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{{Short description|American writer and filmmaker, professor, and activist (1933–2004)}}{{Use mdy dates|date=December 2020}}

factoids

| birth_place = New York City, U.S.2004281mf=y}}| death_place = New York City, U.S.| resting_place = Montparnasse Cemetery, Paris, France| other_names =

• Novelist
• essayist
• filmmaker{edih}| years_active = 1959–2004

• Against Interpretation (1966)
• On Photography (1977)
• Illness as Metaphor (1978)
• Regarding the Pain of Others (2003){edih}

Philip Rieff1959|end=div}}| partner = Annie Leibovitz (1989–2004)| children = David RieffUniversity of California, Berkeley University of Chicago (Bachelor of Arts>BA)Harvard University (MA)| website = {{Official URL}}}}Susan Lee Sontag ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|s|ɒ|n|t|æ|ɡ}}; January 16, 1933 – December 28, 2004) was an American writer, critic, and public intellectual. She mostly wrote essays, but also published novels; she published her first major work, the essay "Notes on 'Camp'{{Half-space}}", in 1964. Her best-known works include the critical works Against Interpretation (1966), On Photography (1977), Illness as Metaphor (1978) and Regarding the Pain of Others, as well as the fictional works The Way We Live Now (1986), The Volcano Lover (1992), and In America (1999).Sontag was active in writing and speaking about, or traveling to, areas of conflict, including during the Vietnam War and the Siege of Sarajevo. She wrote extensively about literature, photography and media, culture, AIDS and illness, war, human rights, and left-wing politics. Her essays and speeches drew controversy,BOOK,weblink Hooking Up, 978-0374103828, Wolfe, Tom, October 31, 2000, Macmillan, and she has been called "one of the most influential critics of her generation"."Susan Sontag", The New York Review of Books, accessed December 19, 2012

Early life and education

Sontag was born Susan Rosenblatt in New York City, the daughter of Mildred (née Jacobson) and Jack Rosenblatt, both Jews of LithuanianWEB,weblink Susan Sontag Receives German Peace Prize, Criticizes U.S., DW.COM, and Polish descent. Her father managed a fur trading business in China, where he died of tuberculosis in 1939 when Susan was five years old.NEWS,weblink Finding fact from fiction, Mackenzie, Suzie, May 27, 2000, The Guardian, December 14, 2017, en-GB, 0261-3077, Seven years later, Sontag's mother married US Army Captain Nathan Sontag. Susan and her sister, Judith, took their stepfather's surname, although he did not adopt them formally. Sontag did not have a religious upbringing and said she had not entered a synagogue until her mid-20s.WEB,weblink Susan Sontag, Jewish Women's Archive, JWA.org, June 13, 2012, Remembering an unhappy childhood, with a cold, alcoholic, distant mother who was "always away", Sontag lived on Long Island, New York, then in Tucson, Arizona, and later in the San Fernando Valley in southern California, where she took refuge in books and graduated from North Hollywood High School at the age of 15. She began her undergraduate studies at the University of California, Berkeley but transferred to the University of Chicago in admiration of its prominent core curriculum. At Chicago, she undertook studies in philosophy, ancient history, and literature alongside her other requirements. Leo Strauss, Joseph Schwab, Christian Mackauer, Richard McKeon, Peter von Blanckenhagen, and Kenneth Burke were among her lecturers. She graduated at age 18 with an A.B. and was elected to Phi Beta Kappa."A Gluttonous Reader", Interview with M. McQuade in Poague, pp. 271–278. While at Chicago, she became best friends with fellow student Mike Nichols.NEWS, Turow, Scott, A Time When Things Started in Chicago,weblink May 19, 2013, The New York Times, May 16, 2013, In 1951, her work appeared in print for the first time in the winter issue of the Chicago Review.JOURNAL, Sontag, Susan, 1951, Review of The Plenipotentiaries, 25292888, Chicago Review, 5, 1, 49–50, 10.2307/25292888, At 17, Sontag married writer Philip Rieff, a sociology instructor at the University of Chicago, after a 10-day courtship; their marriage lasted eight years.Sontag, Susan. Reborn: Journals and Notebooks 1947–1963, ed. D. Rieff, Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2008, p. 144. While studying at Chicago, Sontag attended a summer school taught by the sociologist {{ill|Hans Heinrich Gerth|de}} who became a friend and subsequently influenced her study of German thinkers.AV MEDIA,weblinkweblink 2021-11-07, live, Susan Sontag: Public Intellectual, Polymath, Provocatrice, July 7, 2008, YouTube, {{cbignore}}BOOK, With a Critical Eye: An Intellectual and His Times, Vidich, Arthur J., Newfound Press, 2009, 978-0979729249, Knoxville, Tennessee, 370, First Years at The New School,weblinkweblink December 25, 2013, Upon completing her Chicago degree, Sontag taught freshman English at the University of Connecticut for the 1952–53 academic year. She attended Harvard University for graduate school, initially studying literature with Perry Miller and Harry Levin before moving into philosophy and theology under Paul Tillich, Jacob Taubes, Raphael Demos, and Morton White.See Susan Sontag, 'Literature is Freedom' in At the Same Time, ed. P. Dilonardo and A. Jump, Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2007, p.206 and Morton White, A Philosopher's Story, Pennsylvania University Press, 1999, p. 148. See also Rollyson and Paddock, pp. 39–40 and Daniel Horowitz "Consuming Pleasures: Intellectuals and Popular Culture in the Postwar World", University of Pennsylvania, 2012, p. 314.After completing her Master of Arts in philosophy, Sontag began doctoral research in metaphysics, ethics, Greek philosophy, Continental philosophy, and theology at Harvard.WEB,weblink Putting her body on the line: the critical acts of Susan Sontag, Part I., The philosopher Herbert Marcuse lived with Sontag and Rieff for a year while working on his 1955 book Eros and Civilization.Rollyson and Paddock.{{rp|38}} Sontag researched for Rieff's 1959 study (Freud: The Mind of the Moralist) before their divorce in 1958, and contributed to the book to such an extent that she has been considered an unofficial co-author.BOOK, Rollyson, Carl, Paddock, Lisa, Susan Sontag: The Making of Icon, 2000, W. W. Norton & Company, New York, 0-393-04928-0, 40–41,weblink The couple had a son, David Rieff, who went on to be his mother's editor at Farrar, Straus and Giroux, as well as a writer in his own right. According to Sontag's (Sontag: Her Life and Work|biographer) Benjamin Moser, Sontag was the true author of the text on Freud, which she wrote after David's birth, and in the separation the latter was the subject of an exchange: she handed over the authorship of the book to Rieff, he gave her their son.NEWS, Susan Sontag was true author of ex-husband's book, biography claims,weblink The Guardian, 13 May 2019, Flood, Alison, 27 October 2023, Sontag was awarded an American Association of University Women's fellowship for the 1957–58 academic year to St Anne's College, Oxford, where she traveled without her husband and son.Sante, Luc. "Sontag: The Precocious Years", Sunday Book Review, The New York Times, January 29, 2009, accessed December 19, 2012 There, she had classes with Iris Murdoch, Stuart Hampshire, A. J. Ayer, and H. L. A. Hart while also attending the B. Phil seminars of J. L. Austin and the lectures of Isaiah Berlin. But Oxford did not appeal to her, and she transferred after Michaelmas term of 1957 to the University of Paris (the Sorbonne).See Morton White, A Philosopher's Story, Pennsylvania University Press, 1999, p.148; and Rollyson and Paddock, pp. 43–45 In Paris, Sontag socialized with expatriate artists and academics including Allan Bloom, Jean Wahl, Alfred Chester, Harriet Sohmers, and María Irene Fornés.Field, Edward. The Man Who Would Marry Susan Sontag, Wisconsin, 2005, pp. 158–170; Rollyson and Paddock, pp. 45–50; and Reborn: Journals and Notebooks 1947–1963, ed. D. Rieff, Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2008, pp. 188–189. She remarked that her time in Paris was perhaps the most important period of her life.{{rp|51–52}} It certainly provided the basis of her long intellectual and artistic association with the culture of France."An Emigrant of Thought", interview with Jean-Louis Servan-Schreiber, in Poague, pp. 143–164 She moved to New York in 1959 to live with Fornés for the next seven years,NEWS, Moore, Patrick,weblink Susan Sontag and a Case of Curious Silence, Los Angeles Times, January 4, 2005, December 18, 2012, regaining custody of her son and teaching at universities while her literary reputation grew.{{rp|53–54}}

