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{{Short description|None}}{{use dmy dates|date=August 2021|cs1-dates=y}}This is a list of people who made transformative breakthroughs in the creation, development and imagining of what computers could do.

Pioneers

{| class=“wikitable sortable“! Achievementdate! Person !!class=“unsortable“|Achievement|1977

Leonard Adleman>Adleman, Leonard	RSA (algorithm)>Ingenious contribution and making public-key cryptography useful in practice.

| 1944

Howard Aiken>Aiken, Howard| Conceived and co-designed the Harvard Mark I.

Al-Khwarizmi	algorithm is derived from the algorism, the technique of performing arithmetic with Hindu–Arabic numeral system>Hindu–Arabic numerals popularised by al-Khwarizmi in his book On the Calculation with Hindu Numerals.E: FROM UNDERSTANDING PRINCIPLES TO SOLVING PROBLEMS >DATE=2010	EDITOR=MARIO TOKORO	LANGUAGE=EN-US	PUBLISHER=IOS PRESS, CRISTOPHER MOORE>TITLE=THE NATURE OF COMPUTATION	PUBLISHER=OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS	ISBN=978-0-19-162080-5		DATE=1981	EDITOR=A. P. ERSHOV, DONALD ERVIN KNUTH,

| 1970, 1989

Frances E. Allen>Allen, Frances E.| Developed bit vector notation and program control-flow graphs; first female IBM Fellow (1989); first female recipient of the ACM’s Turing Award (2006).

| 1939

John Vincent Atanasoff>Atanasoff, John	Atanasoff–Berry Computer, though it was neither programmable nor Turing-completeness>Turing-complete.

| 1822, 1837

Charles Babbage>Babbage, Charles	Analytical Engine and built a prototype for a less powerful difference engine>mechanical calculator.

|1973

Charles Bachman>Bachman, Charles	database technology.10.1145/355611.362534	JOURNAL = COMMUNICATIONS OF THE ACM	ISSUE = 11	DATE = 1973	FIRST = C. W., free,

| 1954, 1963

John Backus>Backus, John| Led the team that created FORTRAN (Formula Translation), the first practical high-level programming language, and formulated the Backus–Naur form that described the formal language syntax.

| 850~| Banū Mūsā

Book of Ingenious Devices, describing what appears to be the first Program (machine)>programmable machine, an Music sequencer	flute player.KOETSIER	DATE=2001	JOURNAL=MECHANISM AND MACHINE THEORY	ISSUE=5	DOI=10.1016/S0094-114X(01)00005-2,

|1960–1964

Paul Baran>Baran, Paul

packet switching used in modern computer networking including the Internet.2015-05-30

URL=HTTP://WWW.WASHINGTONPOST.COM/SF/BUSINESS/2015/05/30/NET-OF-INSECURITY-PART-1/

ARCHIVE-URL=HTTPS://WEB.ARCHIVE.ORG/WEB/20150530231409/HTTP://WWW.WASHINGTONPOST.COM/SF/BUSINESS/2015/05/30/NET-OF-INSECURITY-PART-1/

ACCESS-DATE=2020-02-18

LANGUAGE=EN-US

URL-STATUS=DEAD

ARCHIVE-DATE=6 SEPTEMBER 2017

PUBLISHER=NATIONAL INVENTORS HALL OF FAME, Published a series of briefings and papers about dividing information into “message blocks” and sending them over distributed networks (1960–1964).BARAN>FIRST=PAUL

TITLE=THE BEGINNINGS OF PACKET SWITCHING: SOME UNDERLYING CONCEPTS

JOURNAL=IEEE COMMUNICATIONS MAGAZINE

VOLUME=40

PAGES=42–48

ISSN=0163-6804

LAST2=CALIFORNIA 90401-3208

URL=HTTPS://WWW.RAND.ORG/ABOUT/HISTORY/BARAN.HTML

WEBSITE=WWW.RAND.ORG, en,

| 1874

Émile Baudot>Baudot, Émile	Telegraphy>telegraphic engineer; patented the Baudot code, the first means of digital communication.HTTP://LEOFERRES.INFO/IMAGES/BAUDOT_CP1874.JPG>TITLE=JEAN-MAURICE- EMILE BAUDOT. SYSTèME DE TéLéGRAPHIE RAPIDE, JUNE 1874. BREVET 103,898; SOURCE: ARCHIVES INSTITUT NATIONAL DE LA PROPRIéTé INDUSTRIELLE (INPI)	ARCHIVE-DATE=2017-12-16	URL-STATUS=DEAD, The modem speed unit baud is named after him.

| 1960s

Friedrich L. Bauer>Bauer, Friedrich L.	stack (data structure)>stack for expression evaluation, with Edsger W. Dijkstra. Influential in establishing computer science as an independent discipline of science; coined the term software engineering. Contributed to numerical analysis, fundamentals of interpretation and translation of programming languages, systematics of program development, program transformation, and cryptology.

|1953

Richard E. Bellman>Bellman, Richard E.	Applied mathematics>applied mathematician who introduced dynamic programming (1953)

| 2018

Yoshua Bengio>Bengio, Yoshua; Geoffrey Hinton	; Yann LeCun>Lecun, Yann| Conceptual and engineering breakthroughs that have made deep neural networks a critical component of computing

| 1989, 1990

Tim Berners-Lee>Berners-Lee, Tim	World Wide Web and sent the first HTTP communication between client and server.MCPHERSON	URL=HTTPS://BOOKS.GOOGLE.COM/BOOKS?ID=WK0XBWFL9GKC	DATE=2009-09-01	ISBN=978-0-8225-7273-2, en,

|1995

Manuel Blum>Blum, Manuel	computational complexity theory and its application to cryptography and program verification>program checkingA.M. TURING AWARD LAUREATE – MANUEL BLUM >WEBSITE=AMTURING.ACM.ORG	ACCESS-DATE=4 NOVEMBER 2018,

| 1966

Corrado Böhm>Böhm, Corrado| Theorized of the concept of structured programming.

| 1847, 1854

George Boole>Boole, George	Boolean algebra (logic)>Boolean algebra, the basis for digital logic and computer science.

| 1947

Kathleen Booth>Booth, Kathleen| Invented the first assembly language.

|1969, 1978

Per Brinch Hansen>Brinch Hansen, Per

RC 4000 Multiprogramming System>RC 4000 multiprogramming system, which introduced the concept of an Kernel (operating system)

and the Separation of mechanism and policy>separation of policy and mechanism; effectively the first microkernel architecture.PER BRINCH HANSEN • IEEE COMPUTER SOCIETY>URL = HTTP://WWW.COMPUTER.ORG/WEB/AWARDS/PIONEER-PER-HANSEN

