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{{short description|E-book subscription service and document publishing platform}}{{ad|date=April 2024}}{{Use mdy dates|date=September 2021}}

factoids

English language>English, French language, German language>German, Indonesian language, Italian language>Italian, Portuguese language, Romanian language>Romanian, Russian language, Spanish language>SpanishPrivate company>PrivateTrip Adler Jared Friedman Tikhon Bernstam| CEO = Tony Grimminck}}Scribd Inc. {{IPAc-en|ˈ|s|k|r|ɪ|b|d}} provides access to millions of ebooks, audiobooks, magazines, podcasts, documents and more across three unique platforms:

• Everand offers millions of audiobooks, ebooks, magazines, newspapers, podcasts and sheet music.
• Scribd hosts millions of documents.
• SlideShare provides millions of presentations and other professional content.

The company's mission is to spark human curiosity. With a focus on the written and spoken word, its core products deliver knowledge, information, and inspiration to billions of people across the globe. Everand, Scribd, and Slideshare are available on iOS and Android devices, as well as web browsers. Everand is also available on Apple Watch. Scribd Inc. has 2 million paying subscribers across its three platforms, and has been referred to as "the Netflix for books".MAGAZINE, Metz, Cade, October 1, 2013, Scribd Challenges Amazon and Apple With 'Netflix for Books',weblink September 3, 2017, Wired (magazine), Wired, NEWS, Orin, Andy, June 11, 2014, Behind the App: The Story of Scribd,weblink live,weblink October 29, 2020, June 15, 2015, Lifehacker, MAGAZINE, Schnuer, Jenna, November 8, 2013, We Test It: Scribd's All-You-Can Read Digital Buffet,weblink September 3, 2017, Entrepreneur (magazine), Entrepreneur, The company was founded in 2007 by Trip Adler, Jared Friedman, and Tikhon Bernstam, and headquartered in San Francisco, California. Tony Grimminck took over as CEO in 2024.

History

(File:Scribd logo.svg|thumb|Previous logo)

Founding (2007–2013)

Scribd began as a site to host and share documents. While at Harvard, Trip Adler was inspired to start Scribd after learning about the lengthy process required to publish academic papers.MAGAZINE,weblink Scribd: The Library of the Future?, Jill, Krasny, Inc., June 24, 2014, His father, a doctor at Stanford, was told it would take 18 months to have his medical research published. Adler wanted to create a simple way to publish and share written content online.NEWS,weblink Best Young Tech Entrepreneurs 2010, Bloomberg, March 11, 2017, March 6, 2016,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20160306230421weblink">weblink live, He co-founded Scribd with Jared Friedman and attended the inaugural class of Y Combinator in the summer of 2006.NEWS,weblink Scribd, Y Combinator, July 14, 2015, August 7, 2020,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20200807075309weblink">weblink live, There, Scribd received its initial $120,000 in seed funding and then launched in a San Francisco apartment in March 2007.NEWS, December 10, 2014, Scribd | Interview with its Co-Founder & CEO – Trip Adler,weblink live,weblink June 27, 2019, December 27, 2015, Cleverism, Scribd was called "the YouTube for documents", allowing anyone to self-publish on the site using its document reader. The document reader turns PDFs, Word documents, and PowerPoints into Web documents that can be shared on any website that allows embeds.NEWS,weblinkweblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20091010034707weblink">weblink dead, October 10, 2009, From the desk of [your news outlet] and Scribd, Robert, MacMillan, Reuters, October 7, 2009, September 3, 2017, In its first year, Scribd grew rapidly to 23.5 million visitors as of November 2008.NEWS,weblink Scribd Had A Blowout Year, And So Did the Web Document, Erick, Schonfeld, TechCrunch, December 31, 2008, September 3, 2017, August 7, 2020,weblink live, It also ranked as one of the top 20 social media sites according to Comscore.In June 2009, Scribd launched the Scribd Store, enabling writers to easily upload and sell digital copies of their work online.NEWS,weblink Site Lets Writers Sell Digital Copies, Brad, Stone, May 17, 2009, The New York Times, October 11, 2010, September 7, 2015,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20150907200435weblink">weblink live, That same month, the site partnered with Simon & Schuster to sell e-books on Scribd.NEWS,weblink Simon & Schuster to Sell Digital Books on Scribd.com, Brad, Stone, July 11, 2009, The New York Times, October 11, 2010, November 9, 2020,weblink live, The deal made digital editions of 5,000 titles available for purchase on Scribd, including books from bestselling authors like Stephen King, Dan Brown, and Mary Higgins Clark.NEWS,weblink Simon & Schuster to Sell Digital Books on Scribd.com, Brad, Stone, The New York Times, June 12, 2009, February 18, 2017, September 30, 2020,weblink live, In October 2009, Scribd launched its branded reader for media companies including The New York Times, Los Angeles Times, Chicago Tribune, The Huffington Post, TechCrunch, and MediaBistro. ProQuest began publishing dissertations and theses on Scribd in December 2009.NEWS,weblink Scribd to publish dissertations and theses, TeleRead, November 17, 2009, July 14, 2015, July 14, 2015,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20150714140347weblink">weblink live, In August 2010, many notable documents hosted on Scribd began to go viral, including the California Proposition 8 ruling, which received over 100,000 views in about 24 minutes, and HP's lawsuit against Mark Hurd's move to Oracle.NEWS,weblink Prop 8 Ruling Is Scribd's Most Viral Doc Ever, Liz, Gannes, Gigaom, August 4, 2010, July 14, 2015, September 28, 2020,weblink live, NEWS,weblink HP Confirms It Is Suing Mark Hurd For Potential Leakage Of Trade Secrets To Oracle, M.G., Siegler, TechCrunch, September 7, 2010, June 25, 2017, August 8, 2020,weblink live,

