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halal
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(File:Halal logo.svg|thumb|right|The word halal. It is used as a visual marker for Muslims in restaurants, shops and on products.|263x263px){{Short description|Islamic term for “permissible” things}}{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}{{Usul al-fiqh}}Halal ({{IPAc-en|h|É|Ë|l|ÉË|l}};WEB, Definition of HALAL,www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/halal, 2023-12-19, www.merriam-webster.com, en, {{transliteration|ar|ALA|ḥalÄl}} {{IPA-ar|ħæËlæËl|}}) is an Arabic word that translates to {{gloss|permissible}} in English. In the Quran, the term halal is contrasted with the term haram ({{gloss|forbidden}}). This binary opposition was elaborated into a more complex classification known as “the five decisions”: mandatory, recommended, neutral, reprehensible and forbidden.ENCYCLOPEDIA, Knut S., Vikør, SharÄ«Ê¿ah, The Oxford Encyclopedia of Islam and Politics, Oxford University Press, Emad El-Din Shahin, 2014,www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195305135.001.0001/acref-9780195305135-e-0292?rskey=sOBRVr&result=410, 18 May 2017, ḤalÄl, subscription, 978-0-19-530513-5, Islamic jurists disagree on whether the term halal covers the first two or the first four of these categories. In recent times, Islamic movements seeking to mobilize the masses and authors writing for a popular audience have emphasized the simpler distinction of halal and haram.ENCYCLOPEDIA, Encyclopedia of Islam, Halal, Juan Eduardo Campo, Infobase Publishing, 2009, 284, ENCYCLOPEDIA, Lowry, Joseph E, 2006, Lawful and Unlawful, Encyclopaedia of the QurʾÄn, Jane Dammen McAuliffe, Brill, 10.1163/1875-3922_q3_EQCOM_00107, The term halal is particularly associated with Islamic dietary laws and especially meat processed and prepared in accordance with those requirements.- the content below is remote from Wikipedia
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In the Quran
The words halal and haram are the common terms used in the Quran to designate the categories of lawful or allowed and unlawful or forbidden. In the Quran, the root h-l-l denotes lawfulness and may also indicate exiting the ritual state of a pilgrim and entering a profane state. In both these senses, it has an opposite meaning to that conveyed by the root h-r-m (cf. haram and {{transliteration|ar|ihram}}). In a literal sense, the root h-r-m may refer to dissolution (e.g., breaking of an oath) or alighting (e.g., of God’s wrath). Lawfulness is usually indicated in the Quran by means of the verb {{transliteration|ar|ahalla}} ({{gloss|to make lawful}}), with God as the stated or implied subject.Foods
File:æ¸ çä¸åçè館.JPG|thumb|A halal sign in Chinese (, {{transliteration|zh|qÄ«ng zhÄn}}) at a restaurant in TaipeiTaipeiIslam generally considers every food halal unless it is specifically prohibited in hadith or the Qur’an.WEB, Definition of Halal, Halal Monitoring Committee U.K.,halalhmc.org/resources/definition-of-halal/, Specifically, halal foods are those that are:- Made, produced, manufactured, processed, and stored using machinery, equipment, and/or utensils that have been cleaned according to Islamic law (shariah).