ACCESS-DATE = 2015-12-15, Co-developed the Monitor (synchronization)

with Tony Hoare, and created the first monitor implementation.HTTP://BRINCH-HANSEN.NET/PAPERS/1993A.PDF

LAST = BRINCH HANSEN

DATE = APRIL 1993

remote procedure call in the RC 4000, and was first to propose remote procedure calls as a structuring concept for distributed computing.HTTP://BRINCH-HANSEN.NET/PAPERS/1978A.PDF

LAST = BRINCH HANSEN

DATE = NOVEMBER 1978

VOLUME = 21

PAGES = 934–941

CITESEERX = 10.1.1.107.3108, 11610744,

| 1959, 1995

Fred Brooks>Brooks, Fred| Manager of IBM System/360 and OS/360 projects; author of The Mythical Man-Month.

| 1908

L. E. J. Brouwer>Brouwer, Luitzen Egbertus Jan| Founded intuitionistic logic, which later came to prevalent use in proof assistants.

| 1954

Arthur Burks>Burks, Arthur	Reverse Polish Notation with Don Warren and Jesse Wright in 1954, unaware of Konrad Zuse’s earlier use of postfix notation in his Z3 in 1941, and later independently reinvented by Friedrich L. Bauer and Edsger W. Dijkstra for use with stack (data structure)>stacks.

| 1930

Vannevar Bush>Bush, Vannevar|Analogue computing pioneer; originator of the Memex concept, which led to the development of Hypertext

| 1951

David Caminer>Caminer, David	John Pinkerton (computer designer)>John Pinkerton, developed the LEO computer, the first business computer, for J. Lyons and Co

| 1974

Edwin Catmull>Catmull, Edwin	texture mapping, the Catmull-Clark subdivision surface algorithm (with James H. Clark>Jim Clark), and the Catmull-Rom spline (with Raphael Rom. Former vice president of Industrial Light & Magic and co-founder of and former president of Pixar

| 1978

Vint Cerf>Cerf, Vint| With Bob Kahn, designed the Transmission Control Protocol and Internet Protocol (TCP/IP), the primary data communication protocols of the Internet and other computer networks

| 1956

Noam Chomsky>Chomsky, Noam| Made contributions to computer science with his work in linguistics. Developed Chomsky hierarchy, directly impacting programming language theory and other branches of computer science.

| 1936

Alonzo Church>Church, Alonzo	computability theory in the form of lambda calculus. Independently of Alan Turing, formulated what is now known as the Church-Turing Thesis and proved that first-order logic is Entscheidungsproblem>undecidable.

| 1962

Wesley A. Clark>Clark, Wesley A.| Designed LINC, the first functional computer scaled down and priced for individual users (1963). Many of its features are considered prototypes of essential elements of personal computers.

| 1981

Edmund M. Clarke>Clarke, Edmund M.| Developed model checking and formal verification of software and hardware, with E. Allen Emerson.

|1987

John Cocke (computer scientist)>Cocke, John|Significant contributions to compiler design and theory, the architecture of large systems, and the development of reduced instruction set computers (RISC)

| 1970

Edgar F. Codd>Codd, Edgar F.| Proposed and formalized the relational model of data management, the theoretical basis of relational databases

| 1971

Lynn Conway>Conway, Lynn| Superscalar architecture with multiple-issue out-of-order dynamic instruction scheduling

| 1967

Stephen Cook>Cook, Stephen| Formalized the notion of NP-completeness, inspiring a great deal of research in computational complexity theory

| 1965

James Cooley>Cooley, James	John W. Tukey, created the Cooley-Tukey FFT algorithm>fast Fourier transform

|1944

Allen Coombs>Coombs, Allen|Designed and built the Mark II Colossus computers; superseded the Mark I version (which was the world’s first digital, electronic computing device)

|1989

Fernando J. Corbató>Corbató, Fernando J.	time-sharing and resource-sharing computer systems Compatible Time-Sharing System>CTSS and Multics

| 1964 – 1996

Seymour Cray>Cray, Seymour| Designed a series of computers that were the fastest in the world for decades; and founded Cray Research, which built many of them; credited with creating the supercomputer industry

| 1978, 1993

Dave Cutler>Cutler, David N.	Digital Equipment Corporation and Microsoft, where he was lead engineer of the OpenVMS>VMS and Windows NT kernels (respectively)

| 1962

Ole-Johan Dahl>Dahl, Ole-Johan| With Kristen Nygaard, invented the proto-object oriented language SIMULA

|1965

Donald Davies>Davies, Donald

packet switching used in modern computer networking including the Internet.INDUCTEE DETAILS - DONALD WATTS DAVIES

URL-STATUS=DEAD

ARCHIVE-DATE=6 SEPTEMBER 2017

PUBLISHER=NATIONAL INVENTORS HALL OF FAME, Conceived of and named the concept for data communication networks (1965–66).ROBERTS>FIRST1=DR. LAWRENCE G.

TITLE=THE EVOLUTION OF PACKET SWITCHING

URL-STATUS=DEAD

ARCHIVE-DATE=2016-03-24

QUOTE=ALMOST IMMEDIATELY AFTER THE 1965 MEETING, DONALD DAVIES CONCEIVED OF THE DETAILS OF A STORE-AND-FORWARD PACKET SWITCHING SYSTEM

DATE=MAY 1995

URL=HTTP://WWW.PACKET.CC/FILES/ARPANET-COMPUTERNET.HTML

ARCHIVE-URL=HTTPS://WEB.ARCHIVE.ORG/WEB/20160324032800/HTTP://WWW.PACKET.CC/FILES/ARPANET-COMPUTERNET.HTML

ACCESS-DATE=13 APRIL 2016

author=Donald Davies

url=http://comjnl.oxfordjournals.org/content/44/3/152.extract

date=2001}}{{dead link

bot=medic}}{{cbignore

ARPANET, were similar “in nearly all respects” to his original 1965 design.ROBERTS