Career

Fiction

(File:Susan Sontag (1966 author photo - Against Interpretation).jpg|thumb|Photo portrait of Sontag, 1966)While working on her stories, Sontag taught philosophy at Sarah Lawrence College and City University of New York and the philosophy of religion with Jacob Taubes, Susan Taubes, Theodor Gaster, and Hans Jonas, in the religion department at Columbia University from 1960 to 1964. She held a writing fellowship at Rutgers University in 1964–65 before ending her relationship with academia in favor of full-time freelance writing.{{rp|56–57}}At age 30, Sontag published an experimental novel called The Benefactor (1963), following it four years later with Death Kit (1967). Despite a relatively small output, Sontag thought of herself principally as a novelist and writer of fiction. {{Citation needed|date=June 2023}} Her short story "The Way We Live Now" was published to great acclaim on November 24, 1986, in The New Yorker. Written in an experimental narrative style, it remains a significant text on the AIDS epidemic. She achieved late popular success as a best-selling novelist with The Volcano Lover (1992). At age 67, Sontag published her final novel, In America (2000). The last two novels were set in the past, which Sontag said gave her greater freedom to write in the polyphonic voice:{{BlockquoteBritish Museum, in London, I discovered the volcano prints from the book that William Hamilton (diplomat)>Sir William Hamilton did. My very first thought—I don't think I have ever said this publicly—was that I would propose to Franco Maria Ricci (a wonderful art magazine published in Italy which has beautiful art reproductions) that they reproduce the volcano prints and I write some text to accompany them. But then I started to adhere to the real story of Lord Hamilton and his wife, and I realized that if I would locate stories in the past, all sorts of inhibitions would drop away, and I could do epic, polyphonic things. I wouldn't just be inside somebody's head. So there was that novel, The Volcano Lover.>sign=SontagThe Atlantic (April 13, 2000)HTTPS://WWW.THEATLANTIC.COM/PAST/DOCS/UNBOUND/INTERVIEWS/BA2000-04-13.HTM DATE=APRIL 13, 2000 PUBLISHER=THE ATLANTIC, October 31, 2017, }}She wrote and directed four films and also wrote several plays, the most successful of which were Alice in Bed and Lady from the Sea.{{citation needed|date=December 2012}}(File:Against Interpretation (1966 1st ed dust jacket cover).jpg|thumb|The cover of Against Interpretation (1966), which contains some of Sontag's best-known essays)

Nonfiction

High and low in mass culture

{{see also|Notes on "Camp"}}It was through her essays that Sontag gained early fame and notoriety. She frequently wrote about the intersection of high and low art and expanded the dichotomy concept of form and art in every medium. She elevated camp to the status of recognition with her widely read 1964 essay "Notes on 'Camp'{{Half-space}}", which accepted art as including common, absurd, and burlesque themes.

