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{{For|help displaying mathematical formulae in Wikipedia|Help:Displaying a formula}}{{other uses|Tex (disambiguation)}}{{short description|typesetting system}}{{distinguish|LaTeX}}{{use dmy dates|date=January 2012}}

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| type code =| uniform type =| magic =| owner =Document file format| container for =| contained by =| extended from =| extended to =| standard =| url =}}TeX ({{IPAc-en|t|É›|x|,_|t|É›|k}}, see below), stylized within the system as TeX, is a typesetting system (or a "formatting system") which was designed and mostly written by Donald KnuthWEB,weblink Per Bothner (assistant of Knuth) discusses authorship, Knuth definitely wrote most of the code himself, at least for the Metafont re-write, for which I have pe[r]sonal knowledge. However, some of his students (such as Michael Plass and John Hobby) did work on the algorithms used in TeX and Metafont., and released in 1978. TeX is a popular means of typesetting complex mathematical formulae; it has been noted as one of the most sophisticated digital typographical systems.Yannis Haralambous. Fonts & Encodings (Translated by P. Scott Horne). Beijing; Sebastopol, Calif: Oâ€™Reilly Media, 2007, pp. 235. TeX is popular in academia, especially in mathematics, computer science, economics, engineering, linguistics, physics, statistics, and quantitative psychology. It has largely displaced Unix troffAlthough troff still remains as the default formatter of the UNIX documentation., the other favored formatting system, in many Unix installations which use both for different purposes. It is also used for many other typesetting tasks, especially in the form of LaTeXWEB,weblink The Definitive, Non-Technical Introduction to LaTeX, Professional Typesetting and Scientific Publishing, 2015-09-05, Math Vault, en-US, 2019-07-21, , ConTeXt, and other macro packages.TeX was designed with two main goals in mind: to allow anybody to produce high-quality books with minimal effort, and to provide a system that would give exactly the same results on all computers, at any point in time (together with the Metafont language for font description and the Computer Modern family of typefaces).JOURNAL, 908946, Do Open Source Developers Respond to Competition?: The (La)TeX Case Study, Alexia, Gaudeul, 27 March 2006, TeX is a free software, which made it accessible to a wide range of users.

## History

### WEB and literate programming

For later versions of TeX, Knuth invented the concept of literate programming, a way of producing compilable source code and cross-linked documentation typeset in TeX from the same original file. The language used is called WEB and produces programs in DEC PDP-10 Pascal.

### TeX82

TeX82, a new version of TeX which is rewritten from scratch, was published in 1982. Among other changes, the original hyphenation algorithm was replaced by a new algorithm written by Frank Liang. TeX82 also uses fixed-point arithmetic instead of floating-point, to ensure reproducibility of the results across different computer hardware,Knuth and Plass, p. 144 and includes a real, Turing-complete programming language, following intense lobbying by Guy Steele.Donald E. Knuth, Knuth meets NTG members, NTG: MAPS. 16 (1996), 38â€“49. Reprinted as Questions and Answers, III, chapter 33 of Digital Typography, p. 648. In 1989, Donald Knuth released new versions of TeX and Metafont.Donald E. Knuth. The New Versions of TeX and METAFONT, TUGboat 10 (1989), 325â€“328; 11 (1990), 12. Reprinted as chapter 29 of Digital Typography. Despite his desire to keep the program stable, Knuth realised that 128 different characters for the text input were not enough to accommodate foreign languages; the main change in version 3.0 of TeX is thus the ability to work with 8-bit inputs, allowing 256 different characters in the text input.Since version 3, TeX has used an idiosyncratic version numbering system, where updates have been indicated by adding an extra digit at the end of the decimal, so that the version number asymptotically approaches {{pi}}. This is a reflection of the fact that TeX is now very stable, and only minor updates are anticipated. The current version of TeX is 3.14159265; it was last updated on January 12, 2014.WEB, TeX 14 release,weblink 20 January 2014, The design was frozen after version 3.0, and no new feature or fundamental change will be added, so all newer versions will contain only bug fixes.WEB,weblink What is the future of TeX?, 2018-05-27, The TeX FAQ, en-US, 2019-07-21, Even though Donald Knuth himself has suggested a few areas in which TeX could have been improved, he indicated that he firmly believes that having an unchanged system that will produce the same output now and in the future is more important than introducing new features. For this reason, he has stated that the "absolutely final change (to be made after my death)" will be to change the version number to {{pi}}, at which point all remaining bugs will become features.Donald E. Knuth. The future of TeX and METAFONT, NTG journal MAPS (1990), 489. Reprinted as chapter 30 of Digital Typography, p. 571. Likewise, versions of METAFONT after 2.0 asymptotically approach {{math|e}} (currently at 2.718281), and a similar change will be applied after Knuth's death.