DATE=NOVEMBER 1978

URL=HTTP://WWW.ISMLAB.USF.EDU/DCOM/CH10_ROBERTS_EVOLUTIONPACKETSWITCHING_IEEE_1978.PDF

ACCESS-DATE=2017-09-17

ARCHIVE-DATE=2018-12-31

URL-STATUS=DEAD,

| 1976

Whitfield Diffie>Diffie, Whitfield		LAST2=HELLMAN	TITLE=NEW DIRECTIONS IN CRYPTOGRAPHY	VOLUME=22	DATE=1976	URL = HTTPS://WWW-EE.STANFORD.EDU/~HELLMAN/PUBLICATIONS/24.PDF	CITESEERX=10.1.1.37.9720, introduced the ideas of public-key cryptography and digital signatures, the foundation of security protocols used on the Internet today.HTTP://AMTURING.ACM.ORG/AWARD_WINNERS/DIFFIE_8371646.CFM >TITLE=CRYPTOGRAPHY PIONEERS RECEIVE 2015 ACM A.M. TURING AWARD, ACM,

| 1968

Edsger Dijkstra>Dijkstra, Edsger W.	Dijkstra’s algorithm>shortest path algorithm; coined the term structured programming; invented the semaphore (programming)	; famously suggested that the Goto (command)>GOTO statement should be considered harmful

| 1918

William Eccles (physicist)>Eccles, William and Jordan, Frank Wilfred	v3.espacenet.com/origdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=GB148582&F=0&QPN=GB148582 . the so-called “bistable Flip-flop (electronics)>flip-flop”, a building block of all digital Memory cell (computing)	. Built from vacuum tubes, their concept was essential for the success of the Colossus computer>Colossus codebreaking computer.

| 1943, 1951

J. Presper Eckert>Eckert, J. Presper| With John Mauchly, designed and built ENIAC, the first modern (all electronic, Turing-complete) computer; and UNIVAC I, the first commercially available computer

| 1981

E. Allen Emerson>Emerson, E. Allen| Developed model checking and formal verification of software and hardware, with Edmund M. Clarke

| 1963

Douglas Engelbart>Engelbart, Douglas	computer mouse, with Bill English (computer engineer)>Bill English; pioneer of human–computer interaction whose Augment team developed hypertext, networked computers, and precursors to GUIs

| 1971

Federico Faggin>Faggin, Federico| Designed the first commercial microprocessor, Intel 4004

|1994

Edward Feigenbaum>Feigenbaum, Edward		TITLE = TO DREAM THE POSSIBLE DREAM	JOURNAL = COMMUNICATIONS OF THE ACM	ISSUE = 5	DATE = 1996, free,

| 1974

Elizabeth Feinler>Feinler, Elizabeth| Lead team that defined a simple text file format for Internet host names, which became the Domain Name System; her group became the naming authority for the top-level domains of .mil, .gov, .edu, .org, and .com

|1943

Tommy Flowers>Flowers, Tommy| Designed and built the Mark I Colossus computer, the world’s first programmable, digital, electronic, computing devices

|1978

Robert W. Floyd>Floyd, Robert W.	computer science: theory of parsing, semantics of programming languages, automatic program verification, automatic programming>automatic program synthesis, and analysis of algorithmsFLOYD > FIRST1 = R. W.	DOI = 10.1145/359138.359140	VOLUME = 22	PAGES = 455–460	DOI-ACCESS = FREE,

| 1994

Sally Floyd>Floyd, Sally	Random early detection>Random Early Detection, used in almost all Internet routers

| 1879

Gottlob Frege>Frege, Gottlob| Extended Aristotelian logic with first-order predicate calculus independently of Charles Sanders Peirce, a crucial precursor in computability theory; also relevant to early work on artificial intelligence, logic programming

| 1985

Stephen Furber>Furber, Stephen Wilson, Sophie		ARCHIVE-URL=HTTPS://WEB.ARCHIVE.ORG/WEB/20130402210307/HTTP://WWW.COMPUTERHISTORY.ORG/FELLOWAWARDS/HALL/BIOS/STEVE,FURBER/, 2013-04-02,

| 1958, 1961, 1967

Seymour Ginsburg>Ginsburg, Seymour	don’t-care term>don’t-care” circuit minimization does not necessarily yield optimal results; proved that the ALGOL programming language was context-free (linking formal language theory to the problem of compiler writing); invented AFL Theory

| 1931

Kurt Gödel>Gödel, Kurt| Proved that Peano arithmetic could not be both logically consistent and complete in first-order predicate calculus. Church, Kleene, and Turing developed the foundations of computation theory based on corollaries to Gödel’s work.

| 1989

Shafi Goldwasser>Goldwasser, Shafi	zero-knowledge proofs with Silvio Micali>Micali and Rackoff; she and Micali received the Turing Award (2012) for this and other work.

| 2011

Susan L. Graham>Graham, Susan L.{{undue weight inline	date=April 2022}}| Awarded the 2009 IEEE John von Neumann Medal for “contributions to programming language design and implementation and for exemplary service to the discipline of computer science”

| 1953

Frank Gray (researcher)>Gray, Frank	Bell Labs, developed the reflected binary code (RBC) or Gray code.FRANK	AUTHOR-LINK=FRANK GRAY (RESEARCHER)	DATE=1953-03-17,www.freepatentsonline.com/2632058.pdf, U.S. patent no. 2,632,058 Gray’s methodologies are used for error detection and correction in digital communication systems, such as QAM in digital subscriber line networks.

| 1974, 2005

Jim Gray (computer scientist)>Gray, Jim| Innovator in database systems and transaction processing implementation

| 1986, 1990

Barbara Grosz>Grosz, Barbara{{undue weight inline	date=October 2017}} | Created the first computational model of discourse, establishing the field of research and influencing language-processing technologies; developed SharedPlans model for collaboration in multi-agent systems

| 1988, 2015

John Gustafson (scientist)>Gustafson, John	Gustafson’s law>Gustafson’s Law; developed high-efficiency formats for representing real numbers Unum (number format)	and Unum (number format)#Unum III>Posit

| 1971

Margaret Hamilton (scientist)>Hamilton, Margaret| Developed the concepts of asynchronous software, priority scheduling, end-to-end testing, and human-in-the-loop decision capability, such as priority displays which then became the foundation for ultra-reliable software design

| 1950

Richard Hamming>Hamming, Richard	error-correcting code, Hamming code, Hamming matrix, the Hamming window#Hamming window>Hamming window, Hamming numbers, sphere-packing (or Hamming bound), and the Hamming distance;{{sfn	1998	Hamming	pp=147–160}} established the concept of Hamming bound	{{sfn>Ling	2004	Pless	pp=21–24}}