Subscription service (2013–2023)

(File:Scribd Books.jpg|thumb|Screenshots of Scribd's subscription service)In October 2013, Scribd officially launched its unlimited subscription service for e-books. This gave users unlimited access to Scribd's library of digital books for a flat monthly fee. The company also announced a partnership with HarperCollins which made the entire backlist of HarperCollins' catalog available on the subscription service.NEWS,weblink HarperCollins Joins Scribd in E-Book Subscription Plan, Julie, Bosman, The New York Times, October 1, 2013, February 18, 2017, July 26, 2018,weblink live, According to Chantal Restivo-Alessi, chief digital officer at HarperCollins, this marked the first time that the publisher has released such a large portion of its catalog.WEB, With HarperCollins Deal, Scribd Unveils Its Bid To Become The Netflix For Books,weblink TechCrunch, AOL Inc, October 1, 2013, Anthony, Ha, October 1, 2013, August 1, 2020,weblink live, In March 2014, Scribd announced a deal with Lonely Planet, offering the travel publisher's entire library on its subscription service.NEWS,weblink Scribd's Subscription E-Book Service Moves Into Travel With The Full Lonely Planet Library, Anthony, Ha, Techcrunch, March 26, 2014, June 25, 2017, November 30, 2020,weblink live, In May 2014, Scribd further increased its subscription offering with 10,000 titles from Simon & Schuster.NEWS,weblink Simon & Schuster, E-Book Services Strike Deal, Jeffrey A., Trachtenberg, The Wall Street Journal, March 21, 2014, subscription, September 3, 2017, August 6, 2020,weblink live, These titles included works from authors such as: Ray Bradbury, Doris Kearns Goodwin, Ernest Hemingway, Walter Isaacson, Stephen King, Chuck Klosterman, and David McCullough.NEWS,weblink Simon & Schuster adds its books to ebook subscription sites Scribd and Oyster, Laura Hazard, Owen, Gigaom, May 21, 2014, July 14, 2015, August 7, 2020,weblink dead, Scribd has been criticized for advertising a free 14 day trial for which payment is required before readers can trial the products. Readers discover this when they attempt to download material.Scribd added audiobooks to its subscription service in November 2014 and comic books in February 2015.MAGAZINE,weblink Scribd Adds Audiobooks To All-You-Read Library, Piling Pressure On Amazon, Ryan, Mac, Forbes, November 6, 2014, NEWS,weblink Scribd Adds Comics From Marvel, IDW, And Others To Its Subscription E-Book Service, Anthony, Ha, TechCrunch, February 10, 2015, June 25, 2017, August 6, 2020,weblink live, In February 2016, it was announced that only titles from a rotating selection of the library would be available for unlimited reading, and subscribers would have credits to read three books and one audiobook per month from the entire library with unused credits rolling over to the next month.WEB,weblink Scribd will change its subscription service from unlimited to semi-unlimited, TeleRead, February 16, 2016, February 16, 2016, July 3, 2017,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20170703132740weblink">weblink live, The reporting system was discontinued on February 6, 2018, in favor of a system of "constantly rotating catalogs of ebooks and audiobooks" that provided "an unlimited number of books and audiobooks, alongside unlimited access to news, magazines, documents, and sheet music"WEB,weblink When did I get unlimited reading?, Scribd Help Center, en-US, August 30, 2018, August 6, 2020,weblink dead, for a monthly subscription fee of US$8.99.WEB,weblink Scribd's Membership, Scribd Help Center, en-US, August 30, 2018, November 11, 2020,weblink live, However, under this unlimited service, Scribd would occasionally "limit the titles that you’re able to access within a specific content library in a 30-day period."WEB, How many books can I read each month?,weblink O., Katy, August 28, 2018, Scribd Help Center, en-US, usurped,weblink August 30, 2018, In October 2018, Scribd announced a joint subscription to Scribd and The New York Times for $12.99 per month.