The concept of photography image

In 1977, Sontag published the series of essays On Photography. These essays are an exploration of photographs as a collection of the world, mainly by travelers or tourists, and the way we experience it. In the essays, she outlined her theory of taking pictures as you travel:The method especially appeals to people handicapped by a ruthless work ethic—Germans, Japanese and Americans. Using a camera appeases the anxiety which the work driven feel about not working when they are on vacation and supposed to be having fun. They have something to do that is like a friendly imitation of work: they can take pictures. (p. 10)Sontag writes that the convenience of modern photography has created an overabundance of visual material, and "just about everything has been photographed".Sontag, Susan, "On Photography", 1977{{rp|3}} This has altered our expectations of what we have the right to view, want to view, or should view.

Ethic and the problem of norms

Ethical intentions are key points for Sontag. In her book On Photography Sontag, Susan, "On Photography", 1977 she writes of the connection of the photography with the idea of norm.Vasilieva, E. V. (2014). Susan Sontag on photography: the idea of beauty and the problem of norm. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Arts, 4(3), 64-80. Discussing photographs of Diane Arbus, Sontag writes on borders and landmarks of the photo program of beauty. Beauty is the ground of the photography program and at the same time one of the biggest conceptual questions of photography. Rouillé A. (2005). La Photographie, entre document et art contemporain. Paris: Gallimard. 704 p. The problem of identification of beauty and ugliness forms one more question—the idea of norm. Vasilieva, E. V. (2014). Susan Sontag on photography: the idea of beauty and the problem of norm. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Arts, 4(3), 64-80."In teaching us a new visual code, photographs alter and enlarge our notion of what is worth looking at and what we have the right to observe" and has changed our "viewing ethics".{{rp|3}}

Photography: reality and truth

According to Sontag, photographs have increased our access to knowledge and experiences of history and faraway places, but the images may replace direct experience and limit reality;{{rp|10–24}} photography desensitizes its audience to horrific human experiences, and children are exposed to experiences before they are ready for them.{{rp|20}}Sontag continued to theorize about the role of photography in life in her essay "Looking at War: Photography's View of Devastation and Death", which appeared in the December 9, 2002, issue of The New Yorker. There she concludes that the problem of our reliance on images and especially photographic images is not that "people remember through photographs but that they remember only the photographs ... that the photographic image eclipses other forms of understanding—and remembering. ... To remember is, more and more, not to recall a story but to be able to call up a picture" (p. 94).She became a role model for many feminists and aspiring female writers during the 1960s and 1970s.

Activism

Sontag became politically active in the 1960s, opposing the Vietnam War.Rollyson and Paddock.{{rp|128–129}} In January 1968, she signed the "Writers and Editors War Tax Protest" pledge, vowing to refuse to pay a proposed 10% Vietnam War surtax."Writers and Editors War Tax Protest" January 30, 1968 New York Post. In May 1968, she visited Hanoi; afterward, she wrote favorably about North Vietnamese society in her essay Trip to Hanoi.Rollyson and Paddock.{{rp|130–132}}File:SarajevoSiege2.JPG|thumb|200px|right|The former Sarajevo newspaper building during the Siege of SarajevoSiege of SarajevoDuring 1989 Sontag was the President of PEN American Center, the main U.S. branch of the International PEN writers' organization. After Iranian leader Ayatollah Khomeini issued a fatwa death sentence against writer Salman Rushdie for blasphemy after the publication of his novel The Satanic Verses that year, Sontag's uncompromising support of Rushdie was crucial in rallying American writers to his cause.Hitchens, Christopher. "Assassins of the Mind", Vanity Fair, February 2009, accessed December 18, 2012{{anchor|Waiting}}A few years later, during the Siege of Sarajevo, Sontag gained attention for directing a production of Samuel Beckett's Waiting for Godot in a candlelit theater in the Bosnian capital, cut off from its electricity supply for three and a half years. The reaction of Sarajevo's besieged residents was noted:To the people of Sarajevo, Ms. Sontag has become a symbol, interviewed frequently by the local newspapers and television, invited to speak at gatherings everywhere, asked for autographs on the street. After the opening performance of the play, the city's Mayor, Muhamed Kreševljaković, came onstage to declare her an honorary citizen, the only foreigner other than the recently departed United Nations commander, Lieut. Gen. Phillippe Morillon, to be so named. "It is for your bravery, in coming here, living here, and working with us," he said.NEWS, John F., Burns,weblink To Sarajevo, Writer Brings Good Will and 'Godot', The New York Times, August 19, 1993, 2014-02-25,

Personal life

Sontag's mother died of lung cancer in Hawaii in 1986.Sontag died in New York City on December 28, 2004, aged 71, from complications of myelodysplastic syndrome which had evolved into acute myelogenous leukemia. She is buried in Paris at Cimetière du Montparnasse.Wilson, Scott. Resting Places: The Burial Sites of More Than 14,000 Famous Persons, 3d ed.: 2 (Kindle Location 44249). McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers. Kindle Edition. Her final illness has been chronicled by her son, David Rieff.NEWS,weblink Swimming in a Sea of Death: A Son's Memoir – David Rieff – Book Review, February 23, 2008, Katie, Roiphe, Katie Roiphe, The New York Times, February 3, 2008,