- Free from any component that Muslims are prohibited from eating according to Islamic law.WEB, What is Halal? A Guide for Non-Muslims, Islamic Council of Victoria (ICV),www.icv.org.au/about/about-islam-overview/what-is-halal-a-guide-for-non-muslims/, 22 February 2022, 12 April 2022,web.archive.org/web/20220412041724/https://www.icv.org.au/about/about-islam-overview/what-is-halal-a-guide-for-non-muslims/, dead,
Halal meat
File:HalalMeat.jpg|thumb|Halal meat section at a grocery store in Richmond Hill, Ontario, CanadaCanadaMuslims believe in what they see as the ethical treatment of animals. Halal practices align with this philosophy by promoting kindness, compassion, and humane treatment throughout the entire lifecycle of the animal. The emphasis on swift and painless slaughter respects the animal’s dignity and minimizes suffering.JOURNAL, Rahman, Sira, Religion and Animal WelfareâAn Islamic Perspective, Animals, 17 February 2017, 7, 12, 11, 10.3390/ani7020011, 28218670, 5332932, free, Halal meat must come from a supplier that uses halal practices. {{transliteration|ar|Dhabīḥah}} () is the prescribed method of slaughter for all meat sources, excluding fish and other sealife, per Islamic law. This method of slaughtering animals consists of using a sharp knife to make an incision that cuts the front of the throat, oesophagus and jugular veins but not the spinal cord.WEB,halalcertification.ie/halal/islamic-method-of-slaughtering/, Islamic Method of Slaughtering â Department of Halal Certification, halal certification.ie, The head of an animal that is slaughtered using halal methods should be aligned with the {{transliteration|ar|qiblah}} (the direction a Muslim faces when praying). In addition to the direction, permitted animals should be slaughtered upon utterance of the Islamic prayer “Bismillah, Allahu Akbar” (In the name of God, God is greatest).BOOK, Qasmi, Qazi Mujahidul Islam,books.google.com/books?id=H1BiDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA47, The Islamic Concept of Animal Slaughter: اØÙا٠اÙذبÙØØ© ٠٠اÙÙ ÙظÙر اÙاسÙا٠٠[اÙÙÙÙزÙ] ترج٠ة, 1 January 2009, Dar Al Kotob Al Ilmiyah دار اÙÙتب اÙعÙÙ ÙØ©, 978-2-7451-6060-7, en, 44:47, WEB,halalcertification.ie/islamic-method-of-slaughtering/, Islamic Method of Slaughtering, The slaughter must be performed by a Muslim man.WEB, Department of Halal Certification EU,halalcertification.ie/islamic-method-of-slaughtering/, Department of Halal Certification EU, Carrion (carcasses of dead animals, such as animals who died in the wild) cannot be eaten. Additionally, an animal that has been strangled, beaten (to death), killed by a fall, gored (to death), savaged by a beast of prey (unless finished off by a human), or sacrificed on a stone altar cannot be eaten.QURAN, 5, 3,Compatibility with other religions
Animals slaughtered by People of the Book (Jews and Christians) can also be considered halal if the slaughter is carried out by jugular slice, the blood drained and the name of Allah invoked.WEB, Conditions of Eating Meat Slaughtered by Jews and Christians - Islam Question & Answer,islamqa.info/en/answers/88206/conditions-of-eating-meat-slaughtered-by-jews-and-christians, 2024-02-23, islamqa.info, en, As a result, kosher meat is permitted by some Muslim communities.WEB,www.justislam.co.uk/can-eat-meat-from-christian-jewish-butcher-p-168.html?osCsid=laoughfj7skfoc838t3951qtu6, Lawful Foods, Just Islam, Now in the case of Jews this is very easy. As long as the Jew is a practicing Jew and the meat is slaughtered in accordance with Jewish law (Torat Moshe) then this meat and other Kosher food is lawful (halal) and can be eaten by Muslims., 2 May 2014, In Sikhism, the religious prescriptions forbid eating meat of animals that were slaughtered slowly or with religious ritual,WEB, Menon, Aditya, 2020-05-14, Why Hindutva Outfits Are Calling for a Boycott of Halal Products,www.thequint.com/news/india/boycott-halal-products-hindutva-muslims-jhatka-meat, 2022-04-02, TheQuint, en, which they refer to as kutha meat.BOOK, Karen Pechilis,books.google.com/books?id=kaubzRxh-U0C&pg=PA242, South Asian Religions: Tradition and Today, Selva J. Raj, Routledge, 2013, 978-0-415-44851-2, 242, The Sikh Rahit Maryada forbids hair cutting, adultery, the use of intoxicants, and the eating of kutha meat, or meat of an animal or fowl slaughtered slowly., This includes halal meat preparation.WEB, What does this mean in practice? - Animal rights - GCSE Religious Studies Revision,www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/zppykqt/revision/6, 