Audiobooks

In November 2014, Scribd added audiobooks to its subscription library.WEB,weblink Scribd expands its subscription library to include audiobooks, Jacob, Kastrenakes, The Verge, November 6, 2014, September 11, 2017, November 11, 2020,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20201111225726weblink">weblink live, Wired noted that this was the first subscription service to offer unlimited access to audiobooks, and "it represents a much larger shift in the way digital content is consumed over the net."MAGAZINE,weblink Scribd Rolls Out the Internet's First All-You-Can-Listen Audiobooks Service, Cade, Metz, Wired, November 6, 2014, In April 2015, the company expanded its audiobook catalog in a deal with Penguin Random House.NEWS,weblink Scribd adds 9,000 Penguin Random House audiobooks including 'Game of Thrones', Mic, Wright, The Next Web, April 16, 2015, June 18, 2018, August 6, 2020,weblink live, This added 9,000 audiobooks to its platform including titles from authors like Lena Dunham, John Grisham, Gillian Flynn, and George R.R. Martin.NEWS,weblink Scribd Expands Audiobook Catalog in Deal With Penguin Random House, Alexandra, Alter, The New York Times, April 16, 2015, February 18, 2017, August 21, 2019,weblink live,

Comics

In February 2015, Scribd introduced comics to its subscription service.MAGAZINE,weblink Scribd Unveils 'Netflix for Comics', Davey, Alba, Davey Alba, Wired, February 10, 2015, The company added 10,000 comics and graphic novels from publishers including Marvel, Archie, Boom! Studios, Dynamite, IDW, and Valiant. These included series such as Guardians of the Galaxy, Daredevil, X-O Manowar, and The Avengers.NEWS,weblink Scribd gains the superpower of an unlimited comic book subscription, Seth, Fiegerman, Mashable, February 10, 2015, July 14, 2015, November 29, 2018,weblink live, NEWS,weblink Scribd serves up all the comics you can read, for $9 per month, Sarah, Mitroff, CNet, February 10, 2015, July 14, 2015, July 14, 2015,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20150714133744weblink">weblink live, However, in December 2016, comics were eliminated from the service due to low demand.

Unbundling (2023 - present)

In November 2023, Scribd unbundled from one single product into three distinct ones: Everand, Scribd, and Slideshare. Everand was launched as a new service, focused solely on a customer looking for entertainment in the form of books, magazines, podcasts and more. The subscription-based app allows users to read what they want, where and how they want to do it.