Sexuality and relationships

File:Susan Sontag by Juan Bastos.JPG|thumb|Susan Sontag in 1994, painted by Bolivian artist Juan Fernando BastosJuan Fernando BastosSontag became aware of her bisexuality during her early teens. At 15, she wrote in her diary, "I feel I have lesbian tendencies (how reluctantly I write this)." At 16, she had a sexual encounter with a woman: "Perhaps I was drunk, after all, because it was so beautiful when H began making love to me... It had been 4:00 before we had gotten to bed... I became fully conscious that I desired her, she knew it, too."Susan Sontag: 'It was so beautiful when H began making love to me', Paul Bignell, The Independent on Sunday, November 16, 2008Reborn: Early Diaries, 1947–1964, Penguin, January 2009Sontag lived with 'H', the writer and model Harriet Sohmers Zwerling, whom she first met at U. C. Berkeley from 1958 to 1959. Later, Sontag was the partner of María Irene Fornés, a Cuban-American avant garde playwright and director. Upon splitting with Fornés, she was involved with an Italian aristocrat, Carlotta Del Pezzo, and the German academic Eva Kollisch.See Susan Sontag, As Consciousness is Harnessed to Flesh, p.262, 269. Sontag was romantically involved with the American artists Jasper Johns and Paul Thek.WEB,weblink The Passion of Susan Sontag, full-stop.net, Rachel, Luban, April 9, 2012, November 8, 2022, Paul Thek Artist's Artist ed. H. Falckenberg. During the early 1970s, she lived with Nicole Stéphane, a Rothschild banking heiress turned movie actress,Leo Lerman, "The Grand Surprise: The Journals of Leo Lerman", NY: Knopf, 2007, page 413 and, later, the choreographer Lucinda Childs.NEWS,weblink On Self, February 23, 2008, Susan, Sontag, The New York Times Magazine, September 10, 2006, Sontag also had a relationship with the writer Joseph Brodsky, who deepened her appreciation of the anti-communism of the writers persecuted by the Soviet regime, whom she had read and in some cases even known, without really understanding them.See Sigrid Nunez, Sempre Susan: A Memoir of Susan Sontag, p. 31. With photographer Annie Leibovitz, Sontag maintained a close romantic relationship stretching from the later 1980s until her final years.McGuigan, Cathleen. "Through Her Lens", Newsweek, October 2, 2006 Sontag and Leibovitz met in 1989, when both had already established notability in their careers. Leibovitz has suggested that Sontag mentored her and constructively criticized her work. During Sontag's lifetime, neither woman publicly disclosed whether the relationship was a friendship or romantic. Newsweek in 2006 made reference to Leibovitz's decade-plus relationship with Sontag: "The two first met in the late '80s, when Leibovitz photographed her for a book jacket. They never lived together, though they each had an apartment within view of the other's."NEWS, Cathleen McGuigan, Through Her Lens,weblink Newsweek, October 2, 2006, July 19, 2007, dead,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20070829133058weblink">weblink August 29, 2007, When interviewed for her 2006 book A Photographer's Life: 1990–2005, Leibovitz said the book told a number of stories, and that "with Susan, it was a love story."NEWS, Janny, Scott, From Annie Leibovitz: Life, and Death, Examined,weblink The New York Times, October 6, 2006, July 19, 2007, While The New York Times in 2009 referred to Sontag as Leibovitz's "companion",NEWS,weblink Allen, Salkin, For Annie Leibovitz, a Fuzzy Financial Picture, The New York Times, July 31, 2009, June 17, 2014, Leibovitz wrote in A Photographer's Life, "Words like 'companion' and 'partner' were not in our vocabulary. We were two people who helped each other through our lives. The closest word is still 'friend.{{'"}}WEB, Brockes, Emma, My time with Susan, November 17, 2011,weblink April 17, 2013, The same year, Leibovitz said the descriptor "lover" was accurate.WEB, Tom Ashbrook,weblink On Point, October 17, 2006, July 19, 2007,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20070710211653weblink">weblink July 10, 2007, live, She later reiterated, "Call us 'lovers.' I like 'lovers.' You know, 'lovers' sounds romantic. I mean, I want to be perfectly clear. I love Susan."NEWS, Edward, Guthmann, Love, family, celebrity, grief – Leibovitz puts her life on display in photo memoir,weblink The San Francisco Chronicle, November 1, 2006, July 19, 2007, In an interview in The Guardian in 2000, Sontag was open about bisexuality:{{blockquote|'Shall I tell you about getting older?', she says, and she is laughing. 'When you get older, 45 plus, men stop fancying you. Or put it another way, the men I fancy don't fancy me. I want a young man. I love beauty. So what's new?' She says she has been in love seven times in her life. 'No, hang on,' she says. 'Actually, it's nine. Five women, four men.'}}Many of Sontag's obituaries failed to mention her significant same-sex relationships, most notably that with Leibovitz. Daniel Okrent, public editor of The New York Times, defended the newspaper's obituary, saying that at the time of Sontag's death, a reporter could make no independent verification of her romantic relationship with Leibovitz (despite attempts to do so).NEWS,weblink Gay Abe, Sapphic Susan; On the difficulties of outing the dead., Michelangelo Signorile, New York Press, After Sontag's death, Newsweek published an article about Leibovitz that made clear references to her relationship with Sontag.Sontag was quoted by editor-in-chief Brendan Lemon of Out magazine as saying "I grew up in a time when the modus operandi was the 'open secret.' I'm used to that, and quite OK with it. Intellectually, I know why I haven't spoken more about my sexuality, but I do wonder if I haven't repressed something there to my detriment. Maybe I could have given comfort to some people if I had dealt with the subject of my private sexuality more, but it's never been my prime mission to give comfort, unless somebody's in drastic need. I'd rather give pleasure, or shake things up."NEWS,weblink Why Sontag Didn't Want to Come Out: Her Words, Lemon, Brendan, January 5, 2005, Out, February 2, 2018, en,

