https://www.nytimes.com/1996/05/08/nyregion/conde-nast-is-to-move-to-a-new-times-square-tower-officials-say.html, September 18, 2021, 0362-4331, The northwest corner of Seventh Avenue and 42nd Street was taken by Reuters, which enlisted Rudin Management as its development partner and built 3 Times Square on that corner;NEWS, Bagli, Charles V., September 6, 1997, Reuters to Build 32-Story Headquarters in Times Sq., en-US, The New York Times,www.nytimes.com/1997/09/06/nyregion/reuters-to-build-32-story-headquarters-in-times-sq.html, live, September 25, 2021,web.archive.org/web/20210925223209/https://www.nytimes.com/1997/09/06/nyregion/reuters-to-build-32-story-headquarters-in-times-sq.html, September 25, 2021, 0362-4331, NEWS, Grant, Peter, September 8, 1997, Reuters’ new tower will get Rudin byline, 27, New York Daily News,www.newspapers.com/clip/85975925/reuters-new-tower-will-get-rudin/, live, September 25, 2021,web.archive.org/web/20210925223210/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/85975925/reuters-new-tower-will-get-rudin/, September 25, 2021, newspapers.com, that building opened in 2001.NEWS, June 5, 2001, Reuters Opens New HQ in Heart of City, 47, Newsday,www.newspapers.com/clip/86065892/reuters-opens-new-hq-in-heart-of-city/, live, September 27, 2021,web.archive.org/web/20210927162939/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/86065892/reuters-opens-new-hq-in-heart-of-city/, September 27, 2021, newspapers.com, In 1998, a joint venture of Klein, The Blackstone Group, and Boston Properties won the right to acquire the sites at the southwest and southeast corners of 42nd Street and Seventh Avenue for $330 million.NEWS, April 1, 1998, Blackstone Partnership To Buy Times Square Sites, C22, The Wall Street Journal, 0099-9660, {{ProQuest, 398611537, }}NEWS, Standora, Leo, March 31, 1998, Last 2 major Times Sq. sites go in 300M deal, 6, New York Daily News,www.newspapers.com/clip/86125629/last-2-major-times-sq-sites-go-in-300m/, live, September 28, 2021,web.archive.org/web/20210928144646/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/86125629/last-2-major-times-sq-sites-go-in-300m/, September 28, 2021, newspapers.com, 5 Times Square was completed on the southwest-corner site in 2002,MAGAZINE, Feb 2003, Leasing, 58, 22, {{ProQuest, 216569107, |magazine=Real Estate Forum|number=2}}MAGAZINE, Boss, Shira J., June 24, 2002, Moving industry packs punch, 18, 25, 1, {{ProQuest, 219202175, |magazine=Crain’s New York Business}} and Times Square Tower opened on the southeast-corner site in 2004.NEWS, Elliott, Stuart, July 1, 2004, The Media Business: Advertising; Target is putting its bull’s-eyes on Times Square Tower., en-US, The New York Times,www.nytimes.com/2004/07/01/business/media-business-advertising-target-putting-its-bull-s-eyes-times-square-tower.html, live, September 29, 2021,web.archive.org/web/20210929161750/https://www.nytimes.com/2004/07/01/business/media-business-advertising-target-putting-its-bull-s-eyes-times-square-tower.html, September 29, 2021, 0362-4331, {{clear left}}Effects
Times Square now boasts attractions such as ABC’s Times Square Studios, where Good Morning America is broadcast live; competing Hershey’s and M&M’s stores across the street from each other, and multiple multiplex movie theaters. Additionally, the area contains restaurants such as the Bubba Gump Shrimp Company, a seafood establishment; Planet Hollywood Restaurant and Bar, a theme restaurant; and Carmine’s, serving Italian cuisine. It has also attracted several large financial, publishing, and media firms to set up headquarters in the area. A larger presence of police has improved the safety of the area.The theatres of Broadway and the huge number of animated neon and LED signs have been one of New York’s iconic images as well as a symbol of the intensely urban aspects of Manhattan. Since 1987 such signage has been mandated by zoning ordinances that require building owners to display illuminated signs, the only district in New York City with this requirement.WEB,zr.planning.nyc.gov/article-viii/chapter-1/81-732, Zoning Resolution 81–732, City of New York, October 8, 2021, October 8, 2021,web.archive.org/web/20211008165616/https://zr.planning.nyc.gov/article-viii/chapter-1/81-732, live, NEWS, Oser, Alan S., Great White Way; Planning for a Brighter Times Sq., The New York Times, December 14, 1986,www.nytimes.com/1986/12/14/realestate/perspectives-great-white-way-planning-for-a-brighter-times-sq.html, August 22, 2009, February 14, 2022,web.archive.org/web/20220214185322/https://www.nytimes.com/1986/12/14/realestate/perspectives-great-white-way-planning-for-a-brighter-times-sq.html, live, The neighborhood has a minimum limit for lighting instead of the standard maximum limit.“Architect Robert A.M. Stern: Presence of the Past” (PBS video) {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150320233706www.archdaily.com/241079/architect-robert-a-m-stern-presence-of-the-past/ |date=March 20, 2015 }} on the Arch Daily website The density of illuminated signs in Times Square rivals that in Las Vegas. Officially, signs in Times Square are called “spectaculars”, and the largest of them are called “jumbotrons”. This signage ordinance was implemented in accordance with guidelines set in a revitalization program that New York Governor Mario Cuomo implemented in 1993.NEWS,www.nytimes.com/2015/01/08/nyregion/mario-cuomo-42nd-street-times-square.html?_r=0, With a Friendlier 42nd Street, Mario Cuomo Left His Mark on Times Square, The New York Times, January 7, 2015, January 8, 2015, David W. Dunlap, January 8, 2015,www.nytimes.com/2015/01/08/nyregion/mario-cuomo-42nd-street-times-square.html?_r=0," title="web.archive.org/web/20150108194223www.nytimes.com/2015/01/08/nyregion/mario-cuomo-42nd-street-times-square.html?_r=0,">web.archive.org/web/20150108194223www.nytimes.com/2015/01/08/nyregion/mario-cuomo-42nd-street-times-square.html?