2022-03-31, BBC Bitesize, en-GB, WEB, 2021-12-16, ‘Halal’ or ‘jhatka’? Punjab govt advised to make eateries disclose meat category,www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/halal-or-jhatka-punjab-govt-advised-to-make-eateries-disclose-meat-category-101639670248101.html, 2022-04-01, Hindustan Times, en, WEB, 2020-12-26, ‘Halal’ meat against Hinduism, Sikhism, restaurants must specify: South Delhi body,indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/halal-meat-against-hinduism-sikhism-restaurants-must-specify-south-delhi-body-7120423/, 2022-04-01, The Indian Express, en, WEB, Netizens slam BCCI for making Halal meat compulsory for Indian cricket team; raise questions on new diet plan,www.freepressjournal.in/viral/netizens-slam-bcci-for-making-halal-meat-compulsory-for-indian-cricket-team-raise-questions-on-new-diet-plan, 2022-04-01, Free Press Journal, en, The religiously recommended method of slaughter among Sikhs, known as {{transliteration|pa|jhatka}}, is likewise incompatible with halal principles,NEWS,timesofindia.indiatimes.com/science-of-meat/articleshow/11672654.cms, Science of meat, Kounteya Sinha, Amit Bhattacharya & Anuradha Varma, 27 March 2012, The Times of India, as with this method not all of the blood is drained from the meat.NEWS,www.news9live.com/india/halal-versus-jhatka-both-schools-of-slaughter-have-meat-in-their-arguments-162696, Halal versus jhatka: Both schools of slaughter have meat in their arguments, M Hasan, 4 April 2022, News Nine,Concerns for animal welfare
File:Eidpakistan.jpg|thumbStunning of the animal is not allowed before slaughtering, unless necessary to calm down a violent animal. However, the UK Food Standards Agency figures from 2011 suggest that 84% of cattle, 81% of sheep and 88% of chickens slaughtered for halal meat were stunned before they died. Supermarkets selling halal products also report that all animals are stunned before they are slaughtered. Tesco, for example, says “the only difference between the halal meat it sells and other meat is that it was blessed as it was killed.“NEWS,www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-27324224, What is halal meat?, Nick, Eardley, BBC News, 12 May 2014, Concerns about animal suffering from slaughter without prior stunning has resulted in the ban of slaughter of unstunned animals in Denmark, Luxembourg, Belgium, Netherlands, Norway, Sweden and Switzerland.NEWS,www.reuters.com/article/us-dutch-religion-slaughter-idUSTRE75R4E420110628, Dutch vote to ban religious slaughter of animals, Sekularac, Ivana, 28 June 2011, Reuters, 26 January 2015, NEWS,www.sbs.com.au/news/article/2014/02/25/comment-danish-halal-kosher-ban-leaves-religious-groups-nowhere-turn, Comment: Danish halal, kosher ban leaves religious groups with nowhere to turn, 25 February 2014, Special Broadcasting Service, 26 January 2015,Certification
(File:HalalIndiaCertificate.jpg|thumb|An example of a halal certificate from India)Certification for halal products is given by legal authorities in most Muslim-majority countries, while in other countries, it is voluntarily acquired by companies and issued by non-governmental organizations for an annual fee.WEB, Ganeshan, Balakrishna, John, Haritha, 2022-04-05, What exactly is halal certification for meat and non-meat products? Explained,www.thenewsminute.com/article/what-exactly-halal-certification-meat-and-non-meat-products-explained-162610, 2022-07-03, The News Minute, en,Halal certification in the US
Halal certifications are provided by a number of agencies in the United States. Depending on how the certification will be used for domestic or international export, the certification need to be done by a qualified entity. If it’s for domestic use a local agency with a proper knowledge, training and background can issue a halal certificate. If the certificate is going to be used for export then the halal certifier needs to be accredited by the country the halal product is being exported to. A company that needs to certify its product must do their due diligence when hiring a certifier. There are a number of halal certifiers in the US including ISWA Halal; ISA Halal; Halal Monitoring Services (HMS), based out of Chicago, Illinois;WEB,hmsusa.org/, Halal Monitoring Services - Home, hmsusa.org, and the Halal Food Standards Alliance of America (HFSAA), based out of Oakland, California.NEWS, Masanauskas, John, 18 July 2014, Halal food outrage from anti-Islam critics, Herald Sun,www.heraldsun.com.au/news/halal-food-outrage-from-antiislam-critics/story-e6frf7jo-1226992523050, dead, 4 January 2015,www.heraldsun.com.au/news/halal-food-outrage-from-antiislam-critics/story-e6frf7jo-1226992523050," title="web.archive.org/web/20150427151510www.heraldsun.com.au/news/halal-food-outrage-from-antiislam-critics/story-e6frf7jo-1226992523050,">web.archive.org/web/20150427151510www.heraldsun.com.au/news/halal-food-outrage-from-antiislam-critics/story-e6frf7jo-1226992523050, 2015-04-27, Another agency that can help companies identify and screen the proper halal certifier is the US Halal Consultants based in Fairfax, Virginia.Criticism