Legacy

Following Sontag's death, Steve Wasserman of the Los Angeles Times called her "one of America's most influential intellectuals, internationally renowned for the passionate engagement and breadth of her critical intelligence and her ardent activism in the cause of human rights."NEWS, Wasserman, Steve, Author Susan Sontag Dies,weblink Los Angeles Times, December 28, 2004, October 20, 2020, Eric Homberger of The Guardian called Sontag "the 'Dark Lady' of American cultural life for over four decades." He observed that "despite a brimming and tartly phrased political sensibility, she was fundamentally an aesthete [who] offered a reorientation of American cultural horizons."WEB, Homberger, Eric, Susan Sontag obituary,weblink The Guardian, December 29, 2004, October 20, 2020, Of Against Interpretation, Brandon Robshaw of The Independent later wrote that "Sontag was remarkably prescient; her project of analysing popular culture as well as high culture, the Doors as well as Dostoevsky, is now common practice throughout the educated world."WEB, Robshaw, Brandon, Against Interpretation, By Susan Sontag, The Independent, September 26, 2009,weblinkweblink May 25, 2022, subscription, live, April 14, 2016, In Critique and Postcritique (2017), Rita Felski and Elizabeth S. Anker argue that the title essay from the aforementioned collection played an important role in the field of postcritique, a movement within literary criticism and cultural studies that attempts to find new forms of reading and interpretation that go beyond the methods of critique, critical theory, and ideological criticism.BOOK, Critique and Postcritique, Elizabeth S. Anker, Rita Felski, Duke University Press, 2017, 978-0-8223-6376-7, Chapel Hill, 16, Reviewing Sontag's On Photography in 1998, Michael Starenko wrote that it "has become so deeply absorbed into this discourse that Sontag's claims about photography, as well as her mode of argument, have become part of the rhetorical 'tool kit' that photography theorists and critics carry around in their heads."WEB,weblinkweblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20151001013318weblink">weblink dead, October 1, 2015, September 30, 2015, Focus on Photography – Free Online Library,

Criticism

White civilization as a cancer

Sontag drew criticism for writing in 1967 in Partisan Review:{{Blockquote|If America is the culmination of Western white civilization, as everyone from the Left to the Right declares, then there must be something terribly wrong with Western white civilization. This is a painful truth; few of us want to go that far.... The truth is that Mozart, Pascal, Boolean algebra, Shakespeare, parliamentary government, Baroque churches, Newton, the emancipation of women, Kant, Marx, Balanchine ballets, et al, don't redeem what this particular civilization has wrought upon the world. The white race is the cancer of human history; it is the white race and it alone—its ideologies and inventions—which eradicates autonomous civilizations wherever it spreads, which has upset the ecological balance of the planet, which now threatens the very existence of life itself.JOURNAL, Sontag, Susan, 1967, What's Happening to America? (A Symposium),weblink Partisan Review, 34, 1, 57–58, dead,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20180912075653weblink">weblink September 12, 2018, }}According to journalist Mark M. Goldblatt, Sontag later made a "sarcastic retraction, saying the line slanders cancer patients."WEB,weblink Susan Sontag: Remembering an intellectual heroine., Mark, Goldblatt, Mark Goldblatt, January 3, 2005, The American Spectator, American Spectator Foundation, March 17, 2013, Patrick J. Buchanan said: "Rewrite that sentence with 'Jewish race' in place of 'white race' and the passage would fit nicely into Mein Kampf."Buchanan Patrick J. (2001). (The Death of the West|The Death of the West: How Dying Populations and Immigrant Invasions Imperil Our Country and Civilization), (New York: St. Matrin's Griffin), p 217,weblink According to Eliot Weinberger, "She came to regret that last phrase, and wrote a whole book against the use of illness as metaphor." But, he wrote, this did not lead to any "public curiosity about those who are not cancerously white", and "She may well have been the last unashamed Eurocentrist."JOURNAL, Weinberger, Eliot, Eliot Weinberger, 2007, Notes on Susan,weblink The New York Review of Books, 54, 13, 27–29,weblink March 27, 2014, March 5, 2016,

Allegations of plagiarism

Ellen Lee accused Sontag of plagiarism when Lee discovered at least twelve passages in In America that were similar to, or copied from, passages in four other books about Helena Modjeska without attribution.Marsh B. (2007) Plagiarism: Alchemy and Remedy in Higher Education, SUNY Press.BOOK, Kort, Carol, 2007, A to Z of American Women Writers, Infobase Publishing, 9781438107936,weblink Sontag said of the passages, "All of us who deal with real characters in history transcribe and adopt original sources in the original domain. I've used these sources and I've completely transformed them. There's a larger argument to be made that all of literature is a series of references and allusions."Carvajal, Doreen. (May 27, 2002) "So Whose Words Are They? Susan Sontag Creates a Stir." New York Times Book Review.In a 2007 letter to the editor of the Times Literary Supplement, John Lavagnino identified an unattributed citation from Roland Barthes's 1970 essay "S/Z" in Sontag's 2004 speech "At the Same Time: The Novelist and Moral Reasoning", delivered as the Nadine Gordimer Lecture in March 2004.NEWS, Lavagnino, John, April 20, 2004, Letters to the editor, Times Literary Supplement, Further research led Lavagnino to identify several passages that appeared to have been taken without attribution from an essay on hypertext fiction by Laura Miller, originally published in the New York Times Book Review six years earlier.NEWS, Miller, Laura, March 15, 1998, www.claptrap.com, The New York Times Book Review, Writing for the Observer, Michael Calderone interviewed Sontag's publisher about the allegations, who argued, "This was a speech, not a formal essay", and that "Susan herself never prepared it for publication."NEWS, Calderone, Michael, May 9, 2007, Regarding the Writing of Others, The Observer,weblink April 23, 2021,