_r=0, live, File:Naked Cowboy in Times Square.jpg|thumb|right|upright|The “Naked CowboyNaked CowboyNotable signage includes the Toshiba billboard directly under the NYE ball drop, the curved seven-story NASDAQ sign at the NASDAQ MarketSite at 4 Times Square on 43rd Street, and the curved Coca-Cola sign located underneath another large LED display owned and operated by Samsung. Both the Coca-Cola sign and Samsung LED displays were built by LED display manufacturer Daktronics. Times Square’s first environmentally friendly billboard powered by wind and solar energy was first lit on December 4, 2008.NEWS, Collins, Glenn, In Times Square, a Company’s Name in (Wind- and Solar-Powered) Lights, The New York Times, November 14, 2008,www.nytimes.com/2008/11/15/nyregion/15billboard.html, August 22, 2009, July 1, 2017,www.nytimes.com/2008/11/15/nyregion/15billboard.html," title="web.archive.org/web/20170701103659www.nytimes.com/2008/11/15/nyregion/15billboard.html,">web.archive.org/web/20170701103659www.nytimes.com/2008/11/15/nyregion/15billboard.html, live, On completion, the 20 Times Square development will host the largest LED signage in Times Square at 18,000 square feet.NEWS,commercialobserver.com/2014/05/ian-schrager-taps-cbre-for-20-times-square-retail/, Ian Schrager Taps CBRE for 20 Times Square Retail, Barbarino, Al, Commercial Observer, June 11, 2014, June 6, 2014,commercialobserver.com/2014/05/ian-schrager-taps-cbre-for-20-times-square-retail/," title="web.archive.org/web/20140606205819commercialobserver.com/2014/05/ian-schrager-taps-cbre-for-20-times-square-retail/,">web.archive.org/web/20140606205819commercialobserver.com/2014/05/ian-schrager-taps-cbre-for-20-times-square-retail/, live, (May 21, 2014) The display will be 1,000 square feet larger than the Times Square Walgreens display and one of the largest video-capable screens in the world.NEWS,www.nytimes.com/2008/05/24/nyregion/24sign.html, How to Stand Out in Times Square? Build a Bigger and Brighter Billboard, Collins, Glenn, The New York Times, January 14, 2013, May 24, 2008, December 25, 2013,www.nytimes.com/2008/05/24/nyregion/24sign.html?hp&_r=0," title="web.archive.org/web/20131225104531www.nytimes.com/2008/05/24/nyregion/24sign.html?hp&_r=0,">web.archive.org/web/20131225104531www.nytimes.com/2008/05/24/nyregion/24sign.html?hp&_r=0, live,2000s–present
In 2002, New York City mayor Rudy Giuliani administered the oath of office to the city’s next mayor, Michael Bloomberg, at Times Square after midnight on January 1 as part of the 2001–02 New Year’s celebration. Approximately 500,000 revelers attended. Security was high following the September 11 terrorist attacks in 2001, with more than 7,000 New York City police officers on duty in the Square, twice the number for an ordinary year.WEB, January 1, 2002, Text of Bloomberg’s Inaugural Address,www.nytimes.com/2002/01/01/nyregion/text-of-bloombergs-inaugural-address.html, April 21, 2010, The New York Times, February 21, 2022,web.archive.org/web/20220221193730/https://www.nytimes.com/2002/01/01/nyregion/text-of-bloombergs-inaugural-address.html, live, File:TKTS 47 st jeh.JPG|thumb|left|Looking southeast at TKTSTKTSTimes Square started hosting other major annual events in the 2000s. Since 2002, the summer solstice has been marked by “Mind over Madness”, a mass yoga event involving up to 15,000 people. Tim Tompkins, a co-founder of the event, said part of its appeal was “finding stillness and calm amid the city rush on the longest day of the year”.NEWS,www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-23009362, Times Square takes yoga time-out on summer solstice at BBC News, BBC News, October 4, 2014, June 21, 2013, December 29, 2013,www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-23009362," title="web.archive.org/web/20131229235602www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-23009362,">web.archive.org/web/20131229235602www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-23009362, live, WEB,www.timessquarenyc.org/events/solstice-in-times-square/index.aspx, Solstice in Times Square: Athleta Mind Over Madness Yoga, October 4, 2014, October 6, 2014,www.timessquarenyc.org/events/solstice-in-times-square/index.aspx," title="web.archive.org/web/20141006111054www.timessquarenyc.org/events/solstice-in-times-square/index.aspx,">web.archive.org/web/20141006111054www.timessquarenyc.org/events/solstice-in-times-square/index.aspx, live, Architect Mark Foster Gage proposed and designed the original Times Square Valentine’s Day heart in 2009. Since then, designing the heart has become an annual competition.NEWS, Lee, Jennifer, The Pulsing Heart of Times Square,archive.nytimes.com/query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage-9901EFD81F39F933A25751C0A96F9C8B63.html, March 19, 2019, New York Times, February 10, 2009, April 1, 2019,web.archive.org/web/20190401070059/https://archive.nytimes.com/query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage-9901EFD81F39F933A25751C0A96F9C8B63.html, live, NEWS, Johnson, Sara, 6 Years of Times Square Valentines,www.architectmagazine.com/design/6-years-of-times-square-valentines_o, March 19, 2019, Architect, February 13, 2014, April 1, 2019,web.archive.org/web/20190401081740/https://www.architectmagazine.com/design/6-years-of-times-square-valentines_o, live, In February 2011, Times Square became smoke-free as New York extended the outdoors smoking ban to the area. The measure imposed a $50 fine for any person caught smoking within the area.NEWS,www.theguardian.com/world/2011/feb/03/new-york-smoking-ban-outdoors, Times Square becomes smoke free as New York extends ban outdoors, February 3, 2011, Guardian, February 3, 2011, London, Ed, Pilkington, September 21, 2013,www.theguardian.com/world/2011/feb/03/new-york-smoking-ban-outdoors," title="web.archive.org/web/20130921061919www.theguardian.com/world/2011/feb/03/new-york-smoking-ban-outdoors,">web.archive.org/web/20130921061919www.theguardian.com/world/2011/feb/03/new-york-smoking-ban-outdoors, live, From January 29 to February 1, 2014, a “Super Bowl Boulevard” was held on Broadway, especially in Times Square, between 34th and 47th Streets, as part of Super Bowl XLVIII. The boulevard contained activities such as autographs, a {{cvt|60|ft|m}}-high toboggan run, and photographs with the Vince Lombardi Trophy.WEB, Times Square Alliance : Super Bowl Boulevard,www.timessquarenyc.org/events/super-bowl-boulevard/index.aspx#.UucD6mQo5QI, dead,www.timessquarenyc.org/events/super-bowl-boulevard/index.aspx," title="web.archive.org/web/20131110030926www.timessquarenyc.org/events/super-bowl-boulevard/index.aspx,">web.archive.org/web/20131110030926www.timessquarenyc.org/events/super-bowl-boulevard/index.aspx, November 10, 2013, January 28, 2014, Times Square Alliance, WEB,www.ny1.com/content/news/202560/finishing-touches-being-put-on-super-bowl-boulevard, Finishing Touches Being Put on Super Bowl Boulevard, NY1, January 28, 2014, dead,www.ny1.com/content/news/202560/finishing-touches-being-put-on-super-bowl-boulevard," title="web.archive.org/web/20140129222852www.ny1.com/content/news/202560/finishing-touches-being-put-on-super-bowl-boulevard,">web.archive.org/web/20140129222852www.ny1.com/content/news/202560/finishing-touches-being-put-on-super-bowl-boulevard, January 