Timeline

In February 2010, Scribd unveiled its first mobile plans for e-readers and smartphones.NEWS,weblink Scribd Plans Mobile Application, The Wall Street Journal, February 10, 2010, Geoffrey A., Fowler, February 10, 2010, subscription, October 29, 2020,weblink live, In April 2010 Scribd launched a new feature called "Readcast",WEB,weblink Scribd gets 'Readcasting': Autosharing made easy, CNet, April 21, 2010, which allows automatic sharing of documents on Facebook and Twitter.WEB,weblink Scribd launches readcast, Marketwire, April 15, 2010, June 15, 2011,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20110615224341weblink">weblink live, Also in April 2010, Scribd announced its integration of Facebook social plug-ins at the Facebook f8 Developer Conference.NEWS,weblink Scribd's bet on the Facebook Effect, CNN, April 21, 2010, April 21, 2010, August 7, 2020,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20200807083326weblink">weblink live, Scribd rolled out a redesign on September 13, 2010, to become, according to TechCrunch, "the social network for reading".NEWS,weblink Scribd Redesign Is An Attempt To Become A "Social Network For Reading", TechCrunch, September 13, 2010, August 7, 2020,weblink live, In October 2013, Scribd launched its e-book subscription service, allowing readers to pay a flat monthly fee in exchange for unlimited access to all of Scribd's book titles.WEB, Carr, Austin,weblink Scribd, HarperCollins Launch $8.99 Subscription Book Service, Fast Company, October 1, 2013, December 30, 2013, October 31, 2020,weblink live, In August 2020, Scribd announced its acquisition of the LinkedIn-owned SlideShare for an undisclosed amount.NEWS,weblink Scribd acquires presentation-sharing service SlideShare from LinkedIn, TechCrunch, August 11, 2020, August 30, 2020,weblink live, In November 2023, Scribd unbundled into three distinct products: Everand, Scribd, and Slideshare. Everand was launched as a new product, focusing solely on books, magazines, podcasts and more.

Financials

The company was initially funded with US$120,000 from Y Combinator in 2006, and received over US$3.7 million in June 2007 from Redpoint Ventures and The Kinsey Hills Group.WEB,weblink Scribd Banks $3.5 Million from Redpoint, June 4, 2007, June 25, 2017, August 7, 2020,weblink live, In December 2008, the company raised US$9 million in a second round of funding led by Charles River Ventures with re-investment from Redpoint Ventures and Kinsey Hills Group.WEB,weblink Scribd raises $9 million, hires new president for social publishing, Dean, Takahashi, VentureBeat, December 19, 2008, September 3, 2017, August 7, 2020,weblink live, David O. Sacks, former PayPal COO and founder of Yammer and Geni, joined Scribd's board of directors in January 2010.NEWS,weblink Yammer Founder David Sacks Joins Scribd Board Of Directors, TechCrunch, January 18, 2010, Michael, Arrington, September 3, 2017, August 7, 2020,weblink live, In January 2011, Scribd raised an additional US$13 million in a round led by MLC Investments of Australia and SVB Capital.NEWS,weblink Scribd Raises $13 Million To Support Mobile Moves, Product Expansion, David, Kaplan, Gigaom, January 18, 2011, July 14, 2015, August 7, 2020,weblink live, In January 2015, the company raised US$22 million in new funding from Khosla Ventures with partner Keith Rabois joining the Scribd board of directors.WEB,weblink Scribd Raises $22M For Its Subscription E-Book Service, Anthony, Ha, TechCrunch, January 2, 2015, September 11, 2017, October 23, 2020,weblink live, In 2019, Scribd raised $58 million in new funding led by growth firm Spectrum Equity.WEB,weblink Scribd raises $58M for subscription e-books and audiobooks, Anthony, Ha, TechCrunch, November 25, 2019, May 10, 2020, October 29, 2020,weblink live,