On Communism

At a New York pro-Solidarity rally in 1982, Sontag said that "people on the left", like herself, "have willingly or unwillingly told a lot of lies."{{r|times19820227}} She added that they:{{blockquote|believed in, or at least applied, a double standard to the angelic language of Communism ... Communism is Fascism—successful Fascism, if you will. What we have called Fascism is, rather, the form of tyranny that can be overthrown—that has, largely, failed. I repeat: not only is Fascism (and overt military rule) the probable destiny of all Communist societies—especially when their populations are moved to revolt—but Communism is in itself a variant, the most successful variant, of Fascism. Fascism with a human face... Imagine, if you will, someone who read only the Reader's Digest between 1950 and 1970, and someone in the same period who read only The Nation or [t]he New Statesman. Which reader would have been better informed about the realities of Communism? The answer, I think, should give us pause. Can it be that our enemies were right?{{r|times19820227}}|sign=|source=}}Sontag's speech reportedly "drew boos and shouts from the audience". The Nation published her speech, excluding the passage contrasting the magazine with Reader's Digest. Responses to her statement were varied. Some said that Sontag's sentiments had been held by many on the left for years, while others accused her of betraying "radical ideas".NEWS, Susan Sontag Provokes Debate on Communism,weblink September 13, 2010, The New York Times, February 27, 1982,

On the September 11 attacks

Sontag received angry criticism for her remarks in The New Yorker (September 24, 2001) about the immediate aftermath of 9/11."Novelist, Radical Susan Sontag, 71, Dies in New York", The Washington Times, December 29, 2004, accessed December 19, 2012 In her commentary, she called the attacks a "monstrous dose of reality" and criticized U.S. public officials and media commentators for trying to convince the American public that "everything is O.K." Specifically, she opposed the idea that the perpetrators were "cowards", a comment George W. Bush made among other remarks on September 11. Rather, she argued the country should see the terrorists' actions not as "a 'cowardly' attack on 'civilization' or 'liberty' or 'humanity' or 'the free world' but an attack on the world's self-proclaimed superpower, undertaken as a consequence of specific American alliances and actions."NEWS, Sontag, Susan, The Talk of the Town,weblink February 27, 2013, The New Yorker, September 24, 2001,

Criticisms from other writers

Tom Wolfe dismissed Sontag as "just another scribbler who spent her life signing up for protest meetings and lumbering to the podium encumbered by her prose style, which had a handicapped parking sticker valid at Partisan Review."BOOK,weblink Hooking Up, 978-0374103828, Wolfe, Tom, October 31, 2000, Macmillan, In "Sontag, Bloody Sontag", an essay in her 1994 book Vamps & Tramps, critic Camille Paglia describes her initial admiration and subsequent disillusionment.BOOK, Paglia, Camille, 1994, Vamps and Tramps: New Essays,weblink New York, Vintage Books, 347–348, 978-0-679-75120-5, She mentions several criticisms of Sontag, including Harold Bloom's comment of "Mere Sontagisme!" on Paglia's doctoral dissertation, and says that Sontag "had become synonymous with a shallow kind of hip posturing."BOOK, Paglia, Camille, 1994, Vamps and Tramps: New Essays,weblink New York, Vintage Books, 345, 978-0-679-75120-5, Paglia also tells of a visit by Sontag to Bennington College, in which she arrived hours late and ignored the agreed-upon topic of the event.BOOK, Paglia, Camille, 1994, Vamps and Tramps: New Essays,weblink New York, Vintage Books, 349–350, 978-0-679-75120-5, {{blockquote|text=Sontag's cool self-exile was a disaster for the American women's movement. Only a woman of her prestige could have performed the necessary critique and debunking of the first instant-canon feminist screeds, such as those by Kate Millett or Sandra Gilbert and Susan Gubar, whose middlebrow mediocrity crippled women's studies from the start ... No patriarchal villains held Sontag back; her failures are her own.|author=Camille Paglia}}Nassim Nicholas Taleb in his book Skin in the Game criticizes Sontag and other people with extravagant lifestyles who nevertheless declare themselves "against the market system". Taleb assesses Sontag's shared New York mansion at $28 million, and writes that "it is immoral to be in opposition to the market system and not live (somewhere in Vermont or Northwestern Afghanistan) in a hut or cave isolated from it." Taleb also argues that it is even more immoral to "claim virtue without fully living with its direct consequences."BOOK, Nassim Nicholas, Taleb, Skin in the Game: Hidden Asymmetries in Daily Life, Random House, 2018, 978-0-4252-8462-9, 183–184, NEWS, Taleb, Nassim Nicholas, The Merchandising of Virtue,weblink June 1, 2019, Medium, May 27, 2017, According to Rachel Cooke, it seems that Sontag never read the classics of feminism, including those of Millett. In the essays published in 2023 under the title On Women, there are some derogatory and demeaning statements toward women, such as when she asks whether Adrienne Rich is not "just like all feminists, those moaning minnies whose thinking is a bit 'simple-minded.'" In another essay, she is lukewarm about the fight to legalize abortion, writing: "It might be desirable on humanitarian grounds, but once the right is won 'nothing in the situation of women will be changed.'" In the same 2023 review of On Women, Cooke added: "Slowly, it begins to dawn on you that Sontag believes women have only themselves to blame for the inequality and discrimination they experience; that they have chosen to go along with it, unable to resist the powerful allure of lipstick and Tupperware. Is this a particularly egregious case of internalised sexism? Or is it just Sontag's regular exceptionalism, in a creakier format? I don't know. But again, I find myself amazed by her reputation, still so burnished almost two decades after her death."NEWS, Cooke, Rachel, On Women by Susan Sontag review – some sister she was…,weblink The Observer, June 5, 2023, June 6, 2023,

Works

Fiction

• (1963) The Benefactor {{ISBN|0-385-26710-X}}
• (1967) Death Kit {{ISBN|0-312-42011-0}}
• (1977) I, etcetera (Collection of short stories) {{ISBN|0-374-17402-4}}
• (1991) "The Way We Live Now" (short story) {{ISBN|0-374-52305-3}}
• (1992) The Volcano Lover {{ISBN|1-55800-818-7}}
• (1999) In America {{ISBN|1-56895-898-6}} – winner of the 2000 U.S. National Book Award for Fiction"National Book Awards – 2000", National Book Foundation, with essays by Jessica Hicks and Elizabeth Yale from the Awards' 60-year anniversary blog, accessed March 3, 2012