In Australia, halal food certification has been criticized by groups who claim that certifying foods as halal leads to consumers subsidizing a particular religious belief.NEWS,www.smh.com.au/national/why-halal-certification-is-in-turmoil-20141227-12cmd3.html, Why halal certification is in turmoil, 28 December 2014, The Sydney Morning Herald, Johnson, Chris, 8 January 2015, Australian Federation of Islamic Councils spokesman Keysar Trad told a journalist in July 2014 that this was an attempt to exploit anti-Muslim sentiments in Australia.NEWS, Masanauskas, John, 18 July 2014, Halal food outrage from anti-Islam critics, Herald Sun,www.heraldsun.com.au/news/halal-food-outrage-from-antiislam-critics/story-e6frf7jo-1226992523050, dead,www.heraldsun.com.au/news/halal-food-outrage-from-antiislam-critics/story-e6frf7jo-1226992523050," title="web.archive.org/web/20150427151510www.heraldsun.com.au/news/halal-food-outrage-from-antiislam-critics/story-e6frf7jo-1226992523050,">web.archive.org/web/20150427151510www.heraldsun.com.au/news/halal-food-outrage-from-antiislam-critics/story-e6frf7jo-1226992523050, 2015-04-27, 4 January 2015, A study in 2022 showed that halal certifications did not necessarily reflect the extent to which a halal product came about in whole, and called for greater means of assurance and transparent qualitative methods of halal certification.JOURNAL, El Daouk, Mohamad, 2022-01-01, Introducing ḥalÄl to construction supply chains in the UK’s construction sector,doi.org/10.1108/JIMA-01-2022-0016, Journal of Islamic Marketing, 2385â2403, 14, 10, 10.1108/JIMA-01-2022-0016, 252059540, 1759-0833,Business
The Dubai Chamber of Commerce and Industry estimated the global industry value of halal food consumer purchases to be $1.1 trillion in 2013, accounting for 16.6 percent of the global food and beverage market, with an annual growth of 6.9 percent.WEB,www.zawya.com/story/Dubai_Chamber_Report_shows_increasing_preference_for_halal_food_as_global_market_grows_to_US11_trillion_in_2013-ZAWYA20140810094306/, Dubai Chamber Report shows increasing preference for halal food as global market grows to US$1.1 trn {{!, Zawya |website=www.zawya.com |access-date=31 August 2016}} Growth regions include Indonesia ($197 million market value in 2012) and Turkey ($100 million).WEB,www.fdfworld.com/production/206/REPORT:-Consumer-Demand-for-Halal-is-On-the-Rise, REPORT: Consumer Demand for Halal is on the Rise, www.fdfworld.com, 31 August 2016, 11 September 2016,www.fdfworld.com/production/206/REPORT:-Consumer-Demand-for-Halal-is-On-the-Rise," title="web.archive.org/web/20160911020925www.fdfworld.com/production/206/REPORT:-Consumer-Demand-for-Halal-is-On-the-Rise,">web.archive.org/web/20160911020925www.fdfworld.com/production/206/REPORT:-Consumer-Demand-for-Halal-is-On-the-Rise, dead, The European Union market for halal food has an estimated annual growth of around 15 percent and is worth an estimated $30 billion,WEB,apps.fas.usda.gov/newgainapi/api/report/downloadreportbyfilename?filename=Halal%20Food%20Market_Paris_France_11-15-2013.pdf, USDA Foreign Agricultural Service â Halal Food Market, 30 August 2016, approximately $8 billion of which are accounted for in France.“Halal Food Market”. Gain.fas.usda.gov, Growth Agricultural Information Network, 15 November 2015, gain.fas.usda.gov/Recent GAIN Publications/Halal Food Market_Paris_France_11-15-2013.pdf. Accessed Nov.2018 1:00 pmThe halal food and beverage industry has also made a significant impact on supermarkets and other food business such as restaurants. French supermarkets had halal food sales totalling $210 million in 2011, a 10.5% growth from five years prior. In France, the market for halal foods is even larger than the market for other types of common foods. For example, in 2010, the market for halal foods and beverages in France was nearly twice that of organic foods. Auchan, a large French supermarket chain, now sells 80 certified halal meat products, along with 30 pre-cooked halal meals and 40 frozen halal products. Upscale restaurants and catering services have also added halal foods to their menus. In addition, many beverage companies such as Evian have taken the effort to add a halal stamp on their products to show that their water and other beverages are pure and not haram or forbidden under Islamic law.NEWS,www.nytimes.com/2010/09/09/world/europe/09france.html, Halal Food in France Takes an Upscale Turn, Baume, Maïa de la, 8 September 2010, The New York Times, 8 November 2019, en-US, 0362-4331,Interaction with global regulation