### Public domain

Since the source code of TeX is essentially in the public domain (see below), other programmers are allowed (and explicitly encouraged) to improve the system, but are required to use another name to distribute the modified TeX, meaning that the source code can still evolve. For example, the Omega project was developed after 1991, primarily to enhance TeX's multilingual typesetting abilities.WEB,weblink TeX Engine development, 2018-05-24, The TeX FAQ, en-US, 2019-07-21, Knuth created "unofficial" modified versions, such as TeX-XeT, which allows a user to mix texts written in left-to-right and right-to-left writing systems in the same document.Donald E. Knuth and Pierre MacKay. Mixing Right-to-Left Texts with Left-to-Right Texts, TUGboat 8 (1987), 14â€“25. Reprinted as chapter 4 of Digital Typography.

## Use of TeX

In several technical fields such as computer science, mathematics, engineering and physics, TeX has become a de facto standard. Many thousands of books have been published using TeX, including books published by Addison-Wesley, Cambridge University Press, Elsevier, Oxford University Press and Springer. Numerous journals in these fields are produced using TeX or LaTeX, allowing authors to submit their raw manuscript written in TeX.{{sfn|Beebe|p=10}} While many publications in other fields, including dictionaries and legal publications, have been produced using TeX, it has not been as successful as in the more technical fields, as TeX was primarily designed to typeset mathematics.When he designed TeX, Donald Knuth did not believe that a single typesetting system would fit everyone's needs; instead, he designed many hooks inside the program so that it would be possible to write extensions, and released the source code, hoping that the publishers would design versions tailoring to their own needs. While such extensions have been created (including some by Knuth himself{{Citation|last1=Knuth|first1=Donald Ervin|title=Mixing Right-to-Left Texts with Left-to-Right Texts|date=1987|url=http://www.tug.org/TUGboat/Articles/tb08-1/tb17knutmix.pdf|journal=TUGboat|volume=8|pages=14â€“25|format=PDF|last2=MacKay|first2=Pierre}}. Reprinted as {{Citation|title=Digital Typography|chapter=Chapter 4}}), most people have extended TeX only using macros and it has remained a system associated with technical typesetting.{{Citation|last=Knuth|first=Donald Ervin|title=Questions and Answers I|date=1996|journal=TUGboat|volume=17|pages=7â€“22}}. Reprinted as {{Citation|title=Digital Typography|page=598|chapter=Chapter 31}}{{Citation|last=Knuth|first=Donald Ervin|title=Questions and Answers II|date=1996|journal=TUGboat|volume=17|pages=355â€“67}}. Reprinted as {{Citation|title=Digital Typography|pages=616â€“17|chapter=Chapter 32}}

## Typesetting system

### How it is run

File:LaTeX sample.png|thumb|A sample page produced using TeX with the LaTeXLaTeXA sample Hello world program in plain TeX is:Hello, Worldbye % marks the end of the file; not shown in the final outputThis might be in a file myfile.tex, as .tex is a common file extension for plain TeX files. By default, everything that follows a percent sign on a line is a comment, ignored by TeX. Running TeX on this file (for example, by typing tex myfile.tex in a command-line interpreter, or by calling it from a graphical user interface) will create an output file called myfile.dvi, representing the content of the page in a device independent format (DVI). A DVI file could then either be viewed on screen or converted to a suitable format for any of the various printers for which a device driver existed (printer support was generally not an operating system feature at the time that TeX was created). Knuth has said that there is nothing inherent in TeX that requires DVI as the output format, and later versions of TeX, notably pdfTeX, XeTeX and LuaTeX, all support output directly to PDF.