Technology

In July 2008, Scribd began using iPaper, a rich document format similar to PDF and built for the web, which allows users to embed documents into a web page.MAGAZINE,weblink iPaper: a Simple Way to View and Share Documents on the Web, Wired, February 20, 2008, August 28, 2014, iPaper was built with Adobe Flash, allowing it to be viewed the same across different operating systems (Windows, Mac OS, and Linux) without conversion, as long as the reader has Flash installed (although Scribd has announced non-Flash support for the iPhone).WEB,weblink Scribd on your iPhone, Scribd, April 5, 2008, February 10, 2010, December 12, 2013,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20131212191518weblink">weblink live, All major document types can be formatted into iPaper including Word docs, PowerPoint presentations, PDFs, OpenDocument documents, OpenOffice.org XML documents, and PostScript files.All iPaper documents are hosted on Scribd. Scribd allows published documents to either be private or open to the larger Scribd community. The iPaper document viewer is also embeddable in any website or blog, making it simple to embed documents in their original layout regardless of file format. Scribd iPaper required Flash cookies to be enabled, which is the default setting in Flash.WEB,weblink Global Storage Settings panel, macromedia.com, Adobe Systems, Adobe, September 3, 2017, November 30, 2020,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20201130054824weblink">weblink live, On May 5, 2010, Scribd announced that they would be converting the entire site to HTML5 at the Web 2.0 Conference in San Francisco.CONFERENCE,weblink Jared, Friedman, HTML5 and The Future of Publishing, Web 2.0 Expo,weblink May 6, 2010, September 3, 2017, TechCrunch reported that Scribd is migrating away from Flash to HTML5. "Scribd co-founder and chief technology officer Jared Friedman tells me: 'We are scrapping three years of Flash development and betting the company on HTML5 because we believe HTML5 is a dramatically better reading experience than Flash. Now any document can become a Web page.'"WEB,weblink Scribd CTO: We Are Scrapping Flash And Betting The Company On HTML5, Erick, Schonfeld, TechCrunch, May 5, 2010, October 11, 2010, October 30, 2020,weblink live, MAGAZINE,weblink Betting the House on HTML5, Andrew Richard, Albanese, July 26, 2010, Publishers Weekly, September 3, 2017, Scribd has its own API to integrate external/third-party applications,WEB, Scribd SAP Largest API Integration Press Release, March 10, 2009, Scribd,weblink September 22, 2010, September 22, 2015,weblink live, but is no longer offering new API accounts.WEB,weblink Scribd Developer Documentation,weblink July 28, 2015, Since 2010, Scribd has been available on mobile phones and e-readers, in addition to personal computers. As of December 2013, Scribd became available on app stores and various mobile devices.{{Citation needed|date=April 2019}}

Reception

Accusations of defrauding and stealing from users

Scribd has been accused by "[having] built its business on stealing from former customers" after numerous complaints of continuing to charge former subscribers on a monthly basis who had cancelled their subscriptions long prior to the chargesweblink

Accusations of copyright infringement

Scribd has been accused of copyright infringement. In 2007, one year after its inception, Scribd was served with 25 Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA) takedown notices.WEB, Scribd, Scribd looks like a winner, March 29, 2009, TechCrunch,weblink January 1, 2010, October 28, 2020,weblink live, In March 2009, The Guardian writes, "Harry Potter author [J.K. Rowling] is among writers shocked to discover their books available as free downloads. Neil Blair, Rowling’s lawyer, said the Harry Potter downloads were 'unauthorised and unlawful'...Rowling's novels aren't the only ones to be available from Scribd. A quick search throws up novels from Salman Rushdie, Ian McEwan, Jeffrey Archer, Ken Follett, Philippa Gregory, and J.R.R. Tolkien."NEWS,weblink JK Rowling leads fight against free books site Scribd, Flood, Alison, March 30, 2009, The Guardian, July 21, 2017, en-GB, 0261-3077, October 29, 2020,weblink live, In September 2009, American author Elaine Scott alleged that Scribd "shamelessly profits from the stolen copyrighted works of innumerable authors".NEWS,weblink London, The Guardian, Book sharing site Scribd rejects claims of copyright infringement, Bobbie, Johnson, September 21, 2009, December 17, 2016, August 6, 2020,weblink live, Her attorneys sought class action status in their efforts to win damages from Scribd for allegedly "egregious copyright infringement" and accused it of calculated copyright infringement for profit.WEB,weblink Class Action Copyright Suit Filed Against Scribd... By Jammie Thomas' Lawyers?, TechDirt, September 21, 2009, September 21, 2009, August 7, 2020,weblink live, WEB,weblink Jammie Thomas lawyers file suit against Scribd, Greg, Sandoval, September 19, 2009, October 11, 2010, December 29, 2013,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20131229124323weblink">weblink live, NEWS,weblink Jammie Thomas lawyers file suit against Scribd, September 19, 2009, Motoko, Rich, CNET News.com, September 19, 2009, The suit was dropped in July 2010.WEB, Scribd, Lawsuit Saying Scribd's Copyright-Protection Filters Infringe On Copyrights Has Been Dumped, July 19, 2010, TechDirt,weblink September 24, 2010, October 26, 2020,weblink live, MAGAZINE,weblink Lawsuit Dropped; Claimed That Copyright-Filtering Violates Copyright, July 19, 2010, February 21, 2013, Kravets, David, Wired (magazine), Wired,