| 1956, 1958, 1974

Wolfgang Händler>Händler, Wolfgang	automata theory, parallel computing, artificial intelligence, man-machine interfaces and computer graphics; one of the lead architects of the {{ill>TR 4 (computer){{!}}TR 4	TR 4 (Rechner)}} supercomputer; invented Händler diagrams for logic function minimization; devised the {{ill	de}} (ECS) for parallel computers

|2019

Pat Hanrahan>Hanrahan, Pat|Fundamental contributions to 3D computer graphics, with revolutionary impact on computer-generated imagery (CGI) in filmmaking and other applications

|1993

Juris Hartmanis>Hartmanis, Juris	computational complexity theory10.1145/188280.188379	JOURNAL = COMMUNICATIONS OF THE ACM	ISSUE = 11	DATE = 1994	FIRST = R. E., free,

| 1981, 1995, 1999

Anders Hejlsberg>Hejlsberg, Anders	Turbo Pascal at Borland; chief architect of Delphi (IDE)>Delphi; designer and lead architect of C# at Microsoft

| 1976

Martin Hellman>Hellman, Martin|Fundamental contributions to modern cryptography. Diffie and Hellman’s groundbreaking 1976 paper, “New Directions in Cryptography”, introduced the ideas of public-key cryptography and digital signatures, the foundation for security protocols on the Internet today

|2017

John L. Hennessy>Hennessy, John L.|Pioneered a systematic, quantitative approach to the design and evaluation of computer architectures with enduring impact on the microprocessor industry

| 2008, 2012, 2018

Geoffrey Hinton>Hinton, Geoffrey| Popularized and enabled the use of artificial neural networks and deep learning, among the most successful tools in modern artificial intelligence efforts; received the Turing Award (2018) for conceptual and engineering breakthroughs that have made deep neural networks a critical component of computingFathers of the Deep Learning Revolution Receive ACM A.M. Turing Award

| 1961, 1969, 1978, 1980

Tony Hoare>Hoare, C. A. R.| Developed the formal language Communicating Sequential Processes (CSP), Hoare logic for verifying program correctness, and Quicksort; fundamental contributions to the definition and design of programming languages

| 1968

Betty Holberton>Holberton, Betty| Wrote the first mainframe sort merge on the Univac

| 1889

Herman Hollerith>Hollerith, Herman	History of computing hardware>machine data processing, his invention of the punched card tabulating machine marked the beginning of the era of semiautomatic data processing systems

|1986

John Hopcroft>Hopcroft, John|Fundamental achievements in the design and analysis of algorithms and data structures

| 1952

Grace Hopper>Hopper, Grace| Pioneered work on the necessity for high-level programming languages, which she termed automatic programming; wrote the A-O compiler, which heavily influenced the COBOL language

| 1997

Feng-hsiung Hsu>Hsu Feng-hsiung	Deep Thought (chess computer)>Deep Thought chess computer; architect and principal designer IBM Deep Blue chess computer that defeated the reigning World Chess Champion, Garry Kasparov, in 1997

| 1952

David Albert Huffman>Huffman, David| Created Huffman coding

| 1952

Cuthbert Hurd>Hurd, Cuthbert| Helped IBM develop its first general-purpose computer, the IBM 701

| 1945, 1953

Harry Huskey>Huskey, Harry	ENIAC, EDVAC, Pilot ACE, EDVAC, SEAC (computer)>SEAC, SWAC, and Bendix G-15 (the latter described as the first personal computer, being operable by one person)

| 1954, 1962

Kenneth E. Iverson>Iverson, Kenneth	Harvard University>Harvard); invented the APL programming language; contributions to interactive computing

| 1801

Joseph Marie Jacquard>Jacquard, Joseph Marie| Built and demonstrated the Jacquard loom, a programmable mechanized loom controlled by a tape constructed from punched cards

| 1206| Al-Jazari

Program (machine)>programmable machines, including programmable humanoid robots,HTTP://WWW.SHEF.AC.UK/MARCOMS/EVIEW/ARTICLES58/ROBOT.HTML>TITLE=ARTICLES58	WEBSITE=SHEF.AC.UK	URL-STATUS=DEAD	ARCHIVE-DATE=29 JUNE 2007, and the castle clock, an astronomical clock considered the first Computer programming	analog computerANCIENT DISCOVERIES, EPISODE 11: ANCIENT ROBOTS	HISTORY (U.S. TV CHANNEL)>HISTORY CHANNEL	ACCESS-DATE=2008-09-06, {{cbignore}}{{Dead YouTube link|date=February 2022}}

|1989

William Kahan>Kahan, William	numerical analysis; foremost expert on floating point>floating-point computations; dedicated to “making the world safe for numerical computations”

| 1978

Bob Kahn>Kahn, Bob| Designed the Transmission Control Protocol and Internet Protocol (TCP/IP), the primary data communication protocols of the Internet and other computer networks

| 1952, 1953

Maurice Karnaugh>Karnaugh, Maurice	Karnaugh map, a variation on Edward Veitch’s Veitch chart; rediscovery of Allan Marquand’s much earlier Marquand diagram>logical diagram used for logic function minimization

|1985

Richard M. Karp>Karp, Richard M.|Contributions to algorithm theory, including the development of efficient algorithms for network flow and other combinatorial optimization problems; identified polynomial-time computability with the intuitive notion of algorithmic efficiency; contributed to the theory of NP-completeness

| 1973

Jacek Karpinski>Karpinski, Jacek| Developed the first differential analyzer using transistors; developed one of the first machine-learning algorithms for character and image recognition; invented of one of the first minicomputers, the K-202

| 1970~

Alan Kay>Kay, Alan| Pioneered many ideas at the root of object-oriented programming languages; led the team that developed Smalltalk; made fundamental contributions to personal computing

|1948-1990s

Tom Kilburn>Kilburn, Tom| With Freddie Williams he worked on the Williams–Kilburn tube and developed the world’s first electronic stored-program computer, the Manchester Baby, while working at the University of Manchester. His work propelled Manchester and Britain into the forefront of the emerging field of computer science. He also worked on the development of Atlas, one of the most powerful supercomputer in 1960s.

| 1972–1994

Gary Kildall>Kildall, Gary	data-flow analysis in optimizing compilers (global expression optimization, Kildall’s method). Worked on instruction set emulators (INTERP), found an innovative software relocation method (page boundary relocation), and laid the foundation to the concepts of binary recompilation (XLT86). Developed the first high-level programming language and compiler for microcomputers (PL/M) and the first mainstream operating system for microcomputers (CP/M). Invented the concept of a hardware abstraction layer called the BIOS, with both conceptually laying the foundation to all DOS-based operating systems on personal computers. Worked on diskette track disk buffer>buffering schemes, read-ahead algorithms, virtual disk drives, and file system cache (computing)	. Developed the first computer interface for video disks and pioneered CD-ROM file systems, introducing the first encyclopedia for computers (The Electronic Encyclopedia). Pioneered a modular private branch exchange>PBX communication system integrating Plain old telephone service	s with mobile phones (Intelliphone (PLS)>Intelliphone) and to remotely connect with home appliances.