## Distributions and extensions

TeX is usually provided in the form of an easy-to-install bundle of TeX itself along with Metafont and all the necessary fonts, documents formats, and utilities needed to use the typesetting system. On UNIX-compatible systems, including Linux and Apple macOS, TeX is distributed as part of the larger TeX Live distribution. (Prior to TeX Live, the teTeX distribution was the de facto standard on UNIX-compatible systems.) On Microsoft Windows, there is the MiKTeX distribution (enhanced by proTeXt) and the Microsoft Windows version of TeX Live.Several document processing systems are based on TeX, notably jadeTeX, which uses TeX as a backend for printing from James Clark's DSSSL Engine, the Arbortext publishing system, and Texinfo, the GNU documentation processing system. TeX has been the official typesetting package for the GNU operating system since 1984.Numerous extensions and companion programs for TeX exist, among them BibTeX for bibliographies (distributed with LaTeX), pdfTeX, a TeX-compatible engine which bypasses DVI and produces output in PDF, XeTeX, an TeX-compatible engine that supports Unicode and OpenType, and LuaTeX, an Unicode-aware extension to TeX that includes a Lua runtime with extensive hooks into the underlying TeX routines and algorithms. Most TeX extensions are available for free from CTAN, the Comprehensive TeX Archive Network.

### Editors

{{See also|Comparison of TeX editors}}There are a variety of (:Category:TeX editors|editors designed to work with TeX):
1. The TeXmacs text editor is a WYSIWYW scientific text editor, inspired by both TeX and Emacs. It uses Knuth's fonts and can generate TeX output.
2. BaKoMa-TeX is a Windows/Mac/Linux-based WYSIWYG editor that allows for editing the document by directly altering the source code, or by directly altering the preview of the source code.
3. Overleaf is a partial-WYSIWYG, online editor that provides a cloud-based solution to TeX along with additional features in real-time collaborative editing.
4. LyX is a WYSIWYM document processor which runs on a variety of platforms including:
5. TeXShop (for Mac OS X), TeXworks (for Linux, Mac OS X and Windows) and WinShell (for Windows) are similar tools and provide an integrated development environment (IDE) for working with LaTeX or TeX. For KDE/Qt, Kile provides such an IDE.
6. Texmaker is the Pure Qt equivalent of Kile, with a user interface that is nearly the same as Kile's.
7. TeXstudio is an open-source fork (2009) of Texmaker that offers a different approach to configurability and features. Free downloadable binaries are provided for Windows, Linux, Mac OS X, OS/2, and FreeBSD.
8. GNU Emacs has various built-in and third-party packages with support for TeX, the major one being AUCTeX.
9. For Vim, possible plugins include Vim-LaTeX Suite,{{Citation | title = Vimâ€LaTex | publisher = SourceForge | url =weblink}} Automatic TeX{{Citation | title = Automatic TeX plugin | url =weblink | publisher = Launch pad }} {{Dead link|date=June 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=no }} and TeX-9.{{Citation | title = TeX-9 | url =weblink | publisher = Vim.org}}
10. For Google Docs, Auto-Latex Equations is a Google Docs add-on that provides mathematical TeX typesetting (MathJax supported).
11. For Apache OpenOffice and LibreOffice, iMath and TexMaths extensions can provides mathematical TeX typesetting.{{Citation | title = TexMaths Homepage | publisher = free.fr | url =weblink}}{{Citation | title = iMath | publisher = SourceForge | url =weblink}}
12. For MediaWiki, the provides mathematical TeX typesetting, but the code need to be surrounded by tag.