Controversies

In March 2009, the passwords of several Comcast customers were leaked on Scribd. The passwords were later removed when the news was published by The New York Times.NEWS, Passwords of Comcast Customers Exposed, March 16, 2009, The New York Times,weblink September 3, 2017, Brad, Stone, August 7, 2020,weblink live, WEB, Comcast passwords leaked onto the web, March 29, 2009, CNet,weblink January 1, 2010, December 29, 2013,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20131229124327weblink">weblink live, WEB, Comcast User Names and Passwords Exposed, March 29, 2009, HotHardware,weblink September 3, 2017, August 5, 2020,weblink live, In July 2010, Gigaom reported that the script of The Social Network (2010) movie was uploaded and leaked on Scribd; it was promptly taken down per Sony's DMCA request.WEB, Gannes, Liz, Leaked Facebook Movie Script Paints Zuckerberg as Vindictive and Naive,weblink July 27, 2010, Gigaom, January 18, 2013, November 9, 2020,weblink live, Following a decision of the Istanbul 12th Criminal Court of Peace, dated March 8, 2013, access to Scribd is blocked for Internet users in Turkey.WEB, Freedom on the Net – Turkey 2013,weblink Freedom House, October 3, 2013, September 1, 2020,weblink live, In July 2014, Scribd was sued by Disability Rights Advocates (represented by Haben Girma), on behalf of the National Federation of the Blind and a blind Vermont resident, for allegedly failing to provide access to blind readers, in violation of the Americans with Disability Act.NEWS, Adwar, Corey, 26-Year-Old Deaf-Blind Lawyer Sues Scribd For Alleged Discrimination,weblink April 21, 2017, Business Insider, August 20, 2014, February 16, 2020,weblink live, Scribd moved to dismiss, arguing that the ADA only applied to physical locations. In March 2015, the U.S. District Court of Vermont ruled that the ADA covered online businesses as well. A settlement agreement was reached, with Scribd agreeing to provide content accessible to blind readers by the end of 2017.WEB, National Federation of the Blind, et al. v. Scribd, Inc.,weblink Disability Rights Advocates, April 21, 2017, July 14, 2016, November 3, 2020,weblink live,

BookID

To counteract the uploading of unauthorized content, Scribd created BookID, an automated copyright protection system that helps authors and publishers identify unauthorized use of their works on Scribd.NEWS,weblink BookID, Scribd, June 29, 2015, July 14, 2015, December 29, 2019,weblink live, This technology works by analyzing documents for semantic data, metadata, images, and other elements and creates an encoded "fingerprint" of the copyrighted work.NEWS,weblink French Watchdog Accuses Scribd of eBook Piracy, Michael, Kozlowski, Good eReader, October 13, 2014, July 14, 2015, August 17, 2020,weblink live,

Supported file formats

Supported formats include:WEB,weblink Info, FAQs, and Forums/FAQ: Writing, Uploading and Managing Documents, Jason, February 26, 2009, October 11, 2010, June 24, 2020,weblink live, WEB, Jasons, 2023-10-29, Scribd Downloader - Download Scribd for free Online Docs 2024,weblinkweblink 2024-03-21, 2024-03-28, en-US,

• Microsoft Excel (.xls, .xlsx)
• Microsoft PowerPoint (.ppt, .pps, .pptx, .ppsx)
• Microsoft Word (.doc, .docx)
• OpenDocument (.odt, .odp, .ods, .odf, .odg)
• OpenOffice.org XML (.sxw, .sxi, .sxc, .sxd)
• Plain text (.txt)
• Portable Document Format (.pdf)
• PostScript (.ps)
• Rich text format (.rtf)
• Tagged image file format (.tif, .tiff)

See also

• Slideshare
• Amazon Lending Library and Kindle Unlimited
• Document collaboration
• Oyster (company)
• Wayback Machine
• WebCite

References

{{Reflist|2}}

External links

{{Commons category}}

• {{Official website}}

{{E-book digital distribution platforms}}{{Presentation software}}