| 1957

Russell Kirsch>Kirsch, Russell Gray	National Bureau of Standards (NBS), Kirsch used a recently developed image scanner to scan and store the first digital photograph.{{Citation >title= Earliest Image Processing	museum.nist.gov/panels/seac/EARLIEST.HTM >publisher= National Institute of Standards and Technology	first= Russell A.	url-status=dead	museum.nist.gov/panels/seac/EARLIEST.HTM" title="web.archive.org/web/20140719103629museum.nist.gov/panels/seac/EARLIEST.HTM">web.archive.org/web/20140719103629museum.nist.gov/panels/seac/EARLIEST.HTM >archive-date= 2014-07-19 }} His scanned photo of his three-month-old son was deemed by Life magazine as one of the “100 Photographs That Changed The World”.

| 1961–1970s

Leonard Kleinrock>Kleinrock, Leonard	queueing theory to model delays in message switching networks in his Ph.D. thesis in 1961–1962, published as a book in 1964.{{Citation>last=Kleinrock	title=Information flow in large communication nets	issue=1	author-link=Leonard Kleinrock}} He later published several of the standard works on the subject. In the early 1970s, he applied queueing theory to model the performance of packet switching networks. This work played an influential role in the development of the ARPANET, the precursor to the Internet. He supervised the graduate students who worked on the early communication protocols for the ARPANET. His theoretical work on hierarchical routing in the late 1970s with student Farouk Kamoun remains critical to the operation of the Internet today.

| 1936

Stephen Cole Kleene>Kleene, Stephen Cole| Pioneered work with Alonzo Church on the Lambda Calculus that first laid down the foundations of computation theory.

| 1968, 1989

Donald Knuth>Knuth, Donald| Wrote The Art of Computer Programming and created TeX. Coined the term “analysis of algorithms” and made major contributions to that field, including popularizing Big O notation.

| 1990-1993

Simon S. Lam>Lam, Simon S.

Internet Society for “inventing secure sockets in 1991 and implementing the first secure sockets layer, named SNP, in 1993.“Simon S. Lam, 2023 Internet Hall of Fame inductee In 1990, he conceived the idea of a new security sublayer in the Internet protocol stack. This way, application programmers do not need to know much about implementation details for security. Also, the upper interface of the sublayer would enable implementation changes in the future. Lam’s idea of a sublayer which offers a “secure sockets interface” to applications was novel and a radical departure from contemporary security research for Internet applications (e.g., MIT’s Kerberos, 1988-1992). SNP was created for Internet applications in general. Subsequent secure sockets layers, SSL and Transport Layer Security>TLS, developed years later for commercial browsers, followed the same architecture and key ideas of SNP. Today, TLS 1.3 is used not only for all e-commerce applications (banking, shopping, etc.) on WWW, but also for email, and many other Internet applications.

|1950-1960

Hedy Lamarr>Lamarr, Hedy

George Antheil developed a radio guidance system for Allies of World War II>Allied torpedoes that used spread spectrum and frequency hopping technology to defeat the threat of jamming by the Axis powers. Although the US Navy did not adopt the technology until the 1960s, the principles of their work are incorporated into Bluetooth and GPS technology and are similar to methods used in legacy versions of CDMA and Wi-Fi. This work led to their induction into the National Inventors Hall of Fame in 2014.

| 1974, 1978

Leslie Lamport>Lamport, Leslie	Lamport’s bakery algorithm>bakery algorithm).Developed the concept of a logical clock, enabling synchronization between distributed entities based on the events through which they communicate. Created LaTeX.

|1972

Butler W. Lampson>Lampson, Butler W.	workstations, computer network>networks, operating systems, programming systems, computer display	, computer security>security and document publishing.

| 1964-1966

Peter Landin>Landin, Peter| Used the lambda calculus to formally specify the semantics of programming languages, and developed an early functional programming language named ISWIM.

| 1951

Sergei Alekseyevich Lebedev>Lebedev, Sergei Alekseyevich| Independently designed the first electronic computer in the Soviet Union, MESM, in Kiev, Ukraine.

| 1670~

Gottfried Leibniz>Leibniz, Gottfried| Made advances in symbolic logic, such as the Calculus ratiocinator, that were heavily influential on Gottlob Frege. He anticipated later developments in first-order predicate calculus, which were crucial for the theoretical foundations of computer science.

| 1960

J. C. R. Licklider>Licklider, J. C. R.| Began the investigation of human–computer interaction, leading to many advances in computer interfaces as well as in cybernetics and artificial intelligence.

| 1987

Barbara Liskov>Liskov, Barbara	Liskov substitution principle, which guarantees formal semantics of programming languages>semantic interoperability of data types in a hierarchy.

| 1300~

Ramon Llull>Llull, Ramon	Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz>Leibniz.

| 1852

Ada Lovelace>Lovelace, Ada| An English mathematician and writer, chiefly known for her work on Charles Babbage’s proposed mechanical general-purpose computer, the Analytical Engine. She was the first to recognize that the machine had applications beyond pure calculation, and created the first algorithm intended to be carried out by such a machine. As a result, she is often regarded as the first to recognize the full potential of a “computing machine” and the first computer programmer.

| 1909

Percy Ludgate>Ludgate, Percy| Charles Babbage in 1843 and Percy Ludgate in 1909 designed the first two Analytical Engines in history. Ludgate’s engine used multiplication as its basis (using his own discrete Irish logarithms), had the first multiplier-accumulator (MAC), was first to exploit a MAC to perform division, stored numbers as displacements of rods in shuttles, and had several other novel features, including for program control.

| 1971

Per Martin-Löf>Martin-Löf, Per| Published an early draft on the type theory that many proof assistants build on.

| 1943, 1951

John Mauchly>Mauchly, John| With J. Presper Eckert, designed and built the ENIAC, the first modern (all electronic, Turing-complete) computer, and the UNIVAC I, the first commercially available computer. Also worked on BINAC (1949), EDVAC (1949), UNIVAC (1951) with Grace Hopper and Jean Bartik, to develop early stored program computers.