Donald Knuth has indicated several times{{Citation | chapter = The future of TeX and METAFONT | page = 572 | title = Digital Typography}}{{Citation | first = Donald E | last = Knuth | format = PDF | title = Computers and Typesettings | url =weblink | journal = TUGboat | volume = 7 | date = 1986 | pages = 95â€“98}}{{Citation | chapter = Chapter 28 | format = PDF | title = Digital Typography | url =weblink | page = 560}} that the source code of TeX has been placed into the "public domain", and he strongly encourages modifications or experimentations with this source code. In particular, since Knuth highly values the reproducibility of the output of all versions of TeX, any changed version must not be called TeX, or anything confusingly similar. To enforce this rule, any implementation of the system must pass a test suite called the TRIP test{{Citation | url =weblink | title = CTAN | contribution = Trip | type = source code | format = TeX}} before being allowed to be called TeX. The question of license is somewhat confused by the statements included at the beginning of the TeX source code,{{Sfn | Knuth | 1986}} which indicate that "all rights are reserved. Copying of this file is authorized only if ... you make absolutely no changes to your copy". This restriction should be interpreted as a prohibition to change the source code as long as the file is called tex.web. This interpretation is confirmed later in the source code when the TRIP test is mentioned ("If this program is changed, the resulting system should not be called 'TeX{{'"}}).Open Source: Technology and Policy by Fadi P. Deek, James A. M. McHugh "Public domain", page 227 (2008) The American Mathematical Society tried in the early 1980s to claim a trademark for TeX. This was rejected because at the time "TEX" (all caps) was registered by Honeywell for the "Text EXecutive" text processing system.{{Citation needed|date=April 2010}}

### XML publication

It is possible to use TeX for automatic generation of sophisticated layout for XML data. The differences in syntax between the two description languages can be overcome with the help of TeXML. In the context of XML publication, TeX can thus be considered an alternative to XSL-FO. TeX allowed scientific papers in mathematical disciplines to be reduced to relatively small files that could be rendered client-side, allowing fully typeset scientific papers to be exchanged over the early Internet and emerging World Wide Web, even when sending large files was difficult. This paved the way for the creation of repositories of scientific papers such as arXiv, through which papers could be 'published' without an intermediary publisher.ARXIV, O'Connell, Heath, Physicists Thriving with Paperless Publishing, 2000, physics/0007040,

## Pronunciation and spelling

The name TeX is intended by its developer to be {{IPAc-en|t|É›|x}}, with the final consonant of loch or Bach.Donald E. Knuth, The TeXbook, Ch. 1: The Name of the Game, p. 1. The letters of the name are meant to represent the capital Greek letters tau, epsilon, and chi, as TeX is an abbreviation of Ï„Î­Ï‡Î½Î· (Î¤Î•Î§ÎÎ— â€“ technÄ“), Greek for both "art" and "craft", which is also the root word of technical. English speakers often pronounce it {{IPA|/ËˆtÉ›k/}}, like the first syllable of technical. Knuth instructs that it be typeset with the "E" below the baseline and reduced spacing between the letters. This is done, as Knuth mentions in his TeXbook, to distinguish TeX from other system names such as TEX, the Text EXecutive processor (developed by Honeywell Information Systems).Donald E. Knuth. The TeX Logo in Various Fonts, TUGboat 7 (1986), 101. Reprinted as chapter 6 of Digital Typography. Fans like to proliferate names from the word "TeX"â€”such as TeXnician (user of TeX software), TeXhacker (TeX programmer), TeXmaster (competent TeX programmer), TeXhax, and TeXnique.WEB,weblink The Jargon Fileâ€”TeX, 23 July 2016,