Plays

• A Parsifal (1991), a deconstruction inspired by Robert Wilson's 1991 staging of the Wagner operaJOURNAL, Sontag, Susan, Halpern, Daniel, 1991, A Parsifal, Antaeus (magazine), Antaeus, New York, 180–185, Ecco Press,
• Alice in Bed (1993), about 19th century intellectual Alice James, who was confined to bed by illnessBOOK, 1993, Alice in Bed, Sontag, Susan, Farrar, Straus and Giroux, New York, 978-0374102739, 28566109,
• Lady from the Sea, an adaptation of Henrik Ibsen's 1888 play of the same name, premiered in 1998 in Italy.Curty, Stefano. "Sontag and Wilson's Lady from the Sea World Premieres in Italy, May 5 {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140729020809weblink |date=July 29, 2014 }}, Playbill, May 5, 1998, accessed December 26, 2012 Sontag wrote an essay about it in 1999 in Theatre called "Rewriting Lady from the Sea".JOURNAL, Sontag, Susan, Summer 1999, Rewriting Lady from the Sea, Theater, 29, 1, 89–91, Duke University Press, 10.1215/01610775-29-1-88,

Nonfiction

Collections of essays

• (1966) Against Interpretation {{ISBN|0-385-26708-8}} (includes Notes on "Camp")
• (1969) Styles of Radical Will {{ISBN|0-312-42021-8}}
• (1977) On Photography {{ISBN|0-374-22626-1}}
• (1980) Under the Sign of Saturn {{ISBN|0-374-28076-2}}
• (2001) Where the Stress Falls {{ISBN|0-374-28917-4}}
• (2007) At the Same Time: Essays & Speeches {{ISBN|0-374-10072-1}} (edited by Paolo Dilonardo and Anne Jump, with a foreword by David Rieff)
• (2023) On Women {{ISBN|9781250876867}} (edited by David Rieff, with an introduction by Merve Emre)

Sontag published numerous essays and reviews in The New York Review of Books, Partisan Review, The New Yorker, Vanity Fair, The Times Literary Supplement, The Nation, The New Republic, Art in America, Granta and the London Review of Books. Many of these were included in the collections listed above.

Monographs

• (1959) (Freud: The Mind of the Moralist)
• (1978) Illness as Metaphor {{ISBN|0-394-72844-0}}
• (1988) AIDS and Its Metaphors (a continuation of Illness as Metaphor) {{ISBN|0-374-10257-0}}
• (2003) Regarding the Pain of Others {{ISBN|0-374-24858-3}}

Films

• (1969) Duet for Cannibals (Duett för kannibaler)
• (1971) Brother Carl (Bröder Carl)
• (1974) Promised Lands
• (1983) Unguided Tour AKA Letter from Venice

Discography

• (1979) Debriefing

Tanam Press – 7903

Other works

• (2002) Liner notes for the Patti Smith album Land
• (2004) Contribution of phrases to Fischerspooner's third album Odyssey
• (2008) Reborn: Journals and Notebooks 1947–1963. {{ISBN|978-0312428501}}
• (2012) As Consciousness Is Harnessed to Flesh: Journals and Notebooks, 1964–1980. {{ISBN|978-0374100766}}

Awards and honors

• 1976: Arts and Letters Award in LiteratureWEB, Susan Sontag,weblink artsandletters.org, American Academy of Arts and Literature,
• 1977: National Book Critics Circle Award for On PhotographyWEB, 1977 Winners & Finalists,weblink December 25, 2020, bookcritics.org, National Book Critics Circle,
• 1979: Became member of the American Arts
• 1990: MacArthur FellowshipWEB,weblink Meet the 1990 MacArthur Fellows, macfound.org, The John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation, July 1, 2013, live,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20131004230125weblink">weblink October 4, 2013,
• 1992: Malaparte Prize, ItalyBOOK, Understanding Susan Sontag, Carl, Rollyson, 2016, University of South Carolina Press, Understanding Contemporary American Literature, 10.2307/j.ctv6sj92n, 110–112, 185707026,
• 1999: Commandeur des Arts et des Lettres, France
• 2000: National Book Award for In America
• 2001: Jerusalem Prize, awarded every two years to a writer whose work explores the freedom of the individual in society.
• 2002: George Polk Award, for Cultural Criticism for "Looking at War", in The New Yorker
• 2003: Honorary Doctorate of Tübingen University{{citation needed|date=December 2020}}
• 2003: Friedenspreis des Deutschen Buchhandels during the Frankfurt Book FairNEWS, June 21, 2003, Susan Sontag Wins German Peace Prize, en-GB, Deustche Welle,weblink December 25, 2020,
• 2003: Prince of Asturias Award on Literature.WEB, Fatema Mernissi and Susan Sontag, Prince of Asturias Award for Literature 2003, Prince of Asturias Foundation, fpa.es,weblink November 9, 2019,
• 2004: Two days after her death, Muhidin Hamamdzic, the mayor of Sarajevo announced the city would name a street after her, calling her an "author and a humanist who actively participated in the creation of the history of Sarajevo and Bosnia." Theatre Square outside the National Theatre was promptly proposed to be renamed Susan Sontag Theatre Square.WEB,weblink Bosnians Honor Susan Sontag, Gale, accessmylibrary.com, It took five years, however, for that tribute to become official.WEB,weblink Sarajevo Theater Square officially renamed to Theater Square of Susan Sontag, sarajevo.co.ba, January 14, 2010, NEWS,weblink April 5, 2009, January 30, 2015, Imogen, Carter, The Observer, Desperately thanking Susan, On January 13, 2010, the city of Sarajevo posted a plate with a new street name for Theater Square: Theater Square of Susan Sontag.