| 1958

John McCarthy (computer scientist)>McCarthy, John| Invented LISP, a functional programming language.

|1956, 2012

Edward J. McCluskey>McCluskey, Edward J.| Fundamental contributions that shaped the design and testing of digital systems, including the first algorithm for digital logic synthesis, the Quine-McCluskey logic minimization method.

| 1986

Bertrand Meyer>Meyer, Bertrand| Developed design by contract in the guise of the Eiffel programming language.

|2012

Silvio Micali>Micali, Silvio|For transformative work that laid the complexity-theoretic foundations for the science of cryptography and in the process pioneered new methods for efficient verification of mathematical proofs in complexity theory.

|1991

Robin Milner>Milner, Robin	LCF theorem prover>LCF, the mechanization of Scott’s Logic of Computable Functions, probably the first theoretically based yet practical tool for automated theorem proving	; 2) ML programming language>ML, the first language to include polymorphic type inference together with a type safety	exception handling>exception-handling mechanism; 3) calculus of communicating systems	, a general theory of concurrency (computer science)>concurrency. In addition, he formulated and strongly advanced full abstraction, the study of the relationship between operational semantics	and denotational semantics>denotational semantics.MILNER > FIRST = R.	TITLE = ELEMENTS OF INTERACTION: TURING AWARD LECTURE	VOLUME = 36	DATE = 1993, free,

| 1963

Marvin Minsky>Minsky, Marvin	MIT Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory>Artificial Intelligence Lab at Massachusetts Institute of Technology, author of several texts on AI and philosophy. Critic of the perceptron.

| 1968

Charles H. Moore>Moore, Charles H.	Forth_(programming_language)>Forth programming language.

| 2008

Satoshi Nakamoto>Nakamoto, Satoshi	Anonymity>anonymous creator or creators of Bitcoin, the first peer-to-peer digital currency. Nakamoto’s 2008 white-paper introduced the concept of the blockchain, a database structure that allows full trust in the decentralized and distributed public transaction ledger of the cryptocurrency.HTTPS://BITCOIN.ORG/BITCOIN.PDF>TITLE=“BITCOIN: A PEER-TO-PEER ELECTRONIC CASH SYSTEM” (PDF)	LAST=NAKAMOTO	WORK=BITCOIN.ORG,

| 1934, 1938

Akira Nakashima>Nakashima Akira| NEC engineer introduced switching circuit theory in papers from 1934 to 1936, laying the foundations for digital circuit design, in digital computers and other areas of modern technology.

| 1960

Peter Naur>Naur, Peter| Edited the ALGOL 60 Revised Report, introducing Backus-Naur form

| 1945

John von Neumann>Neumann, John von| Formulated the von Neumann architecture upon which most modern computers are based.

| 1956

Allen Newell>Newell, Allen| Together with J. C. ShawFred Joseph Gruenberger, The History of the JOHNNIAC, RAND Memorandum 5654 and Herbert Simon, the three co-wrote the Logic Theorist, the first true AI program, in the first list-processing language, which influenced LISP.

|1943

Max Newman>Newman, Max| Instigated the production of the Colossus computers at Bletchley Park. After the second world war he established the Computing Machine Laboratory at the University of Manchester where he created the project that built the world’s first stored-program computer, the Manchester Baby.

| 1962

Kristen Nygaard>Nygaard, Kristen| With Ole-Johan Dahl, invented the proto-object oriented language SIMULA.

| 1642

Blaise Pascal>Pascal, Blaise| Invented the mechanical calculator.

| 5th century BCE| Pāṇini

Grammar. Also gave early forms of Backus-Naur formKAK	TITLE=THE PANINIAN APPROACH TO NATURAL LANGUAGE PROCESSING	DATE=JANUARY 1987	ISSUE=1	DOI=10.1016/0888-613X(87)90007-7, free,

|2017

David Patterson (computer scientist)>Patterson, David|For pioneering a systematic, quantitative approach to the design and evaluation of computer architectures with enduring impact on the microprocessor industry.

| 2011

Judea Pearl>Pearl, Judea		PUBLISHER=ACM,

| 1952

Alan Perlis>Perlis, Alan| On Project Whirlwind, member of the team that developed the ALGOL programming language, and the first recipient of the Turing Award

| 1985

Radia Perlman>Perlman, Radia| Invented the Spanning Tree Protocol (STP), which is fundamental to the operation of network bridges, while working for Digital Equipment Corporation. Has done extensive and innovative research, particularly on encryption and networking. She received the USENIX Lifetime Achievement Award in 2007, among numerous others.

| 1964

Pier Giorgio Perotto>Perotto, Pier Giorgio{{undue weight inline	date=October 2017}}	Olivetti, designed one of the first electronic programmable calculators, the Programma 101HTTPS://WWW.OLDCALCULATORMUSEUM.COM/C-PROGRAMMA101.HTML	WEBSITE=THE OLD CALCULATOR WEB MUSEUM, technically, the machine was a programmable calculator, not a computer., WEB , 2008/107/1 Computer, Programma 101, and documents (3), plastic / metal / paper / electronic components, hardware architect Pier Giorgio Perotto, designed by Mario Bellini, made by Olivetti, Italy, 1965–1971 , www.powerhousemuseum.com , en ,www.powerhousemuseum.com/collection/database/?irn=378406 , 2016-03-20 , WEB,www.oldcalculatormuseum.com/c-programma101.html, Olivetti Programma 101 Electronic Calculator, The Old Calculator Web Museum, It appears that the Mathatronics Mathatron calculator {{sic, prec, eeded, y, the Programma 101 to market.}}

| 1932

Rózsa Péter>Péter, Rózsa| Published a series of papers grounding recursion theory as a separate area of mathematical research, setting the foundation for theoretical computer science.

| 1995

Rosalind Picard>Picard, Rosalind {{undue weight inline	date=October 2017}}| Founded Affective Computing, and laid the foundations for giving computers skills of emotional intelligence.

|1996

Amir Pnueli>Pnueli, Amir	temporal logic into computing science and for outstanding contributions to program and systems formal verification>verification.A.M. TURING AWARD LAUREATE – AMIR PNUELI >WEBSITE=AMTURING.ACM.ORG	ACCESS-DATE=4 NOVEMBER 2018,

| 1936

Emil Leon Post>Post, Emil L.	Post–Turing machine>Post machine as a model of computation, independently of Turing. Known also for developing truth tables, the Post correspondence problem used in recursion theory as well as proving what is known as Post’s theorem.

|1976

Michael O. Rabin>Rabin, Michael O.