## Community

(File:Logo TUG.svg|thumb|upright=0.4|TeX Users Group's logo)Notable entities in the TeX community include the TeX Users Group, which publishes TUGboat and The PracTeX Journal, covering a wide range of topics in digital typography relevant to TeX. The Deutschsprachige Anwendervereinigung TeX is a large user group in Germany. The TeX Users Group was founded in 1980 for educational and scientific purposes, provides an organization for those who have an interest in typography and font design, and are users of the TeX typesetting system invented by Knuth. The TeX Users Group represents the interests of TeX users worldwide. The TeX Users Group publishes the journal TUGboat three times per year.WEB, The Communications of the TeX Users Group,weblink tug.org, TeX Users Group, 15 March 2019,

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## Notes

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## References

{{reflist}}

### Sources

• {{FOLDOC}}
• {{Citation | first = Nelson HF | last = Beebe | url =weblink | title = 25 Years of TeX and METAFONT: Looking Back and Looking Forward | journal = TUGboat | volume = 25 | date = 2004 | pages = 7â€“30 | format = PDF}}.
• {{Citation | first = Donald Ervin | last = Knuth | title = The TeXbook | series = Computers and Typesetting | volume = A | place = Reading, MA | publisher = Addison-Wesley | date = 1984 | ISBN = 0-201-13448-9}}. The source code of the book in TeX (and a needed set of macros weblink) is available online on CTAN. It is provided only as an example and its use to prepare a book like The TeXbook is not allowed.
• {{Citation | first = Donald Ervin | last = Knuth | author-mask = 3 | title = TeX: The Program | series = Computers and Typesetting | volume = B | place = Reading, MA | publisher = Addison-Wesley | date = 1986 | ISBN = 0-201-13437-3}}. The full source code of TeX; also available on CTAN. Being written using literate programming, it contains plenty of human-readable documentation.
• {{Citation | first = Donald Ervin | last = Knuth | author-mask = 3 | title = Digital Typography | series = Lecture notes | number = 78 | publisher = Center for the Study of Language and Information | date = 1999 | ISBN = 1-57586-010-4}}.
• {{Citation | first1 = Donald Ervin | last1 = Knuth | author-mask = 3 | first2 = Michael F | last2 = Plass | title = Breaking Paragraphs Into Lines | journal = Software: Practice and Experience | volume = 11 | date = 1981 | pages = 1119â€“84 | doi=10.1002/spe.4380111102}}. Reprinted as {{Citation | chapter = Chapter 3 | title = Digital Typography | pages = 67â€“155}}.
• {{Citation | first = Donald Ervin | last = Knuth | author-mask = 3 | url =weblink | title = TeX | type = source code | format = WEB | deadurl = yes | archiveurl =weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20110927042518weblink">weblink | archivedate = 27 September 2011 | df = dmy-all }} contains extensive documentation about the algorithms used in TeX.
• {{Citation | first = Leslie | last = Lamport | author-link = Leslie Lamport | title = LaTeX: A Document Preparation System | place = Reading, MA | publisher = Addison-Wesley | edition = 2nd | date = 1994 | ISBN = 0-201-52983-1}}.
• {{Citation | first = Franklin Mark | last = Liang | url =weblink | title = Word Hy-phen-a-tion by Com-put-er | type = PhD thesis | publisher = Department of Computer Science, Stanford University |date=August 1983}}.
• {{Citation | first = David | last = Salomon | title = The Advanced TeXbook | publisher = Springer | date = 1995 | ISBN = 0-387-94556-3}}.
• {{Citation | first = MD | last = Spivak | title = The Joy of TeX | edition = 2nd | publisher = American Mathematical Society | date = 1990 | ISBN = 0-8218-2997-1 | type = reference}} on AMS-TeX.
• {{Citation | first = Michael | last = Vulis | url =weblink | title = Modern TeX and Its Applications | publisher = CRC Press | date = 1992 | ISBN = 0-8493-4431-X}}.

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