Digital archive

A digital archive of 17,198 of Sontag's emails is kept by the UCLA Department of Special Collections at the Charles E. Young Research Library.MAGAZINE,weblink In the Sontag Archives, Moser, Benjamin, Benjamin Moser, The New Yorker, January 30, 2014, September 23, 2020, Her archive—and the efforts to make it publicly available while protecting it from bit rot—are the subject of the article On Excess: Susan Sontag's Born-Digital Archive, by Jeremy Schmidt and Jacquelyn Ardam.WEB,weblink On Excess: Susan Sontag's Born-Digital Archive, Jeremy, Schmidt, Jacquelyn, Ardam, Los Angeles Review of Books, October 26, 2014, September 23, 2020,

Documentary and biopic film

A documentary about Sontag directed by Nancy Kates, titled Regarding Susan Sontag, was released in 2014.WEB,weblink 'Regarding Susan Sontag' looks at a rock star of intellectuals, Lloyd, Robert, December 8, 2014, Los Angeles Times, September 23, 2020, It received the Special Jury Mention for Best Documentary Feature at the 2014 Tribeca Film Festival.NEWS, Here Are Your TFF 2014 Award Winners,weblink August 31, 2014, April 24, 2014, August 27, 2019,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20190827201503weblink">weblink dead, In February 2023, it was announced that a biographical film by Kirsten Johnson and featuring Kristen Stewart as Sontag was in development. It is based on the biography (Sontag: Her Life and Work) by Benjamin Moser.WEB, Tabbara, Mona, Kristen Stewart to star as influential US writer Susan Sontag in Brouhaha Entertainment feature (exclusive),weblink 2023-02-10, Screen Daily,

See also

• LGBT culture in New York City
• List of LGBT people from New York City

Notes

{{reflist}}

References

• Poague, Leland (ed.) Conversations with Susan Sontag, University of Mississippi Press, 1995 {{ISBN|0-87805-833-8}}
• Rollyson, Carl and Lisa Paddock, Susan Sontag: The Making of an Icon, W. W. Norton, 2000
• WEB, Flood, Alison,weblink Susan Sontag was true author of ex-husband's book, biography claims, May 13, 2019, The Guardian, May 14, 2019,
• Vasilieva, E. V. Susan Sontag on photography: the idea of beauty and the problem of norm. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Arts, 2014, 4(3), 64-80
• Weingrad, Michael. The Sorry Significance of Susan Sontag, online 'Mosaic,' November 12, 2019; (a review of B. Moser's book 'Sontag').

Further reading

• Susan Sontag: The Elegiac Modernist by Sohnya Sayres, {{ISBN|0-415-90031-X}} (1990)
• Susan Sontag: The Making of an Icon by Carl Rollyson and Lisa Paddock, {{ISBN|978-1628462371}} (2000)
• Sontag and Kael by Craig Seligman, {{ISBN|978-1582433127}} (2004)
• The Din in the Head by Cynthia Ozick, {{ISBN|978-0618470501}} (2006; Sontag is discussed in the foreword, "On Discord and Desire")
• Swimming in a Sea of Death: A Son's Memoir by David Rieff, {{ISBN|978-0743299473}} (2008)
• Notes on Sontag by Phillip Lopate, {{ISBN|978-1400829873}} (2009)
• Susan Sontag: A Biography by Daniel Schreiber (trans. David Dollenmayer), Northwestern {{ISBN|978-0810125834}} (2014)
• Sempre Susan: A Memoir of Susan Sontag by Sigrid Nunez, {{ISBN|978-1594633348}} (2014)
• Tough Enough: Arbus, Arendt, Didion, McCarthy, Sontag, Weil by Deborah Nelson, {{ISBN|978-0226457802}} (2017)
• Susan Sontag und Thomas Mann by Kai Sina, {{ISBN|3835330217}} (2017)
• (Sontag: Her Life and Work) by Benjamin Moser, HarperCollins, {{ISBN|0062896415}} (2019)

External links

{{Commons category}}

• {{Official website}}
• JOURNAL,weblink Susan Sontag, The Art of Fiction No. 143, Edward Hirsch, The Paris Review, Winter 1995, Winter 1995, 137,
• "with Ramona Koval", Books and Writing, ABC Radio National, January 30, 2005
• Susan Sontag and Richard Howard from "The Writer, The Work", a series sponsored by PEN and curated by Susan Sontag
• weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20130108070952weblink">Susan Sontag wrote an essay: On American Language and Culture from PEN American Center
• The Politics of Translation: Discussion, with panel members Susan Sontag, Esther Allen, Ammiel Alcalay, Michael Hofmann & Steve Wasserman, PEN American Center
• weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20070926234611weblink">Susan Sontag – Photos by Mathieu Bourgois.
• The Friedenspreis acceptance speech (2003-10-12)
• Fascinating Fascism illustrated text of Sontag's foundational 1974 article on Nazi filmmaker Leni Riefenstahl's aesthetics, from Under the Sign of Saturn
• Sontag's comments in The New Yorker, September 24, 2001 about the September 11 attack on the United States
• Terry Castle, Desperately Seeking Susan, London Review of Books, March 2005 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090522142805weblink |date=May 22, 2009 }}
• weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20071109133720weblink">Sheelah Kolhatkar, "Notes on camp Sontag" New York Observer, January 8, 2005
• {{IMDb name|814506|Susan Sontag}}
• weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20090411034134weblink">'Susan Sontag: The Collector,' by Daniel Mendelsohn, The New Republic
• {{C-SPAN|45774}}
• In Depth interview with Sontag, March 2, 2003
• {{Muckrack}}

{{Susan Sontag}}{{NBA for Fiction 2000–2024}}{{Prince of Asturias Award for Literature}}{{Authority control}}