29, 2014, WEB,www.myfoxny.com/story/24552380/super-bowl-blvd-starting-to-take-shape, Super Bowl Blvd. starting to take shape – New York News, WNYW, January 28, 2014, dead,www.myfoxny.com/story/24552380/super-bowl-blvd-starting-to-take-shape," title="web.archive.org/web/20140129031048www.myfoxny.com/story/24552380/super-bowl-blvd-starting-to-take-shape,">web.archive.org/web/20140129031048www.myfoxny.com/story/24552380/super-bowl-blvd-starting-to-take-shape, January 29, 2014, The area was under increased security and witnessed over 400,000 people during the period.NEWS, Celona, Larry,nypost.com/2014/01/27/nypd-plans-high-security-on-super-bowl-boulevard/, NYPD plans high security on Super Bowl Boulevard, New York Post, January 27, 2014, January 28, 2014, January 27, 2014,nypost.com/2014/01/27/nypd-plans-high-security-on-super-bowl-boulevard/," title="web.archive.org/web/20140127132813nypost.com/2014/01/27/nypd-plans-high-security-on-super-bowl-boulevard/,">web.archive.org/web/20140127132813nypost.com/2014/01/27/nypd-plans-high-security-on-super-bowl-boulevard/, live, In October 2022, casino operator Caesars Entertainment and commercial property developer SL Green submitted a joint proposal to open a casino at 1515 Broadway, along Times Square.WEB, Brachfeld, Ben, October 20, 2022, Real estate and gaming giants eye new casino in Times Square,www.amny.com/business/times-square-casino-plans/, October 30, 2022, amNewYork, October 30, 2022,web.archive.org/web/20221030002022/https://www.amny.com/business/times-square-casino-plans/, live, NEWS, Rubinstein, Dana, Hong, Nicole, Paulson, Michael, October 19, 2022, Times Square May Get One of the Few Spectacles It Lacks: A Casino, en-US, The New York Times,www.nytimes.com/2022/10/19/nyregion/casino-times-square.html, October 30, 2022, 0362-4331, October 21, 2022,web.archive.org/web/20221021150544/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/10/19/nyregion/casino-times-square.html, live, The New York state government has yet to act on the proposal.Pedestrian plaza
{{multiple image| align = right| direction = vertical| total_width = 250| header = Pedestrian plaza| image1 = Tsq green chairs jeh.jpg| caption1 = Pilot program (2009)| image2 = NYC 07 2012 Times Square 4002.jpg| caption2 = Temporary conversion (2012)| image3 = Times Sq Feb 2017 4.jpg| caption3 = Permanent reconstruction (2017)}}On February 26, 2009, Mayor Michael Bloomberg announced that traffic lanes along Broadway from 42nd Street to 47th Street would be de-mapped starting Memorial Day 2009 and transformed into pedestrian plazas as a trial until at least the end of the year. The same was done in Herald Square from 33rd to 35th Street. The results were to be closely monitored to determine if the project was successful and should be extended.NEWS, Seifman, David, Broadway Cars Can Take A Walk, New York Post, February 26, 2009,nypost.com/2009/02/26/broadway-cars-can-take-a-walk/, February 21, 2022, February 21, 2022,web.archive.org/web/20220221221002/https://nypost.com/2009/02/26/broadway-cars-can-take-a-walk/, live, Bloomberg also stated that he believed the street shutdown would make New York more livable by reducing pollution, cutting down on pedestrian-vehicle accidents, and helping traffic flow more smoothly through the Midtown street grid.NEWS, Vanderford, Richard, Goldsmith, Samuel, May 25, 2009, Walk, bike or sit, car-free, in Times Square and Herald Square, New York Daily News,www.nydailynews.com/new-york/walk-bike-sit-car-free-times-square-herald-square-article-1.374694, February 21, 2022,www.nydailynews.com/ny_local/2009/05/25/2009-05-25_broadway_stroll_walk_bike_or_sit_and_check_email_carfree_in_times__herald_sqs.html," title="web.archive.org/web/20090526140720www.nydailynews.com/ny_local/2009/05/25/2009-05-25_broadway_stroll_walk_bike_or_sit_and_check_email_carfree_in_times__herald_sqs.html,">web.archive.org/web/20090526140720www.nydailynews.com/ny_local/2009/05/25/2009-05-25_broadway_stroll_walk_bike_or_sit_and_check_email_carfree_in_times__herald_sqs.html, May 26, 2009, The pedestrian plaza project was originally opposed by local businesses, who thought that closing the street to cars would hurt business.Citing “Livability and Mobility,” Bloomberg Declares Broadway Plazas a Success {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220409222140nextcity.org/urbanist-news/citing-livability-and-mobility-bloomberg-declares-broadway-plazas-a-success |date=April 9, 2022 }}. Next City Retrieved on February 21, 2022. The original seats put out for pedestrians were inexpensive multicolored plastic lawn chairs, a source of amusement to many New Yorkers; they lasted from the onset of the plaza transformation until August 14, 2009, when they were ceremoniously bundled together in an installation christened Now You See It, Now You Don’t by the artist Jason Peters, and shortly afterward were replaced by sturdier metal furniture.WEB,nyclovesnyc.blogspot.com/2009/08/jason-peters-now-you-see-it-now-you.html, Jason Peters’ Now You See It, Now You Don’t – Lawn Chair Sculpture, Noel Y.C., August 16, 2009, NYC ♥ NYC, February 21, 2022, March 30, 2022,web.archive.org/web/20220330073638/https://nyclovesnyc.blogspot.com/2009/08/jason-peters-now-you-see-it-now-you.html, live, . See also: upload.wikimedia.org/Pseudopedia/commons/2/26/NowYouSeeIt-TimesSq2009.JPG Media:NowYouSeeIt-TimesSq2009.JPG]. Although the plaza had mixed results on traffic in the area, injuries to motorists and pedestrians decreased, fewer pedestrians were walking in the road, and the number of pedestrians in Times Square increased.