LAST2 = SCOTT

DOI = 10.1147/RD.32.0114

JOURNAL = IBM JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT

ISSUE = 2

DATE = 1959

nondeterministic machines, which has proved to be an enormously valuable concept. Their (Scott & Rabin) classic paper has been a continuous source of inspiration for subsequent work in this field.10.1145/359810.359816

JOURNAL = COMMUNICATIONS OF THE ACM

ISSUE = 9

DATE = 1977

FIRST = M. O.

JOURNAL = COMMUNICATIONS OF THE ACM

ISSUE = 9

DATE = 1977

FIRST = D. S., free,

|1994

Raj Reddy>Reddy, Raj|Pioneering the design and construction of large scale artificial intelligence systems, demonstrating the practical importance and potential commercial impact of artificial intelligence technology.

| 1967–2011

Dennis Ritchie>Ritchie, Dennis	Ken Thompson, pioneered the C (programming language)>C programming language and the Unix computer operating system at Bell Labs.

|1977

Ron Rivest>Rivest, Ron	RSA (algorithm)>Ingenious contribution and making public-key cryptography useful in practice.

| 1958–1960

Saul Rosen>Rosen, Saul| Designed the software of the first transistor-based computer. Also influenced the ALGOL programming language.

| 1975, 1985

Philip Rubin>Rubin, Philip	speech synthesis systems for use in the experimental study of speech perception and production, including articulatory synthesis and sinewave synthesis. Also designed the HADES (software)>HADES signal processing system, a predecessor of MATLAB.

| 1910

Bertrand Russell>Russell, Bertrand| Made contributions to computer science with his work on mathematical logic (example: truth function). Introduced the notion of type theory. He also introduced type system (along with Alfred North Whitehead) in his work, Principia Mathematica.

| 1975

Gerard Salton>Salton, Gerard{{undue weight inline	date=October 2017}} | A pioneer of automatic information retrieval, who proposed the vector space model and the inverted index.

| 1962

Jean E. Sammet>Sammet, Jean E. | Developed the FORMAC programming language. She was also the first to write extensively about the history and categorization of programming languages in 1969, and became the first female president of the Association for Computing Machinery in 1974.

| 1880, 1898

Charles Sanders Peirce>Sanders Peirce, Charles| Proved the functional completeness of the NOR gate. Proposed the implementation of logic via electrical circuits, decades before Claude Shannon. Extended Aristotelian logic with first-order predicate calculus, independently of Gottlob Frege, a crucial precursor in computability theory. Also relevant to early work on artificial intelligence, logic programming.

|1976

Dana Scott>Scott, Dana|The joint paper “Finite Automata and Their Decision Problems”, which introduced the idea of nondeterministic machines, which has proved to be an enormously valuable concept. Their (Scott & Rabin) classic paper has been a continuous source of inspiration for subsequent work in this field.

|1977

Adi Shamir>Shamir, Adi	RSA (algorithm)>Ingenious contribution and making public-key cryptography useful in practice.

| 1937, 1948

Claude E. Shannon>Shannon, Claude| Founded information theory, and laid foundations for practical digital circuit design.

| 1971

Masatoshi Shima>Shima Masatoshi	Intel 4004, the first commercial microprocessor,HTTP://WWW.VINTAGECALCULATORS.COM/HTML/BUSICOM_141-PF_AND_INTEL_4004.HTML	AUTHOR=NIGEL TOUT	Federico Faggin, The Making of the First Microprocessor, IEEE Solid-State Circuits Magazine, Winter 2009, IEEE Xplore as well as the Intel 8080, Zilog Z80 and Zilog Z8000 microprocessors, and the Intel 8259, 8255, 8253, Intel 8257>8257 and 8251 chips.HTTP://MUSEUM.IPSJ.OR.JP/EN/PIONEER/SHIMA.HTML>TITLE=SHIMA MASATOSHI-COMPUTER MUSEUM	LAST=JAPAN	ACCESS-DATE=25 OCTOBER 2017,

| 2007

Joseph Sifakis>Sifakis, Joseph| Developing model checking into a highly effective verification technology, widely adopted in the hardware and software industries.2007 Turing Award Winners Announced

| 1956, 1957

Herbert A. Simon>Simon, Herbert A.| A political scientist and economist who pioneered artificial intelligence. Co-creator of the Logic Theory Machine and the General Problem Solver programs.

| 1953

Karen Spärck Jones>Spärck Jones, Karen {{undue weight inline	date=October 2017}} | One of the pioneers of information retrieval and natural language processing.

| 1972

Richard Stallman>Stallman, Richard| Stallman launched the GNU Project in September 1983 to create a Unix-like computer operating system composed entirely of free software. With this, he also launched the free software movement.

| 1993

Richard E. Stearns>Stearns, Richard E.|Foundations for the field of computational complexity theory.

| 1981

Alexander Stepanov>Stepanov, Alexander| Stepanov is one of the pioneers when it comes to Generic Programming and he is also the primary designer and implementer of the C++ Standard Template Library.

| 1937, 1941

George Robert Stibitz>Stibitz, George R.| Father of modern digital computing and remote job entry. Coined the term “digital”. Discovered the reflected binary code known as Gray code. Excess-3 code is named after him as well (Stibitz code).

| 1982

Michael Stonebraker>Stonebraker, Michael| Revolutionized the field of database management systems (DBMSs) and founded multiple successful database companies

| 1979

Bjarne Stroustrup>Stroustrup, Bjarne| Invented C++ at Bell Labs

| 1963

Ivan Sutherland>Sutherland, Ivan| Author of Sketchpad, the ancestor of modern computer-aided drafting (CAD) programs and one of the early examples of object-oriented programming.

|1986

Robert Tarjan>Tarjan, Robert|Fundamental achievements in the design and analysis of algorithms and data structures.

| 1973

Charles P. Thacker>Thacker, Charles P.| Pioneering design and realization of the Xerox Alto, the first modern personal computer, and in addition for his contributions to the Ethernet and the Tablet PC.

| 1972, 1973

André Truong Trong Thi>Thi, André Truong Trong and François Gernelle{{undue weight inline	date=October 2017}}	Micral>Micral N, the earliest commercial, non-kit personal computer based on a microprocessor.

| 1967

Ken Thompson>Thompson, Ken	Unix operating system, the B programming language, Plan 9 from Bell Labs>Plan 9 operating system, the first machine to achieve a Master rating in chess, and the UTF-8 encoding at Bell Labs and the Go programming language at Google.