Halal standards and regulations have been considered as an obstacle to international trade while the discrimination towards import products also lacks transparency. Trade disputes related to halal have emerged even among Muslim and Islamic countries, for instance at the regional level within the ASEAN.JOURNAL, Johan, Eva, Schebesta, Hanna, 2022-03-01, Religious Regulation Meets International Trade Law: Halal Measures, a Trade Obstacle? Evidence from the SPS and TBT Committees, Journal of International Economic Law, 25, 1, 61â73, 10.1093/jiel/jgac003, 1369-3034, free, WEB, Matrix of actual cases on NTMs/trade barriers,asean.org/wp-content/uploads/Matrix-of-Actual-Cases-as-of-26-April-21.pdf, ASEAN portal,European Union
On 17 December 2020, the Court of Justice of the European Union ruled that member countries may ban religious slaughter in order to promote animal welfare and could impose non-lethal stunning before the killing of animals. The ruling was in response to a challenge to a 2017 Flemish government prohibition on the killing of animals without prior non-lethal (also called reversible) stunning by Jewish and Muslim associations.NEWS, Nelsen, Arthur, 17 December 2020, EU states can ban kosher and halal ritual slaughter, court rules,www.politico.eu/article/eu-states-can-ban-kosher-and-halal-ritual-slaughter-court-rules/, Politico,India
The Muslim community has been receptive of halal food and certification.WEB, 2022-03-31, ‘Discrimination based on religion⦔: Owaisi on Muslim vendor row in Karnataka,www.hindustantimes.com/cities/bengaluru-news/discrimination-based-on-religion-owaisi-on-muslim-vendor-row-in-karnataka-101648730953613.html, 2022-04-04, Hindustan Times, en, WEB, 2019-01-25, The Halal certification in the food industry and this meanings,www.btsa.com/en/halal-certification-food-industry/, 2022-04-04, BTSA, en-US, Members of the right-wing Hindutva groups in India have protested against the sale of Halal food in India. Bajrang Dal, Vishva Hindu Parishad and other Hindutva groups have run door to door campaigns in the state of Karnataka, asking people not to purchase halal meat. In March 2022 the Hindutva group Bajrang Dal physically attacked a Muslim meat seller, five persons were arrested in the incident. In March 2022, C. T. Ravi, national general secretary for the ruling Bharatiya Janata Party, referred to halal food as “economic jihad”.WEB, Muslim Meat Seller Attacked as Karnataka Hindutva Groups Now Train Focus on ‘Halal’ Meat,thewire.in/communalism/karnataka-halal-meat-muslim-hindutva, 2022-04-01, The Wire,United Kingdom
{{As of|August 2012}}, an estimated 27 UK Tesco supermarkets, in addition to most urban Asda and many Morrisons supermarkets, had halal meat counters, selling meat approved for consumption by Muslims.NEWS, National Halal Centre,www.nationalhalal.com/viewlocator.php,www.nationalhalal.com/viewlocator.php," title="web.archive.org/web/20100308212651www.nationalhalal.com/viewlocator.php,">web.archive.org/web/20100308212651www.nationalhalal.com/viewlocator.php, dead, 8 March 2010, National Halal Food Group, National Halal Food Group, 20 August 2012, 20 August 2012, According to the Food Standards Agency Animal Welfare Update report, published September 2017, 16 percent of animals slaughtered by the halal method were not stunned before slaughter, which violates RSPCA standards on animal welfare.NEWS, Religious Slaughter â RSPCA,www.rspca.org.uk/adviceandwelfare/farm/slaughter/religiousslaughter, RSPCA, 21 March 2019, However, it is legal in the UK due to an exemption in the law granted to Jews and Muslims.WEB, The stunning of livestock before slaughter has been compulsory in the EU since 1979 but most member states, including the UK, grant exemptions to Muslims and Jews.,www.newstatesman.com/politics/politics/2012/05/halal-hysteria, Halal hysteria, New Statesman, 9 May 2012,Non-food applications