[http:www.nyc.gov/html/dot/html/about/broadway.shtml#greenlight Nyc Dot] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150216052229www.nyc.gov/html/dot/html/about/broadway.shtml#greenlight |date=February 16, 2015 }}. Nyc.gov. Retrieved on August 17, 2013. On February 11, 2010, Bloomberg announced that the pedestrian plazas would become permanent.WEB, March 30, 2010, Pedestrian Plaza To Remain Permanent Fixture of Times Square,www.ny1.com/5-manhattan-news-content/top_stories/113521/pedestrian-plaza-to-remain-permanent-fixture-of-times-square, dead,www.ny1.com/5-manhattan-news-content/top_stories/113521/pedestrian-plaza-to-remain-permanent-fixture-of-times-square," title="web.archive.org/web/20100214105806www.ny1.com/5-manhattan-news-content/top_stories/113521/pedestrian-plaza-to-remain-permanent-fixture-of-times-square,">web.archive.org/web/20100214105806www.ny1.com/5-manhattan-news-content/top_stories/113521/pedestrian-plaza-to-remain-permanent-fixture-of-times-square, February 14, 2010, April 21, 2010, NY1.com, The city started rebuilding the plaza in 2010, hiring the design and landscaping firm Snøhetta to permanently replace Broadway’s roadway with custom-made granite pavers and benches.WEB, Times Square Reconstruction,snohetta.com/project/9-times-square-reconstruction, dead,snohetta.com/project/9-times-square-reconstruction," title="web.archive.org/web/20131208162724snohetta.com/project/9-times-square-reconstruction,">web.archive.org/web/20131208162724snohetta.com/project/9-times-square-reconstruction, December 8, 2013, December 29, 2016, Snøhetta (company), Snøhetta, By December 2013, the first phase of the Times Square pedestrian plaza had been completed at the southern end of the square in time for the Times Square Ball drop on New Year’s Eve.NEWS,www.archdaily.com/465343/nyc-s-times-square-becomes-permanently-pedestrian/, Snohetta Makes Times Square Permanently Pedestrian, January 9, 2014, ArchDaily, December 29, 2016, February 18, 2015,www.archdaily.com/465343/nyc-s-times-square-becomes-permanently-pedestrian/," title="web.archive.org/web/20150218204947www.archdaily.com/465343/nyc-s-times-square-becomes-permanently-pedestrian/,">web.archive.org/web/20150218204947www.archdaily.com/465343/nyc-s-times-square-becomes-permanently-pedestrian/, live, The project was originally intended to be completed by the end of 2015. The entire project was finally completed just before New Year’s Eve 2016.NEWS,abc7ny.com/news/times-square-reconstruction-finished-just-before-new-years-eve/1676304/, Times Square reconstruction finished just before New Year’s Eve, Evans, Dave, December 28, 2016, ABC7 New York, December 29, 2016, October 19, 2021,web.archive.org/web/20211019231335/https://abc7ny.com/news/times-square-reconstruction-finished-just-before-new-years-eve/1676304/, live, Some safety bollards were also installed as part of the renovation to prevent vehicular attacks or collisions on the sidewalk.NEWS,www.usatoday.com/story/news/2017/05/18/what-stopped-car-times-square-closer-look-bollards/101851466/, What stopped the car in Times Square? A closer look at bollards, Blumenthal, Eli, May 18, 2017, USA TODAY, May 20, 2017, en, August 19, 2022,web.archive.org/web/20220819062055/https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/2017/05/18/what-stopped-car-times-square-closer-look-bollards/101851466/, live, After a 2017 vehicle-ramming attack, there were calls to install more bollards along Times Square.NEWS,www.reuters.com/article/us-new-york-crash-times-square-idUSKCN18F2KM, Times Square mayhem raises question about recent redesign, May 19, 2017, Reuters, May 20, 2017, May 9, 2022,web.archive.org/web/20220509133009/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-new-york-crash-times-square-idUSKCN18F2KM, live, Times Square’s pedestrian plaza is frequented by topless women (with painted breasts) called “desnudas”, as well as costumed characters, who typically panhandle for tips.MAGAZINE,www.newyorker.com/business/currency/being-a-times-square-elmo, Being a Times Square Elmo, Blitzer, Jonathan, June 26, 2014, The New Yorker, May 15, 2017, The pedestrian plaza became a source of controversy in the summer of 2015 because of a large number of complaints about the topless women and panhandling characters.NEWS,www.nytimes.com/2015/08/24/nyregion/debating-value-of-pedestrian-plazas-beyond-new-york-city.html, Debating Value of Pedestrian Plazas Beyond New York City, Dunlap, David W., August 23, 2015, The New York Times, August 24, 2015, August 19, 2022,web.archive.org/web/20220819062050/https://www.nytimes.com/2015/08/24/nyregion/debating-value-of-pedestrian-plazas-beyond-new-york-city.html, live, Although neither of these activities are illegal, opponents believed that the panhandlers’ presence was detrimental to the quality of life in the area. There were calls from Police Commissioner Bratton and Mayor Bill de Blasio to remove the plaza, although Manhattan Borough President Gale Brewer opposed the proposal.WEB, Barkan, Ross, Manhattan Beep Calls Plan to Tear Up Times Square Pedestrian Plaza ‘Preposterous’, Observer, August 24, 2015,observer.com/2015/08/manhattan-beep-calls-plan-to-tear-up-times-square-pedestrian-plaza-preposterous/, August 24, 2015, August 19, 2022,web.archive.org/web/20220819062055/https://observer.com/2015/08/manhattan-beep-calls-plan-to-tear-up-times-square-pedestrian-plaza-preposterous/, live, In June 2016, work started on “pedestrian flow zones” where no one was allowed to loiter, as well as “activity zones” where costumed characters were allowed to perform.NEWS,www.nbcnewyork.com/news/local/times-square-pedestrian-flow-zones-new-york-city/2030947/, Elvis, Elmo Bummed by City’s New Times Square Flow Zones, NBC New York, February 21, 2022, March 9, 2022,web.archive.org/web/20220309003457/https://www.nbcnewyork.com/news/local/times-square-pedestrian-flow-zones-new-york-city/2030947/, live,Incidents
There have been several incidents in Times Square:- On the morning of March 6, 2008, a small bomb caused minor damage, but there were no reported injuries.BBC News {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090107064827news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/7280963.stm |date=January 7, 2009 }} March 6, 2008
- On May 1, 2010, Times Square was evacuated from 43rd to 46th Streets following the discovery of a car bomb. It was found to be a failed bombing.NEWS,www.nytimes.com/2010/05/02/nyregion/02timessquare.html, Police Find Car Bomb in Times Square, Baker, Al, May 1, 2010, The New York Times, Rashbaum, William K., February 20, 2017, May 8, 2010,www.nytimes.com/2010/05/02/nyregion/02timessquare.html," title="web.archive.org/web/20100508032023www.nytimes.com/2010/05/02/nyregion/02timessquare.html,">web.archive.org/web/20100508032023www.nytimes.com/2010/05/02/nyregion/02timessquare.html, live,
- On May 18, 2017, a vehicle-ramming attack at Times Square killed one person and injured 22 others.WEB,www.cnn.com/2017/05/18/us/new-york-times-square-car-pedestrians/, Times Square car incident: 1 dead, 22 injured; driver in custody, Sanchez, Ray, May 18, 2017, CNN, May 18, 2017, May 18, 2017,www.cnn.com/2017/05/18/us/new-york-times-square-car-pedestrians/," title="web.archive.org/web/20170518174219www.cnn.com/2017/05/18/us/new-york-times-square-car-pedestrians/,">web.archive.org/web/20170518174219www.cnn.com/2017/05/18/us/new-york-times-square-car-pedestrians/, live, WEB,www.nytimes.com/2017/05/18/nyregion/times-square-crash.html, One Dead and 22 Injured as Car Rams into Pedestrians in Times Square, Rosenberg, Eli, Rashbaum, William K., May 18, 2017, The New York Times, May 18, 2017, May 18, 2017,web.archive.org/web/20170518173322/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/05/18/nyregion/times-square-crash.html, live,