| 1993

Chai Keong Toh>Toh, Chai Keong| Created mobile ad hoc networking; Implemented the first working wireless ad hoc network of laptop computers in 1998 using Linux OS, Lucent WaveLan 802.11 radios, and a new distributed routing protocol transparent to TCP/UDP/IP.

| 1912, 1914

Leonardo Torres Quevedo>Torres Quevedo, Leonardo

El Ajedrecista (the chess player), one of the first autonomous machines capable of playing chess. As opposed to the human-operated Mechanical Turk>The Turk and Ajeeb, El Ajedrecista was a true automaton built to play chess without human guidance. It played an endgame with three chess pieces, automatically moving a white king and a rook to checkmate the black king moved by a human opponent. In his work Essays on Automatics, published in 1914, Torres Quevedo formulates what will be a new branch of engineering: automation and designed an electromechanical version of Babbage’s Analytical machine which introduced floating-point arithmetic.

| 1991

Linus Torvalds>Torvalds, Linus| Created the first version of the Linux kernel.

| 1965

John W. Tukey>Tukey, John W.	James Cooley, created the Cooley-Tukey FFT algorithm>fast Fourier transform. He invented the term “bit”.BELL SYSTEM TECHNICAL JOURNAL > AUTHOR = CLAUDE SHANNON	DATE=1948,

| 1936

Alan Turing>Turing, Alan	Turing machine computational model, the conceiving of the stored program concept and the designing of the high-speed Automatic Computing Engine>ACE design. Independently of Alonzo Church, he formulated the Church-Turing thesis and proved that first-order logic is Entscheidungsproblem	. He also explored the philosophical issues concerning Artificial Intelligence>artificial intelligence, proposing what is now known as Turing test.

| 2010

Leslie Valiant>Valiant, Leslie	theory of computation, including the theory of probably approximately correct (Probably approximately correct learning>PAC) learning, the complexity of enumeration and of algebraic computation, and the theory of parallel and distributed computing.

| 1875, 1875

Ramón Verea>Verea, Ramón| Designed and patented the Verea Direct Multiplier, the first mechanical direct multiplier.

| 1950~

An Wang>Wang An| Made key contributions to the development of magnetic core memory.

| 1955, 1960s, 1974

Willis Ware>Ware, Willis	JOHNNIAC. Chaired committee that developed the FTC Fair Information Practice>Code of Fair Information Practice and led to the Privacy Act of 1974. Vice-chair of the Privacy Protection Study Commission.

| 1964, 1966

Joseph Weizenbaum>Weizenbaum, Joseph| One of the fathers of modern artificial intelligence. Creator of the ELIZA program using natural language processing to emulate conversations with a psychologist.

| 1968

Adriaan van Wijngaarden>Wijngaarden, Adriaan van| Developer of the W-grammar first used in the definition of ALGOL 68

| 1949

Maurice Wilkes>Wilkes, Maurice| Built the first practical stored program computer (EDSAC) to be completed and for being credited with the ideas of several high-level programming language constructs.

|1970

James H. Wilkinson>Wilkinson, James H.	numerical analysis to facilitate the use of the high-speed digital computer, having received special recognition for his work in computations in linear algebra and “backward” error analysis.10.1145/321637.321638	JOURNAL = JOURNAL OF THE ACM	ISSUE = 2	DATE = 1971	FIRST = J. H.	DOI-ACCESS = FREE,

| 1970, 1978

Niklaus Wirth>Wirth, Niklaus	Pascal programming language>Pascal, Modula-2 and Oberon programming languages.

|2000

Andrew Yao>Yao, Andrew	theory of computation, including the complexity-based theory of pseudorandom number generator>pseudorandom number generation, cryptography, and communication complexity.

| 1955–1958

Heinz Zemanek>Zemanek, Heinz| Developed an early fully transistorized computer, the Mailüfterl. Crucial in the creation of the formal definition of the programming language PL/I.

| 1938, 1945

Konrad Zuse>Zuse, Konrad	Z1 (computer)>Z1. Built the first functional program-controlled computer, the Z3 (computer)	in 1941.HTTPS://PLATO.STANFORD.EDU/ARCHIVES/FALL2008/ENTRIES/COMPUTING-HISTORY/	FIRST=B. JACK	EDITOR-FIRST=EDWARD N.	DATE=25 OCTOBER 2017	ACCESS-DATE=25 OCTOBER 2017	Reverse Polish Notation, and it was proven to be Turing-complete in 1998. Produced the world’s first commercial computer, the Z4 (computer)>Z4. Designed the first high-level programming language, Plankalkül.

~ Items marked with a tilde are circa dates.

See also

• Computer Pioneer Award
• IEEE John von Neumann Medal
• Grace Murray Hopper Award
• History of computing
  • History of computing hardware
  • History of computing hardware (1960s–present)
  • History of software
• List of computer science awards
• List of computer scientists
• List of Internet pioneers
• List of people considered father or mother of a field § Computing
• The Man Who Invented the Computer (2010 book)
• List of Russian IT developers
• List of Women in Technology International Hall of Fame inductees
• Timeline of computing
• Turing Award
• Women in computing

References

{{Reflist}}

Sources

• JOURNAL, Hamming, Richard W., 0035935, Bell System Technical Journal, 147–160, Error detecting and error correcting codes,www.caip.rutgers.edu/~bushnell/dsdwebsite/hamming.pdf,www.caip.rutgers.edu/~bushnell/dsdwebsite/hamming.pdf," title="web.archive.org/web/20060525060427www.caip.rutgers.edu/~bushnell/dsdwebsite/hamming.pdf,">web.archive.org/web/20060525060427www.caip.rutgers.edu/~bushnell/dsdwebsite/hamming.pdf, May 25, 2006, 29, 2, 1950, 10.1002/j.1538-7305.1950.tb00463.x, 61141773

,

• BOOK, Ling, San, Chaoping, Xing, 2004, Coding Theory: a First Course, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 978-0-521-82191-9

,

• BOOK, Pless, Vera, Vera Pless, 1982, Introduction to the Theory of Error-Correcting Codes, Introduction to the Theory of Error-Correcting Codes, New York, Wiley, 978-0-471-08684-0

,

• JOURNAL, Morgan, Samuel P., Richard Wesley Hamming (1915–1998), Notices of the AMS, September 1998, 45, 8, 972–977, 0002-9920,www.ams.org/notices/199808/mem-morgan.pdf, 2014-08-30

,

External links

• Internet pioneers

{{Basic computer components}}