In addition to food and diet, a halal lifestyle can include travel, finance, clothing, media, recreation, cosmetics.WEB,cf.cdn.unwto.org/sites/all/files/pdf/best_practice_halal_life_indonesia.pdf, Halal Lifestyle in Indonesia â UN World Tourism Organization, 30 August 2016, A halal lifestyle can even involve professional practises ranging from industrial and manufacturing logistics to supply chains.Pharmaceuticals
Some Muslims refrain from using pharmaceuticals that are not halal. This distinction is most noticeably practiced in Malaysia,WEB, Halal And Haram Medicines (Islamic Perspective),www.myhealth.gov.my/en/halal-haram-medicines-islamic-perspective/, PORTAL MyHEALTH, 8 November 2016, which has a large halal pharmaceutical industry, complete with government regulations to make sure the products are {{transliteration|ar|tayyib}}.WEB,www.researchgate.net/publication/332671712, Prospects of Halal Pharmaceuticals, On the other hand, the Quran obliges Muslims to seek treatment, including preventive ones, for diseases regardless of what the care provider believes in.WEB, Hussain, Shadim, Why are some Muslims suspicious of a COVID-19 vaccine?,www.abc.net.au/religion/overcoming-muslim-reticence-toward-covid-vaccine/12927958, ABC Religion & Ethics, en, 27 November 2020, In particular, medicines containing animal products like gelatin have been deemed permissible by a 1995 council of Islamic jurisprudents, making such distinction unnecessary.WEB,www.immunize.org/concerns/porcine.pdf, (Form letter EDB.7/3 P6/61/3), World Health Organization, Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean, 2001-07-17, Gezairy HA, 2009-05-12, The decentralized nature of Islam allows both opinions to exist.Vaccines
{{see also|Vaccination and religion}}The controversy over pharmaceuticals has led to the refusal of childhood vaccination in some Muslim-majority countries,JOURNAL, Ahmed, Ali, Lee, Kah S., Bukhsh, Allah, Al-Worafi, Yaser M., Sarker, Md. Moklesur R., Ming, Long C., Khan, Tahir M., Outbreak of vaccine-preventable diseases in Muslim majority countries, Journal of Infection and Public Health, March 2018, 11, 2, 153â155, 10.1016/j.jiph.2017.09.007, 28988775, free, despite many religious leaders expressly endorsing vaccination.WEB, Religious Views of Vaccination At-A-Glance,www.maineaap.org/assets/docs/Religious-Views-of-Vaccination-At-a-Glance.pdf, Maine Chapter, American Academy of Pediatrics, It is also a concern in the rollout of the COVID-19 vaccine.WEB, Birmingham mosque becomes UK’s first to offer Covid vaccine,www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-birmingham-55752056, BBC News, 21 January 2021, WEB, Paddock, Richard C., Is the Vaccine Halal? Indonesians Await the Answer,www.nytimes.com/2021/01/05/world/asia/indonesia-sinovac-vaccine-halal.html, The New York Times, 5 January 2021,Personal care
Feminine hygiene products and diapers have been certified as halal in Malaysia. Such certification is not required by the religion, nor is there a demand from Muslims. Critics{{who|date=May 2021}} consider such “unnecessary” certification as little more than a marketing gimmick, e.g., halal labels on clearly vegetarian soft drinks or naturally grown food items like cereals, pulses, vegetables and processed foods made exclusively from vegetable products.WEB,www.salaamgateway.com/story/malaysian-company-says-halal-certification-for-its-diapers-sanitary-pads-signal-safety-and-quality-b, Malaysian company says halal certification for its diapers, sanitary pads signal safety and quality but experts question motives, Salaam, Gateway, Salaam Gateway - Global Islamic Economy Gateway, {{unreliable source?|date=May 2021}}See also
{{div col}}- Islamic ethics
- {{transliteration|ar|Al-Jamia}}, a Shi’a text which contains all the details of halal things.
- {{transliteration|ar|IstiḥlÄl}}
- Halal certification in Australia
- Halal certification in Europe
- Taboo food and drink
- Kashrut (Jewish dietary laws)
- Christian dietary laws
- Scottish pork taboo
References
{{reflist|30em}}Further reading
- Yungman, Limor, “Food”, in Muhammad in History, Thought, and Culture: An Encyclopedia of the Prophet of God (2 vols.), Edited by C. Fitzpatrick and A. Walker, Santa Barbara, ABC-CLIO, 2014, Vol I.
External links
{{Commons category|Halal}}{{Cookbook|Halal}}- What is halal meat?
- www.halalworld.org/home?lang=en" title="web.archive.org/web/20130504025051www.halalworld.org/home?lang=en">Halal World certificate
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