- On August 7, 2019, shortly after consecutive mass shootings in El Paso, Texas, and Dayton, Ohio, a backfiring motorcycle resulted in a stampede due to the sound being mistaken for gunfire; the stampede injured at least twelve people.MAGAZINE,time.com/5646051/broadway-times-square-shooting-panic-stampede/, Mistaking Motorcycles Backfiring as Gunshots, Crowds Flee Times Square Causing Stampede, Injuries, Gajanan, Mahita, August 7, 2019, Time, en, August 9, 2019,
- On May 8, 2021, a dispute between a group of men led to a shooting in which three bystanders were wounded, including a four-year-old girl.WEB,www.cnn.com/2021/05/08/us/new-york-times-square-shooting-3-injured/index.html, Two women and a 4-year-old girl wounded in Times Square shooting, NYPD says, Ly, Laura, Waldrop, Theresa, Snyder, Alec, May 9, 2021, CNN, en, May 9, 2021, May 9, 2021,web.archive.org/web/20210509052200/https://www.cnn.com/2021/05/08/us/new-york-times-square-shooting-3-injured/index.html, live,
- On June 27, 2021, a dispute between a group of street vendors led to a shooting in which a 21-year-old bystander was wounded.NEWS, Watkins, Ali, Wong, Ashley, June 28, 2021, Police Officers Will ‘Flood’ Times Square After Another Bystander Is Shot, en-US, The New York Times,www.nytimes.com/2021/06/28/nyregion/times-square-shooting.html, July 1, 2021, 0362-4331, February 10, 2023,web.archive.org/web/20230210131231/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/06/28/nyregion/times-square-shooting.html, live, NEWS, Ben, Chapman, Katie, Honan, June 28, 2021, NYPD Adds Patrols in Times Square After Tourist Is Shot, en-US, The Wall Street Journal,www.wsj.com/articles/nypd-adds-patrols-in-times-square-after-tourist-is-shot-11624910488, July 1, 2021, 0099-9660, February 10, 2023,web.archive.org/web/20230210131230/https://www.wsj.com/articles/nypd-adds-patrols-in-times-square-after-tourist-is-shot-11624910488, live,
- On December 31, 2022, a 19-year-old man from Maine injured three officers with the New York City Police Department in a machete attack that occurred during New Year’s Eve celebrations in Times Square.NEWS,www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/nypd-officers-injured-machete-attack-times-square-new-years-eve-rcna63855, 3 officers injured in New Year’s Eve machete attack near Times Square, officials say, NBC News, Aggarwal, Mithil, Winter, Tom, Dienst, Jonathan, Miller, Myles, January 1, 2023, January 1, 2023,web.archive.org/web/20230101180826/https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/nypd-officers-injured-machete-attack-times-square-new-years-eve-rcna63855, live,
- On February 8, 2024, a teenager shot and injured a Brazilian tourist, and he shot at a police officer and security guard after being confronted for shoplifting.NEWS, Teen arrested in connection to Times Square shooting that injured tourist,www.theguardian.com/us-news/2024/feb/10/teen-arrested-times-square-shooting, February 10, 2024, The Guardian, February 10, 2024, The shooter, a Venezuelan migrant, fled the area but was apprehended just outside the city.NEWS, Fahy, Claire, 15-Year-Old Is Arrested in Shooting of a Tourist in Times Square, The New York Times,www.nytimes.com/2024/02/09/nyregion/times-square-shooting-nyc.html, February 10, 2024, The New York Times, February 9, 2024,
Number of visitors
Times Square is the most visited place globally with 360,000 pedestrian visitors a day, amounting to over 131 million a year.WEB,www.timessquarenyc.org/do-business-here/market-facts/pedestrian-counts/index.aspx, Times Square Pedestrian Counts, Times Square Alliance, October 4, 2014, October 6, 2014,www.timessquarenyc.org/do-business-here/market-facts/pedestrian-counts/index.aspx," title="web.archive.org/web/20141006070418www.timessquarenyc.org/do-business-here/market-facts/pedestrian-counts/index.aspx,">web.archive.org/web/20141006070418www.timessquarenyc.org/do-business-here/market-facts/pedestrian-counts/index.aspx, live, {{As of|2013}}, it had a greater attendance than each of the Disney theme parks worldwide, with 128,794,000 visitors between March 2012 and February 2013, versus 126,479,000 for the Walt Disney World theme parks in Bay Lake, Florida, in 2012.Global Attractions Attendance Report, TEA/AECOM{{Dead link|date=June 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, Published June 10, 2013. Even excluding residents from the visitor count, Times Square is the world’s second most visited tourist attraction, behind the Las Vegas Strip.NEWS,www.huffpost.com/entry/most-visited-attractions_n_4858066, The World’s 50 Most Visited Tourist Attractions, HuffPost, February 26, 2014, February 21, 2022, February 21, 2022,web.archive.org/web/20220221192228/https://www.huffpost.com/entry/most-visited-attractions_n_4858066, live, The high level of pedestrian traffic has resulted in $4.8 billion in annual retail, entertainment, and hotel sales,www.timessquarenyc.org/do-business-here/market-facts/economic-impact/index.aspx" title="web.archive.org/web/20120517033129www.timessquarenyc.org/do-business-here/market-facts/economic-impact/index.aspx">Times Square Economic Impact Update, Times Square Alliance / HRA, March 2012 with 22 cents out of every dollar spent by visitors in New York City being spent within Times Square.WEB,www.nycgo.com/assets/files/pdf/New_York_City_Tourism_A_Model_for_Success_NYC_and_Company_2013.pdf, New York City Tourism: A Model for Success, NYC and Company, 2013, May 16, 2014, August 22, 2014,www.nycgo.com/assets/files/pdf/New_York_City_Tourism_A_Model_for_Success_NYC_and_Company_2013.pdf," title="web.archive.org/web/20140822211629www.nycgo.com/assets/files/pdf/New_York_City_Tourism_A_Model_for_Success_NYC_and_Company_2013.pdf,">web.archive.org/web/20140822211629www.nycgo.com/assets/files/pdf/New_York_City_Tourism_A_Model_for_Success_NYC_and_Company_2013.pdf, live,New Year’s Eve celebrations
{{See also|Times Square Ball}}(File:Times Square ball.jpg|thumb|right|The Times Square Ball in 2007)Times Square is the site of the annual New Year’s Eve ball drop. About one million revelers crowd Times Square for the New Year’s Eve celebrations, more than twice the usual number of visitors the area usually receives daily.WEB, Times Square Alliance – New Year’s Eve,www.timessquarenyc.org/nye/nye.html, dead,www.timessquarenyc.org/new-years-eve/index.aspx," title="archive.today/20130114060259www.timessquarenyc.org/new-years-eve/index.aspx,">archive.today/20130114060259www.timessquarenyc.org/new-years-eve/index.aspx, January 14, 2013, April 21, 2010, Timessquarenyc.org, However, for the millennium celebration on December 31, 1999, published reports stated approximately two million people overflowed Times Square, flowing from Sixth Avenue to Eighth Avenue and back on Broadway and Seventh Avenue to 59th Street, making it the largest gathering in Times Square since August 1945 during celebrations marking the end of World War II.WEB,timessquare.nyctourist.com/, Times Square New York City, New York City Times Square, Timessquare.nyctourist.com, April 21, 2010, dead,timessquare.nyctourist.com/," title="web.archive.org/web/20100217043448timessquare.nyctourist.com/,">web.archive.org/web/20100217043448timessquare.nyctourist.com/, February 17, 2010, On December 31, 1907, a ball signifying New Year’s Day was first dropped at Times Square, and the Square has held the main New Year’s celebration in New York City ever since. On that night, hundreds of thousands of people congregate to watch the Waterford Crystal ball being lowered on a pole atop the building, marking the start of the new year. It replaced a lavish fireworks display from the top of the building that was held from 1904 to 1906 but stopped by city officials because of the danger of fire. Beginning in 1908, and for more than eighty years thereafter, Times Square sign maker Artkraft Strauss was responsible for the ball-lowering. During World War II, a minute of silence, followed by a recording of church bells pealing, replaced the ball drop because of wartime blackout restrictions. Today, Countdown Entertainment and One Times Square handle the New Year’s Eve event in conjunction with the Times Square Alliance. A new energy-efficient LED ball debuted for the arrival of 2008, which was the centennial of the Times Square ball drop. The 2008–09 ball is larger and has become a permanent installation as a year-round attraction, being used for celebrations on days such as Valentine’s Day and Halloween.WEB,www.timessquarenyc.org/nye/nye_ball.html, Times Square Alliance – New Year’s Eve – About The Ball, Timessquarenyc.org, November 11, 2008, April 21, 2010, dead,www.timessquarenyc.org/nye/nye_ball.html," title="web.archive.org/web/20111011053316www.timessquarenyc.org/nye/nye_ball.html,">web.archive.org/web/20111011053316www.timessquarenyc.org/nye/nye_ball.html, October 11, 2011, The New Year’s Eve celebrations are usually overseen by thousands of police officers. Aluminum barriers are erected to accommodate spectators; for the 2020 celebration, attended by a million people, barriers were erected from 38th to 59th Street and from Sixth to Eighth Avenue. Typically, the celebrations create large amounts of waste. The waste includes the 3,000 pounds of biodegradable confetti dropped at midnight, a tradition of which started in 1992.NEWS, Mestel, Spenser, December 28, 2018, How to Dump 3,000 Pounds of Confetti on Times Square,www.nytimes.com/2018/12/28/nyregion/how-to-dump-3000-pounds-of-confetti-on-times-square.html, February 6, 2024, The New York Times, The New York City Department of Sanitation estimated that by 8 a.m. on New Year’s Day 2014, it had cleared over {{cvt|50|ST|LT t}} of trash from the New Year’s celebration, using 190 workers from their crews and the Times Square Alliance.NEWS, Crews Clean Up Times Square After New Year’s Celebration,newyork.cbslocal.com/2014/01/01/after-party-in-times-square-comes-the-cleanup/, December 30, 2014, CBS New York, January 1, 2014, December 31, 2014,newyork.cbslocal.com/2014/01/01/after-party-in-times-square-comes-the-cleanup/," title="web.archive.org/web/20141231002506newyork.cbslocal.com/2014/01/01/after-party-in-times-square-comes-the-cleanup/,">web.archive.org/web/20141231002506newyork.cbslocal.com/2014/01/01/after-party-in-times-square-comes-the-cleanup/, live,Impact of COVID-19
(File:Times Square - 49874280633.jpg|thumb|An empty Times Square, May 2020)The onset of the COVID-19 pandemic in New York City during 2020 reduced the number of people traveling to Times Square. About 108,000 pedestrians visited Times Square each day in late 2020 compared to the 380,000 before the pandemic. From March to October 2020, 26 of the area’s 46 hotels closed, as well as 39 of 151 stores and 84 of 162 restaurants.NEWS, Kilgannon, Corey, December 1, 2020, Without Crowds, Is Times Square Really Times Square? Take a Look, en-US, The New York Times,www.nytimes.com/2020/12/01/nyregion/times-square-nyc-coronavirus.html, July 1, 2021, 0362-4331, August 19, 2022,web.archive.org/web/20220819060221/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/12/01/nyregion/times-square-nyc-coronavirus.html, live, Times Square was closed to the public for New Year’s Day 2021 and observers were dispersed into enclosures measuring {{cvt|8|by|8|ft}}.NEWS, Gold, Michael, December 30, 2020, No Crowds, but Times Square Ball Drop Is Still Happening. Here’s How., en-US, The New York Times,www.nytimes.com/2020/12/30/nyregion/times-square-ball-new-years.html, March 27, 2021, 0362-4331, April 23, 2022,web.archive.org/web/20220423190155/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/12/30/nyregion/times-square-ball-new-years.html, live, NEWS, Dan, Fastenberg, Allen, Jonathan, December 31, 2020, After a year like no other, New York’s Times Square empties out on New Year’s Eve, en, Reuters,www.reuters.com/article/us-new-year-usa-idUSKBN2951MU, March 27, 2021, August 26, 2022,web.archive.org/web/20220826042232/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-new-year-usa-idUSKBN2951MU, live,Notable landmarks
{{multiple image| align = right| direction = horizontal| total_width = 350| image1 = Paramount Building Jorge Eduardo Rubies.jpg- Coca-Cola sign
- Disney Store Times Square
- Fashion One
- FashionTV
- Forever 21 (formerly Virgin Megastores)
- Hard Rock Cafe New York
- M&M’s World
- Hershey’s Chocolate World
- Planet Hollywood
- Palladium Times Square
- Revlon
- Times Square Studios – used primarily for selected ABC News and ESPN programs, such as Good Morning America
- TKTS – the Theatre Development Fund’s reduced-price ticket booth has, since 2008, been backed by a red, sloped, triangular set of bleacher-like stairs, which is frequented by residents and tourists.
- Times Square – a permanently installed sound art piece by Max Neuhaus between 45th and 46th Streets.
- 1 Astor Plaza (home of Fashion One, Revlon and MTV’s New York studios)
- 750 Seventh Avenue
- 1500 Broadway
- 1530 Broadway, the Bowtie Building
- 1540 Broadway, the Bertelsmann Building
- 1552 Broadway, the I. Miller Building
- 1560 Broadway, the Actors’ Equity Building, including the former Embassy Theatre
- 1585 Broadway, the Morgan Stanley Building
- Axa Equitable Center
- Bank of America Tower
- Brill Building
- Bush Tower
- Church of Saint Mary the Virgin
- The New York Times Building
- Palace Theatre
- One Times Square – The former New York Times Tower (1904)WEB, One Times Square, Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat, CTBUH Skyscraper Database,www.skyscrapercenter.com/building.php?building_id=15984, 2016,www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/1-times-square/15984," title="web.archive.org/web/20161117010454www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/1-times-square/15984,">web.archive.org/web/20161117010454www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/1-times-square/15984, November 17, 2016,
- 2 Times Square – Renaissance Hotel Times Square (1992)
- 3 Times Square – Thomson Reuters Building (1998–2001)WEB,www.wirednewyork.com/skyscrapers/3xsq/, The Reuters Building, Wired New York, April 21, 2010, December 2, 2010,wirednewyork.com/skyscrapers/3xsq/," title="web.archive.org/web/20101202021637wirednewyork.com/skyscrapers/3xsq/,">web.archive.org/web/20101202021637wirednewyork.com/skyscrapers/3xsq/, dead,
- 4 Times Square – Condé Nast Building (1996–1999)WEB, 4 Times Square – The Skyscraper Center,www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/4-times-square/907, September 18, 2021, Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat, June 12, 2020,web.archive.org/web/20200612184951/https://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/4-times-square/907, live,
- 5 Times Square – Ernst & Young Building (1999–2002)WEB, April 7, 2016, 5 Times Square – The Skyscraper Center,skyscrapercenter.info/building/5-times-square/2541, September 28, 2021, The Skyscraper Center, September 28, 2021,skyscrapercenter.info/building/5-times-square/2541," title="web.archive.org/web/20210928144640skyscrapercenter.info/building/5-times-square/2541,">web.archive.org/web/20210928144640skyscrapercenter.info/building/5-times-square/2541, dead,
- 6 Times Square – The Knickerbocker Hotel (1901–1906)
- 7 Times Square – Times Square Tower (2002–2004)
- 11 Times Square – Times Square Plaza (2007–2010)
- 20 Times Square – 701 7th Avenue (2019)
- Hotel Carter
- Crowne Plaza Times Square
- Doubletree Guest Suites
- Hotel Edison
- The Knickerbocker Hotel (6 Times Square)NEWS, What’s in an Address? Sometimes, a Better Image: Office Buildings Take On Street Names, Numbers With Greater Appeal, Sheila, Muto, September 5, 2001, B14, The Wall Street Journal, 0099-9660, {{ProQuest, 2074372587, }}
- Millennium Broadway
- New York Marriott Marquis
- Renaissance Hotel Times Square (2 Times Square)
- Sheraton New York
- Times Square Edition
- W Times Square
- Hilton Times Square
- Bain & Company
- Barclays Capital (formerly Lehman Brothers)
- Bertelsmann
- BMO Capital Markets
- Condé Nast Publications
- Diamond Management & Technology Consultants
- Ernst & Young
- Fashion One
- FashionTV
- Instinet
- King & Spalding
- Morgan Stanley
- O’Melveny & Myers
- Paramount Global
- Refinitiv
- Revlon
- Six Flags Inc.
- Skadden, Arps, Slate, Meagher & Flom
- The New York Times Company
- Thomson Reuters
In popular culture
(File:Times Square looking north from 44th Street.jpeg|thumb|right|Times Square looking north from 44th Street)An immediately recognizable location, Times Square has been featured countless times in literature, films, video games, music videos, and on television.The seediness of the area was featured prominently in such films as Midnight CowboyWEB,www.onthesetofnewyork.com/midnightcowboy.html, Midnight Cowboy Film Locations, On the Set of New York, February 14, 2015, January 7, 2015,onthesetofnewyork.com/midnightcowboy.html," title="web.archive.org/web/20150107120337onthesetofnewyork.com/midnightcowboy.html,">web.archive.org/web/20150107120337onthesetofnewyork.com/midnightcowboy.html, live, (1969), Born to WinNEWS,www.nytimes.com/2004/06/13/nyregion/times-square-at-100-it-oughta-be-in-pictures.html, Times Square at 100; It Outta Be in Pictures, The New York Times, June 13, 2004, December 24, 2019, Tucker, Ken, December 25, 2019,web.archive.org/web/20191225002853/https://www.nytimes.com/2004/06/13/nyregion/times-square-at-100-it-oughta-be-in-pictures.html, live, (1971), and Taxi Driver (1976).Nigro, Carmen. “The Changing Face of Times Square,” {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160610172758www.nypl.org/blog/2015/01/12/changing-times-square |date=June 10, 2016 }} New York Public Library: Stephen A. Schwarzman Building, Milstein Division of United States History, Local History and Genealogy (January 12, 2015). The area was shown in the 1980 film Times Square, which featured a punk rock/new wave soundtrack.Times Square {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161006154413www.rogerebert.com/reviews/times-square-1980 |date=October 6, 2016 }}, Roger Ebert, November 17, 1980. Accessed October 5, 2016. “The story involves two teen-age runaway girls, an all-night disk jockey and the inhabitants of the Times Square jungle of New York.” It was also depicted in the 2011 movie New Year’s Eve.New Year’s Eve {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161007171315www.rogerebert.com/reviews/new-years-eve-2011 |date=October 7, 2016 }}, Roger Ebert, December 7, 2011. Accessed October 5, 2016. “What sins did poor Hilary Swank commit, that after winning two Oscars, she has to play the role of the woman in charge of the New Year’s Eve ball in Times Square?” The area also appeared on The Amazing Race as the starting location in a race around the world in the first episode of the show’s 25th season,WEB,www.cbs.com/shows/amazing_race/news/1002571/, The Next Season of Amazing Race, CBS, June 1, 2014, January 8, 2020, November 11, 2020,web.archive.org/web/20201111230158/https://www.cbs.com/shows/amazing_race/news/1002571/, live, as well as on the sixth season of the Israeli edition of The Amazing Race with teams finishing their second leg in Times Square.WEB,www.omritv.co.il/archives/37049, he:בלעדי! משתתפי “המירוץ למיליון” × ×—×ª×• ×‘× ×™×• יורק הישר לטיימס סקוור, he, Exclusive! “Race for a Million” landed in New York straight to Times Square, Omritv, Hayun, Omri, May 17, 2017, January 8, 2020, August 3, 2020,web.archive.org/web/20200803164905/https://www.omritv.co.il/archives/37049, live, Times Square has been fictionally attacked and destroyed in several movies, including Knowing, when a solar flare destroys New York City;Knight, Gladys L. Pop Culture Places: An Encyclopedia of Places in American Popular Culture {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221231030131books.google.com/books?id=kheDBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA870 |date=December 31, 2022 }}, p. 870. Accessed October 5, 2016. “In Knowing (2009), the area is one of several iconic places ravaged by a solar flare.” Deep Impact, when a tsunami created from a meteor impact destroys New York City; the 1998 film Godzilla, where Godzilla is chased through the square; the Ghostbusters movies; Stephen King’s The Stand, where the intersection is overcome by total anarchy; (Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen), and Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs. It was also seen in the festival battle scene in the 2002 film Spider-Man, and a stand-off in the later film The Amazing Spider-Man 2.Giardina, Carolyn. ”Amazing Spider-Man 2: An Exclusive Look at the Times Square Battle (Photos)” {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220221192228www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/amazing-spider-man-2-an-700743/ |date=February 21, 2022 }}, The Hollywood Reporter, May 2, 2014. Accessed February 21, 2022. “Some of the most complicated visual effects work in Sony’s The Amazing Spider-Man 2 can be seen in the action sequence set in Times Square, according to the film’s VFX supervisor, Sony Pictures Imageworks.’ Jerome Chen.“Films and TV shows have also employed the opposite tactic, depicting the typically bustling area as eerily still, such as in Vanilla Sky,Vanilla Sky – Entertainment Tonight {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161027073604www.theuncool.com/press/vanilla-sky-entertainment-tonight/ |date=October 27, 2016 }}, The Uncool. Accessed October 5, 2016. “New York has never shut down Times Square for anything, much less a film crew.... But with the help of the New York Mayor’s office, the city’s film commission and the New York police Department, the Vanilla Sky crew actually pulled off a total Times Square closure, arranging to clear the entire area for 90 minutes on a Sunday morning in November of 2000.” as well as the post-apocalyptic I Am Legend, in which Will Smith and his dog go hunting for deer in the deserted urban canyon. In the pilot episode of the TV series Blindspot, Times Square is completely emptied due to an abandoned bag being suspected to be a bomb.Raferty, Liz. “How the Creators of Blindspot ‘Shut Down Times Square’ for That Crazy Opening Scene” {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161011182457www.tvguide.com/news/blindspot-opening-scene-times-square-jaimie-alexander/ |date=October 11, 2016 }}, TV Guide, September 21, 2015. Accessed October 5. 2016. “Fast-forward five years, and Gero’s vision has come to life in the form of Blindspot, NBC’s new drama about a Jane Doe (Jaimie Alexander) who’s discovered in a duffel bag in the middle of an evacuated Times Square, covered in tattoos and with no memory of how she got there, who she is, or what’s going on in the world around her.“Times Square also has featured prominently in video games. For instance, in Grand Theft Auto IV, a recreation of the Times Square area referred to in-game as “Star Junction”, is included in the game’s fictional “Liberty City” setting. Times Square is also shown in Battlefield 3, where the final fight with the main antagonist takes place, where the player must stop him from detonating a nuclear bomb in the square; and Crysis 2, in which player must fight off attacking alien forces to assist U.S. Marines in evacuating the area.WEB,www.youtube.com/watch?v=kQSq4SkN47k,ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/kQSq4SkN47k, December 11, 2021, Crysis 2 – Mission 14 Power Out – Walkthrough, YouTube, July 23, 2021, live, {{cbignore}} Gran Turismo 4 also features Times Square both as a photo spot and as a part of the New York city circuit which also includes Central Park.{{wide image|Times Square Panorama.jpg|900px|The northern part of the square in 2004 before reconstruction, with Two Times Square in the center}}See also
- Duffy Square, the northern section of Times Square between 45th and 47th StreetsFather Duffy Square {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170112183051www.nycgovparks.org/parks/father-duffy-square/history |date=January 12, 2017 }}, New York City Department of Parks and Recreation. Accessed January 10, 2017. “Dominated in 1909 by a temporary eight-ton, fifty-foot statue by Leo Lentelli entitled Purity (Defeat of Slander), today this square—so central to the theater district—is defined by statues of George M. Cohan and Father Duffy, as well as a large public viewing grandstand along the north side.”
- Good Riddance Day, an unofficial holiday celebrated at Times Square since 2007www.timessquarenyc.org/events/new-years-eve/good-riddance-day/index.aspx" title="web.archive.org/web/20111031080704www.timessquarenyc.org/events/new-years-eve/good-riddance-day/index.aspx">Good Riddance Day, Times Square Alliance. Accessed January 10, 2017. “Good Riddance Day is inspired by a Latin American tradition in which New Year’s revelers stuffed dolls with objects representing bad memories before setting them on fire.”
- Midtown Community Court, a branch of the New York City Criminal Court that primarily focuses on quality of life around Times SquareMidtown Community Court {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170110235732www.courtinnovation.org/project/midtown-community-court |date=January 10, 2017 }}, Center for Court Innovation. Accessed January 10, 2017.
- Naked Cowboy, New York City street performer and prominent fixture of Times SquareCowan, Alison Leigh. “Naked Cowboy Drops Out: No Singing Mayor in Briefs” {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160417140514www.nytimes.com/2009/09/05/nyregion/05naked.html?_r=0 |date=April 17, 2016 }}, The New York Times, September 4, 2009. Accessed January 10, 2017. “Running for mayor of New York City must have struck Robert Burck, the so-called Naked Cowboy of Times Square, as a good idea back in July.”
- Theater District, ManhattanTheater District {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221193942www.nyc.com/visitor_guide/theater_district.702514/editorial_review.aspx |date=December 21, 2016 }}, NYC.com. Accessed January 10, 2017.
- Lincoln Highway, the terminus of which was in Times Square
- Tourism in New York City
References
Notes
{{notelist}}Citations
{{reflist}}Bibliography
- Brown, H. (1922) Valentine’s Manual of Old New York. Valentine.
- Fazio, W. (2000) Times Square, Children’s Press. {{ISBN|0-516-26530-X}}
- Friedman, J. (1993) Tales of Times Square Feral House. {{ISBN|0-922915-17-2}}
- BOOK, Leach, William, Land of Desire, 1993, Pantheon Books, New York,books.google.com/books?id=VHZ6UAudSiUC, 978-0307761149,
- NEW YORK 2000,
- Taylor, W. (1996) Inventing Times Square, Johns Hopkins U. Press. {{ISBN|0-8018-5337-0}}
- Traub, James (2004) The Devil’s Playground: A Century of Pleasure and Profit in Times Square New York: Random House. {{ISBN|0-375-50788-4}}
External links
{{Sister project links|wikt=no|v=no|b=no|q=no|s=no|voy=Manhattan/Times Square|d=Q11259}}- Times Square live camera
- The Times Square Alliance and www.timessquarenyc.org/events/index.aspx%23.VGLwLH3LfK4" title="archive.today/20141112052927www.timessquarenyc.org/events/index.aspx%23.VGLwLH3LfK4">Events Listing
- Times Square 360 panorama {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180320213327www.orangeadnan.com/download/ts360panorama/ |date=March 20, 2018 }}
- “The Changing Face of Times Square” at the New York Public Library website
- Times Square Arts Center {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190627203538timessquareartscenter.com/ |date=June 27, 2019 }}
- www.nyc-architecture.com/MID/MID-TimesSquare3.htm" title="web.archive.org/web/20170125164419www.nyc-architecture.com/MID/MID-TimesSquare3.htm">NYC-Architecture.com
- New York City Tourist {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190919042004www.nyctourist.com/ |date=September 19, 2019 }}
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